raxv.

Brit.

/raks/, U.S.

/ræks/, Scottish English

/rɔks/

Forms:

α. Old English racsian, Old English raxende (present participle), Middle English rox, Middle English 1800s– rax, 1800s rex (Irish English (northern)); English regional (northern) 1800s raux, 1800s– wrax; Scottish pre-1700 raxe, pre-1700 1700s racks, pre-1700 1700s– rax, 1800s raux, 1800s rawx, 1800s wrax, 1800s– rex (Orkney and Shetland), 1900s– raax, 1900s– raxx, 1900s– rekks (Shetland), 1900s– rex (Shetland).

β. Middle English raske, Middle English rosk.

Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item.

Etymology: Apparently the reflex of a Germanic derivative formation (compare discussion at cleanse v.), either < the same Germanic base as rech v., or < the same Germanic base as reach v.¹The length of the stem vowel in Old English is uncertain. For further discussion see L-G. Hallander Old English Verbs in -sian (1966) 223–5. In sense 8, and perhaps also in sense 4, by association with rack v.¹

Chiefly Scottish.

†1. intransitive. To stretch oneself, esp. on waking from sleep or as a preliminary to further action; to rouse, stir oneself. Also: †to yawn (obsolete). †to rax up: to wake up from a faint. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > drowsiness > be or become drowsy [verb (intransitive)] > yawn

raxOE

gapec1440

yawn1450

raxle?c1475

ream?a1500

gant1513

oscitate1623

the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch oneself or be stretched [verb (intransitive)] > after sleep

raxOE

reamc1275

the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch oneself or be stretched [verb (intransitive)]

raxlec1275

roxle?c1335

raxa1400

streeka1400

stretcha1586

spelder1720

α.

OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) xii. 148 Swa he of hefegum slæpe raxende awoce [L. longa suspiria imo de pectore trahens].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 24351 Þat suime was of mi soru suage, Bot quen i raxed vp..I ne wist bot walaway.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 398 He..roxed [v.rr. raxed, roskid] and rored and rutte atte laste.

a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 234 Quhen thair was cum in fywe or sax, The quenis Dog begowthe to rax.

1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green iii. 23 Carles wha heard the Cock had crawn, Begoud to rax and rift.

1773 R. Fergusson Poems (1956) II. 158 And turn and fald their weary clay, To rax and gaunt the live-lang day.

1805 A. Scott Poems (1808) 109 (E.D.D.) The drowsy queen Raise rauxing, gaunting rub'd her een.

β. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 4279 Þan cumþ one aboute pryme—‘Rys up,’ he seyþ, ‘now ys tyme;’ Þan begynneþ he [sc. Sloth] to klawe and to raske. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 424 Raskyn, exalo.

a. transitive (reflexive). To stretch oneself.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch [verb (reflexive)] > after sleep

raxa1325

romyc1350

a1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Cambr.) (1929) 289 (MED) Apres dormer hom se espreche [glossed] raxes [v.rr. raskys, raskyt, rasketh] him.

c1480 (a1400) St. Ninian 703 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 324 Þat bysnyne..vaknit as of hewy slepe, & raxit hyme.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iv. xi. 93 Thrise scho hir self raxit vp for to rise.

c1550 Clariodus (1830) i. 968 [The lion] raxit him, and, ramping in his ire..lape upone him.

1568 ( D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) (heading) in Wks. (1931) II. 216 Heir sall the begger ryiss and rax him.

1638 A. Henderson Serm., Prayers & Pulpit Addresses (1867) 469 People, when they first put on new clothes,..rax themselves, that they may join the better to every part of them.

c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 54 He sould seim to rax him self and schak him self looss of his arme.

1826 D. Anderson Poems in Sc. Dial. 96 Wi' their hands aboon their head They raise an' rax'd themsel's.

1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) (at cited word) To rax oneself, is to extend the limbs, after sleep or long sitting.

1881 J. Smith Habbie & Madge 15 Habbie gradually gies owre snorin, an' begins to rax himsel'.

1928 Aberdeen Book-lover 6 i. 13 His pipes laid awa' Jock raxes himsel.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/1 Lookster at t'foal raxin' itsel noo it's getten on tir its legs.

1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 242/2 Cummon! Rax yersen! The sun's scorchin' me eyeballs out.

†b. transitive. To stretch (one's legs, limbs, etc.) on waking, after being cramped, or in exercise. Cf. sense 5b. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1658 R. Moray Lett. f. 184 I have drawn my breath, and raxed my limmes.

1814 W. Nicholson Poems 103 To rax their banes, and rub their een.

1883 F. Sutherland Memories 6 The dancers a' convened, Tae rax their legs an' stuff their wizens.

1905 J. Lumsden Croonings 146 I'd daur to rax my limbs at least.

1925 Trans. Dumfries & Galloway Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Soc. 13 35 After being in the house a' day I took a turn tae rax my legs.

†3. Scottish.

a. intransitive. To grow, develop; to wax. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change [verb (intransitive)] > pass into state, become

yworthOE

worthOE

goOE

becomec1175

come?a1200

waxc1220

charea1225

aworthc1275

makea1300

fallc1300

breedc1325

grow1340

strikea1375

yern1377

entera1382

turna1400

smitec1400

raxa1500

resolvea1500

to get into ——?1510

waxen1540

get1558

prove1560

proceed1578

befall1592

drop1654

evade1677

emerge1699

to turn out1740

to gain into1756

permute1864

slip1864

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. 604 Þe tade begouythe to wax, And wythe in hym to rede and rax.

a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 161 Wad they to labouring lend an eident hand, They'd rax fell strang upo' the simplest fare.

1897 A. Reid Bards of Angus & Mearns 202 An' when I raxed beyond my teens..I'd gang to meet the lassies.

b. intransitive. To grow in power and influence; to hold sway, prevail; to rule (literal and figurative). Obsolete.Frequently used in conjunction with rise or reign.

ΚΠ

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 1123 in Poems (1981) 46 Than sall ressoun ryis, rax, and ring.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 91 Mony theif and tratour in his tyme Raxit and rang.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 465 In Albione than wes gude peax and rest, Bot rycht schort quhile tha leit it rax or lest.

a1540 G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander (1974) (Taym.) 2045 All desyrit that he suld regne and rax.

a1550 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Wemyss) xxxiv. 1516 Hir dochter Synope efter hir deid Rais and raxit in hir steid.

a1600 Advice to be Liberal & Blyth in A. Ramsay Ever Green (1724) I. 269 Were there a King to rax and ring, Amang Gude-fallows crownd, Wretches wad wring.

a. intransitive. To become longer or broader, esp. by being pulled; to stretch, expand. Also figurative.In early use in references to death by hanging.

ΚΠ

1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 212 Thou has a wedy teuch On Mount Falconn, about thy crag to rax.

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 1165 in Wks. (1931) I The Rauin said: god, nor I rax in ane raipe.

1586 R. Maitland in W. A. Craigie Maitland Quarto MS (1920) 44/39 Quhill that thay gar ane widdie rax.

1603 Philotus lxxxix. sig. D2 For God nor I rax in ane raip, And euer thow fra my hand escaip.

1785 Fergusson's Sc. Prov. (new ed.) 28 in Select Coll. Poems Buchan Dial. Raw leather raxes.

c1850 R. O. Peattie in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 365/3 The truth raxes in his mou' like India rubber.

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words (at cited word) ‘It'll rax a yard afore it'll rive an inch.’ ‘They'll rax an' run up like Tommy Yarrow's breeches.’—(Hexham proverb), applied to anything very elastic.

1918 J. Mitchell Bydand 21 An' syne the eerie shadows raxin' ower the Silv'ry Dee.

1991 T. S. Law in T. Hubbard New Makars 32 The sodger traiks on..alang the stoorie desert pad, and his scadda raxin slawlie and siccarlie.

b. transitive. To extend by pulling; to stretch. to rax (a person's) crag (also neck): to hang (a person). † to rax a halter: to be hanged (obsolete).

ΚΠ

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xi. xvi. 61 Now hir handis raxit it [sc. a bow] euery stede.

a1560 Remembrance Passion 378 in J. A. W. Bennett Devotional Pieces (1955) Lord Jesu, that tholit tobe raxit and drawin apoun the croce.

1613 P. Forbes Comm. Rev. 229 He had a long chaine, which yet was further raxed.

1714 R. Smith Poems 94 If ye rax me limb and lith, Then take the Coat of Robie Smith.

1787 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 213 Ye wha leather rax an' draw.

1789 D. Davidson Thoughts Seasons 21 For cowards some their craigs had racks'd.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 113 When ye gang to see a man..raxing a halter.

1861 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life 2nd Ser. 106 If I could win at him, I wud rax the banes o' him.

1915 J. Wilson Lowland Sc. Lower Strathearn 210 Aa'll rax your craig for ye.

1999 Fort Worth (Texas) Star-Telegram (Nexis) 3 Mar. 11 Aye, ay'll rax yer craig sae eith as kiss ma luif.

a. intransitive. To extend a hand or arm; to reach out. Also figurative. Frequently with adverbs, as for, over, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > extend in space [verb (intransitive)] > reach (to)

reachOE

goOE

rax1597

1597 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 353 Thane dreid..Forbad my mounting ony mair, To raxe abune my reiche.

c1660 S. Rutherford Christs Napkin 14 I have too short an arm to rax so high.

1720 A. Ramsay Wealth (new ed.) 2 Wha rax for Riches or immortal Fame.

c1730 A. Ramsay Great Eclipse in Poems (1800) II. iv Imprudent men..Rax yont their reach.

1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. x. 237 Ye..raxed ower the tether maybe a wee bit farther than ye had any right to do.

1893 S. R. Crockett Stickit Minister 145 Raxing for a peat to light his pipe.

1932 ‘L. G. Gibbon’ Sunset Song iii. 179 It was like watching a meikle collie and a futret at meat, him gulping down everything that came his way and a lot that didn't, he would rax for that.

1968 in Sc. National Dict. VII. 366/3 Boy, watch theesel and dunno rex ower the table when the minister comes.

1998 N. Harper Spik o the Place 118 Rax ower the table and get's the saut.

2016 A. Mackinnon in Lallans 88 55 Keen tae rax fir thir phones Tae pass on thir craic.

b. transitive. To stretch out, extend (a part of the body); to crane (one's neck), raise (one's head). Also figurative.

ΚΠ

1788 E. Picken Poems & Epist. 88 The darksome e'ening raxes Her wings owre day.

1792 A. Wilson On a Man sawing Timber Rax me your haun.

1806 J. Cock Simple Strains 89 Ye'll shortly see me rax my neck, and craw.

1863 E. C. Gaskell Sylvia's Lovers III. xiv. 244 So he raxes his hand across t' table, and mutters summat, as he grips mine.

1921 J. L. Waugh Heroes 100 Luiffy, elbows on his knees, hands under his chin, and head raxed towards me was an attentive, interested listener.

1931 D. Campbell Uncle Andie 74 Ye've been raxin' yer neck like a craggit-heron sin' ever ye cam' in aboot.

2000 S. Blackhall Singing Bird 16 Pine branches raxx their rosit eaves.

a. transitive. To deal, inflict (a blow). Sc. National Dict. records this sense as still in use in Shetland, Aberdeenshire, Angus, and Kirkcudbrightshire in 1967.

ΚΠ

1711 A. Ramsay Elegy Maggy Johnstoun vii Death wi' his rung rax'd her a yowff.

1739 in Caledonian Mag. (1788) 499 A muckle man..Rax'd me alang the chafts a whawm.

1806 J. Black Falls of Clyde 108 Hae, there's a wand, rax her a gowf wi' that.

b. transitive. To reach out and grasp (an object); to hand or pass (an object) (down, over, etc.) to someone.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > pass with the hand

hand1642

rax1776

1776 D. Herd Anc. & Mod. Sc. Songs (ed. 2) II. 153 Rax me my cloak, I'll down the key, And see him come ashore.

1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 370 Rax me ower the loaf.

1894 A. Robertson Nuggets 70 Rax me the brandy bottle, an' pit it doon beside me.

1915 D. J. Beattie Oor Gate-en' 61 Sae rax doon the wan' lads, and on wi' the creel.

1947 W. L. Ferguson Makar's Medley 15 Rax me thon bottle, like a mon!

7. transitive. To strain, sprain (a part of the body). Also reflexive and intransitive with reflexive meaning: to strain or exert oneself.

ΚΠ

a1801 R. Gall Poems & Songs (1819) 62 An' lang he ferliet at the sicht, An' sair he raxit his ein.

1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 94 A man mith rax his een in vain Ere he could spy..an idol.

1863 G. MacDonald David Elginbrod i. x Tak' care an' nae rax yersel ower sair.

1881 C. Gulland Sc. Ballads 4 Tugged at a mighty load, and raxed To gain Dunsinnan's crown; Wi' might and main they raxed in vain.

1893 J. Inglis Oor Ain Folk (1895) 139 Oor hens jist made up their minds that it wisna worth their while to rax themsel's for eggs at tenpence a dizzen.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/1 Ah's laam'd me shawlder, Ah raxt it liftin yon gert steean.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/1 Rivin an' raxin leyk a sailor at a rope.

1947 H. W. Pryde First Bk. McFlannels ii. 21 Ah don't want tae rax masel'.

1998 N. Harper Spik o the Place 118 I spent the hale day hackin kindlers and noo I've raxed ma back.

a. transitive. To rack (one's brain, etc.). Cf. rack v.¹ 3d.

ΚΠ

1897 W. Beatty Secretar 182 I was hard at it raxing my brains trying to think.

1918 J. Ingles Laird 20 Pitcarmit raxed his soople heid for a week, an' when Sabbath cam' he had his story o' the Ark a' cut an' dry.

2004 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 17 Jan. (Features section) 33 A raxed mae heid fer daes wunnerin aboot thon.

b. transitive. In passive: to be racked with pain or a disease. Cf. rack v.¹ 2b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > suffer pain [verb (transitive)]

acorea1200

suffera1250

get?c1430

insuffer1488

sensea1669

suffer1796

rax1898

1898 B. Kirkby Lakeland Words 120 Ah's rax'd wi' pain.

1964 Weekly Scotsman 13 Aug. 8 My father was raxed with asthma.

2005 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 24 Sept. 29 Frank toul me at eh wus raxed wi' pains aboot the knee.

Phrasal verbs

With adverbs in specialized senses. to rax out

1. transitive. To stretch or hold out (a hand, arm, etc.). Also intransitive: to stretch or reach out; to extend. Also figurative. Cf. sense 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch [verb (transitive)] > specific part of body

reacheOE

stretcha1000

to-spreada1000

warpa1225

spreada1275

putc1390

straightc1400

to lay forthc1420

outstretcha1425

tillc1540

extend1611

to rax out1622

to stick out1663

overreach1890

1622 W. Scot Course Conformitie 152 The lines and cords of mens wit that creep in and raxe out may serve for civill and secular mets an merches.

1649 in Sc. Notes & Queries 3 122 Jeane Broune racksed out two arms quhilk she could not stirre before.

1711 J. Monro Let. 2 July (1722) x. 38 The convinced Soul raxes out his own Wickedness and Sin longer and broader than any other Body's whatsomever, in his Apprehension.

1755 R. Forbes tr. Ovid Ajax his Speech (new ed.) 4 Raxing out His gardies.

1854 H. Miller My Schools & Schoolmasters vii. 150 Just rax out your han' and tak in my snuffbox.

1899 E. W. Prevost Dickinson's Gloss. Words & Phrases Cumberland (new ed.) (at cited word) He rax't oot his arm and theer was nae mair on't—thus the quarrel ended.

1923 G. Rae Lowland Hills 38 Ay, Jeems, ma man, rax oot yer haun an' wale An Auld Kirk manse.

1981 Eng. World-wide 2 15 We makars are hapshackelt by our ain yearnin to rax out til ither folk that, even gin they dinna scrieve, are bards at hert.

1988 R. Vettese Richt Noise 33 See him rax oot frae tasht bleck sleeve an airm for support.

2. intransitive. English regional (northern). Of the weather: to clear up. rare.

ΚΠ

1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (at cited word) As applied to the weather, to rax out means to clear up, when the clouds begin to open, and expand themselves, so that the sky is seen.

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words (at cited word) ‘To rax oot,’ to clear up—applied to the weather.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rax
释义	† raxn.¹ Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: English racks , rack n.⁴ Etymology: < racks, plural of rack n.⁴The form rax is purely a graphic variant of racks . The plural form was apparently used collectively to refer to a set of bars, and hence was construed as singular (as e.g. in quot. 1583), although in other instances the form seems simply to function as a plural of rack n.⁴ (as e.g. in quot. 1717), and almost all instances of the (morphologically) plural forms raxes , raxis can more readily be construed as double plural forms of rack n.⁴ than as showing the distinct sense ‘more than one set of bars’. Scottish. Obsolete. A set of bars or a grid used to support a roasting spit or other cooking utensil. Cf. rack n.⁴ 3. Usually in plural. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > bar or chain for hanging rack1391 reckon1400 hake1402 kilp1425 pot-clip1459 pothangles1468 reckon-crook1469 kettle-hook1485 rax1519 pot hangings1521 pot hangerc1525 pot-crookc1530 pot-hook1530 trammel1537 pot-kilp1542 gallow-balk1583 hale1589 hanger1599 pot-keep1611 pot rack1619 reckon hook1645 ratten crook1665 winter1668 rantle1671 cotterel1674 rantle-tree1685 rannel-balk1781 sway1825 rannel-perch1855 1519 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) II. 177 ij pair of raxis. 1583 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 172 Ane irn rax. 1640 in W. Fraser Bk. Carlaverock (1873) II. 502 In the chichin..a peare of long raxes. 1679 J. Somerville Memorie Somervilles (1815) I. 240 When any persones of qualitie wer to be with him, he used to wryte in the postscript of his letters, Speates and Raxes. 1679 J. Somerville Mem. Somervilles (1815) I. 241 Speates and Raxes. 1697 Inv. Furniture in Sc. Notes & Queries (1900) Dec. 90/2 A pair of raxes, two spits, a frying pann. 1717 A. Ramsay Elegy Lucky Wood v Rax, chandlers, tangs, and fire-shools. 1747 in Proc. Orkney Antiquarian Soc. (1934) 12 50 A Collep tongs, a fire tongs, a pair of Raxes. 1824 W. Scott Epist. to Lockhart 42 Speates and raxes..for a famishing guest, sir. a1839 J. Galt Rich Man & Other Stories (1925) 170 There is a moral obligation on every titled citizen..to have a spit and raxes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online September 2020). raxn.² Brit. /raks/, U.S. /ræks/, Scottish English /rɔks/ Forms: see rax v. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rax v. Etymology: < rax v. English regional (northern) and Scottish. A stretch, an act of stretching; a strain, a wrench. Also: the reach or influence of a person or thing. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > [noun] > reaching > extent to which a person, etc., can reach reacha1522 rax1790 society > travel > aspects of travel > going on foot > [noun] > walking for exercise or recreation > an act of stretch?1760 rax1790 constitutional1829 leg-stretcher1882 walkies1929 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > [noun] > sprain or strain wrench1530 strain1558 sprain1601 wrest1616 wramp1669 spraining1673 rax1790 rick1813 wrick1831 twist1864 stave1900 pull1923 1790 D. Morison Poems 118 To tak a turn an' gi'e my legs a rax, I'll through the land. 1814 W. Nicholson Tales in Verse 101 His sensual saul, an' hollow, Stoops down below the rax o' truth, To cheat her unsuspecting youth. 1866 W. Gregor Dial. Banffshire (Philol. Soc.) 140 He wiz liftin' a muckle stane, an' ga's back a gey sair rax. 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Ah stauter'd an' gat a sair rax. 1900 A. Thomson Thornlea 49 Pit it west oot o' the rax o' the bairns. 1914 Rymour Club Misc. II. 132 Your mind is aye upon the rax. 1960 Buchan Observer 9 Feb. 3 There's lotions for lumbago, Rheumatics, or a rax. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). raxv. Brit. /raks/, U.S. /ræks/, Scottish English /rɔks/ Forms: α. Old English racsian, Old English raxende (present participle), Middle English rox, Middle English 1800s– rax, 1800s rex (Irish English (northern)); English regional (northern) 1800s raux, 1800s– wrax; Scottish pre-1700 raxe, pre-1700 1700s racks, pre-1700 1700s– rax, 1800s raux, 1800s rawx, 1800s wrax, 1800s– rex (Orkney and Shetland), 1900s– raax, 1900s– raxx, 1900s– rekks (Shetland), 1900s– rex (Shetland). β. Middle English raske, Middle English rosk. Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymology: Apparently the reflex of a Germanic derivative formation (compare discussion at cleanse v.), either < the same Germanic base as rech v., or < the same Germanic base as reach v.¹The length of the stem vowel in Old English is uncertain. For further discussion see L-G. Hallander Old English Verbs in -sian (1966) 223–5. In sense 8, and perhaps also in sense 4, by association with rack v.¹ Chiefly Scottish. †1. intransitive. To stretch oneself, esp. on waking from sleep or as a preliminary to further action; to rouse, stir oneself. Also: †to yawn (obsolete). †to rax up: to wake up from a faint. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > drowsiness > be or become drowsy [verb (intransitive)] > yawn raxOE gapec1440 yawn1450 raxle?c1475 ream?a1500 gant1513 oscitate1623 the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch oneself or be stretched [verb (intransitive)] > after sleep raxOE reamc1275 the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch oneself or be stretched [verb (intransitive)] raxlec1275 roxle?c1335 raxa1400 streeka1400 stretcha1586 spelder1720 α. OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) xii. 148 Swa he of hefegum slæpe raxende awoce [L. longa suspiria imo de pectore trahens]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 24351 Þat suime was of mi soru suage, Bot quen i raxed vp..I ne wist bot walaway. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 398 He..roxed [v.rr. raxed, roskid] and rored and rutte atte laste. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 234 Quhen thair was cum in fywe or sax, The quenis Dog begowthe to rax. 1718 A. Ramsay Christ's-kirk on Green iii. 23 Carles wha heard the Cock had crawn, Begoud to rax and rift. 1773 R. Fergusson Poems (1956) II. 158 And turn and fald their weary clay, To rax and gaunt the live-lang day. 1805 A. Scott Poems (1808) 109 (E.D.D.) The drowsy queen Raise rauxing, gaunting rub'd her een. β. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 4279 Þan cumþ one aboute pryme—‘Rys up,’ he seyþ, ‘now ys tyme;’ Þan begynneþ he [sc. Sloth] to klawe and to raske. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 424 Raskyn, exalo. 2. a. transitive (reflexive). To stretch oneself. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch [verb (reflexive)] > after sleep raxa1325 romyc1350 a1325 Gloss. W. de Bibbesworth (Cambr.) (1929) 289 (MED) Apres dormer hom se espreche [glossed] raxes [v.rr. raskys, raskyt, rasketh] him. c1480 (a1400) St. Ninian 703 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 324 Þat bysnyne..vaknit as of hewy slepe, & raxit hyme. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iv. xi. 93 Thrise scho hir self raxit vp for to rise. c1550 Clariodus (1830) i. 968 [The lion] raxit him, and, ramping in his ire..lape upone him. 1568 ( D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) (heading) in Wks. (1931) II. 216 Heir sall the begger ryiss and rax him. 1638 A. Henderson Serm., Prayers & Pulpit Addresses (1867) 469 People, when they first put on new clothes,..rax themselves, that they may join the better to every part of them. c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 54 He sould seim to rax him self and schak him self looss of his arme. 1826 D. Anderson Poems in Sc. Dial. 96 Wi' their hands aboon their head They raise an' rax'd themsel's. 1829 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (new ed.) (at cited word) To rax oneself, is to extend the limbs, after sleep or long sitting. 1881 J. Smith Habbie & Madge 15 Habbie gradually gies owre snorin, an' begins to rax himsel'. 1928 Aberdeen Book-lover 6 i. 13 His pipes laid awa' Jock raxes himsel. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/1 Lookster at t'foal raxin' itsel noo it's getten on tir its legs. 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. 242/2 Cummon! Rax yersen! The sun's scorchin' me eyeballs out. †b. transitive. To stretch (one's legs, limbs, etc.) on waking, after being cramped, or in exercise. Cf. sense 5b. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1658 R. Moray Lett. f. 184 I have drawn my breath, and raxed my limmes. 1814 W. Nicholson Poems 103 To rax their banes, and rub their een. 1883 F. Sutherland Memories 6 The dancers a' convened, Tae rax their legs an' stuff their wizens. 1905 J. Lumsden Croonings 146 I'd daur to rax my limbs at least. 1925 Trans. Dumfries & Galloway Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Soc. 13 35 After being in the house a' day I took a turn tae rax my legs. †3. Scottish. a. intransitive. To grow, develop; to wax. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change [verb (intransitive)] > pass into state, become yworthOE worthOE goOE becomec1175 come?a1200 waxc1220 charea1225 aworthc1275 makea1300 fallc1300 breedc1325 grow1340 strikea1375 yern1377 entera1382 turna1400 smitec1400 raxa1500 resolvea1500 to get into ——?1510 waxen1540 get1558 prove1560 proceed1578 befall1592 drop1654 evade1677 emerge1699 to turn out1740 to gain into1756 permute1864 slip1864 a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) v. 604 Þe tade begouythe to wax, And wythe in hym to rede and rax. a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 161 Wad they to labouring lend an eident hand, They'd rax fell strang upo' the simplest fare. 1897 A. Reid Bards of Angus & Mearns 202 An' when I raxed beyond my teens..I'd gang to meet the lassies. b. intransitive. To grow in power and influence; to hold sway, prevail; to rule (literal and figurative). Obsolete.Frequently used in conjunction with rise or reign. ΚΠ a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Trial of Fox l. 1123 in Poems (1981) 46 Than sall ressoun ryis, rax, and ring. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 91 Mony theif and tratour in his tyme Raxit and rang. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 465 In Albione than wes gude peax and rest, Bot rycht schort quhile tha leit it rax or lest. a1540 G. Hay tr. Bk. King Alexander (1974) (Taym.) 2045 All desyrit that he suld regne and rax. a1550 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Wemyss) xxxiv. 1516 Hir dochter Synope efter hir deid Rais and raxit in hir steid. a1600 Advice to be Liberal & Blyth in A. Ramsay Ever Green (1724) I. 269 Were there a King to rax and ring, Amang Gude-fallows crownd, Wretches wad wring. 4. a. intransitive. To become longer or broader, esp. by being pulled; to stretch, expand. Also figurative.In early use in references to death by hanging. ΚΠ 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 212 Thou has a wedy teuch On Mount Falconn, about thy crag to rax. 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 1165 in Wks. (1931) I The Rauin said: god, nor I rax in ane raipe. 1586 R. Maitland in W. A. Craigie Maitland Quarto MS (1920) 44/39 Quhill that thay gar ane widdie rax. 1603 Philotus lxxxix. sig. D2 For God nor I rax in ane raip, And euer thow fra my hand escaip. 1785 Fergusson's Sc. Prov. (new ed.) 28 in Select Coll. Poems Buchan Dial. Raw leather raxes. c1850 R. O. Peattie in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 365/3 The truth raxes in his mou' like India rubber. 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words (at cited word) ‘It'll rax a yard afore it'll rive an inch.’ ‘They'll rax an' run up like Tommy Yarrow's breeches.’—(Hexham proverb), applied to anything very elastic. 1918 J. Mitchell Bydand 21 An' syne the eerie shadows raxin' ower the Silv'ry Dee. 1991 T. S. Law in T. Hubbard New Makars 32 The sodger traiks on..alang the stoorie desert pad, and his scadda raxin slawlie and siccarlie. b. transitive. To extend by pulling; to stretch. to rax (a person's) crag (also neck): to hang (a person). † to rax a halter: to be hanged (obsolete). ΚΠ 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xi. xvi. 61 Now hir handis raxit it [sc. a bow] euery stede. a1560 Remembrance Passion 378 in J. A. W. Bennett Devotional Pieces (1955) Lord Jesu, that tholit tobe raxit and drawin apoun the croce. 1613 P. Forbes Comm. Rev. 229 He had a long chaine, which yet was further raxed. 1714 R. Smith Poems 94 If ye rax me limb and lith, Then take the Coat of Robie Smith. 1787 R. Burns Poems & Songs (1968) I. 213 Ye wha leather rax an' draw. 1789 D. Davidson Thoughts Seasons 21 For cowards some their craigs had racks'd. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 113 When ye gang to see a man..raxing a halter. 1861 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life 2nd Ser. 106 If I could win at him, I wud rax the banes o' him. 1915 J. Wilson Lowland Sc. Lower Strathearn 210 Aa'll rax your craig for ye. 1999 Fort Worth (Texas) Star-Telegram (Nexis) 3 Mar. 11 Aye, ay'll rax yer craig sae eith as kiss ma luif. 5. a. intransitive. To extend a hand or arm; to reach out. Also figurative. Frequently with adverbs, as for, over, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > extend in space [verb (intransitive)] > reach (to) reachOE goOE rax1597 1597 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 353 Thane dreid..Forbad my mounting ony mair, To raxe abune my reiche. c1660 S. Rutherford Christs Napkin 14 I have too short an arm to rax so high. 1720 A. Ramsay Wealth (new ed.) 2 Wha rax for Riches or immortal Fame. c1730 A. Ramsay Great Eclipse in Poems (1800) II. iv Imprudent men..Rax yont their reach. 1823 W. Scott St. Ronan's Well I. x. 237 Ye..raxed ower the tether maybe a wee bit farther than ye had any right to do. 1893 S. R. Crockett Stickit Minister 145 Raxing for a peat to light his pipe. 1932 ‘L. G. Gibbon’ Sunset Song iii. 179 It was like watching a meikle collie and a futret at meat, him gulping down everything that came his way and a lot that didn't, he would rax for that. 1968 in Sc. National Dict. VII. 366/3 Boy, watch theesel and dunno rex ower the table when the minister comes. 1998 N. Harper Spik o the Place 118 Rax ower the table and get's the saut. 2016 A. Mackinnon in Lallans 88 55 Keen tae rax fir thir phones Tae pass on thir craic. b. transitive. To stretch out, extend (a part of the body); to crane (one's neck), raise (one's head). Also figurative. ΚΠ 1788 E. Picken Poems & Epist. 88 The darksome e'ening raxes Her wings owre day. 1792 A. Wilson On a Man sawing Timber Rax me your haun. 1806 J. Cock Simple Strains 89 Ye'll shortly see me rax my neck, and craw. 1863 E. C. Gaskell Sylvia's Lovers III. xiv. 244 So he raxes his hand across t' table, and mutters summat, as he grips mine. 1921 J. L. Waugh Heroes 100 Luiffy, elbows on his knees, hands under his chin, and head raxed towards me was an attentive, interested listener. 1931 D. Campbell Uncle Andie 74 Ye've been raxin' yer neck like a craggit-heron sin' ever ye cam' in aboot. 2000 S. Blackhall Singing Bird 16 Pine branches raxx their rosit eaves. 6. a. transitive. To deal, inflict (a blow). Sc. National Dict. records this sense as still in use in Shetland, Aberdeenshire, Angus, and Kirkcudbrightshire in 1967. ΚΠ 1711 A. Ramsay Elegy Maggy Johnstoun vii Death wi' his rung rax'd her a yowff. 1739 in Caledonian Mag. (1788) 499 A muckle man..Rax'd me alang the chafts a whawm. 1806 J. Black Falls of Clyde 108 Hae, there's a wand, rax her a gowf wi' that. b. transitive. To reach out and grasp (an object); to hand or pass (an object) (down, over, etc.) to someone. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > pass with the hand hand1642 rax1776 1776 D. Herd Anc. & Mod. Sc. Songs (ed. 2) II. 153 Rax me my cloak, I'll down the key, And see him come ashore. 1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 370 Rax me ower the loaf. 1894 A. Robertson Nuggets 70 Rax me the brandy bottle, an' pit it doon beside me. 1915 D. J. Beattie Oor Gate-en' 61 Sae rax doon the wan' lads, and on wi' the creel. 1947 W. L. Ferguson Makar's Medley 15 Rax me thon bottle, like a mon! 7. transitive. To strain, sprain (a part of the body). Also reflexive and intransitive with reflexive meaning: to strain or exert oneself. ΚΠ a1801 R. Gall Poems & Songs (1819) 62 An' lang he ferliet at the sicht, An' sair he raxit his ein. 1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 94 A man mith rax his een in vain Ere he could spy..an idol. 1863 G. MacDonald David Elginbrod i. x Tak' care an' nae rax yersel ower sair. 1881 C. Gulland Sc. Ballads 4 Tugged at a mighty load, and raxed To gain Dunsinnan's crown; Wi' might and main they raxed in vain. 1893 J. Inglis Oor Ain Folk (1895) 139 Oor hens jist made up their minds that it wisna worth their while to rax themsel's for eggs at tenpence a dizzen. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/1 Ah's laam'd me shawlder, Ah raxt it liftin yon gert steean. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 102/1 Rivin an' raxin leyk a sailor at a rope. 1947 H. W. Pryde First Bk. McFlannels ii. 21 Ah don't want tae rax masel'. 1998 N. Harper Spik o the Place 118 I spent the hale day hackin kindlers and noo I've raxed ma back. 8. a. transitive. To rack (one's brain, etc.). Cf. rack v.¹ 3d. ΚΠ 1897 W. Beatty Secretar 182 I was hard at it raxing my brains trying to think. 1918 J. Ingles Laird 20 Pitcarmit raxed his soople heid for a week, an' when Sabbath cam' he had his story o' the Ark a' cut an' dry. 2004 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 17 Jan. (Features section) 33 A raxed mae heid fer daes wunnerin aboot thon. b. transitive. In passive: to be racked with pain or a disease. Cf. rack v.¹ 2b. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > suffer pain [verb (transitive)] acorea1200 suffera1250 get?c1430 insuffer1488 sensea1669 suffer1796 rax1898 1898 B. Kirkby Lakeland Words 120 Ah's rax'd wi' pain. 1964 Weekly Scotsman 13 Aug. 8 My father was raxed with asthma. 2005 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 24 Sept. 29 Frank toul me at eh wus raxed wi' pains aboot the knee. Phrasal verbs With adverbs in specialized senses. to rax out 1. transitive. To stretch or hold out (a hand, arm, etc.). Also intransitive: to stretch or reach out; to extend. Also figurative. Cf. sense 5. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > posture > action or fact of stretching body > stretch [verb (transitive)] > specific part of body reacheOE stretcha1000 to-spreada1000 warpa1225 spreada1275 putc1390 straightc1400 to lay forthc1420 outstretcha1425 tillc1540 extend1611 to rax out1622 to stick out1663 overreach1890 1622 W. Scot Course Conformitie 152 The lines and cords of mens wit that creep in and raxe out may serve for civill and secular mets an merches. 1649 in Sc. Notes & Queries 3 122 Jeane Broune racksed out two arms quhilk she could not stirre before. 1711 J. Monro Let. 2 July (1722) x. 38 The convinced Soul raxes out his own Wickedness and Sin longer and broader than any other Body's whatsomever, in his Apprehension. 1755 R. Forbes tr. Ovid Ajax his Speech (new ed.) 4 Raxing out His gardies. 1854 H. Miller My Schools & Schoolmasters vii. 150 Just rax out your han' and tak in my snuffbox. 1899 E. W. Prevost Dickinson's Gloss. Words & Phrases Cumberland (new ed.) (at cited word) He rax't oot his arm and theer was nae mair on't—thus the quarrel ended. 1923 G. Rae Lowland Hills 38 Ay, Jeems, ma man, rax oot yer haun an' wale An Auld Kirk manse. 1981 Eng. World-wide 2 15 We makars are hapshackelt by our ain yearnin to rax out til ither folk that, even gin they dinna scrieve, are bards at hert. 1988 R. Vettese Richt Noise 33 See him rax oot frae tasht bleck sleeve an airm for support. 2. intransitive. English regional (northern). Of the weather: to clear up. rare. ΚΠ 1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words (at cited word) As applied to the weather, to rax out means to clear up, when the clouds begin to open, and expand themselves, so that the sky is seen. 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words (at cited word) ‘To rax oot,’ to clear up—applied to the weather. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1519n.²1790v.OE
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† raxn.1

raxn.2

raxv.

Phrasal verbs

† raxn.¹

raxn.²