Ramann.

Brit.

/ˈrɑːmən/, U.S.

/ˈrɑmən/

Forms: also with lower-case initial.

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Raman.

Etymology: < the name of Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970), Indian physicist.Raman discovered the effect in February 1928 and published it later in the same year in Indian Jrnl. Physics 2 387; he received the Nobel Prize in 1930.

Physics and Chemistry.

I. Compounds.

1. Raman effect n. the alteration of the frequency of scattered light by an amount characteristic of the substance by which it is scattered (see Raman scattering n. at sense 4a).The frequency change corresponds to a change in the vibrational, rotational, or electronic energy of the molecules of the substance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of

Raman effect1928

Raman scattering1929

Raman shift1929

Raman1978

1928 Nature 29 Sept. 477/2 (heading) The Raman effect in crystals.

1936 S. Glasstone Recent Adv. Gen. Chem. v. 217 The fundamental vibration frequency of a bond, e.g. , the carbon–hydrogen linkage, as determined by the Raman effect, is influenced by the nature of the groups attached to the carbon atom.

1954 J. H. Harley & S. E. Wiberley Instrumental Anal. vi. 96 The Raman effect is produced by molecular vibration and rotation of the molecule and is relatively weak compared to the absorption of energy caused by molecular vibration and rotation.

2001 Science 16 Mar. 2176/1 The Raman effect is inherently weak, because only one photon in 10⁸ actually scatters inelastically.

a. Raman spectrum n. a spectrum of scattered light showing additional lines resulting from the Raman effect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of > spectrum produced by

Raman spectrum1929

resonance Raman1960

1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 234 Our knowledge of molecular spectra has progressed far enough to enable us to verify if the Raman spectrum of a given molecule is connected with its band spectrum.

1950 W. J. Moore Physical Chem. xi. 332 Raman spectra are studied with light sources in the visible or ultra-violet.

1981 P. Sykes Guidebk. to Mechanism in Org. Chem. (ed. 5) vi. 133 There is a line in the Raman spectrum of each of them at 1400 cm⁻¹ which can only originate from a species that is both linear and triatomic.

1997 Mineral. Mag. 61 249 The Raman spectrum of synthetic norsethite is reported, too.

b. Raman line n. a line in a Raman spectrum resulting from Raman scattering.

ΘΚΠ

Raman band1929

Raman line1929

1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 236 An exposure from 48 to 60 hours proved necessary to obtain Raman lines from gases at atmospheric pressure.

1934 J. A. Eldridge Physical Basis of Things xxiii. 298 The spacing of these Raman lines gives the energy states of the molecule.

1995 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 9403/1 (caption) The large apparent difference in the very strong ν_d Raman line at 1368 cm⁻¹ results from a slight difference in the degree of dissociation in the two samples.

c. Raman band n. a band (band n.² 13) of Raman lines.

ΘΚΠ

Raman band1929

Raman line1929

1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 519 I hope that further experiments will bring out the complete vibrational-rotational Raman bands.

2001 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 40 36/2 The Raman technique..involves the irradiation of a sample by a monochromatic light source (usually a laser) to produce a particular combination of the Raman bands that reflects the vibrational modes typical of the material under examination.

a. Raman shift n. the change in the frequency of scattered light which occurs in Raman scattering.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of

Raman effect1928

Raman scattering1929

Raman shift1929

Raman1978

1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 235 The condition for observing a transition (kl) as a Raman shift is..that both the k and l states should combine with a third state s (or with more than one), in order to give at least one of the products x_ksx_ls different from zero.

1967 L. A. Woodward in H. A. Szymanski Raman Spectroscopy I. i. 16 The pure rotational Raman shifts are small..and it is necessary to use a spectrograph of high dispersion and resolving power.

1993 Jrnl. Petrol. 34 246 All carbonic fluids melt close to −56.6°C, and show characteristic peaks for CO₂ in the Raman shift at 1283 and 1388 delta-wavenumbers.

b. Raman-shifted adj. exhibiting a Raman shift.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [adjective] > relating to shift

Raman-shifted1965

1965 Science 2 July 20/3 If some of these Raman-shifted light frequencies lie within absorption bands of the material, they will be absorbed.

1992 B. Anderberg & M. L. Wolbarsht Laser Weapons ii. 46 Other options for eye-safe lasers [include]..a Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser whose wavelength is changed by a pressurized gas cell from 1,064 to 1,540 nanometers.

a. Raman scattering n. the particular kind of scattering of light exhibited in the Raman effect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of

Raman effect1928

Raman scattering1929

Raman shift1929

Raman1978

1929 Science 29 Mar. 357/2 (heading) Raman scattering from HCl liquid.

1989 Electronics & Wireless World Feb. 171/1 The finite sensitivity of the total scattered signal in solid fibres is largely attributable to the contribution of Brillouin and Raman scattering.

2002 J. Colls Air Pollution iv. 180 By using other techniques such as Raman scattering, a signal is obtained at different wavelengths which is more directly attributable to the target species.

b. Raman-scattered adj. resulting from or generated by Raman scattering.

ΚΠ

1930 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 128 305 It is also not likely that ν₂−ν₁ would be the only Raman scattered line.

1970 D. W. Tenquist et al. Univ. Optics II. ii. 84 If the incident light photon of energy hv impinges upon a molecule of the scattering medium and the energy state of this molecule changes from E₁ to E₂, the energy of the Raman scattered photon is given by hv − (E₂ − E₁).

1991 New Scientist 30 Nov. 26/1 This light is called Raman scattered light and its new frequency is equal to the original frequency of the light minus the vibration frequency.

a. Raman spectroscopy n. spectroscopy in which Raman scattering is used to investigate molecular energy levels.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy1935

1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 149 327 By correlating the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy with the large amount of existing chemical data, more definite conclusions could be drawn regarding the molecular structure.

1962 Times 9 Mar. 2/6 (advt.) The successful applicant will work in one of the following fields:..ultra-violet, infra-red and Raman spectroscopy of aromatic, N-heterocyclic and tautomerizable substances.

1995 Mineral. Mag. 59 25 We have obtained all three metastable phases as pure single crystals using wire loop heating techniques, and have studied their structures via Raman spectroscopy.

b. Raman spectrometer n. a spectrometer that makes use of Raman scattering.

ΘΚΠ

Raman spectrometer1949

1949 Notes & Rec. Royal Soc. 7 56 Dr H. W. Thompson, F.R.S., and his colleagues from the Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, exhibited an automatic recording Raman spectrometer with which direct pen records of Raman spectra may be obtained.

1970 T. R. Gilson & P. J. Hendra Laser Raman Spectroscopy ii. 21 In the basic Raman spectrometer, the sample..is subjected to irradiation from a suitable monochromatic source, and the Raman spectrum is observed.

2001 W. Schwabe et al. Challenges & Choices for Crime-fighting Technol. v. 64 If we had the money we would be considering a Raman spectrometer for drug and trace analysis.

6. Raman-active adj. arising from Raman scattering; giving rise to Raman scattering.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [adjective] > giving rise to Raman scattering

Raman-active1936

1936 Proc. Royal Soc. 1935–6 A. 153 556 All four frequencies are Raman active.

1945 G. Herzberg Infrared & Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules iii. 243 All three vibrations of non-linear symmetric..XY₂ are Raman active as well as infrared active.

1999 Science 1 Oct. 101 (caption) This Raman-active vibration differed slightly in frequency from that of natural diamond.

II. absol.

7. The Raman effect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of

Raman effect1928

Raman scattering1929

Raman shift1929

Raman1978

1950 W. J. Moore Physical Chem. xi. 332 In many cases, the two methods supplement each other, since vibrations and rotations that are not observable in the infrared..may be active in the Raman.

1978 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. xvii. 563 The molecule is active in the Raman because the end-over-end rotation modulates its polarizability as viewed by a stationary observer.

1991 E. A. V. Ebsworth et al. Struct. Methods Inorg. Chem. (BNC) (ed. 2) 220 In the Raman, the intensity of a peak due to a given species is directly related to its concentration.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	raman
释义	Ramann. Brit. /ˈrɑːmən/, U.S. /ˈrɑmən/ Forms: also with lower-case initial. Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Raman. Etymology: < the name of Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970), Indian physicist.Raman discovered the effect in February 1928 and published it later in the same year in Indian Jrnl. Physics 2 387; he received the Nobel Prize in 1930. Physics and Chemistry. I. Compounds. 1. Raman effect n. the alteration of the frequency of scattered light by an amount characteristic of the substance by which it is scattered (see Raman scattering n. at sense 4a).The frequency change corresponds to a change in the vibrational, rotational, or electronic energy of the molecules of the substance. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of Raman effect1928 Raman scattering1929 Raman shift1929 Raman1978 1928 Nature 29 Sept. 477/2 (heading) The Raman effect in crystals. 1936 S. Glasstone Recent Adv. Gen. Chem. v. 217 The fundamental vibration frequency of a bond, e.g. , the carbon–hydrogen linkage, as determined by the Raman effect, is influenced by the nature of the groups attached to the carbon atom. 1954 J. H. Harley & S. E. Wiberley Instrumental Anal. vi. 96 The Raman effect is produced by molecular vibration and rotation of the molecule and is relatively weak compared to the absorption of energy caused by molecular vibration and rotation. 2001 Science 16 Mar. 2176/1 The Raman effect is inherently weak, because only one photon in 10⁸ actually scatters inelastically. 2. a. Raman spectrum n. a spectrum of scattered light showing additional lines resulting from the Raman effect. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of > spectrum produced by Raman spectrum1929 resonance Raman1960 1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 234 Our knowledge of molecular spectra has progressed far enough to enable us to verify if the Raman spectrum of a given molecule is connected with its band spectrum. 1950 W. J. Moore Physical Chem. xi. 332 Raman spectra are studied with light sources in the visible or ultra-violet. 1981 P. Sykes Guidebk. to Mechanism in Org. Chem. (ed. 5) vi. 133 There is a line in the Raman spectrum of each of them at 1400 cm⁻¹ which can only originate from a species that is both linear and triatomic. 1997 Mineral. Mag. 61 249 The Raman spectrum of synthetic norsethite is reported, too. b. Raman line n. a line in a Raman spectrum resulting from Raman scattering. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of > spectrum produced by > additional line or band in Raman band1929 Raman line1929 1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 236 An exposure from 48 to 60 hours proved necessary to obtain Raman lines from gases at atmospheric pressure. 1934 J. A. Eldridge Physical Basis of Things xxiii. 298 The spacing of these Raman lines gives the energy states of the molecule. 1995 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 9403/1 (caption) The large apparent difference in the very strong ν_d Raman line at 1368 cm⁻¹ results from a slight difference in the degree of dissociation in the two samples. c. Raman band n. a band (band n.² 13) of Raman lines. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of > spectrum produced by > additional line or band in Raman band1929 Raman line1929 1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 519 I hope that further experiments will bring out the complete vibrational-rotational Raman bands. 2001 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Conservation 40 36/2 The Raman technique..involves the irradiation of a sample by a monochromatic light source (usually a laser) to produce a particular combination of the Raman bands that reflects the vibrational modes typical of the material under examination. 3. a. Raman shift n. the change in the frequency of scattered light which occurs in Raman scattering. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of Raman effect1928 Raman scattering1929 Raman shift1929 Raman1978 1929 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15 235 The condition for observing a transition (kl) as a Raman shift is..that both the k and l states should combine with a third state s (or with more than one), in order to give at least one of the products x_ksx_ls different from zero. 1967 L. A. Woodward in H. A. Szymanski Raman Spectroscopy I. i. 16 The pure rotational Raman shifts are small..and it is necessary to use a spectrograph of high dispersion and resolving power. 1993 Jrnl. Petrol. 34 246 All carbonic fluids melt close to −56.6°C, and show characteristic peaks for CO₂ in the Raman shift at 1283 and 1388 delta-wavenumbers. b. Raman-shifted adj. exhibiting a Raman shift. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [adjective] > relating to shift Raman-shifted1965 1965 Science 2 July 20/3 If some of these Raman-shifted light frequencies lie within absorption bands of the material, they will be absorbed. 1992 B. Anderberg & M. L. Wolbarsht Laser Weapons ii. 46 Other options for eye-safe lasers [include]..a Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser whose wavelength is changed by a pressurized gas cell from 1,064 to 1,540 nanometers. 4. a. Raman scattering n. the particular kind of scattering of light exhibited in the Raman effect. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of Raman effect1928 Raman scattering1929 Raman shift1929 Raman1978 1929 Science 29 Mar. 357/2 (heading) Raman scattering from HCl liquid. 1989 Electronics & Wireless World Feb. 171/1 The finite sensitivity of the total scattered signal in solid fibres is largely attributable to the contribution of Brillouin and Raman scattering. 2002 J. Colls Air Pollution iv. 180 By using other techniques such as Raman scattering, a signal is obtained at different wavelengths which is more directly attributable to the target species. b. Raman-scattered adj. resulting from or generated by Raman scattering. ΚΠ 1930 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 128 305 It is also not likely that ν₂−ν₁ would be the only Raman scattered line. 1970 D. W. Tenquist et al. Univ. Optics II. ii. 84 If the incident light photon of energy hv impinges upon a molecule of the scattering medium and the energy state of this molecule changes from E₁ to E₂, the energy of the Raman scattered photon is given by hv − (E₂ − E₁). 1991 New Scientist 30 Nov. 26/1 This light is called Raman scattered light and its new frequency is equal to the original frequency of the light minus the vibration frequency. 5. a. Raman spectroscopy n. spectroscopy in which Raman scattering is used to investigate molecular energy levels. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy1935 1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 149 327 By correlating the results obtained by Raman spectroscopy with the large amount of existing chemical data, more definite conclusions could be drawn regarding the molecular structure. 1962 Times 9 Mar. 2/6 (advt.) The successful applicant will work in one of the following fields:..ultra-violet, infra-red and Raman spectroscopy of aromatic, N-heterocyclic and tautomerizable substances. 1995 Mineral. Mag. 59 25 We have obtained all three metastable phases as pure single crystals using wire loop heating techniques, and have studied their structures via Raman spectroscopy. b. Raman spectrometer n. a spectrometer that makes use of Raman scattering. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > instrument used in Raman spectrometer1949 1949 Notes & Rec. Royal Soc. 7 56 Dr H. W. Thompson, F.R.S., and his colleagues from the Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford, exhibited an automatic recording Raman spectrometer with which direct pen records of Raman spectra may be obtained. 1970 T. R. Gilson & P. J. Hendra Laser Raman Spectroscopy ii. 21 In the basic Raman spectrometer, the sample..is subjected to irradiation from a suitable monochromatic source, and the Raman spectrum is observed. 2001 W. Schwabe et al. Challenges & Choices for Crime-fighting Technol. v. 64 If we had the money we would be considering a Raman spectrometer for drug and trace analysis. 6. Raman-active adj. arising from Raman scattering; giving rise to Raman scattering. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [adjective] > giving rise to Raman scattering Raman-active1936 1936 Proc. Royal Soc. 1935–6 A. 153 556 All four frequencies are Raman active. 1945 G. Herzberg Infrared & Raman Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules iii. 243 All three vibrations of non-linear symmetric..XY₂ are Raman active as well as infrared active. 1999 Science 1 Oct. 101 (caption) This Raman-active vibration differed slightly in frequency from that of natural diamond. II. absol. 7. The Raman effect. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > decomposition of light, spectrum > study of spectra > types of spectrometry or spectroscopy > [noun] > Raman spectrometry or spectroscopy > feature of Raman effect1928 Raman scattering1929 Raman shift1929 Raman1978 1950 W. J. Moore Physical Chem. xi. 332 In many cases, the two methods supplement each other, since vibrations and rotations that are not observable in the infrared..may be active in the Raman. 1978 P. W. Atkins Physical Chem. xvii. 563 The molecule is active in the Raman because the end-over-end rotation modulates its polarizability as viewed by a stationary observer. 1991 E. A. V. Ebsworth et al. Struct. Methods Inorg. Chem. (BNC) (ed. 2) 220 In the Raman, the intensity of a peak due to a given species is directly related to its concentration. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1928
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