refereen.

Brit.

/ˌrɛfəˈriː/, U.S.

/ˌrɛfəˈri/

Forms: 1500s referre (Scottish), 1500s–1700s referree, 1500s– referee, 1600s refferree.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: refer v., -ee suffix¹.

Etymology: < refer v. + -ee suffix¹.

a. A person to whom any matter or question in dispute is referred for decision; an arbiter. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > settlement of dispute, arbitration > [noun] > one who arbitrates

arbitrer1382

judge1385

umpire?c1400

overman1424

arbitrator1426

oversman1492

daysman1530

referendary1546

arbiter1548

referee1549

moderator1556

awarder1561

deciser1563

decider?1568

decisor1569

settler1598

disceptator1623

umpirer1650

referrer1661

1549 in S. R. Macphail Hist. Relig. House Pluscardyn (1881) App. 242 Athir of the saidis personis being laike referreis at the acceptione of the samyn..sall..thair sentence arbitrall finallie pronunce.

?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 626 He was a Referree of the differences betwixt D^r Colladon, & D^r de Vaux, butt could not agree them.

1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 169. ⁋3 The good Offices of an Advocate, a Referee, a Companion, a Mediator, and a Friend.

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. v. 54 Clear-sighted, unprejudiced, sagacious;..he was the universal referee.

1868 M. Pattison Suggestions Acad. Organisation v. 162 These institutions have become the referees to whose verdict every product of mind must be unconditionally submitted.

1926 H. L. Mencken Notes on Democracy II. i. 74 The ballads..were all written by concrete poets, most of them not of the folk; the folk, when they had any hand in the business at all, simply acted as referees, choosing which should survive.

2007 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 11 Oct. 21/1 The self-appointed group of referees whose reluctance to authenticate cherished canvases has dismayed many a museum.

b. Law. A person to whom (either alone or with others) a dispute between parties is referred by mutual consent; an arbitrator.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun] > arbitrator

arbitrer1382

arbitrator1426

arbiter1548

refereea1626

a1626 in E. D. Neill Virginia Carolorum (1886) 51 Wee the Referees pressed the peticioner to render a reason why hee did not legally question Sir George Yardley for a perfect accompte at his last beinge in Englande.

1690 J. Child Disc. Trade vi. 121 While we choose our Judges our selves..they can be no more too arbitrary than too much power can be given to Referees, when both parties desire an end of their Differences.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 481. ¶7 As the case now stands, if you will have my Opinion, I think they ought to bring it to Referees.

1798 W. Hutton Life 37 I considered myself overcharged. We agreed to leave it to reference. The referees appeared warm in his favour.

1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands III. 375 A Conciliatore, who is a sort of judicial arbiter or referee, chosen from among the resident landholders.

1890 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 5 74 If any member disapproved of his decision, the matter was referred to outsiders selected by the contestants in the case. In one case, Mr. Charles Francis Adams was so chosen as referee.

1941 M. Fainsod & L. Gordon Govt. & Amer. Econ. vi. 170 Deadlocks may be resolved by a neutral ‘referee’ appointed by mutual consent.

1989 Accountancy May 46/2 The referee's main aim will be to achieve an agreed settlement through conciliation.

c. Law. A person chosen by the court, rather than the parties involved, to decide a matter or advise the court. Official Referee: between 1873 and 1972, a judicial officer of the British Supreme Court of Judicature to whom complex or technical matters could be referred.

ΚΠ

1821 J. Crisp Conveyancer's Guide 105 The parties will have it referr'd; And you may be the referree, If in court you chance to be, And earn a twenty guinea fee.

1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. II. (at cited word) In New England, a referee differs from an arbitrator in being appointed by the court to decide in a cause which is depending before that court. An arbitrator is chosen by parties to decide a cause between them.

1829 Bristol Mercury 14 July 6/4 The damages were laid at 2000l., and the Jury found a verdict for the plaintiff, subject to a reference. The referee appointed was Mr. Alderson, who..fixed the damages at 150l.

1850 Code Civil Procedure State N. Y. ii. ix. ii. 365 The party or witness may be required to attend before the judge, or before a referee, appointed by the court or judge.

1882 J. D. McCabe New York 286 The proceedings are private, the courts turning the whole matter over to a referee.

1926 F. Payler Law Courts, Lawyers, & Litigants x. 95 What! I didn't know we were to have any figures. I shall have to refer this case to the Official Referee.

1979 Tucson (Arizona) Citizen 20 Sept. f1/1 Advocates already have gone to dependency hearings in her courtroom and before juvenile court referees.

2002 Yale Law Jrnl. 112 462 A witness who had been ordered to testify before a court-appointed referee was entitled to assert the privilege.

†a. A person appointed by Parliament to examine and report on applications for monopolies or letters patent. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > examiner of or reporter on petitions

referendary1528

referee1565

1565 in J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales (1670) 57 The Referrees to deliver a Certificate of the Charge to the Lord Treasurer.

1621 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times James I (1848) (modernized text) II. 235 The Lords and Commons met in the afternoon, to consult what punishment to inflict upon monopolists, and the referees, who are in chiefest fault.

1640 Resol. Ho. Comm. in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 53 That the Patent for the Monopoly of Tobacco be forthwith brought into this House; And that the Referrees, to whom the Legality of this Patent was referred, attend the said Committee at the same time.

1663 in Milton's Wks. (1738) I. p. lxxxv We have received your Letter..together with several Petitions,..all which we likewise transmitted to the Lords Referees.

†b. A person entrusted with the management or superintendency of something. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > person in control > [noun] > superintendent

architector1461

earl1483

overlookera1513

superior1554

superintender1573

superintendent1603

surintendent1645

epistates1651

intendant1652

referee1705

supercargo1713

surveillant1819

super1849

supe1908

1705 in D. Brewster Mem. Life I. Newton (1855) II. App. xv. 480 To refer the care and management of the said impression to the said..S^r. Is. Newton [etc.];..the said referees..have treated with the said Mr. Aunsham Churchill for printing the same.

1845 Act 7 & 8 Vict. c. 84 §2 The Term ‘Official Referees’ to mean the Persons appointed in pursuance of this Act to be Official Referees of Metropolitan Buildings.

c. A member of certain committees and courts appointed by the House of Commons to deal with private bills. The title of referee on private bills ceased to exist in 1902.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of body or spec. bodies > [noun] > committee > parliamentary committees > member of specific committee

referee1864

1864 Times 15 July 6/1 Three persons to be appointed by the Speaker..to be referees on private Bills.

1876 in Bonham-Carter May's Parl. Practice (1893) iii. 728 That it be an instruction to committees on private bills that referees appointed to such committees may take part in all the proceedings thereof, but without the power of voting.

1908 Times 23 Mar. 10/4 Mr Crombie..had been a referee of private bills and the chairman since 1906 of the Scottish Liberal members.

1991 E. Holland in D. Englefield Workings of Westm. 55 Where the locus standi..is challenged by the promoters, the petitioners must go before the Court of Referees.

3. Sport. An official who supervises a game or match in order to ensure that the rules are adhered to. Cf. umpire n.In most sports the referee is present on the field of play and intervenes in the game as necessary. However in certain sports (such as tennis and cricket) this function is performed by an umpire or umpires, while the referee is an off-field official who may arbitrate on specific issues if they arise.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > judging or umpiring > [noun] > umpire or referee

discovererc1450

judge1538

stickler1538

trier1607

umpire1714

referee1822

ref1890

ump1915

president1961

zebra1972

1822 Bristol Mirror 16 Nov. 2/5 Boxing... Edward Turner agrees to fight Cyrus Davis for 100l... Two Umpires to be appointed on the ground; one by Turner, and the other by Davis. The Referee to be named by Mr. Jackson if present; otherwise, the Umpires to appoint the Referee.

1856 Porter's Spirit of Times 6 Dec. 229/1 In [baseball] matches, an umpire is chosen on each side, and a referee to decide, when the umpires cannot agree.

1889 Sportsman 10 Apr. 7/1 Britton claimed the fight on a foul, but the referee disallowed the claim.

1906 Daily Chron. 7 Sept. 9/4 No great blame attaches to the referee, who probably did not notice the forward till he was apparently off-side.

1951 F. N. S. Creek Soccer for Boys iii. 18 The duration of the game is mainly the responsibility of the referee.

1977 Times 16 Mar. 12/1 The main topic of conversation..was the alleged attempt to bribe the Danish referee before the first leg.

2006 Laws of Game July i. 71 A player who attempts to deceive the referee by feigning injury..must be cautioned for unsporting behaviour.

4. A person appointed to examine a scientific or other academic work and assess its suitability for publication.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > research > [noun] > one who carries out > one who scrutinizes

referee1836

1836 A. B. Granville Royal Soc. in XIXth Cent. iii. 129 Referees, who..could not have made the necessary experiments to verify the assertions of the author of the paper which they had had under their consideration.

1838 C. Darwin Let. 15 May in Corr. (1986) II. 87 I return my paper.—I have put a few pencil notes on the margin, which will explain to the referee how much I intend modifying certain portions.

1870 Nature 30 June 161/1 In this country the power vested in the councils of our societies, of suppressing papers on the advice of competent referees, works on the whole well.

1926 A. E. Housman Let. 14 Oct. (1971) 242 A report of mine..decided the Syndics not to accept a treatise of Richmond's... A. W. Ward..told him that I was the referee.

1971 Nature 22 Oct. 571/3 Each paper was carefully scrutinized by one senior referee and by one of the two distinguished editors-in-chief.

2006 Sci. News 170 392/2 Serving as a referee can take a significant amount of a scientist's time.

a. A person willing to testify as to the character or abilities of someone, esp. an applicant for employment, a tenancy, or an academic award.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > a witness, testifier > with authority > to whom reference is made > about specific person

reference1799

referee1841

1841 Churchman's Monthly Rev. Apr. 234 The society requires to be informed of the name, qualifications, and character of the person selected; and expects that its clerical committee shall be satisfied on these points, by testimony from competent referees.

1860 J. Boulger Master-key to Public Offices 200 Those previously in the employment of private individuals, should name their last employer as one of their Referees.

1898 Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers 19 p. viii The referees for each candidate for admission to the Society shall be requested to make a confidential communication..setting forth in detail such information..as shall enable the Council to arrive at a proper estimate of the eligibility of the candidate for admission to the Society.

1944 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 74 316/1 Candidates are requested to send in their names..giving the names of not more than three referees.

1971 Reader's Digest Family Guide Law 689/2 It may also be useful to telephone the referee, who may be prepared to give more information informally than he can provide in writing.

1996 P. Wilde Which? Guide to Renting & Letting (rev. ed.) 203 Landlords will normally require two referees for each tenant.

†b. A person who falsely testifies as to the character of a dishonest individual. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1862 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) Extra vol. 24 Referees, or those who give characters to professional beggars when a reference is required.

1882 Sydney Slang Dict. 7/2 Referees, those who give characters to enable dishonest persons and thieves' accomplices to obtain situations.

Compounds

referee's assistant n. Sport an official who assists a referee; esp. (Association Football) one who assists the referee from the touchline, esp. by indicating when the ball is out of play or if a player is offside; cf. linesman n. 3.In early use probably not a fixed collocation.

ΚΠ

1987 United Press Internat. Newswire (Nexis) 21 Dec. More than 5,000 witnessed the Canadiens-Senators matchup in Ottawa Arena... When necessary, a referee's assistant helped officiate.

1996 Guardian 19 Apr. 23/8 FIFA has a three-man working group redrafting soccer's laws... It will dismiss the linesman for the ‘referee's assistant’, as agreed last month in acknowledgment of women's increasing involvement in the game.

2012 A. Dunn Ungentlemanly Conduct xxv. 343 The entire Iranian squad appealed for a goal. The referee's assistant was too far from the incident to confirm the ball had crossed the line.

Derivatives

refeˈreeship n. the position, function, or status of referee.

ΚΠ

1783 H. Walpole Let. 21 Nov. in Corr. (1971) XXV. 444 I threw up my refereeship.

1927 Titusville (Pa.) Herald 15 June 4/2 The list of appointments to refereeships..contains few names that will be familiar.

2001 J. E. Everson Ital. Romance Epic in Age of Humanism iii. vi. 209 A duel..under the control or refereeship of Carandina.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	referee
释义	refereen. Brit. /ˌrɛfəˈriː/, U.S. /ˌrɛfəˈri/ Forms: 1500s referre (Scottish), 1500s–1700s referree, 1500s– referee, 1600s refferree. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: refer v., -ee suffix¹. Etymology: < refer v. + -ee suffix¹. 1. a. A person to whom any matter or question in dispute is referred for decision; an arbiter. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > settlement of dispute, arbitration > [noun] > one who arbitrates arbitrer1382 judge1385 umpire?c1400 overman1424 arbitrator1426 oversman1492 daysman1530 referendary1546 arbiter1548 referee1549 moderator1556 awarder1561 deciser1563 decider?1568 decisor1569 settler1598 disceptator1623 umpirer1650 referrer1661 1549 in S. R. Macphail Hist. Relig. House Pluscardyn (1881) App. 242 Athir of the saidis personis being laike referreis at the acceptione of the samyn..sall..thair sentence arbitrall finallie pronunce. ?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 626 He was a Referree of the differences betwixt D^r Colladon, & D^r de Vaux, butt could not agree them. 1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 169. ⁋3 The good Offices of an Advocate, a Referee, a Companion, a Mediator, and a Friend. 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. v. 54 Clear-sighted, unprejudiced, sagacious;..he was the universal referee. 1868 M. Pattison Suggestions Acad. Organisation v. 162 These institutions have become the referees to whose verdict every product of mind must be unconditionally submitted. 1926 H. L. Mencken Notes on Democracy II. i. 74 The ballads..were all written by concrete poets, most of them not of the folk; the folk, when they had any hand in the business at all, simply acted as referees, choosing which should survive. 2007 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 11 Oct. 21/1 The self-appointed group of referees whose reluctance to authenticate cherished canvases has dismayed many a museum. b. Law. A person to whom (either alone or with others) a dispute between parties is referred by mutual consent; an arbitrator. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > judge > [noun] > arbitrator arbitrer1382 arbitrator1426 arbiter1548 refereea1626 a1626 in E. D. Neill Virginia Carolorum (1886) 51 Wee the Referees pressed the peticioner to render a reason why hee did not legally question Sir George Yardley for a perfect accompte at his last beinge in Englande. 1690 J. Child Disc. Trade vi. 121 While we choose our Judges our selves..they can be no more too arbitrary than too much power can be given to Referees, when both parties desire an end of their Differences. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 481. ¶7 As the case now stands, if you will have my Opinion, I think they ought to bring it to Referees. 1798 W. Hutton Life 37 I considered myself overcharged. We agreed to leave it to reference. The referees appeared warm in his favour. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands III. 375 A Conciliatore, who is a sort of judicial arbiter or referee, chosen from among the resident landholders. 1890 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 5 74 If any member disapproved of his decision, the matter was referred to outsiders selected by the contestants in the case. In one case, Mr. Charles Francis Adams was so chosen as referee. 1941 M. Fainsod & L. Gordon Govt. & Amer. Econ. vi. 170 Deadlocks may be resolved by a neutral ‘referee’ appointed by mutual consent. 1989 Accountancy May 46/2 The referee's main aim will be to achieve an agreed settlement through conciliation. c. Law. A person chosen by the court, rather than the parties involved, to decide a matter or advise the court. Official Referee: between 1873 and 1972, a judicial officer of the British Supreme Court of Judicature to whom complex or technical matters could be referred. ΚΠ 1821 J. Crisp Conveyancer's Guide 105 The parties will have it referr'd; And you may be the referree, If in court you chance to be, And earn a twenty guinea fee. 1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. II. (at cited word) In New England, a referee differs from an arbitrator in being appointed by the court to decide in a cause which is depending before that court. An arbitrator is chosen by parties to decide a cause between them. 1829 Bristol Mercury 14 July 6/4 The damages were laid at 2000l., and the Jury found a verdict for the plaintiff, subject to a reference. The referee appointed was Mr. Alderson, who..fixed the damages at 150l. 1850 Code Civil Procedure State N. Y. ii. ix. ii. 365 The party or witness may be required to attend before the judge, or before a referee, appointed by the court or judge. 1882 J. D. McCabe New York 286 The proceedings are private, the courts turning the whole matter over to a referee. 1926 F. Payler Law Courts, Lawyers, & Litigants x. 95 What! I didn't know we were to have any figures. I shall have to refer this case to the Official Referee. 1979 Tucson (Arizona) Citizen 20 Sept. f1/1 Advocates already have gone to dependency hearings in her courtroom and before juvenile court referees. 2002 Yale Law Jrnl. 112 462 A witness who had been ordered to testify before a court-appointed referee was entitled to assert the privilege. 2. †a. A person appointed by Parliament to examine and report on applications for monopolies or letters patent. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > examiner of or reporter on petitions referendary1528 referee1565 1565 in J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales (1670) 57 The Referrees to deliver a Certificate of the Charge to the Lord Treasurer. 1621 in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times James I (1848) (modernized text) II. 235 The Lords and Commons met in the afternoon, to consult what punishment to inflict upon monopolists, and the referees, who are in chiefest fault. 1640 Resol. Ho. Comm. in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 53 That the Patent for the Monopoly of Tobacco be forthwith brought into this House; And that the Referrees, to whom the Legality of this Patent was referred, attend the said Committee at the same time. 1663 in Milton's Wks. (1738) I. p. lxxxv We have received your Letter..together with several Petitions,..all which we likewise transmitted to the Lords Referees. †b. A person entrusted with the management or superintendency of something. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > person in control > [noun] > superintendent architector1461 earl1483 overlookera1513 superior1554 superintender1573 superintendent1603 surintendent1645 epistates1651 intendant1652 referee1705 supercargo1713 surveillant1819 super1849 supe1908 1705 in D. Brewster Mem. Life I. Newton (1855) II. App. xv. 480 To refer the care and management of the said impression to the said..S^r. Is. Newton [etc.];..the said referees..have treated with the said Mr. Aunsham Churchill for printing the same. 1845 Act 7 & 8 Vict. c. 84 §2 The Term ‘Official Referees’ to mean the Persons appointed in pursuance of this Act to be Official Referees of Metropolitan Buildings. c. A member of certain committees and courts appointed by the House of Commons to deal with private bills. The title of referee on private bills ceased to exist in 1902. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of body or spec. bodies > [noun] > committee > parliamentary committees > member of specific committee referee1864 1864 Times 15 July 6/1 Three persons to be appointed by the Speaker..to be referees on private Bills. 1876 in Bonham-Carter May's Parl. Practice (1893) iii. 728 That it be an instruction to committees on private bills that referees appointed to such committees may take part in all the proceedings thereof, but without the power of voting. 1908 Times 23 Mar. 10/4 Mr Crombie..had been a referee of private bills and the chairman since 1906 of the Scottish Liberal members. 1991 E. Holland in D. Englefield Workings of Westm. 55 Where the locus standi..is challenged by the promoters, the petitioners must go before the Court of Referees. 3. Sport. An official who supervises a game or match in order to ensure that the rules are adhered to. Cf. umpire n.In most sports the referee is present on the field of play and intervenes in the game as necessary. However in certain sports (such as tennis and cricket) this function is performed by an umpire or umpires, while the referee is an off-field official who may arbitrate on specific issues if they arise. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > judging or umpiring > [noun] > umpire or referee discovererc1450 judge1538 stickler1538 trier1607 umpire1714 referee1822 ref1890 ump1915 president1961 zebra1972 1822 Bristol Mirror 16 Nov. 2/5 Boxing... Edward Turner agrees to fight Cyrus Davis for 100l... Two Umpires to be appointed on the ground; one by Turner, and the other by Davis. The Referee to be named by Mr. Jackson if present; otherwise, the Umpires to appoint the Referee. 1856 Porter's Spirit of Times 6 Dec. 229/1 In [baseball] matches, an umpire is chosen on each side, and a referee to decide, when the umpires cannot agree. 1889 Sportsman 10 Apr. 7/1 Britton claimed the fight on a foul, but the referee disallowed the claim. 1906 Daily Chron. 7 Sept. 9/4 No great blame attaches to the referee, who probably did not notice the forward till he was apparently off-side. 1951 F. N. S. Creek Soccer for Boys iii. 18 The duration of the game is mainly the responsibility of the referee. 1977 Times 16 Mar. 12/1 The main topic of conversation..was the alleged attempt to bribe the Danish referee before the first leg. 2006 Laws of Game July i. 71 A player who attempts to deceive the referee by feigning injury..must be cautioned for unsporting behaviour. 4. A person appointed to examine a scientific or other academic work and assess its suitability for publication. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > research > [noun] > one who carries out > one who scrutinizes referee1836 1836 A. B. Granville Royal Soc. in XIXth Cent. iii. 129 Referees, who..could not have made the necessary experiments to verify the assertions of the author of the paper which they had had under their consideration. 1838 C. Darwin Let. 15 May in Corr. (1986) II. 87 I return my paper.—I have put a few pencil notes on the margin, which will explain to the referee how much I intend modifying certain portions. 1870 Nature 30 June 161/1 In this country the power vested in the councils of our societies, of suppressing papers on the advice of competent referees, works on the whole well. 1926 A. E. Housman Let. 14 Oct. (1971) 242 A report of mine..decided the Syndics not to accept a treatise of Richmond's... A. W. Ward..told him that I was the referee. 1971 Nature 22 Oct. 571/3 Each paper was carefully scrutinized by one senior referee and by one of the two distinguished editors-in-chief. 2006 Sci. News 170 392/2 Serving as a referee can take a significant amount of a scientist's time. 5. a. A person willing to testify as to the character or abilities of someone, esp. an applicant for employment, a tenancy, or an academic award. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > a witness, testifier > with authority > to whom reference is made > about specific person reference1799 referee1841 1841 Churchman's Monthly Rev. Apr. 234 The society requires to be informed of the name, qualifications, and character of the person selected; and expects that its clerical committee shall be satisfied on these points, by testimony from competent referees. 1860 J. Boulger Master-key to Public Offices 200 Those previously in the employment of private individuals, should name their last employer as one of their Referees. 1898 Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Engineers 19 p. viii The referees for each candidate for admission to the Society shall be requested to make a confidential communication..setting forth in detail such information..as shall enable the Council to arrive at a proper estimate of the eligibility of the candidate for admission to the Society. 1944 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 74 316/1 Candidates are requested to send in their names..giving the names of not more than three referees. 1971 Reader's Digest Family Guide Law 689/2 It may also be useful to telephone the referee, who may be prepared to give more information informally than he can provide in writing. 1996 P. Wilde Which? Guide to Renting & Letting (rev. ed.) 203 Landlords will normally require two referees for each tenant. †b. A person who falsely testifies as to the character of a dishonest individual. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1862 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) Extra vol. 24 Referees, or those who give characters to professional beggars when a reference is required. 1882 Sydney Slang Dict. 7/2 Referees, those who give characters to enable dishonest persons and thieves' accomplices to obtain situations. Compounds referee's assistant n. Sport an official who assists a referee; esp. (Association Football) one who assists the referee from the touchline, esp. by indicating when the ball is out of play or if a player is offside; cf. linesman n. 3.In early use probably not a fixed collocation. ΚΠ 1987 United Press Internat. Newswire (Nexis) 21 Dec. More than 5,000 witnessed the Canadiens-Senators matchup in Ottawa Arena... When necessary, a referee's assistant helped officiate. 1996 Guardian 19 Apr. 23/8 FIFA has a three-man working group redrafting soccer's laws... It will dismiss the linesman for the ‘referee's assistant’, as agreed last month in acknowledgment of women's increasing involvement in the game. 2012 A. Dunn Ungentlemanly Conduct xxv. 343 The entire Iranian squad appealed for a goal. The referee's assistant was too far from the incident to confirm the ball had crossed the line. Derivatives refeˈreeship n. the position, function, or status of referee. ΚΠ 1783 H. Walpole Let. 21 Nov. in Corr. (1971) XXV. 444 I threw up my refereeship. 1927 Titusville (Pa.) Herald 15 June 4/2 The list of appointments to refereeships..contains few names that will be familiar. 2001 J. E. Everson Ital. Romance Epic in Age of Humanism iii. vi. 209 A duel..under the control or refereeship of Carandina. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). refereev. Brit. /ˌrɛfəˈriː/, U.S. /ˌrɛfəˈri/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: referee n. Etymology: < referee n. 1. a. intransitive. To officiate or act as a referee. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > judging or umpiring > umpire or referee [verb (intransitive)] sticklea1643 stand1846 referee1883 umpire1901 ref1929 1883 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 19 Nov. Mr. Look, of Princeton, refereed for the home-team. 1895 Westm. Gaz. 22 Mar. 6/3 When next he referees at Sunderland an organised attack will be made upon him. 1936 W. Gallacher Revolt on Clyde i. 14 Instead of being chairman at an anti-imperialist meeting I found myself refereeing at a personality contest between two of the most childish egoists I have ever seen. 1989 Yankee Oct. 98/2 Ernest, a 1928 Olympic oarsman, has competed, coached, and refereed at every level of the sport. 1999 M. Foley Mankind, have Nice Day! 146 Mr. Haiti was refereeing, and didn't seem to have a whole lot of sympathy for my plight. ‘Get out of the ring, get out,’ he yelled. b. transitive. To preside over (a game, match, debate, etc.) as a referee; to act as a referee in. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > judging or umpiring > umpire or referee [verb (transitive)] umpire1861 referee1889 ref1929 officiate1978 1889 Sportsman 10 Apr. 7/1 Those fights that I want to referee, I will referee. 1936 E. C. H. Taylor et al. Our Austral. Game Football 69 The fastest game that he had ever refereed. 1953 W. Fisher Waiters 141 As if he were refereeing a debate. 1956 S. H. Bell Erin's Orange Lily iii. 49 He..refereed football matches with a heart-warming partiality. 1993 Rugby World & Post May 56/1 The man who refereed the World Cup final at Twickenham. 2007 D. J. Kucinich Courage to Survive 229 He refereed arguments, barking..furiously when things got out of control. 2. transitive. To examine and evaluate (an academic paper, thesis, etc.), esp. for publication. ΚΠ 1928 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1035 The Council again records its indebtedness to those Fellows who referee papers. 1953 Biol. Bull. 104 2 Those manuscripts which do not conform will be returned to authors for correction before they are refereed by the Board. 1970 Physics Bull. 3/1 If a referee is unable to referee a paper himself, he is invited to pass it to an appropriate colleague. 1999 F. Silverman Publishing for Tenure & Beyond vii. 91 An editor can increase the odds of an article being recommended for acceptance by having it refereed by persons who share the author's theoretical and methodological biases. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1549v.1883
随便看	pantsed pantses pantsing pantskirt pantsuit pantsuited pantsuits pantsula pantsula jive pantun pantuns panturanian panturanianism panturanism panturkism pantwell panty briefs panty girdle panty hose panty leg panty line panty liner panty manufacturer panty part panty raid

refereen.

Compounds

Derivatives

refereev.