reducedadj.

Brit.

/rᵻˈdjuːst/,

/rᵻˈdʒuːst/, U.S.

/rəˈd(j)ust/,

/riˈd(j)ust/

Forms: see reduce v. and -ed suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: reduce v., -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: < reduce v. + -ed suffix¹.

1. Converted to or expressed in another, esp. a simpler, form.

a. Mathematics. Esp. of a mathematical expression: simplified; changed to a more convenient form. Cf. reduce v. 21c, 21d.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [adjective] > changed into different form

reduced1552

reductionala1690

converted-

1552 R. Record Ground of Artes (rev. ed.) ii. sig. R.j^v The wholle reduced fraction is this ²⁵²/ ₇₅₆ whiche is to harde a fraction for me to vnderstande yet.

a1739 N. Saunderson Elements Algebra (1740) I. Introd. 44 Put as many cyphers after the numerator, as are equal in number, to the number of decimal places whereof you intend your reduced fraction to consist, and call these cyphers decimal.

1798 T. Manning Introd. Arithm. & Algebra II. vi. 195 The numerator and denominator of the reduced fraction have no common factor.

1819 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 109 323 In Simple equations, the reduced equation may be represented by Δ = az; whence z = ^Δ/ _a.

1862 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics X. ix. 724 The resistance offered by the element and galvanometer is equal to the resistance of 4·08 yards of such copper wire, and this is said to be the reduced length of the element and galvanometer in terms of the copper wire.

1916 W. C. McC. Lewis Syst. Physical Chem. II. iii. 90 It is more convenient to make use of the reduced form [of van der Waals' equation], i.e. pressures, volumes, and temperatures will be expressed as fractions..of their critical values.

1930 L. Brand Vectorial Mech. xiv. 445 This is the same as the equation..for a simple pendulum of length l = k²/b. For this reason l is called the reduced length of the pendulum.

1973 Sci. Amer. July 25/2 The ‘reduced’, or simplified, form of the horn equation.

2006 Jrnl. Physics A 39 15141 Applying the Lie test, one finds that the reduced equation can be linearized.

b. Logic. Of a proposition: that has been subjected to reduction (reduction n. 10a). Cf. reduce v. 22.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > conversion of a proposition > [adjective]

converted1656

reduced1728

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Reduction To a Reduction, therefore, there are two Propositions required; the reduced and reducing.

1832 C. Wesley Guide Syllogism 36 The conclusion of the reduced syllogism is the simple converse of the conclusion of the original one.

1962 Mind 71 114 As though the purpose of such a proof [sc. a proof through reductio ad impossibile] is to show the conclusion of the reduced syllogism to be true.

1996 A. Turner et al. in B. K. Britton & A. C. Graesser Models of Understanding Text ii. 45 Our reduction process replaces any other occurrences of that proposition with the core of the reduced proposition.

c. Building. Of brickwork or stonework: expressed (for the purposes of calculating quantities) in terms of an equivalent quantity of work of a standard thickness and construction (cf. reduce v. 21c), or regarded as consisting of such work. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1737 E. Hoppus Salmon's Country Builder's Estimator (ed. 2) 62 If they are 6 Feet long, and 1 Foot 6 Inches girt, there is 3 Feet of reduced Brickwork therein.

1774 J. Carter Builder's Mag. 16 The quantity of reduced brick-work is 11 square, 1 quarter, and 3 feet.

1815 Times 14 June 2/1 470 rods reduced brick-work.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 558 What is the quantity of reduced brick-work in a wall containing 4540 superficial feet, 2 bricks thick?

1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §88 One rod, eighty-two feet of reduced stone-work (the stone walls are reduced to one and a half brick in thickness).

1856 J. H. Walsh Man. Domest. Econ. iii. 28/1 In this work, a rod of reduced brick-work will require about 4760 bricks.

1937 S. G. B. Stubbs Building Encycl. I. 173/2 To find the amount of reduced brickwork in any thickness of wall, multiply the area of the wall by the number of half-bricks in the wall and divide by 816.

1980 L. Black Builder's Ref. Bk. (ed. 11) 117 The major change in Section G is the elimination of reduced brickwork, all walls will now be measured their actual thickness.

a. Diminished in size, number, quantity, or amount; lessened.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > decreased

diminutec1475

suppeditate?1526

lessened1565

minished1590

declined1591

reduced1591

bated1600

contracted1603

waneda1616

mute1627

shrivelleda1631

refracted1635

imminutea1681

retrenched1693

lowered1730

diminished1745

subdued1785

dwindled1796

depressed1831

shrunken1873

downrated1958

whittled-down1961

pared-down1974

slim-down1978

slimmed-down1978

the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > [adjective] > reduced in size or extent

minished1590

narrowed1599

diminished1607

shorn1853

ensmalled1857

reduced1880

Sanforized1968

1591 A. Colynet True Hist. Ciuill Warres France iv. 194 Ioyeuse and his armie was made sure at Coutras, and their reduced carkasses were left in perpetual infamy, not for their death, but for the causes of it.

1616 A. Rathborne Surveyor ii. iv.106 Increase the base B.C. of the triangle A.B.C. from C. to D. making C.D. equall to F.K. the base of the reduced triangle H.F.K.

1668 D. Lloyd Memoires 120 His reduced quickness became very serviceable to ballance that of the Gloucester Officers, who were at once the most indefatigable at home, and the most troublesom abroad of any in England.

1734 J. Vanderlint Money answers All Things 25 Peace..brings many more People into Trade, who either cannot live on the reduced Interest of their Money, or are not satisfied to do so.

1763 Ann. Reg. 1762 i. 147/2 To direct that no fish be sold at reduced price on the day of their arrival.

1809 R. Langford Introd. Trade 57 At the reduced rate of 3 per Cent. per annum.

1838 H. S. Thirlway Jrnl. 23 Feb. (1996) viii. 62 It is intended by the meeting that coal, food and clothing be sold at reduced prices etc or given to the deserving poor.

c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 14 Load the gun with a reduced charge.

1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark 48 I..reproduced some of his plates on a reduced scale.

1936 Amer. Naturalist 70 166 The Planigales and both species of Antechonomys show a broad cortex and a reduced medulla.

1991 Mod. Railways Apr. 202/2 The Deutsche Reichsbahn..currently has a surplus of motive power as a result of greatly reduced levels of traffic.

2007 Nature 8 Mar. 134/1 A reduced albedo in the Arctic affects the entire planet's energy balance, causing yet more energy to be absorbed in the darker waters.

b. Linguistics. Of a vowel sound: articulated less distinctly than a stressed vowel; weakened and centralized; that has become more obscure than the vowel of which it is a reflex.Much used in descriptions of the reduced grade of ablaut theory in Indo-European philology.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > vowel > [adjective] > types of

openeOE

sharp?1533

simple1582

small1599

soft1625

obscurea1637

round1710

slender1755

close1760

wide1824

lowered1836

narrow1844

labialized1856

orinasal1856

central1857

reduced1861

free1864

high1867

low1867

mid1867

mixed1867

rounded1867

unrounded1871

raised1876

unreduced1894

obscured1897

spread1902

lax1909

slack1909

tense1909

centralized1926

flat1934

r-coloured1935

checked1943

1861 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 8 369 The reduced vowels..which are only found in unaccented syllables.

1894 V. Henry Short Compar. Gram. Eng. & German i. iii. 76 To a normal grade ĕy, ĕw, there corresponds a reduced grade ĭ, ŭ.

1909 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. i. xv. 423 Besides this ‘full’ [ə] we have a reduced [ə].

1938 Language 14 41 Statements that the reduced grade preceded the accent and the zero grade followed it conflict with some of the best established and most pervading ablaut schemes.

1957 E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 II. x. 868 Gil uses ĕ as the symbol for the reduced vowel from ME ŭ in oner ‘honour’.

1962 A. C. Gimson Introd. Pronunc. Eng. vii. 120 As the great variety of spellings indicates, /ə/ may represent the reduced (obscured, ‘schwa’) form of any vowel or diphthong in an unaccented position.

2003 Oceanic Linguistics 42 374 In this language, although ə also occurs as an epenthetic and reduced vowel, the result of dissimilation is usually e.

c. Lowered in price.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > low price or rate > [adjective] > reduced > offered at reduced price

cut-rate1881

cut-price1897

marked-down1902

reduced1905

1905 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 31 Jan. 10/7 (advt.) Remember this is only a few quotations of greatly reduced stock.

1941 E. Bowen Look at all those Roses 8 She came up to London..and bought reduced coats and shoes for the little girls.

1975 M. Kenyon Mr Big xviii. 174 It's reduced. And it really fits.

1995 Independent (Nexis) 23 Dec. 5 Did you know that when you visit a post-Christmas sale you may be splashing out on specially bought-in merchandise rather than genuinely reduced goods?

a. Military. Of an officer: discharged from active service and put on half pay. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > discharge from service > [adjective]

cass1549

cassed1611

disbanded1611

reduced1635

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer or soldier of rank > [adjective] > without command

reformed1595

reduced1635

1635 Tale of Citizen in J. Donne Poems (rev. ed.) 98 To..brave Reformed or reduced Captaine.

1647 (title) To the Honourable the House of Commons... The humble Petition of the reduced Officers and Souldiers, in and about the City of London.

1716 London Gaz. No. 5488/5 Who..enjoy the Benefit of half Pay..as reduced Officers.

1797 E. Burke Three Memorials on French Affairs 101 A theatrical, vapouring, reduced Captain of cavalry.

1817 Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 1074 The reduced adjutants of the Local Militia.

1826 W. James Naval Hist. Great Brit. (new ed.) III. 276 The french ship-rigged privateer Dame-Ambert, captain Charles Lamarque (represented as a reduced officer of the French navy,) saw and chased a ship to-leeward.

1874 Daily News 15 Jan. 2/4 He could not have been restored to full pay, as the reduced officers of 1869 and 1870 were to be provided for before him.

1908 W. H. Fry Stud. Hist., Econ. & Public Law iv. 272 He declared that a great number of reduced officers, who had served in the last inter-colonial war, had petitioned for grants of land.

1994 G. Sheppard Plunder, Profit & Paroles iii. 51 After the war he moved to Upper Canada and..received 2000 acres as a reduced officer.

b. Of a person, his or her circumstances, etc.: impoverished, straitened.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor > reduced to poverty

broken-fortuned1362

depauperatea1464

peeled?a1513

extenuate1533

withered1561

penured1570

low-ebbed1595

ruined1596

shredded1596

broken1597

beggared1609

impoverisheda1631

necessitated1646

pinched1672

crazy1700

reduced1715

straitened1716

crazed1732

poverty-struck?1750

poverty-stricken?1786

pauperized1807

poverty-smitten1819

distressed1844

out at elbows1885

poverished1900

wiped1977

1715 D. Defoe Family Instructor I. iii. v. 420 The poor reduced gentleman arrived at London soon after.

1745 E. Haywood Female Spectator IV. xxiv. 371 Those few who are not too haughty to see Ariana in this reduced State, will own that her Conversation is now infinitely more worthy Esteem, than when she shone in Jewels and all the Pomp of Dress.

1788 J. Woodforde Diary 8 July (1927) III. 36 She came on horseback behind a Mr. Harris a tall stout Man, a reduced Farmer.

1807 tr. C. A. G. Goede Stranger in Eng. II. 73 Reduced clergymen, schoolmasters and mechanics.

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 305/2 I dare say he was some poor musicianer, or singer, or a reduced gentleman.

1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xii. 408 Retired to the rural districts in reduced circumstances.

1913 J. Galsworthy Fugitive iii. i [We] used to belong to a society for helping reduced gentlewomen to get work.

1976 W. Marshall Gelignite viii. 117 It is a matter pertaining to the older Hong Kong families..presently in reduced circumstances.

2001 I. Sinclair Landor's Tower (2002) i. ii. 26 Kaporal, in reduced circs, was still a gent.

†4. Brought to a state of gravity and composure. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only used by Fuller.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > calmness > [adjective] > made calm

pleaseda1382

ycesed1387

pacified1530

appeased1532

reduced1642

pacate1645

becalmed1667

smoothed1713

pacated1727

lulled1787

sobered1797

soothed1820

1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. iv. 257 The heat of his youth was tamed in his reduced age.

1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. xiii. 304 Yet in her reduced thoughts she makes all the sport she hath seen earnest to her self.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Berks. 87 The grave, sage and reduced Scotish-men in this Age.

5. Brought under control, or into an orderly or peaceful state; subdued, subjugated. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > [adjective] > made subject to authority

subjecta1375

subjugatec1429

subact?1440

redact?a1475

mancipatec1487

suppeditate?1526

underthrown1532

submitted1537

subjected1550

subdued1553

captivate1581

vassalled1606

envassalled1609

captivated1621

subordinated1640

subacted1644

vassalized1647

subjugated1656

reduced1659

1659 R. Brathwait Panthalia 283 Desiring nothing more then to imbroile the State, and involve our late reduced Nation in a new Warre.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron II. vi. xxii. 82 The Phœnicians, Assyrians, and Chaldæans were each a conquered and reduced [printed reduccd] People.

1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire I. ii. i. 448 The Kozaks who had more lately come to Siberia remained in that country as a militia to keep the reduced nations in obedience.

1802 A. Campbell Journey from Edinb. I. 163 Time and circumstances, continually operating on the living manners of a reduced people, hastened their downfall.

1929 M. James Raven ix. 115 He was willing to labor to better the lot of a reduced people with all the energy of a boiling mind that craved forgetfulness.

†6. Botany. Of a leaf: indented at the apex; obcordate. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having particular shape

creviced1558

bladed1578

curled1578

purled1578

rank-toothed1578

fingered1597

cultellated1657

pounced1681

reduced1682

cuspidate1693

frontated1719

cuspidated1731–7

subrotund1753

acerose1760

hastate1760

involute1760

oblique1760

acerousc1789

strap-spear-shaped1796

immarginate1800

submarginate1807

replicate1812

toothleted1812

angustate1826

palaceous1832

bicrenate1835

basisolute1847

replicative1852

frontate1855

hastile1857

1682 N. Grew Anat. Plants iv. ii. vi. App. 175 The Top is..either Produced, that is, Poynted, or at least, Roundish,..or else Reduced, as in Woodsorrel.

7. Diminished in strength or vigour; weakened, enfeebled, impaired.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > [adjective] > in state of ill health or diseased > weak > weakened

swundenc1275

yfebleda1387

palledc1390

forfeebled1513

indebilitate1529

macerate1541

feebled1573

macerated1587

eclipsed1607

enfeebleda1657

tenuinea1660

reduced1689

unstrung1690

indebilitated1696

unbraced1760

wrecky1925

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > worse > [adjective] > declining or deteriorating > in character or quality

infecta1387

palledc1390

rustyc1390

degeneratea1513

withered1561

bastardlike1577

degenerated1581

degenerous1600

bastardized1611

degenerating1611

wormy1611

autumnal1616

blood-shrunk1634

degenered1637

reduced1689

lowered1730

eviscerated1858

labefact1874

disbloomed-

society > armed hostility > armed forces > [adjective] > qualities

mainc1450

weak1488

unserviceablea1599

new-raised?1609

unrecruited1649

regulated1650

strongish1652

steady1670

mastering1711

undisciplined1718

unbroken1720

reduced1817

sticky1898

mechanicalized1901

u/s1942

1689 R. Boyle Let. 22 Aug. in Wks. (1772) I. p. cxxviii You will not find me more backward than formerly to serve you faithfully in my reduced capacity.

1746 M. Postlethwayt National & Private Advantages Afr. Trade vi. 108 Notwithstanding the Value France might very justly set upon her African Settlements; yet in such a reduced State, as suppos'd, Advantage would certainly be taken of her Necessity.

1797 E. Burke Let. Affairs Ireland in Wks. IX. 453 In the reduced state of body, and in the dejected state of mind, in which I find myself.

1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. iv. iv. 152 The English leaders appear to have had no conception of the extremely reduced state of the French.

1892 G. Gissing Let. 11 Nov. (1994) V. 67 Your illness pointed, I should think, to a reduced state of body.

1967 Jrnl. Warburg & Courtauld Inst. 30 379 So many young men have miscarried in their profession and have had a principal share in bringing the art of painting to its present reduced state.

2004 E. M. Yoder Telling Others What to Think 4 Even in his reduced state, my father was a man of titanic self-control and willpower.

†8. That has been brought back (literal and figurative). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > [adjective] > reformed

newOE

corrected1557

reformed?1567

reclaimed1592

retrieved1638

reduced1697

new-leaf1899

society > travel > aspects of travel > guidance in travel > [adjective] > guided or led > back

reduct1545

reduced1697

1697 W. Jameson Nazianzeni Querela i. viii. 63 The Constantinopolitan Council appoints that reduced Hereticks and Schismaticks must be anointed on the Fore-head, Eyes, Nose, Mouth and Ears.

1699 J. Howe Disc. Redeemer's Dominion 16 That he might have these Keys to open the Heavenly Hades to reduc'd Apostates [etc.].

1721 J. Strype Eccl. Memorials III. ii. xvi. 376 Providing for the public credit of this your reduced daughter.

a. Of metal or ore: that has been reduced (reduce v. 17a, 17b); spec. (of metal) obtained from ore by smelting; (of ore) subjected to smelting.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > metal in specific state or form > [adjective] > smelted

roasted1582

smout1595

reduced1741

smelted1895

1741 tr. J. A. Cramer Elements Art of assaying Metals 313 On this Account the Metals are concentrated into a solid weighty Regulus, to which a great Quantity of the reduced Iron mixes.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XI. 474/1 To prevent this calcination of the reduced metal a larger quantity of charcoal is used.

1848 M. Tuomey Rep. Geol. S. Carolina vii. 273 The particles of the reduced ore are next welded, by being raised to a whiteheat, in the forge, and then placed under the hammer.

1884 W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron 227 For the purpose of cooling the reduced metal, the retorts were made slightly larger at the lower than at the upper end.

1930 Engineering 16 May 650/2 Sintering occurs when charges of partially reduced ores are maintained for considerable periods at temperatures above 750 deg. C.

1993 Business Rev. Weekly 3 Sept. 28/1 Both companies are under government and market pressure to consider a $900-million investment in the production of direct reduced iron (DRI).

b. Subjected to or prepared by means of chemical reduction (reduction n. 11c); not oxidized, in a relatively low oxidation state. Cf. reduce v. 17c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > [adjective] > separated into constituents

resolveda1600

analysed1601

untwist1607

separated1661

decompounded1797

reduced1810

broken-down1816

dissociated1882

degraded1927

1810 W. Henry Elements Exper. Chem. (ed. 6) II. i. xviii. 43 A beautiful arborization of reduced silver.

1862 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) III. iii. 617 When blue indigo is treated with deoxidising agents,..a yellow solution is formed, containing reduced indigo, a compound in which one equivalent more of hydrogen is present than in blue indigo.

1900 T. C. Allbutt Syst. Med. V. 630 It is changed into reduced hæmoglobin.

1933 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. 16 859 They differ from other indicators in several respects; in the first place, the color is exhibited by the reduced form, whereas usually the oxidized form is the colored one.

1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. viii. 254/2 The cell uses these mechanisms to capture energy from reduced coenzymes ( nadh and nadph) to store in atp.

1992 Economist 10 Oct. 123/3 There were lots of ‘reduced’ minerals around—those, like iron, eager to react with oxygen.

2006 Chem. Physics 330 251/1 dms as a reduced sulfur compound is known to exist in ambient air.

10. Broken into particles or small fragments. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > cultivated

wroughtOE

subact?1440

laboured1470

tilled1546

well-cultured1555

well-laboured1571

husbanded1578

toiled1578

well-husbanded1581

cultive1611

improved1617

cultivated1622

well-cultivated1650

manured1746

well-farmed1770

reduced1794

farmed1800

tillaged1854

tilthed1866

tame1887

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > in fine particles

reduced1794

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [adjective] > conditions of manure

stale1577

unrakeda1601

well-rotted1607

reduced1794

1794 G. Kay Gen. View Agric. Denbighshire 14 About 15 tons of well reduced dung is allowed to an acre.

1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 622 In this way the crop is rendered clean, and the fine reduced mold well laid up to the stems of the plants.

1864 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 14 Oct. 745/2 The finely-reduced auriferous quartz should be intimately mixed with about 1 per cent. of peroxide of manganese.

1884 Newcastle Courant 8 Feb. 7/2 Finely reduced soils hold moisture like a sponge, give it off as needed and prevent drouth.

11. Cookery. Of a sauce or other liquid: thickened or condensed by boiling. Cf. reduce v. 3a.

ΚΠ

1820 G. A. Jarrin Ital. Confectioner 62 To a pound and quarter of reduced juice, add a pound and half of loaf sugar.

1889 J. Whitehead Steward's Handbk. 334/2 Thin slices of tenderloin..served in the reduced sauce with Financiere garnish.

1942 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 2 Apr. 9 a/2 Place peas and reduced liquid in a shallow pan and put in oven.

2005 Delicious Nov. 114/2 Demi-glace is a reduced, rich stock that is..a base for pan sauces or gravies.

Compounds

C1. Used attributively with nouns forming adjectives with the sense ‘made smaller in quantity, amount, degree, etc.’, as reduced-price, reduced-size, etc.

ΚΠ

1916 Classical Philol. 11 455 Mabillon in his lack of acquaintance with cursive supposed it must of necessity have been, a reduced-size version of the majuscule hands which Jerome censured.

1930 Sci. Monthly Oct. 337/1 The reduced-scale model of proposed construction..may be chiefly valuable in connection with a single location.

1966 Commonw. Austral. Post Office Guide 294 Lettergrams are reduced rate messages which may be lodged only at capital cities and certain other offices having extended hours of service.

1994 Washington Post (Nexis) 11 Sept. a18 Spokesmen for the automakers said they favored a plan under which reduced-emissions vehicles, rather than zero-emissions vehicles, would be marketed through the 49 states.

2001 My Business May–June 29/2 Owners Helaine Harris and Robin Moody have focused on reduced-price remainder books for 20 years.

C2.

a. Used attributively with nouns forming adjectives in dietary contexts with the sense ‘having lowered levels of the specified ingredient or constituent’, as reduced-sugar, reduced-salt, etc.

ΚΠ

1906 N.Y. State Jrnl. Med. 6 441/1 The influence of the salt-free diet and the reduced salt diet in the treatment of epilepsy.

1914 Lancet 3 Jan. 15/1 Being put on a reduced carbohydrate diet,..the patient lost a little weight.

1984 Freetime Autumn 34/4 Spread with yeast extract, honey or..reduced-sugar jam.

2004 Guardian 27 Oct. (G2 section) 8/2 Initially, the reduced-carb items brought across the Atlantic by the specialist producers..won space in health-sector shops.

2006 Dairy Foods (Nexis) Oct. 22 A reduced-lactose, fructose-sweetened, probiotic dairy drink.

reduced-calorie adj.

ΚΠ

1957 Daily Inter Lake (Kalispell, Montana) 9 May 10/1 Creating reduced calorie desserts that are so important in any pound-whittling program.

2008 Mirror (Nexis) 18 Feb. 34 There's nothing wrong with a reduced-calorie diet to shed weight—and fruit and fish are nutrient-rich and low-fat.

reduced-fat adj.

ΚΠ

1965 Los Angeles Times 9 Oct. 12/2 The President will be put on a reduced fat diet.

2000 A. Jenkins Honeymoon xv. 223 I'd been grateful for—well, you know—life's small mercies, my health, my job,..reduced-fat houmous, stuff like that.

C3.

reduced chart n. now historical a chart on which lines of latitude or longitude are represented as straight lines.

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Chart Reduced Chart..is that wherein the Meridians are represented by right Lines converging towards the Poles; and the Parallels by right Lines parallel to one another, but unequal... Another kind of Reduced Charts has been invented, wherein the Meridians are parallel, but the Degrees thereof unequal; call'd Mercator's Charts.

1777 R. Waddington Epitome Theoret. & Pract. Navigation xiv. 87 The reduced chart is greatly prefererable to Mercator's,..for it is delineated in such a manner as to have the bearings and distances of places nearly true.

1859 G. Meade Rep. Surv. North End Northwest Lakes 3 Part of the reduced chart of Maumee bay.

1940 Geogr. Rev. 30 538 Smyley was certainly using an erroneous map, perhaps Isaac Purdy's ‘Reduced Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean,’ published in 1840.

reduced eye n. any of various simplified diagrams or representations of the eye used in making optical calculations.

ΚΠ

1864 W. D. Moore tr. F. C. Donders Anomalies Accomm. & Refraction of Eye 175 It is, in fact, allowable to reduce the compound dioptric system of the eye to a single refracting surface, bounded anteriorly by air, posteriorly by aqueous or vitreous humour, and this reduced eye..may be made the basis of a number of considerations and calculations.

1904 Trans. Optical Soc. 6 89 The size of the retinal image could be calculated from the reduced eye of Listing, or, better still, the reduced eye of Donders.

2006 Optics Communications 260 767/2 Roorda and Bobier..use a geometrical-optics approach to analyse the retinoscopic reflex for a reduced eye model with aberrations.

reduced iron n. a fine iron powder, typically obtained by treating ferric oxide with hydrogen and used as an additive in foods, medicines, etc.

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1847 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 13 144 When properly prepared, reduced iron (fer réduit) is in the form of a fine light powder, of a bright grayish slate-colour.

1947 T. Bakker in W. P. Blount Dis. Poultry xii. 100 In most commercial layers' mashes iron is added as reduced iron, ferric hydroxide, or ferrous sulphate.

2007 Jrnl. Nutrition 137 620 Commercial elemental iron powders (electrolytic and reduced iron)..were tested for efficacy in improving the iron status of women.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reduced
释义	reducedadj. Brit. /rᵻˈdjuːst/, /rᵻˈdʒuːst/, U.S. /rəˈd(j)ust/, /riˈd(j)ust/ Forms: see reduce v. and -ed suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: reduce v., -ed suffix¹. Etymology: < reduce v. + -ed suffix¹. 1. Converted to or expressed in another, esp. a simpler, form. a. Mathematics. Esp. of a mathematical expression: simplified; changed to a more convenient form. Cf. reduce v. 21c, 21d. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [adjective] > changed into different form reduced1552 reductionala1690 converted- 1552 R. Record Ground of Artes (rev. ed.) ii. sig. R.j^v The wholle reduced fraction is this ²⁵²/ ₇₅₆ whiche is to harde a fraction for me to vnderstande yet. a1739 N. Saunderson Elements Algebra (1740) I. Introd. 44 Put as many cyphers after the numerator, as are equal in number, to the number of decimal places whereof you intend your reduced fraction to consist, and call these cyphers decimal. 1798 T. Manning Introd. Arithm. & Algebra II. vi. 195 The numerator and denominator of the reduced fraction have no common factor. 1819 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 109 323 In Simple equations, the reduced equation may be represented by Δ = az; whence z = ^Δ/ _a. 1862 E. Atkinson tr. A. Ganot Elem. Treat. Physics X. ix. 724 The resistance offered by the element and galvanometer is equal to the resistance of 4·08 yards of such copper wire, and this is said to be the reduced length of the element and galvanometer in terms of the copper wire. 1916 W. C. McC. Lewis Syst. Physical Chem. II. iii. 90 It is more convenient to make use of the reduced form [of van der Waals' equation], i.e. pressures, volumes, and temperatures will be expressed as fractions..of their critical values. 1930 L. Brand Vectorial Mech. xiv. 445 This is the same as the equation..for a simple pendulum of length l = k²/b. For this reason l is called the reduced length of the pendulum. 1973 Sci. Amer. July 25/2 The ‘reduced’, or simplified, form of the horn equation. 2006 Jrnl. Physics A 39 15141 Applying the Lie test, one finds that the reduced equation can be linearized. b. Logic. Of a proposition: that has been subjected to reduction (reduction n. 10a). Cf. reduce v. 22. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > conversion of a proposition > [adjective] converted1656 reduced1728 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Reduction To a Reduction, therefore, there are two Propositions required; the reduced and reducing. 1832 C. Wesley Guide Syllogism 36 The conclusion of the reduced syllogism is the simple converse of the conclusion of the original one. 1962 Mind 71 114 As though the purpose of such a proof [sc. a proof through reductio ad impossibile] is to show the conclusion of the reduced syllogism to be true. 1996 A. Turner et al. in B. K. Britton & A. C. Graesser Models of Understanding Text ii. 45 Our reduction process replaces any other occurrences of that proposition with the core of the reduced proposition. c. Building. Of brickwork or stonework: expressed (for the purposes of calculating quantities) in terms of an equivalent quantity of work of a standard thickness and construction (cf. reduce v. 21c), or regarded as consisting of such work. Now rare. ΚΠ 1737 E. Hoppus Salmon's Country Builder's Estimator (ed. 2) 62 If they are 6 Feet long, and 1 Foot 6 Inches girt, there is 3 Feet of reduced Brickwork therein. 1774 J. Carter Builder's Mag. 16 The quantity of reduced brick-work is 11 square, 1 quarter, and 3 feet. 1815 Times 14 June 2/1 470 rods reduced brick-work. 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 558 What is the quantity of reduced brick-work in a wall containing 4540 superficial feet, 2 bricks thick? 1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §88 One rod, eighty-two feet of reduced stone-work (the stone walls are reduced to one and a half brick in thickness). 1856 J. H. Walsh Man. Domest. Econ. iii. 28/1 In this work, a rod of reduced brick-work will require about 4760 bricks. 1937 S. G. B. Stubbs Building Encycl. I. 173/2 To find the amount of reduced brickwork in any thickness of wall, multiply the area of the wall by the number of half-bricks in the wall and divide by 816. 1980 L. Black Builder's Ref. Bk. (ed. 11) 117 The major change in Section G is the elimination of reduced brickwork, all walls will now be measured their actual thickness. 2. a. Diminished in size, number, quantity, or amount; lessened. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > decreased diminutec1475 suppeditate?1526 lessened1565 minished1590 declined1591 reduced1591 bated1600 contracted1603 waneda1616 mute1627 shrivelleda1631 refracted1635 imminutea1681 retrenched1693 lowered1730 diminished1745 subdued1785 dwindled1796 depressed1831 shrunken1873 downrated1958 whittled-down1961 pared-down1974 slim-down1978 slimmed-down1978 the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > [adjective] > reduced in size or extent minished1590 narrowed1599 diminished1607 shorn1853 ensmalled1857 reduced1880 Sanforized1968 1591 A. Colynet True Hist. Ciuill Warres France iv. 194 Ioyeuse and his armie was made sure at Coutras, and their reduced carkasses were left in perpetual infamy, not for their death, but for the causes of it. 1616 A. Rathborne Surveyor ii. iv.106 Increase the base B.C. of the triangle A.B.C. from C. to D. making C.D. equall to F.K. the base of the reduced triangle H.F.K. 1668 D. Lloyd Memoires 120 His reduced quickness became very serviceable to ballance that of the Gloucester Officers, who were at once the most indefatigable at home, and the most troublesom abroad of any in England. 1734 J. Vanderlint Money answers All Things 25 Peace..brings many more People into Trade, who either cannot live on the reduced Interest of their Money, or are not satisfied to do so. 1763 Ann. Reg. 1762 i. 147/2 To direct that no fish be sold at reduced price on the day of their arrival. 1809 R. Langford Introd. Trade 57 At the reduced rate of 3 per Cent. per annum. 1838 H. S. Thirlway Jrnl. 23 Feb. (1996) viii. 62 It is intended by the meeting that coal, food and clothing be sold at reduced prices etc or given to the deserving poor. c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 14 Load the gun with a reduced charge. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark 48 I..reproduced some of his plates on a reduced scale. 1936 Amer. Naturalist 70 166 The Planigales and both species of Antechonomys show a broad cortex and a reduced medulla. 1991 Mod. Railways Apr. 202/2 The Deutsche Reichsbahn..currently has a surplus of motive power as a result of greatly reduced levels of traffic. 2007 Nature 8 Mar. 134/1 A reduced albedo in the Arctic affects the entire planet's energy balance, causing yet more energy to be absorbed in the darker waters. b. Linguistics. Of a vowel sound: articulated less distinctly than a stressed vowel; weakened and centralized; that has become more obscure than the vowel of which it is a reflex.Much used in descriptions of the reduced grade of ablaut theory in Indo-European philology. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > vowel > [adjective] > types of openeOE sharp?1533 simple1582 small1599 soft1625 obscurea1637 round1710 slender1755 close1760 wide1824 lowered1836 narrow1844 labialized1856 orinasal1856 central1857 reduced1861 free1864 high1867 low1867 mid1867 mixed1867 rounded1867 unrounded1871 raised1876 unreduced1894 obscured1897 spread1902 lax1909 slack1909 tense1909 centralized1926 flat1934 r-coloured1935 checked1943 1861 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 8 369 The reduced vowels..which are only found in unaccented syllables. 1894 V. Henry Short Compar. Gram. Eng. & German i. iii. 76 To a normal grade ĕy, ĕw, there corresponds a reduced grade ĭ, ŭ. 1909 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. i. xv. 423 Besides this ‘full’ [ə] we have a reduced [ə]. 1938 Language 14 41 Statements that the reduced grade preceded the accent and the zero grade followed it conflict with some of the best established and most pervading ablaut schemes. 1957 E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 II. x. 868 Gil uses ĕ as the symbol for the reduced vowel from ME ŭ in oner ‘honour’. 1962 A. C. Gimson Introd. Pronunc. Eng. vii. 120 As the great variety of spellings indicates, /ə/ may represent the reduced (obscured, ‘schwa’) form of any vowel or diphthong in an unaccented position. 2003 Oceanic Linguistics 42 374 In this language, although ə also occurs as an epenthetic and reduced vowel, the result of dissimilation is usually e. c. Lowered in price. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > low price or rate > [adjective] > reduced > offered at reduced price cut-rate1881 cut-price1897 marked-down1902 reduced1905 1905 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 31 Jan. 10/7 (advt.) Remember this is only a few quotations of greatly reduced stock. 1941 E. Bowen Look at all those Roses 8 She came up to London..and bought reduced coats and shoes for the little girls. 1975 M. Kenyon Mr Big xviii. 174 It's reduced. And it really fits. 1995 Independent (Nexis) 23 Dec. 5 Did you know that when you visit a post-Christmas sale you may be splashing out on specially bought-in merchandise rather than genuinely reduced goods? 3. a. Military. Of an officer: discharged from active service and put on half pay. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > discharge from service > [adjective] cass1549 cassed1611 disbanded1611 reduced1635 society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer or soldier of rank > [adjective] > without command reformed1595 reduced1635 1635 Tale of Citizen in J. Donne Poems (rev. ed.) 98 To..brave Reformed or reduced Captaine. 1647 (title) To the Honourable the House of Commons... The humble Petition of the reduced Officers and Souldiers, in and about the City of London. 1716 London Gaz. No. 5488/5 Who..enjoy the Benefit of half Pay..as reduced Officers. 1797 E. Burke Three Memorials on French Affairs 101 A theatrical, vapouring, reduced Captain of cavalry. 1817 Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 1074 The reduced adjutants of the Local Militia. 1826 W. James Naval Hist. Great Brit. (new ed.) III. 276 The french ship-rigged privateer Dame-Ambert, captain Charles Lamarque (represented as a reduced officer of the French navy,) saw and chased a ship to-leeward. 1874 Daily News 15 Jan. 2/4 He could not have been restored to full pay, as the reduced officers of 1869 and 1870 were to be provided for before him. 1908 W. H. Fry Stud. Hist., Econ. & Public Law iv. 272 He declared that a great number of reduced officers, who had served in the last inter-colonial war, had petitioned for grants of land. 1994 G. Sheppard Plunder, Profit & Paroles iii. 51 After the war he moved to Upper Canada and..received 2000 acres as a reduced officer. b. Of a person, his or her circumstances, etc.: impoverished, straitened. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor > reduced to poverty broken-fortuned1362 depauperatea1464 peeled?a1513 extenuate1533 withered1561 penured1570 low-ebbed1595 ruined1596 shredded1596 broken1597 beggared1609 impoverisheda1631 necessitated1646 pinched1672 crazy1700 reduced1715 straitened1716 crazed1732 poverty-struck?1750 poverty-stricken?1786 pauperized1807 poverty-smitten1819 distressed1844 out at elbows1885 poverished1900 wiped1977 1715 D. Defoe Family Instructor I. iii. v. 420 The poor reduced gentleman arrived at London soon after. 1745 E. Haywood Female Spectator IV. xxiv. 371 Those few who are not too haughty to see Ariana in this reduced State, will own that her Conversation is now infinitely more worthy Esteem, than when she shone in Jewels and all the Pomp of Dress. 1788 J. Woodforde Diary 8 July (1927) III. 36 She came on horseback behind a Mr. Harris a tall stout Man, a reduced Farmer. 1807 tr. C. A. G. Goede Stranger in Eng. II. 73 Reduced clergymen, schoolmasters and mechanics. 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 305/2 I dare say he was some poor musicianer, or singer, or a reduced gentleman. 1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xii. 408 Retired to the rural districts in reduced circumstances. 1913 J. Galsworthy Fugitive iii. i [We] used to belong to a society for helping reduced gentlewomen to get work. 1976 W. Marshall Gelignite viii. 117 It is a matter pertaining to the older Hong Kong families..presently in reduced circumstances. 2001 I. Sinclair Landor's Tower (2002) i. ii. 26 Kaporal, in reduced circs, was still a gent. †4. Brought to a state of gravity and composure. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only used by Fuller. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > calmness > [adjective] > made calm pleaseda1382 ycesed1387 pacified1530 appeased1532 reduced1642 pacate1645 becalmed1667 smoothed1713 pacated1727 lulled1787 sobered1797 soothed1820 1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. iv. 257 The heat of his youth was tamed in his reduced age. 1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. xiii. 304 Yet in her reduced thoughts she makes all the sport she hath seen earnest to her self. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Berks. 87 The grave, sage and reduced Scotish-men in this Age. 5. Brought under control, or into an orderly or peaceful state; subdued, subjugated. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > [adjective] > made subject to authority subjecta1375 subjugatec1429 subact?1440 redact?a1475 mancipatec1487 suppeditate?1526 underthrown1532 submitted1537 subjected1550 subdued1553 captivate1581 vassalled1606 envassalled1609 captivated1621 subordinated1640 subacted1644 vassalized1647 subjugated1656 reduced1659 1659 R. Brathwait Panthalia 283 Desiring nothing more then to imbroile the State, and involve our late reduced Nation in a new Warre. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron II. vi. xxii. 82 The Phœnicians, Assyrians, and Chaldæans were each a conquered and reduced [printed reduccd] People. 1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire I. ii. i. 448 The Kozaks who had more lately come to Siberia remained in that country as a militia to keep the reduced nations in obedience. 1802 A. Campbell Journey from Edinb. I. 163 Time and circumstances, continually operating on the living manners of a reduced people, hastened their downfall. 1929 M. James Raven ix. 115 He was willing to labor to better the lot of a reduced people with all the energy of a boiling mind that craved forgetfulness. †6. Botany. Of a leaf: indented at the apex; obcordate. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having particular shape creviced1558 bladed1578 curled1578 purled1578 rank-toothed1578 fingered1597 cultellated1657 pounced1681 reduced1682 cuspidate1693 frontated1719 cuspidated1731–7 subrotund1753 acerose1760 hastate1760 involute1760 oblique1760 acerousc1789 strap-spear-shaped1796 immarginate1800 submarginate1807 replicate1812 toothleted1812 angustate1826 palaceous1832 bicrenate1835 basisolute1847 replicative1852 frontate1855 hastile1857 1682 N. Grew Anat. Plants iv. ii. vi. App. 175 The Top is..either Produced, that is, Poynted, or at least, Roundish,..or else Reduced, as in Woodsorrel. 7. Diminished in strength or vigour; weakened, enfeebled, impaired. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > [adjective] > in state of ill health or diseased > weak > weakened swundenc1275 yfebleda1387 palledc1390 forfeebled1513 indebilitate1529 macerate1541 feebled1573 macerated1587 eclipsed1607 enfeebleda1657 tenuinea1660 reduced1689 unstrung1690 indebilitated1696 unbraced1760 wrecky1925 the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > worse > [adjective] > declining or deteriorating > in character or quality infecta1387 palledc1390 rustyc1390 degeneratea1513 withered1561 bastardlike1577 degenerated1581 degenerous1600 bastardized1611 degenerating1611 wormy1611 autumnal1616 blood-shrunk1634 degenered1637 reduced1689 lowered1730 eviscerated1858 labefact1874 disbloomed- society > armed hostility > armed forces > [adjective] > qualities mainc1450 weak1488 unserviceablea1599 new-raised?1609 unrecruited1649 regulated1650 strongish1652 steady1670 mastering1711 undisciplined1718 unbroken1720 reduced1817 sticky1898 mechanicalized1901 u/s1942 1689 R. Boyle Let. 22 Aug. in Wks. (1772) I. p. cxxviii You will not find me more backward than formerly to serve you faithfully in my reduced capacity. 1746 M. Postlethwayt National & Private Advantages Afr. Trade vi. 108 Notwithstanding the Value France might very justly set upon her African Settlements; yet in such a reduced State, as suppos'd, Advantage would certainly be taken of her Necessity. 1797 E. Burke Let. Affairs Ireland in Wks. IX. 453 In the reduced state of body, and in the dejected state of mind, in which I find myself. 1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India II. iv. iv. 152 The English leaders appear to have had no conception of the extremely reduced state of the French. 1892 G. Gissing Let. 11 Nov. (1994) V. 67 Your illness pointed, I should think, to a reduced state of body. 1967 Jrnl. Warburg & Courtauld Inst. 30 379 So many young men have miscarried in their profession and have had a principal share in bringing the art of painting to its present reduced state. 2004 E. M. Yoder Telling Others What to Think 4 Even in his reduced state, my father was a man of titanic self-control and willpower. †8. That has been brought back (literal and figurative). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > [adjective] > reformed newOE corrected1557 reformed?1567 reclaimed1592 retrieved1638 reduced1697 new-leaf1899 society > travel > aspects of travel > guidance in travel > [adjective] > guided or led > back reduct1545 reduced1697 1697 W. Jameson Nazianzeni Querela i. viii. 63 The Constantinopolitan Council appoints that reduced Hereticks and Schismaticks must be anointed on the Fore-head, Eyes, Nose, Mouth and Ears. 1699 J. Howe Disc. Redeemer's Dominion 16 That he might have these Keys to open the Heavenly Hades to reduc'd Apostates [etc.]. 1721 J. Strype Eccl. Memorials III. ii. xvi. 376 Providing for the public credit of this your reduced daughter. 9. a. Of metal or ore: that has been reduced (reduce v. 17a, 17b); spec. (of metal) obtained from ore by smelting; (of ore) subjected to smelting. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > metal in specific state or form > [adjective] > smelted roasted1582 smout1595 reduced1741 smelted1895 1741 tr. J. A. Cramer Elements Art of assaying Metals 313 On this Account the Metals are concentrated into a solid weighty Regulus, to which a great Quantity of the reduced Iron mixes. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XI. 474/1 To prevent this calcination of the reduced metal a larger quantity of charcoal is used. 1848 M. Tuomey Rep. Geol. S. Carolina vii. 273 The particles of the reduced ore are next welded, by being raised to a whiteheat, in the forge, and then placed under the hammer. 1884 W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron 227 For the purpose of cooling the reduced metal, the retorts were made slightly larger at the lower than at the upper end. 1930 Engineering 16 May 650/2 Sintering occurs when charges of partially reduced ores are maintained for considerable periods at temperatures above 750 deg. C. 1993 Business Rev. Weekly 3 Sept. 28/1 Both companies are under government and market pressure to consider a $900-million investment in the production of direct reduced iron (DRI). b. Subjected to or prepared by means of chemical reduction (reduction n. 11c); not oxidized, in a relatively low oxidation state. Cf. reduce v. 17c. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > separation or breaking up into constituent parts > [adjective] > separated into constituents resolveda1600 analysed1601 untwist1607 separated1661 decompounded1797 reduced1810 broken-down1816 dissociated1882 degraded1927 1810 W. Henry Elements Exper. Chem. (ed. 6) II. i. xviii. 43 A beautiful arborization of reduced silver. 1862 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) III. iii. 617 When blue indigo is treated with deoxidising agents,..a yellow solution is formed, containing reduced indigo, a compound in which one equivalent more of hydrogen is present than in blue indigo. 1900 T. C. Allbutt Syst. Med. V. 630 It is changed into reduced hæmoglobin. 1933 Jrnl. Gen. Physiol. 16 859 They differ from other indicators in several respects; in the first place, the color is exhibited by the reduced form, whereas usually the oxidized form is the colored one. 1973 R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. viii. 254/2 The cell uses these mechanisms to capture energy from reduced coenzymes ( nadh and nadph) to store in atp. 1992 Economist 10 Oct. 123/3 There were lots of ‘reduced’ minerals around—those, like iron, eager to react with oxygen. 2006 Chem. Physics 330 251/1 dms as a reduced sulfur compound is known to exist in ambient air. 10. Broken into particles or small fragments. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > cultivated wroughtOE subact?1440 laboured1470 tilled1546 well-cultured1555 well-laboured1571 husbanded1578 toiled1578 well-husbanded1581 cultive1611 improved1617 cultivated1622 well-cultivated1650 manured1746 well-farmed1770 reduced1794 farmed1800 tillaged1854 tilthed1866 tame1887 the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > in fine particles reduced1794 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [adjective] > conditions of manure stale1577 unrakeda1601 well-rotted1607 reduced1794 1794 G. Kay Gen. View Agric. Denbighshire 14 About 15 tons of well reduced dung is allowed to an acre. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 622 In this way the crop is rendered clean, and the fine reduced mold well laid up to the stems of the plants. 1864 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 14 Oct. 745/2 The finely-reduced auriferous quartz should be intimately mixed with about 1 per cent. of peroxide of manganese. 1884 Newcastle Courant 8 Feb. 7/2 Finely reduced soils hold moisture like a sponge, give it off as needed and prevent drouth. 11. Cookery. Of a sauce or other liquid: thickened or condensed by boiling. Cf. reduce v. 3a. ΚΠ 1820 G. A. Jarrin Ital. Confectioner 62 To a pound and quarter of reduced juice, add a pound and half of loaf sugar. 1889 J. Whitehead Steward's Handbk. 334/2 Thin slices of tenderloin..served in the reduced sauce with Financiere garnish. 1942 Fresno (Calif.) Bee 2 Apr. 9 a/2 Place peas and reduced liquid in a shallow pan and put in oven. 2005 Delicious Nov. 114/2 Demi-glace is a reduced, rich stock that is..a base for pan sauces or gravies. Compounds C1. Used attributively with nouns forming adjectives with the sense ‘made smaller in quantity, amount, degree, etc.’, as reduced-price, reduced-size, etc. ΚΠ 1916 Classical Philol. 11 455 Mabillon in his lack of acquaintance with cursive supposed it must of necessity have been, a reduced-size version of the majuscule hands which Jerome censured. 1930 Sci. Monthly Oct. 337/1 The reduced-scale model of proposed construction..may be chiefly valuable in connection with a single location. 1966 Commonw. Austral. Post Office Guide 294 Lettergrams are reduced rate messages which may be lodged only at capital cities and certain other offices having extended hours of service. 1994 Washington Post (Nexis) 11 Sept. a18 Spokesmen for the automakers said they favored a plan under which reduced-emissions vehicles, rather than zero-emissions vehicles, would be marketed through the 49 states. 2001 My Business May–June 29/2 Owners Helaine Harris and Robin Moody have focused on reduced-price remainder books for 20 years. C2. a. Used attributively with nouns forming adjectives in dietary contexts with the sense ‘having lowered levels of the specified ingredient or constituent’, as reduced-sugar, reduced-salt, etc. ΚΠ 1906 N.Y. State Jrnl. Med. 6 441/1 The influence of the salt-free diet and the reduced salt diet in the treatment of epilepsy. 1914 Lancet 3 Jan. 15/1 Being put on a reduced carbohydrate diet,..the patient lost a little weight. 1984 Freetime Autumn 34/4 Spread with yeast extract, honey or..reduced-sugar jam. 2004 Guardian 27 Oct. (G2 section) 8/2 Initially, the reduced-carb items brought across the Atlantic by the specialist producers..won space in health-sector shops. 2006 Dairy Foods (Nexis) Oct. 22 A reduced-lactose, fructose-sweetened, probiotic dairy drink. b. reduced-calorie adj. ΚΠ 1957 Daily Inter Lake (Kalispell, Montana) 9 May 10/1 Creating reduced calorie desserts that are so important in any pound-whittling program. 2008 Mirror (Nexis) 18 Feb. 34 There's nothing wrong with a reduced-calorie diet to shed weight—and fruit and fish are nutrient-rich and low-fat. reduced-fat adj. ΚΠ 1965 Los Angeles Times 9 Oct. 12/2 The President will be put on a reduced fat diet. 2000 A. Jenkins Honeymoon xv. 223 I'd been grateful for—well, you know—life's small mercies, my health, my job,..reduced-fat houmous, stuff like that. C3. reduced chart n. now historical a chart on which lines of latitude or longitude are represented as straight lines. ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Chart Reduced Chart..is that wherein the Meridians are represented by right Lines converging towards the Poles; and the Parallels by right Lines parallel to one another, but unequal... Another kind of Reduced Charts has been invented, wherein the Meridians are parallel, but the Degrees thereof unequal; call'd Mercator's Charts. 1777 R. Waddington Epitome Theoret. & Pract. Navigation xiv. 87 The reduced chart is greatly prefererable to Mercator's,..for it is delineated in such a manner as to have the bearings and distances of places nearly true. 1859 G. Meade Rep. Surv. North End Northwest Lakes 3 Part of the reduced chart of Maumee bay. 1940 Geogr. Rev. 30 538 Smyley was certainly using an erroneous map, perhaps Isaac Purdy's ‘Reduced Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean,’ published in 1840. reduced eye n. any of various simplified diagrams or representations of the eye used in making optical calculations. ΚΠ 1864 W. D. Moore tr. F. C. Donders Anomalies Accomm. & Refraction of Eye 175 It is, in fact, allowable to reduce the compound dioptric system of the eye to a single refracting surface, bounded anteriorly by air, posteriorly by aqueous or vitreous humour, and this reduced eye..may be made the basis of a number of considerations and calculations. 1904 Trans. Optical Soc. 6 89 The size of the retinal image could be calculated from the reduced eye of Listing, or, better still, the reduced eye of Donders. 2006 Optics Communications 260 767/2 Roorda and Bobier..use a geometrical-optics approach to analyse the retinoscopic reflex for a reduced eye model with aberrations. reduced iron n. a fine iron powder, typically obtained by treating ferric oxide with hydrogen and used as an additive in foods, medicines, etc. ΚΠ 1847 Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 13 144 When properly prepared, reduced iron (fer réduit) is in the form of a fine light powder, of a bright grayish slate-colour. 1947 T. Bakker in W. P. Blount Dis. Poultry xii. 100 In most commercial layers' mashes iron is added as reduced iron, ferric hydroxide, or ferrous sulphate. 2007 Jrnl. Nutrition 137 620 Commercial elemental iron powders (electrolytic and reduced iron)..were tested for efficacy in improving the iron status of women. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1552
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