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单词 reconstruction
释义

reconstructionn.

Brit. /ˌriːkənˈstrʌkʃn/, U.S. /ˌrikənˈstrəkʃ(ə)n/
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: re- prefix, construction n.
Etymology: < re- prefix + construction n. Compare French reconstruction (1728). Compare later reconstruct v.
1. The action or process of reconstructing something.
a. The rebuilding of something natural, artificial, or abstract.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > [noun] > reconstruction
reconstruction1594
refabricking1632
redintegration1634
restructure1811
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > creating again > constructing again
re-edification1473
re-edifying?a1475
rebuilding1585
re-erection1643
recomposition1655
reconstruction1791
1594 G. Chapman Σκìα Νυκτòς Sig. E This Ephesia be Thy countries happie name,..As it was there so shall it now be framde, And thy faire virgine-chamber euer namde: And as in reconstruction of it there.
1770 W. Kenrick Acct. of Automaton 17 (heading) Remarks on the utility, reconstruction and improvement of the..machine.
1791 J. Mackintosh Vindiciæ Gallicæ i. 60 It was theirs to decide..whether, from its ruins fragments were to be collected for re-construction of the political edifice.
1848 ‘L. Mariotti’ Italy Past & Present II. iii. 7 It was mainly with these views that Manzoni laboured at the reconstruction of his country's creed.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) xvi. 268 The process of reconstruction of solids is not permanent.
1900 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 20 122 Dionysos is..torn in pieces, but his dismembered condition seems to have vanished in the last scene—the caldron tale and a miraculous reconstruction must be interpolated.
1995 Evening Sun (Baltimore) 29 Mar. b3/5 The reconstruction of Main Street in downtown Annapolis began officially yesterday when a backhoe shovel crashed into the historic roadway and dozens of onlookers scrambled for souvenir bricks.
b. spec. The rebuilding of an area devastated by some process, esp. war; the restoration of economic stability to such an area. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > [noun] > reconstruction > specifically of decayed or devastated area
renewal1721
reconstruction1784
urban renewal1938
1784 J. Noorthouck Anderson's Constit. Free & Accepted Masons (new ed.) iii. ii. 155 In the upper part of the back ground, the re-construction of the city is represented.
1898 Times 20 Jan. 9/1 At a meeting of ratepayers of the Cripplegate Wards..the report of a committee appointed to consider schemes for the reconstruction of the area devastated by the recent fire..was submitted.
1925 A. Toynbee Surv. Internat. Affairs 1920–23 1.39 Austrian reconstruction (scheme drafted; protocols signed).
1925 A. Toynbee Surv. Internat. Affairs 1920–23 40 Hungarian reconstruction (collaboration decided on).
1946 R.A.F. Jrnl. May 172 All the women were free to return to their interrupted training, to resume their pre-war occupation or to help with the gigantic task of reconstruction.
1956 J. Barth Floating Opera xvii. 170 Had the friendship remained at exactly this stage of reconstruction, I should have asked for nothing more.
1974 tr. A. Snieckus Soviet Lithuania 51 As soon as the Nazis had been expelled, the working people plunged into the task of reconstruction.
1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory x. 393 Since the middle 1980s this process has accelerated with dizzying, even unsettling speed, led by the Soviet Union itself, in which, under the slogans of ‘openness’ and ‘reconstruction’, something like a system of free electoral democracy as well as of free economic enterprise seems in process of establishment.
c. U.S. Usually with capital initial. The process by which the Confederate states which had seceded during the Civil War were reorganized and restored to the Federal system of government. Also: the period during which this process occurred (1865–77). Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > American politics > [noun] > restoration to rights of Union
reconstruction1861
1861 De Bow's Rev. Jan. 106 Any remedy..looking either to a present pacification, or to a reconstruction of the Union, if unhappily it is now too late to prevent its dissolution, must be based upon the idea of the equality of sections as well as of States.]
1861 A. H. Stephens in F. Moore Rebellion Rec. I. ii. 47/2 So far as concerns States of the old Union, they will be upon no such principle of reconstruction as now spoken of.
1863 A. Lincoln Ann. Message 9 Dec. in Jrnl. House of Representatives U.S. 32 The suggestion in the proclamation as to maintaining the political framework of the States on what is called the reconstruction, is made in the hope that it may do good without danger of harm.
1880 ‘E. Kirke’ Life J. A. Garfield 34 After the war was over, and reconstruction completed, this same Southern political hierarchy came back into power in Washington.
1889 Harper's Mag. July 225/2 With the new order the American doctrine of the common school was sure to prevail. If the Southern people had been left to themselves it would have come, but Reconstruction brought it sooner than natural evolution would have developed it.
1917 Confed. Lit. (Boston Athenæum) Intro. p. viii If one could have been South during the war or during Reconstruction, one would have had an experience impossible to derive from historical documents.
1967 Freedomways 7 133 In history the horrors of slavery are watered down and sketchily covered so as not to enrage the complacent black student, while the period following Reconstruction is covered as if the Negro had strangely disappeared from the face of the earth.
2003 Cinema Jrnl. 43 94 The film's romanticization of the Klan must have obfuscated not only the historically remote events of Reconstruction in the South.
d. Business (originally British). The reorganization of a limited company by (voluntary) liquidation and transfer of assets to a newly-formed company under similar ownership, usually in order to redistribute capital or liability.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > formation of company > splitting or reorganization
reconstruction1866
unbundling1977
1866 Times 4 July 5/1 Their intention to call a general meeting for a reconstruction of the company with a view to a reduction of the liability of the shareholders.
1871 Law Rep. Equity Cases (Incorporated Council of Law Reporting) 12 504 A scheme for the reconstruction of a company under liquidation, by a transfer of its assets to a new company to be formed for the purpose.
1986 Times 20 May 34/1 (advt.) The successful candidate will ideally..have..post qualification experience in corporate and commercial law, including acquisitions, mergers and reconstructions.
2007 Investm. Advisor (Nexis) 2 Apr. Any reconstruction will provide the opportunity for dissenting shareholders to receive cash for their shares at a modest discount from net asset value.
e. Linguistics. The action of deducing the structure or nature of a protolanguage, or of an individual form or feature within such a language.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [noun] > protolinguistics
reconstruction1884
protolinguistics1973
1884 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 5 176 At present, the reconstruction of the primitive system of word-formation and inflection..is impossible; there are very few suffixes..whose original form can be regarded as determined.
1918 Mod. Lang. Notes 33 326 The reconstruction of Prim[ititve] Germanic..will hardly carry us back any further than about the first century or the beginning of our era.
1950 Language 26 6 (title) The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance.
1985 Language 61 498 The comparative method can be extended to the reconstruction of proto-tagmemes and proto-syntagmemes.
2003 B. Krishnamurti Dravidian Langs. v. 189 The Telegu forms are diagnostic for the reconstruction of the proto-suffixes.
f. In accident and criminal investigations: the action of recreating the scene or circumstances of an accident or crime as an aid to discovering the cause, perpetrator, etc.
ΚΠ
1887 W. D. Morrison tr. E. Ferri Criminal Sociol. 191 A criminal trial is not only concerned with the direct perception of facts, but also and especially with their critical reconstruction.]
1913 Times 30 Oct. 7 Professor Kadian, a very eminent surgeon, agreed with M. Pavloff and much impressed the Court by his skilful reconstruction of the crime.
1963 Daily Courier (Connellsville, Pa.) 19 Apr. 9/5 The manual's ‘What To Do’..method covers..skidmark measurements photography, speed estimates, accident reconstruction, [etc.].
2002 G. A. Davis in M. A. P. Taylor Transportation & Traffic Theory in 21st Cent. 250 Accident reconstruction is most commonly employed to support legal proceedings, but on occasion it has also been used in safety research.
2. An instance or example of reconstructing something (in various senses); a thing reconstructed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > [noun] > creating again > constructing again > that which is constructed again
reconstitution1759
reconstruction1795
the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > [noun] > reconstruction > that which is
reconstruction1795
re-creation1915
1795 W. Belsham Mem. Reign George III II. 247 A few of the largest [vessels] were re-constructions, having been first framed and sent over from Great Britain.
1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 26 245 The cloaca maxima is suspected to be a reconstruction of the original common sewer of Rome.
a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. vi. 98 This mental reconstruction is, therefore, the final, the consummative procedure of philosophy.
1878 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. Oct. 341 Prof. O. C. Marsh has published a reconstruction of the fore limb of the Mosasauroid Lestosaurus simus.
1916 Times 6 Dec. 4/1 The Prime Minister announced an impending reconstruction of the Government, ‘with a view to the more effective prosecution of the war’.
1930 Language 6 185 The scarcity of material for dual forms to substantiate the I[ndo-]E[uropean] reconstruction is not surprising.
1959 Language 35 423 No reputable linguist pretends that Proto-Indo-European reconstructions represent a reality.
1977 M. Goulder in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate iv. 65 As with the account I have given of Jesus, we are forming a reconstruction of history, and such reconstructions can never be more than probable.
2003 Law & Human Behavior 27 114 A lawyer who accurately anticipates that an animated accident reconstruction may not affect jurors' judgments..may be less likely to give undue weight to an opponent's animation.

Compounds

General attributive, esp. in sense 1c, as Reconstruction Act, Reconstruction Era, etc.
ΚΠ
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 781/1 The Reconstruction Acts divided the seceding States into military districts.
1890 C. L. Norton Polit. Americanisms 93 Reconstruction. After the Civil War the question of restoring the lately seceded States..became the leading civil problem of the time. The measures introduced into Congress were popularly known as Reconstruction Bills.
1937 J. P. Marquand Late George Apley ii. 16 The early days of the Reconstruction Era—so aptly termed by my dear late friend, John Fiske, ‘The Critical Period of American History’.
1940 Economist 31 Aug. 280/1 Those who did not find work before August 1st were assembled in reconstruction camps.
1978 Names Mar. 106 In much of the South it [sc. the township] is an artifact of Reconstruction governments after The War.
1987 F. E. Jarman & A. D. Hux Canada: Growing Concern x. 149 When the New Deal bills were introduced, H.H. Stevens attacked them as too weak. Stevens left the Conservative Party and set up a new party, the Reconstruction Party.
1993 C. T. Rowan Dream Makers, Dream Breakers ix. 124 The Reconstruction days following the Civil War.
2005 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 18 Mar. a16/4 Japan's decision to extend its humanitarian and reconstruction assistance being undertaken by the SDF in Iraq for one year.

Derivatives

reconˈstructional adj. of or relating to reconstruction, spec. the Reconstruction of the Confederate states following the American Civil War (now historical: see sense 1c).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > [adjective] > relating to reconstruction
reconstructional1868
reconstructionary1869
1868 ‘O. C. Kerr’ Smoked Glass 13 The description of Reconstructional life in the Southern comic States, is intended as a logical sequel to the first half of the history.
1915 Fresno (Calif.) Morning Republican 21 Oct. 1/5 Carranza..expressed his opinion that the reconstructional period would continue for a year, more or less.
1917 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. 28 183 A series of reconstructional drawings.
1926 Contemp. Rev. Dec. 701 It was beyond the capacity of France, with all its other reconstructional activities in hand, to accomplish these transformations either quickly or efficiently.
1985 Mining Mag. (Nexis) Dec. 531 The former processing plants..could no longer be the basis for the new reconstructional work.
reconˈstructionary adj. = reconstructional adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > amending > restoration > [adjective] > relating to reconstruction
reconstructional1868
reconstructionary1869
1869 N.Y. Herald 12 July 7/2 Those who hold for investment, on the other hand, are satisfied that, with the general application to the whole South of the pacific and reconstructionary principles which prevailed at the Virginia election, they will be well remunerated.
1879 A. W. Tourgée Fool's Errand xxiv. 148 The interest of the Southern leading classes will compel them to accept and carry out in good faith your reconstructionary idea.
1905 Amer. Jrnl. Theol. 9 238 So far we have clear sailing, but now the reconstructionary work begins.
2004 P. Skinner in J. Wiesenfarth Hist. & Represent. in F. M. Ford's Writings 65 I want to look again at Last Post, partly in the light of that tale of reconstruction whose writing was itself reconstructionary.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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