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单词 rath
释义

rathn.1

Brit. /rɑːθ/, /raθ/, /rɔː/, U.S. /rɑθ/, //, //, Irish English /rɒː/
Forms: 1500s– rath, 1900s– ráith (Irish English), 1900s– ráth (Irish English); Scottish pre-1700 1800s– rath, 1900s– rath.
Origin: A borrowing from Irish. Etymon: Irish ráth.
Etymology: < Irish ráth ring fort (Early Irish ráth, ráith earthen rampart around a chief's residence, fortress), cognate with Gaulish ratin (accusative) fortification, further etymology uncertain.A suggested derivation < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin prātum meadow (see pratal adj.) poses semantic problems and is no longer generally believed.
Archaeology.
Chiefly in Ireland: an enclosure of roughly circular form made with a strong earthen wall, and originally serving as a fort and place of residence; an earthen ring fort. Cf. cashel n., lis n.2Formerly also more fully Danes rath: construction of these forts was often incorrectly attributed to the Danes.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fort or fortified town > [noun] > hill-fort
rath1434
dun1703
hill fort1833
royalty1893
1434 in W. Fraser Hist. Carnegies (1867) 512 Comprehendendo the Rathys on Cloqhuokis denn..et prope ly Rathys ad austrum.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 54 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) There is a great use amongst the Irish, to make greate assemblies together upon a rath or hill.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 55 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) They are called Danes-Rathes, that is, hills of the Danes.
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary ii. ii. ii. 161 A ground of aduantage, being a strong Rath, between the towne and the Camp.
1700 E. Lhuyd Let. 25 Aug. in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) (1712) 27 525 Their round Entrenchments, commonly called Danes Rathes.
1746 C. Smith Antient & Present State Waterford xx. 351 The first of these places he calls Falkmotes..and the round ones, Dane's Raths.
1790 E. Ledwich Antiq. Ireland 185 These Raths, always on elevated spots, are of different dimensions, some measuring not more than ten or fifteen yards in diameter, others contain eighteen or twenty English acres.
1807 R. C. Hoare Tour Ireland 21 One of those raised earthen works, which the Irish writers call raths.
1845 ‘E. Warburton’ Crescent & Cross II. 361 With the tombs of Hector and Achilles appearing like Irish raths.
1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times IV. lvii. 231 The ‘good people’ still linger around the raths and glens.
1901 Gallovidian 3 71 He begood tae mak' a raith roon the cairn wi' the stanes, like a wee bruch or a sheep-ree.
1954 R. Sutcliff Eagle of Ninth xii. 136 My rath lies upwards of a day's trail to the west.
1992 Rescue News Dec. No. 57. 5/1 Rescue work was done at sites like Duneight motte and bailey and Ballywillwill rath.

Derivatives

rathed adj. Obsolete surrounded by an earthen wall.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [adjective]
rampired1582
mounded1694
ramparted1795
rathed1861
1861 J. Y. Simpson Archæol. 36 The true sites of the..towns—or merely perhaps stockaded or rathed villages.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

rathn.2

Brit. /rʌt/, U.S. /rət/
Forms:

α. 1800s rut, 1800s rutt, 1800s– rath, 1800s– ruth (now rare).

β. 1800s– ratha.

Origin: A borrowing from Sanskrit. Etymons: Sanskrit ratha, rath.
Etymology: < Sanskrit ratha (also with vernacular pronunciation rath) chariot, carriage, vehicle (e.g. of the gods) (see rat n.3).
Indian English.
A covered bullock- or horse-drawn vehicle.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > [noun]
carc1320
chara1400
charet?a1400
wagon1542
carry1600
rotan1676
messagerie1777
pillbox1789
bandy1791
Pennsylvania wagon1800
gharry1810
rath1813
vardo1819
rig1831
1813 M. M. Sherwood in Life (1847) xxv. 422 When these girls travel, they generally go hidden by crimson curtains in a rutt or car drawn by bullocks.
1823 Trans. Lit. Soc. Bombay 3 84 Arjoon succeeded in persuading the young prince to trust himself on his ruth, or car, and to proceed against the enemy.
1829 J. Shipp Mem. Mil. Career II. 183 I took the liberty of taking the rut and horse to camp as prize property.
1834 A. Prinsep Baboo II. ix. 176 The driver of the ruth had been found.
1866 T. Seaton From Cadet to Colonel xvii. 364 Hodson stopped the ruth.., and made the three prisoners descend.
1889 Illustr. Naval & Mil. Mag. Sept. 1346 The bullocks, unyoked from the ‘rutt’, or two-wheeled vehicle with domed roof of quilted scarlet cloth, are snatching their well-earned meal of chopped millet stalks.
1901 R. Kipling Kim iv. 92 Kim marked down a gaily ornamented ruth or family bullock-cart.
1913 J. G. Frazer Golden Bough (ed. 3) IX. 194 In some parts of India a principal means of expelling an epidemic is a little toy chariot called a ratha or rath, in which the goddess of the disease is supposed to be carted away.
1978 ‘M. M. Kaye’ Far Pavilions iii. xx. 291 The dust lay thick and the hooves of the trotting bullocks stirred it up in choking clouds that forced their way between the closely drawn curtains of the ruth, covering everything within.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

rathn.3

Origin: An arbitrary formation.
Etymology: A factitious word introduced by Lewis Carroll.
Obsolete. rare.
In the writing of Lewis Carroll: a turtle.Quot. c18551 also occurs in the first verse of ‘Jabberwocky’ in Through the Looking-Glass (1871) i. 21.
ΚΠ
c1855 ‘L. Carroll’ Stanza Anglo-Saxon Poetry in Rectory Umbrella & Mischmasch (1932) 139 All mimsy were the borogoves; And the mome raths outgrabe.
c1855 ‘L. Carroll’ Rectory Umbrella & Mischmasch (1932) 140 Rath, a species of land turtle. Head erect: mouth like a shark: the fore legs curved out so that the animal walked on its knees: smooth green body: lived on swallows and oysters.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2019).

rathadj.

Forms: 1600s rathe, 1600s–1700s rath.
Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rare adj.2
Etymology: Variant of rare adj.2 Compare rathe adj.2 Compare also ratherest adj.For similar variation compare rare adv.2, and also raer , variant of rathe n.2
Obsolete. rare.
In rath egg: a lightly-cooked egg. Cf. rare adj.2 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [adjective] > cooked (of specific food) > eggs
rearlOE
harda1425
poachedc1450
soft-boiled1577
hard-boiled1589
rare1655
rath egg1684
in the shell1692
dropped1824
rumpled1896
1684 A. Littleton Linguæ Latinæ Liber Dictionarius (new ed.) Ovum sorbile, a rathe egg, a poached or rath-roasted egg.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) A rath Egg.
1786 J. H. Tooke Επεα Πτεροεντα x. 506 We have also in English the expression of..rath eggs.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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n.11434n.21813n.3c1855adj.1684
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