rajan.¹

Brit.

/ˈrɑːdʒə/,

/ˈrɑːdʒɑː/, U.S.

/ˈrɑ(d)ʒə/

Forms:

α. 1500s raiáh, 1500s–1700s raia, 1600s raiaw, 1600s–1700s raiah, 1600s–1700s raya, 1700s raïa.

β. 1600s radgee, 1600s raga, 1600s ragae, 1600s ragea, 1600s ragià, 1600s–1700s radja, 1600s–1700s ragia, 1600s–1700s roger, 1600s– raja, 1600s– rajah, 1700s– (now chiefly in raja shelduck n. and raja sheldrake n.) radjah.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Hindi. Partly a borrowing from Marathi. Partly a borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymons: Hindi rāyā; Marathi rāyā; Sanskrit rājan.

Etymology: Partly (in α. forms) < Hindi †rāyā (or its equivalents in related languages, e.g. Marathi †rāyā), extended form of rāy king ( < Sanskrit rājan : see below), and partly (in β. forms) directly < Sanskrit rājan (nominative rājā) king, prince, sovereign < rāj- to rule < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin rēg- , rēx king (see rex n.¹). Compare French †raia (c1525 in Middle French, apparently not fully naturalized),rajah (1628 as raja, as title; 1659 as noun; partly via Portuguese), †radzia (1664), †ragia (1665), †raya (1688), Portuguese rajá (1540 as raja), †raia, †raya (1602); also Indian Persian rāja (a1627 or earlier).Perhaps compare also classical Latin Rachias, the name of the leader of an Indian embassy to the Emperor Claudius (only in Pliny, perhaps originally representing a title).

Frequently with capital initial. Originally: an Indian king or prince. Later extended to a petty chief or dignitary (cf. zamindar n.) or a member of the Hindu nobility in India; a Malay or Javanese ruler or chief. Also as title. Cf. maharaja n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > Indian or Asian ruler

raja1555

hakim1585

naik1588

Jam1727

khan1815

shugo1893

Agong1976

α.

1555 R. Eden Disc. Vyage rounde Worlde in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 224 The Kyngs name was Raia Colambu, and the Prince was cauled Raia Siagu.

1607 W. Finch in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iv. 424 This Towne is the last of note in Pectopshaws land, who is a small King or Raiaw, a Gentile.

1630 H. Lord Display Two Forraigne Sects 68 The Raiahs..did procure the Bramanes to make it an act of Religion.

1733 tr. Ceremonies & Relig. Customs Var. Nations IV. 11 At this solemn festival the Raia of Quilacara erects a scaffold..and..offers himself up a willing sacrifice to the Gods.

1774 tr. Voltaire Fragm. Revol. India xii. 93 The great mogul..sent him an elephant loaded with magnificent presents, and a patent appointing him a raïa.

β. 1608 W. Hawkins in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iii. vii. 209 The Portugals of Damen had wrought with..a Raga, who was absolute Lord of a Prouince..to stay my passage.1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 65 This Castle [sc. Rota] for many Ages acknowledged the Radgee her Governour.1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 331 Potent Rajahs who themselves preside O'er Realms of wide Extent.1777 Miller in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 68 167 Their Radjas (by which name they call every freeman that has property, of which there are sometimes one, sometimes more, in one Compong, and the rest are vassals).1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama vii. 68 The power Of the dread Rajah, terrible alike To men and Gods.1878 C. Stanford Symbols Christ (new ed.) i. 13 A chieftain so different from the fiery rajahs around.1937 M. Covarrubias Island of Bali ii. 29 The traders used every possible means to gain the favour of the Radjas in order to control Bali.1969 National Herald (New Delhi) 29 July 7/3 Leaders of the five villages approached Raja Gajpat Singh, the founder of Jind State.1993 B. Mukherjee Holder of World (1994) 254 The Raja had been as devoted to love, and to her, as he now was to death.

Compounds

Usually in form rajah. Forming names of birds having bright or distinctive plumage, or that are large for their kind.

raja lory n. †(a) (also lori rajah) a small scarlet parrot with yellow wings, found in the Moluccas (not identified: perhaps a variety of the chattering lory, Lorius garrulus: see quot. 1868) (obsolete); (b) a black lory of the subspecies Chalcopsitta atra insignis, having black plumage with red markings, found in western New Guinea and adjacent islands.

ΚΠ

1812 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. 537 Raja Lory. Psittacus Raja..Scarlet Lory, with gold-yellow wings.

1822 J. Latham Gen. Hist. Birds II. 226 Rajah Lory. Size of the Purple-capped Lory..Inhabits the Moluccas, and there called Rhadia, and is a rare species.

1868 C. Darwin Variation Animals & Plants II. xxiii. 280 The birds thus treated become beautifully variegated with red and yellow feathers... The natives of Gilolo [in the northern Moluccas] alter in an analogous manner the colours of another parrot, namely, the Lorius garrulus, Linn., and thus produce the Lori rajah, or King-Lory.

1990 C. M. Perrins Illustr. Encycl. Birds 165/2 The eastern race C. a. insignis, which is sometimes known as the Rajah Lory, has red markings on the face, under the wings, and on the belly.

raja sheldrake n. now rare = raja shelduck n.

ΚΠ

1844 J. Gould Birds Austral. (1848) VII. Pl. 8 Tadorna Radjah... Radjah Shieldrake.

1845 C. Hodgkinson Austral., Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay iv. 204 There are several varieties of ducks in New South Wales, such as..the white-headed or Rajah shieldrake, the Australian shoveller, etc.

1900 A. J. Campbell Nest & Eggs Austral. Birds 1030 The fine Rajah Shieldrake inhabits the northern half of Australia.

1945 Wilson Bull. 57 38 Tadorna..radjah, Radjah Sheldrake.

raja shelduck n. a large shelduck, Tadorna radjah, having a white head, neck, and underparts, except for a chestnut band across the breast, and a dark chestnut back, found in northern Australia, New Guinea, and the Moluccas.

ΚΠ

1967 H. J. Frith Waterfowl in Austral. 151 Burdekin Duck... Other Names..Radjah Shelduck..Whiteheaded Shelduck.

2005 D. Callaghan in J. Kear Ducks, Geese, & Swans I. 398/2 Livezey..recognized a close relationship between Common and Rajah Shelducks.

† raja shrike n. Obsolete rare a large brownish-black shrike (not identified).

ΚΠ

1822 J. Latham Gen. Hist. Birds II. 63 Rajah shrike... The body is very stout for the size.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Rajan.²

Brit.

/ˈreɪə/,

/ˈrʌɪə/, U.S.

/ˈreɪə/,

/ˈraɪə/

Forms: 1600s– raia, 1600s– raja, 1800s raiae (plural), 1800s rajae (plural).

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin raia.

Etymology: < classical Latin raia (plural raiae ), of unknown origin. Compare earlier ray n.³

Zoology.

Originally: a skate or ray. Later: spec. a genus of skates or rays of the family Rajidae; (also raja) a fish of this genus (now rare).Valid publication of the genus name: Linnaeus Systema Naturae (ed. 10, 1758) I. 231.The genus name was commonly spelt Raia until the mid 20th cent., but Linnaeus has Raja, so this is the taxonomically valid spelling.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > subclass Elasmobranchii > order Hypotremata > [noun] > family Rajidae > member of family Rajidae (ray)

reighOE

roughlOE

rayc1350

flathec1440

rayfisha1500

Raja1633

centrine1661

flair1668

sea-cow1722

ox-ray1862

sea-devil1881

rajoid1890

1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island iv. xii. 40 His fashion like the fish a Raia nam'd.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 169 The severall sorts of Raia's, Torpedo's, Oysters.

1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. v. i. 98 The Skin of the Raja, being artifically reduced to a monstrous shape, is by some shewed, and is commonly taken, for a Basilisk.

1752 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. III. 304 The apertures of the gills in the Raia are five on each side.

1755 Dict. Arts & Sci. IV Raja, in ichthyology, a genus of the chondropterygious order of fishes.

1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 550 The rajæ..are provided with glandulous grains.

1878 F. J. Bell & E. R. Lankester tr. C. Gegenbaur Elements Compar. Anat. 500 There is a pseudo-electric apparatus in Raja.

1925 Copeia No. 142. 37 The genus Raja (or Raia) of Linnaeus..covers obviously a larger range of forms than is the case of genera of fishes generally. Several attempts have been made to subdivide it.

1961 E. S. Herald Living Fishes of World 57/1 More than one hundred species of skates have been described,..the majority of them assigned to the large genus Raja.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	raja
释义	rajan.¹ Brit. /ˈrɑːdʒə/, /ˈrɑːdʒɑː/, U.S. /ˈrɑ(d)ʒə/ Forms: α. 1500s raiáh, 1500s–1700s raia, 1600s raiaw, 1600s–1700s raiah, 1600s–1700s raya, 1700s raïa. β. 1600s radgee, 1600s raga, 1600s ragae, 1600s ragea, 1600s ragià, 1600s–1700s radja, 1600s–1700s ragia, 1600s–1700s roger, 1600s– raja, 1600s– rajah, 1700s– (now chiefly in raja shelduck n. and raja sheldrake n.) radjah. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Hindi. Partly a borrowing from Marathi. Partly a borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymons: Hindi rāyā; Marathi rāyā; Sanskrit rājan. Etymology: Partly (in α. forms) < Hindi †rāyā (or its equivalents in related languages, e.g. Marathi †rāyā), extended form of rāy king ( < Sanskrit rājan : see below), and partly (in β. forms) directly < Sanskrit rājan (nominative rājā) king, prince, sovereign < rāj- to rule < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin rēg- , rēx king (see rex n.¹). Compare French †raia (c1525 in Middle French, apparently not fully naturalized),rajah (1628 as raja, as title; 1659 as noun; partly via Portuguese), †radzia (1664), †ragia (1665), †raya (1688), Portuguese rajá (1540 as raja), †raia, †raya (1602); also Indian Persian rāja (a1627 or earlier).Perhaps compare also classical Latin Rachias, the name of the leader of an Indian embassy to the Emperor Claudius (only in Pliny, perhaps originally representing a title). Frequently with capital initial. Originally: an Indian king or prince. Later extended to a petty chief or dignitary (cf. zamindar n.) or a member of the Hindu nobility in India; a Malay or Javanese ruler or chief. Also as title. Cf. maharaja n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > Indian or Asian ruler raja1555 hakim1585 naik1588 Jam1727 khan1815 shugo1893 Agong1976 α. 1555 R. Eden Disc. Vyage rounde Worlde in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 224 The Kyngs name was Raia Colambu, and the Prince was cauled Raia Siagu. 1607 W. Finch in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iv. 424 This Towne is the last of note in Pectopshaws land, who is a small King or Raiaw, a Gentile. 1630 H. Lord Display Two Forraigne Sects 68 The Raiahs..did procure the Bramanes to make it an act of Religion. 1733 tr. Ceremonies & Relig. Customs Var. Nations IV. 11 At this solemn festival the Raia of Quilacara erects a scaffold..and..offers himself up a willing sacrifice to the Gods. 1774 tr. Voltaire Fragm. Revol. India xii. 93 The great mogul..sent him an elephant loaded with magnificent presents, and a patent appointing him a raïa. β. 1608 W. Hawkins in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iii. vii. 209 The Portugals of Damen had wrought with..a Raga, who was absolute Lord of a Prouince..to stay my passage.1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 65 This Castle [sc. Rota] for many Ages acknowledged the Radgee her Governour.1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 331 Potent Rajahs who themselves preside O'er Realms of wide Extent.1777 Miller in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 68 167 Their Radjas (by which name they call every freeman that has property, of which there are sometimes one, sometimes more, in one Compong, and the rest are vassals).1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama vii. 68 The power Of the dread Rajah, terrible alike To men and Gods.1878 C. Stanford Symbols Christ (new ed.) i. 13 A chieftain so different from the fiery rajahs around.1937 M. Covarrubias Island of Bali ii. 29 The traders used every possible means to gain the favour of the Radjas in order to control Bali.1969 National Herald (New Delhi) 29 July 7/3 Leaders of the five villages approached Raja Gajpat Singh, the founder of Jind State.1993 B. Mukherjee Holder of World (1994) 254 The Raja had been as devoted to love, and to her, as he now was to death. Compounds Usually in form rajah. Forming names of birds having bright or distinctive plumage, or that are large for their kind. raja lory n. †(a) (also lori rajah) a small scarlet parrot with yellow wings, found in the Moluccas (not identified: perhaps a variety of the chattering lory, Lorius garrulus: see quot. 1868) (obsolete); (b) a black lory of the subspecies Chalcopsitta atra insignis, having black plumage with red markings, found in western New Guinea and adjacent islands. ΚΠ 1812 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. 537 Raja Lory. Psittacus Raja..Scarlet Lory, with gold-yellow wings. 1822 J. Latham Gen. Hist. Birds II. 226 Rajah Lory. Size of the Purple-capped Lory..Inhabits the Moluccas, and there called Rhadia, and is a rare species. 1868 C. Darwin Variation Animals & Plants II. xxiii. 280 The birds thus treated become beautifully variegated with red and yellow feathers... The natives of Gilolo [in the northern Moluccas] alter in an analogous manner the colours of another parrot, namely, the Lorius garrulus, Linn., and thus produce the Lori rajah, or King-Lory. 1990 C. M. Perrins Illustr. Encycl. Birds 165/2 The eastern race C. a. insignis, which is sometimes known as the Rajah Lory, has red markings on the face, under the wings, and on the belly. raja sheldrake n. now rare = raja shelduck n. ΚΠ 1844 J. Gould Birds Austral. (1848) VII. Pl. 8 Tadorna Radjah... Radjah Shieldrake. 1845 C. Hodgkinson Austral., Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay iv. 204 There are several varieties of ducks in New South Wales, such as..the white-headed or Rajah shieldrake, the Australian shoveller, etc. 1900 A. J. Campbell Nest & Eggs Austral. Birds 1030 The fine Rajah Shieldrake inhabits the northern half of Australia. 1945 Wilson Bull. 57 38 Tadorna..radjah, Radjah Sheldrake. raja shelduck n. a large shelduck, Tadorna radjah, having a white head, neck, and underparts, except for a chestnut band across the breast, and a dark chestnut back, found in northern Australia, New Guinea, and the Moluccas. ΚΠ 1967 H. J. Frith Waterfowl in Austral. 151 Burdekin Duck... Other Names..Radjah Shelduck..Whiteheaded Shelduck. 2005 D. Callaghan in J. Kear Ducks, Geese, & Swans I. 398/2 Livezey..recognized a close relationship between Common and Rajah Shelducks. † raja shrike n. Obsolete rare a large brownish-black shrike (not identified). ΚΠ 1822 J. Latham Gen. Hist. Birds II. 63 Rajah shrike... The body is very stout for the size. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Rajan.² Brit. /ˈreɪə/, /ˈrʌɪə/, U.S. /ˈreɪə/, /ˈraɪə/ Forms: 1600s– raia, 1600s– raja, 1800s raiae (plural), 1800s rajae (plural). Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin raia. Etymology: < classical Latin raia (plural raiae ), of unknown origin. Compare earlier ray n.³ Zoology. Originally: a skate or ray. Later: spec. a genus of skates or rays of the family Rajidae; (also raja) a fish of this genus (now rare).Valid publication of the genus name: Linnaeus Systema Naturae (ed. 10, 1758) I. 231.The genus name was commonly spelt Raia until the mid 20th cent., but Linnaeus has Raja, so this is the taxonomically valid spelling. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > subclass Elasmobranchii > order Hypotremata > [noun] > family Rajidae > member of family Rajidae (ray) reighOE roughlOE rayc1350 flathec1440 rayfisha1500 Raja1633 centrine1661 flair1668 sea-cow1722 ox-ray1862 sea-devil1881 rajoid1890 1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island iv. xii. 40 His fashion like the fish a Raia nam'd. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 169 The severall sorts of Raia's, Torpedo's, Oysters. View more context for this quotation 1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. v. i. 98 The Skin of the Raja, being artifically reduced to a monstrous shape, is by some shewed, and is commonly taken, for a Basilisk. 1752 J. Hill Gen. Nat. Hist. III. 304 The apertures of the gills in the Raia are five on each side. 1755 Dict. Arts & Sci. IV Raja, in ichthyology, a genus of the chondropterygious order of fishes. 1804 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 12 550 The rajæ..are provided with glandulous grains. 1878 F. J. Bell & E. R. Lankester tr. C. Gegenbaur Elements Compar. Anat. 500 There is a pseudo-electric apparatus in Raja. 1925 Copeia No. 142. 37 The genus Raja (or Raia) of Linnaeus..covers obviously a larger range of forms than is the case of genera of fishes generally. Several attempts have been made to subdivide it. 1961 E. S. Herald Living Fishes of World 57/1 More than one hundred species of skates have been described,..the majority of them assigned to the large genus Raja. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1555n.²1633
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rajan.1

Compounds

Rajan.2

rajan.¹

Rajan.²