raphiden.

Brit.

/ˈreɪfʌɪd/, U.S.

/ˈreɪfᵻd/,

/ˈreɪˌfɪd/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French raphide.

Etymology: < French raphide ( A. P. de Candolle Organographie végétale (1827) I. xiii. 126) < ancient Greek ῥαϕίδ- , ῥαϕίς needle (see raphis n.). Compare raphid n., raphis n.All examples of the plural form raphides are covered at this entry, although some of the earlier instances may rather represent the plural of raphis n., which would be formally identical. The singular raphide is rare except as an element in compounds (see Compounds 1). N.E.D. (1903) gives the pronunciation of raphides as (ræ·fidīz) /ˈræfɪdiːz/.

Botany.

Any of certain crystals, typically needle-shaped and composed of calcium oxalate, which are found, usually in bundles, in particular cells (idioblasts) in certain plants and are thought to be a defence mechanism against herbivory.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > other organelles or contents

raphide1831

body1839

raphid1863

mucigen1874

cell sap1875

globoid1875

raphis1879

pyrenoid1883

mucinogen1884

plastid1885

molluscum corpuscle1886

hyalosome1889

molluscum body1892

statolith1892

dictyosome1893

centrosome1895

Nissl body1898

Nissl granule1898

Nissl substance1899

archespore1901

blepharoplast1907

liposome1910

statocone1910

kinetosome1912

Golgi body1916

kinetoplast1925

lipochondrion1936

microsome1943

kappa1945

Pappenheimer body1947

microbody1954

lysosome1955

siderosome1957

ribosome1958

melanosome1961

cisterna1962

microtubule1962

plasmalemmasome1962

phagolysosome1963

informosome1964

monosome1964

mucocyst1965

peroxisome1965

rhoptry1967

spectrin1968

virosome1970

1831 Jrnl. Royal Inst. Great Brit. 1 422 The presence of such crystals [of oxalate of lime] in the tissue of plants has lately become well known to botanists, and are distinguished by the name of raphides.

1849 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. § 18 Raphides consist principally of phosphate and oxalate of lime. They abound in some plants, especially Cacti, and they are common in Squill, and in the officinal Turkey Rhubarb.

1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 393 Many spiral vessels may be detected in these scales by the microscope, as well as numerous acicular raphides.

1939 D. K. Tressler et al. Fruit & Veg. Juices viii. 159 These raphides are responsible for the soreness and discomfort of the mouth that often occurs from very excessive consumption of fresh pineapples.

1972 Science 20 Oct. 314/1 Raphides (sing. is -ide) are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate, occurring in bundles within specialized cells of certain flowering plants.

2004 D. F. Austin Florida Ethnobot. 70/1 We do not know what the pain-causing exudate is on the spines [of the agave], but recently calcium oxalate raphides have been implicated.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

raphide bundle n.

ΚΠ

1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. x. iii. 533 The whole raphide-bundle..is embedded in a mass of mucilaginous material.

1989 Acta Botanica Indica 17 229 Cortical cells of roots and pseudobulbs possess raphide bundles and starch grains.

raphide cell n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns i. vii. 219 The projecting, elongated or spindle-shaped raphide-cells are sometimes attached to the lateral walls.

1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. x. iii. 533 Crystal-sacs may be isolated or arranged in rows; the latter condition is exemplified by the raphide-cells of most Commelynaceae and Amaryllidaceae.

1985 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 72 1858/2 It has been noted that raphide cells are present but druse cells are absent.

raphide crystal n.

ΚΠ

1963 Bot. Gaz. 124 420/1 A second substance stored is calcium oxalate, which occurs as raphide crystals in idioblastic parenchyma cells.

1978 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants (ed. 2) xiii. 206/2 Mucilage cells often include raphide crystals.

1989 Protoplasma 148 130 An in vivo system was developed to examine raphide crystal bundle formation in the root of intact plants.

raphide sac n.

ΚΠ

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns i. vii. 220 In the diaphragms of the petiole of Pontederia..there are found, besides the raphide sacs, others, of spindle-like shape.

1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. x. iii. 534 The layered plates of parenchyma that make up the ventilating tissue (aërenchyma) of the leaf of Pistia Stratiotes, are traversed at frequent intervals by spindle-shaped raphide-sacs.

1985 Bot. Gaz. 146 375/2 Crystal sacs occur solely in the mesophyll. They are either raphide sacs.., styloid sacs.., or sacs containing crystals intermediate in form between raphides and styloids.

C2. Objective.

raphide-bearing adj.

ΚΠ

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 139 The elongated or spindle-shaped raphide-bearing sacs, which are common, e.g. in the Aroideæ.

1918 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 5 448 Stahl studied the effect of a variety of raphide-bearing plants when fed to hungry snails and reached the conclusion that the burning taste depends on the raphides alone.

1994 Bot. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 114 67 Specialized raphide-bearing cells in the cortex expand axially.

raphide-containing adj.

ΚΠ

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 139 Hanstein's raphide-containing sac-vessels.

1918 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 5 448 On the question of the cause of the acrid taste in raphide-containing plants, the evidence is less direct... The general opinion seeming to be that the raphides serve as a protection..against animals and insects.

2001 New Phytologist 150 111 Raphide-containing cells exhibited lamellate sheaths around the chamber walls.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	raphide
释义	raphiden. Brit. /ˈreɪfʌɪd/, U.S. /ˈreɪfᵻd/, /ˈreɪˌfɪd/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French raphide. Etymology: < French raphide ( A. P. de Candolle Organographie végétale (1827) I. xiii. 126) < ancient Greek ῥαϕίδ- , ῥαϕίς needle (see raphis n.). Compare raphid n., raphis n.All examples of the plural form raphides are covered at this entry, although some of the earlier instances may rather represent the plural of raphis n., which would be formally identical. The singular raphide is rare except as an element in compounds (see Compounds 1). N.E.D. (1903) gives the pronunciation of raphides as (ræ·fidīz) /ˈræfɪdiːz/. Botany. Any of certain crystals, typically needle-shaped and composed of calcium oxalate, which are found, usually in bundles, in particular cells (idioblasts) in certain plants and are thought to be a defence mechanism against herbivory. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell organelle or contents > [noun] > other organelles or contents raphide1831 body1839 raphid1863 mucigen1874 cell sap1875 globoid1875 raphis1879 pyrenoid1883 mucinogen1884 plastid1885 molluscum corpuscle1886 hyalosome1889 molluscum body1892 statolith1892 dictyosome1893 centrosome1895 Nissl body1898 Nissl granule1898 Nissl substance1899 archespore1901 blepharoplast1907 liposome1910 statocone1910 kinetosome1912 Golgi body1916 kinetoplast1925 lipochondrion1936 microsome1943 kappa1945 Pappenheimer body1947 microbody1954 lysosome1955 siderosome1957 ribosome1958 melanosome1961 cisterna1962 microtubule1962 plasmalemmasome1962 phagolysosome1963 informosome1964 monosome1964 mucocyst1965 peroxisome1965 rhoptry1967 spectrin1968 virosome1970 1831 Jrnl. Royal Inst. Great Brit. 1 422 The presence of such crystals [of oxalate of lime] in the tissue of plants has lately become well known to botanists, and are distinguished by the name of raphides. 1849 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. § 18 Raphides consist principally of phosphate and oxalate of lime. They abound in some plants, especially Cacti, and they are common in Squill, and in the officinal Turkey Rhubarb. 1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 393 Many spiral vessels may be detected in these scales by the microscope, as well as numerous acicular raphides. 1939 D. K. Tressler et al. Fruit & Veg. Juices viii. 159 These raphides are responsible for the soreness and discomfort of the mouth that often occurs from very excessive consumption of fresh pineapples. 1972 Science 20 Oct. 314/1 Raphides (sing. is -ide) are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate, occurring in bundles within specialized cells of certain flowering plants. 2004 D. F. Austin Florida Ethnobot. 70/1 We do not know what the pain-causing exudate is on the spines [of the agave], but recently calcium oxalate raphides have been implicated. Compounds C1. General attributive. raphide bundle n. ΚΠ 1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. x. iii. 533 The whole raphide-bundle..is embedded in a mass of mucilaginous material. 1989 Acta Botanica Indica 17 229 Cortical cells of roots and pseudobulbs possess raphide bundles and starch grains. raphide cell n. ΚΠ 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns i. vii. 219 The projecting, elongated or spindle-shaped raphide-cells are sometimes attached to the lateral walls. 1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. x. iii. 533 Crystal-sacs may be isolated or arranged in rows; the latter condition is exemplified by the raphide-cells of most Commelynaceae and Amaryllidaceae. 1985 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 72 1858/2 It has been noted that raphide cells are present but druse cells are absent. raphide crystal n. ΚΠ 1963 Bot. Gaz. 124 420/1 A second substance stored is calcium oxalate, which occurs as raphide crystals in idioblastic parenchyma cells. 1978 K. Esau Anat. Seed Plants (ed. 2) xiii. 206/2 Mucilage cells often include raphide crystals. 1989 Protoplasma 148 130 An in vivo system was developed to examine raphide crystal bundle formation in the root of intact plants. raphide sac n. ΚΠ 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns i. vii. 220 In the diaphragms of the petiole of Pontederia..there are found, besides the raphide sacs, others, of spindle-like shape. 1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. x. iii. 534 The layered plates of parenchyma that make up the ventilating tissue (aërenchyma) of the leaf of Pistia Stratiotes, are traversed at frequent intervals by spindle-shaped raphide-sacs. 1985 Bot. Gaz. 146 375/2 Crystal sacs occur solely in the mesophyll. They are either raphide sacs.., styloid sacs.., or sacs containing crystals intermediate in form between raphides and styloids. C2. Objective. raphide-bearing adj. ΚΠ 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 139 The elongated or spindle-shaped raphide-bearing sacs, which are common, e.g. in the Aroideæ. 1918 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 5 448 Stahl studied the effect of a variety of raphide-bearing plants when fed to hungry snails and reached the conclusion that the burning taste depends on the raphides alone. 1994 Bot. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 114 67 Specialized raphide-bearing cells in the cortex expand axially. raphide-containing adj. ΚΠ 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 139 Hanstein's raphide-containing sac-vessels. 1918 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 5 448 On the question of the cause of the acrid taste in raphide-containing plants, the evidence is less direct... The general opinion seeming to be that the raphides serve as a protection..against animals and insects. 2001 New Phytologist 150 111 Raphide-containing cells exhibited lamellate sheaths around the chamber walls. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1831
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