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单词 reeve
释义

reeven.1

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/
Forms:

α. early Old English geroeba, Old English gehrefa (Mercian), Old English gehroefa (Mercian), Old English geræfa, Old English gereua, Old English geroefa (chiefly non-West Saxon), Old English geroefe (Mercian), Old English giroefa (Anglian), Old English gyroefa, Old English–early Middle English gerefa, late Old English gereafa, early Middle English gerefe, early Middle English irefe, early Middle English ireue, early Middle English ireva.

β. Old English hroefa (Mercian), Old English refa, Old English roefa (Mercian), Old English–1500s reue, early Middle English reaue, early Middle English ref- (in compounds), early Middle English reuwe (south-west midlands), Middle English reoue (west midlands), Middle English rewe, Middle English reyue (south-west midlands), Middle English–1600s reeue, Middle English–1600s refe, Middle English–1700s (1800s historical) reve, late Middle English reff, late Middle English–1500s ryfe, late Middle English– reeve, 1500s reeffe, 1500s–1600s (1800s U.S.) reave, 1600s reefe, 1600s reiff (North American), 1600s reive, 1600s reuef (North American), 1600s riefe (Welsh English (Pembrokeshire)), 1700s reef, 1700s rieve, 1700s riff (North American); English regional (Kent) 1800s– reve; also Scottish pre-1700 raif, pre-1700 reif, pre-1700 reive; also Irish English 1500s rief (Wexford), 1600s riff, 1600s riffe; N.E.D. (1905) also records a form late Middle English rive.

See also grieve n.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: y- prefix, an element of uncertain origin.
Etymology: In α. forms < y- prefix + a second element of uncertain origin; perhaps < an ablaut variant of the Germanic base of Old English rōf number, Old High German ruoba , ruova , ruava number, row, Old Icelandic -róf row (in e.g. stafróf alphabet (lit. ‘stave row’), tregróf lamentation (lit. ‘sorrow row’), málróf gossip (lit. ‘speech row’)). In β. forms probably aphetic < α. forms. Compare also the Old English (Northumbrian) variant grōefa grieve n.Also attested early in place names, as Refham , Norfolk (1086; now Reepham), Refam , Lincolnshire (1086; now Reepham), Rouuetone , Reneton [read Reueton ], Nottinghamshire (1086; also Reueton (1287); now Rayton Farm), Reveton , Devon (1238; now Riverton), etc.; and as a surname: Walter le Reve (1220), Adam le Reue (1253), Roger Reve (1277), etc.; it is often difficult to determine whether these reflect sense 1 or sense 2. The Old English form of the word has been revived in modern historical use: see gerefa n.
1. Chiefly in Anglo-Saxon and later medieval England: a supervising official of high rank, esp. one having jurisdiction under a king; spec.
Thesaurus »
Categories »
a. The chief royal representative in a county, who administered royal justice and collected royal revenues; = sheriff n. 1. Now historical.
b. The chief magistrate of a town or district; = portreeve n. 1, borough-reeve n. Now chiefly historical, but still retained in a small number of English boroughs.On the office of reeve in Anglo-Saxon England see article by P. Stafford in Blackwell Encycl. Anglo-Saxon England (1999).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > chief magistrate of a district > [noun]
reeveeOE
high reeveOE
praetor?a1439
surveyor1548
α.
eOE (Kentish) Will of Æðelnoð & Gænburg (Sawyer 1500) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 4 Æðelnoð se gerefa to Eastorege.
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 787 On his dagum cuomon ærest iii scipu, & þa se gerefa þærto rad & hie wolde drifan to þæs cyninges tune þy he nyste hwæt hie wæron, & hiene mon ofslog.
lOE Laws of Æðelred II (Rochester) i. iv. 220 Gif hwylc man sy, þe eallon folce ungetrywe sy, fare þæs cynges gerefa to & gebringe hine under borge, þæt hine man to rihte gelæde þam þe him onspræcon.
a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily De Duodecim Abusivis (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 115 He [sc. ðe king] scal soðfeste men setten him to irefen [OE gerefan].
c1225 ( Ælfric Gloss. (Worcester) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 538 Comes, aldermon, uel ireva [OE Julius gerefa, OE St. John's Oxf. gefera].
β. OE List of Sureties, York in Eng. Hist. Rev. (1912) 27 12 Ðis sindan þa festermen Elfricas: Ulfcetel, cyninges reue, ond Merleswuain, Wulstain, Ulf, Ligolf, Barað, [etc.].a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 50 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 163 (MED) Þe deð his echte on sikere stude he hit sent to heueneriche..for ne mei þet hit ou binimen king ne reue.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 43 Þe vifte is þe zenne of reuen or prouostes, of bedeles, or sergons, þet accuseþ..poure uolc and ham doþ raymi.a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 5785 (MED) If a kyng of a riche kyngryke..had a doghter..And bytaght hir til his ryfe to kepe, [etc.].c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 34 (MED) John..Kyng of Inglonde..to Archiebisshops, bissphos, Abbotes, Erles, Barons, Justices, Shreves, Revys..helth.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 371 Here is a bag full..of pride and of lust,..Of flytars, of flyars, and renderars of reffys.1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. xiv. 58 The sherife (which is as much to say as the Reeue or Bayly of the shire).1593 J. Norden Speculum Brit.: Middlesex i. 7 The Saxons called him Scyregerefa, the Reeve of the Shire.1629 T. Dekker Londons Tempe (1844) 42 In the time of Edward Confessor, the chiefe ruler of the citty was called Reeve, Greeve, or Portreeve.a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) 44 Reeve..signifieth an Officer to oversee and order, being cheif in the Shire.1710 H. Prideaux Orig. & Right Tithes iv. 199 I Athelstan..do command all my Reves in my Kingdom [etc.].1750 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. II. viii. 254 Those [sc. cities and burghs] belonging to the crown were governed by the king's reeve or bailiff: and the inhabitants paid rent for the houses of their abode, customs, tolls, and other duties.1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 24 When the reeve of the next town attempted to make them prisoners, they slew him, and escaped to their vessels.1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. v. 346 Hugh, a Frenchman,..was now the royal Reeve in Exeter.1976 Wymondham & Attleborough Express 10 Dec. 10/2 Bungay..is proud to be almost the only town in the country still presided over by a ‘Tun-gerefa’ or Reeve, a good old English title far more ancient than that of the Norman ‘Mayor’.1998 Law & Hist. Rev. 16 11 Æthelred's first code, which had concluded by ordering that the king's reeve put all those seen as ‘untrustworthy to all people’ under surety, or else execute them.
c. high reeve: = sense 1a. Also in extended use. Cf. high adj. and n.2 Compounds 1c. Now historical.The precise nature of the rank or office originally denoted by the title is uncertain; sometimes denoting an officer of a higher rank than sheriff, but at other times apparently used as its equivalent (see further F. Liebermann Gesetze der Angelsachsen (1912) II. 498–9).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > chief magistrate of a district > [noun]
reeveeOE
high reeveOE
praetor?a1439
surveyor1548
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark xiii. 9 Ante praesides et reges stabitis propter me : befora undercyningum uel hehgeroefum & cyningum gie biðon stondende uel gie stondes fore mec.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 1001 Ðær wearð Æþelweard cinges heahgerefa ofslegen..& Leofwine cinges heahgerefa.
OE Laws: Norðleoda Laga (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 460 Holdes & cyninges heahgerefan [wergild] iiii þusend þrimsa.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) 61 Maximien hehest i Rome, þet is, heh reue.
1656 J. Harrington Common-wealth of Oceana 34 The Division that was in use with the Teutons, was by Counties, and every County had either his Ealdorman, or high Reeve.
1848 J. M. Kemble Saxons in Eng. (1876) II. ii. v. 157 These high-reeves were therefore probably military officers of Æðelred.
1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 177 Amongst the Northumbrians, the place of the Ealderman seems to have been filled by the High-Reeve.
1939 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 33 132 The sheriff evolving from the borough high-reeve about the year 1000.
1991 Albion 23 618 It was the abbot of Lindisfarne, not the high reeve at Bamburgh, who eventually negotiated a settlement with the Vikings.
2. Any of various other local officials; spec.
Thesaurus »
Categories »
a. An officer appointed by a landowner to supervise estates, tenants, or workers; a bailiff, steward, or overseer. Cf. grieve n. 2. Now historical.
b. A minor local official, as an overseer of a parish, a churchwarden, etc. Now historical.Sometimes with defining word specifying the area of responsibility, as church-reeve, fen-reeve, field-reeve, land-reeve, moss reeve, etc.: see the first element.Recorded earliest in β forms in gavel-reeve n. at gavel n.1 Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > holder of office > parish official > [noun]
reeveeOE
society > faith > church government > laity > lay functionaries > church-warden > [noun]
reeveeOE
kirkmaster1429
church reeve1433
warden1439
kirkreeve1442
churchwarden1443
churchman1457
churchmaster1484
churchward1496
kirkwarden1500
herenach1607
chapelwarden1688
kirkward1883
α.
eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) lxiii. 118 Gif gesiðcund mon fare, þonne mot he habban his gerefan mid him & his smið & his cildfestran.
lOE Laws: Gerefa (Corpus Cambr.) i. 453 Se scadwis gerefa sceal ægðær witan ge hlafordes landriht ge folces gerihtu,..& ælcre tilðan timan, ðe to tune belimpð.
β. c1275 ( Will of Leofgifu (Sawyer 1521) in D. Whitelock Anglo-Saxon Wills (1930) 76 And ic an Godric mine reue at Walddingfeld þa þritti acre þe ic him er to hande let.?a1300 Fox & Wolf 26 in G. H. McKnight Middle Eng. Humorous Tales (1913) 26 (MED) He com in wiþ-outen leue Boþen of haiward and of reue.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 37 (MED) Þe greate [sc. thieves] byeþ of þe kueade and þe ontrewe reuen, prouos, and bedeles.c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. l. 427 (MED) I can holde louedayes and here a Reues rekenynge.?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 195 (MED) Oure prestis..semen bettere bailyues or reues þan gostly prestis of ihu crist. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 431 Reve, lordys serwawnte, prepositus.1511–12 Act 3 Hen. VIII c. 23 §9 The said accomptauntes..that is to saye, Feodaries Bailliffes Reves Heywardes and Bedelles.1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. vii He may surrendre his landes vnto the baylyffe or to the reeue.1603 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) 191 The Landlord by his bailliffe or reave vseth to arrest so much of the tenantes goods vpon the land as ys found of decaye.1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. x. 434 To this Hobby-horse dance there also belong'd a pot, which was kept by turnes, by 4 or 5 of the cheif of the Town, whom they call'd Reeves.1710 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum II Reeve of a Church is the Guardian of it; or the Church-Warden.1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. xi. 377 Neither can he be chosen to any temporal office; as bailiff, reeve, constable, or the like.1791 in 15th Rep. Commissioners Woods, Forests, & Land Revenues (1793) 40 The Cattle of the Commoners are marked by the Reeves of the respective Parishes.1871 Daily News 21 Sept. The reeve of Leyton..reported encroachments in Wanstead Flats.1894 Eng. Hist. Rev. 9 361 A negligent reeve ‘shall be put in the stocks upon a pining-stool’.1965 Aylesford Rev. Spring 17 Probably he valued being Reeve of Ditchling Common more than he did being a Freeman of the City of London.1995 Countryman Spring 140 The commoners' council could appoint ‘reeves’—its own private police force—and it would become a criminal offence to ‘resist or intentionally obstruct’ a reeve on duty.2005 D. Stone Decision-making in Medieval Agric. vii. 190 [By the 1420s] the gap between potential and actual financial returns per acre had widened, and the turnover of reeves had become unusually rapid;..poor results could swiftly bring the sack.
c. An overseer in a coal mine. Obsolete (regional in later use).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > miner > [noun] > mine manager or overseer
mine master1598
captain1602
reeve1753
1753 Pocket Dict. Reeve, the overseer of a coal pit.
1863 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 417 The Reeve went on a few yards in advance of the party—his unlighted Davy-lamp in one hand.
1879 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. Reeve, the underground overlooker of the pits.
d. In parts of Canada: the elected leader of the council of a town or other rural municipality.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > chief magistrate or mayor > in Canada
reeve1850
warden1873
1850 Jrnl. Educ. Upper Canada 3 64/2 The remuneration which they have received while in attendance at the Municipal Council as Reeve and Deputy Reeve.
1884 Brandon (Manitoba) Blade 17 Jan. 8/3 The Reeve, in a few well chosen remarks, dwelt on the duties and responsibilities devolving on them as servants of the people.
1945 G. W. Brown Canad. Democracy in Action vii. 89 The town council consists of a mayor, a reeve, and two or three councillors elected for each of the wards.
1965 Victoria (Brit. Columbia) Daily Times 20 July 11/8 The reeve said the general principle of regional planning is good but the mechanics need improving.
1991 D. McBain Art Roebuck 22 Two months later, when a new reeve called for tenders and Warren had lost the grading job, Ida hired him to help with the vegetable fields.
3. In extended use: a governor, magistrate, or other (usually high-ranking) officer in a non-English-speaking country or in the ancient world; any of various other officials. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > [noun] > foreign
reeveeOE
justiciary1598
justiciar1625
α.
eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 12 Censores, giroefan.
eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 13 Commentariensis, giroefa.
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) ii. xiii. 144 Þa ærest to Drihtnes geleafan [Sanctus Paulinus] gecerde Lindcylene ceastre gerefan [L. praefectum]..mid his heorode.
OE West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) xv. 43 Þa com Iosep se æðela gerefa of Abarimathia.
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 41) 25 Dec. 2 Diocletianus se hæþena casere hi sealde his gereuas... Þa het se gerefa hi belucan in carcerne.
β. OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xxvii. 23 Ait illis Pylatus [read praeses] quid enim male fecit : cwæþ heom se roefa to hwæt dyde untale.OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Julius) 26 Aug. 189 Ða het Valerianus se refa [OE Corpus Cambr. 196 gerefa] hi forþon acwellan in þam..adolseaþe.c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Royal) l. 42 He bi ȝet et te keiser þet he ȝettede him reue to beonne.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7783 Þa wes inne Kair-merðin a reue þe hehte Eli.c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 49 The [Saracen] reve amorwe that hem [sc. escaped prisoners] scholde to here labour lede, Nuste he tho he miste hem what him was to rede.

Compounds

C1. attributive with sense ‘of, belonging, or relating to a reeve’ (chiefly in senses 1 and 2).
reeve-pole n.
ΚΠ
1788 J. Love New Waymouth Guide 19 If, perchance, you take your refreshment at the Portland Arms, Gibs will shew you..the Reve Pole, which exhibits a very ancient mode of keeping accounts.
1871 Times 25 Aug. 6/1 Mr. Eliot..produced a reeve-pole—a square pole about 10ft. long and 1in. square, marked from end to end with notches indicating the sums to be paid by each tenant of the barony.
1949 Antiquity Sept. 144 The rents of all tenants were entered by the Reeve on a Reeve-Pole... of mahogany, deal, or pine... On it were symbols representing the five tithings and the amount of rent to be paid by each tenant.
reeve roll n.
ΚΠ
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. 460 With spiritus intellectus they seke þe reues rolles [c1400 C text reeue-rolles].
1922 D. Chadwick Social Life in Days Piers Plowman iii. 55 The reeve was responsible for the behaviour of labourers and the cultivation of the estate, and the ‘reeve-rolls’, or detailed accounts of the property, were kept by him or his clerks.
1996 R. B. McDonald in L. C. Lambdin & R. T. Lambdin Chaucer's Pilgrims (1999) xxvi. 293 It may be that the job of reeve was made profitable by what was not recorded in the reeve rolls.
reeve-sheaf n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1235–52 in C. J. Elton Rentalia et Custumaria (1891) 93 Et debet qualibet die in autumpno..unum revesef.
C2.
reeve-elect n. Canadian a reeve (sense 2d) who has been elected but is not yet in office.
ΚΠ
1854 Rep. Court Common Pleas Upper Canada 3 245 As to the reeve elect, he was elected de facto.
1879 Manitoba Daily Free Press 24 Jan. 2/1 The reeve elect took the chair.
1991 Ottawa Citizen 20 Nov. 10/1 Three days after being elected on an impressive reform platform, reeve-elect Pat Grant announced she no longer wants the job.
reeve-ham n. [apparently attested earlier as a place name: see etymological note] Obsolete a plot of pasture-ground allotted to a reeve (sense 2a).
ΚΠ
1235–52 in C. J. Elton Rentalia et Custumaria (1891) 64 Prepositus de Winterburne..debet habere..duas carecatas feni de prato domini quod vocatur Refham.
1235–52 in C. J. Elton Rentalia et Custumaria (1891) 140 Et debet habere, ii hammes prati..que vocantur Refhammes.
reeveland n. now historical land allotted to a reeve (senses 1a and 2a).For a discussion of the precise meaning see R. R. Darlington in Victoria Hist. Wiltshire (1955) II. 62–3, 82–3.Recorded earliest in sunder-reeveland n. at sunder adv. and adj. Compounds.
ΚΠ
eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 239 In tribulano territorio, on þæm sundor gereflande.
lOE Charter: Bp. Stigand to Wulfric (Sawyer 1403) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 202 Hy letan him to..æt Peattanigge þreo gyrda & þa mæde þa gebyrað to ðam gereflande.
1235–52 in C. J. Elton Rentalia et Custumaria (1891) 34 Pro iiijor acris que vocantur Reflond iij sol.
c1325 (a1300) Custumal Bleadon in Mem. Hist. & Antiq. Wilts. & Salisbury (1851) 209 Et habebit unum ferdellum terre sine messuagio quod vocatur revelond.
1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus xliv. 497 The great Tenures called Tainlands, were in the hands of the Nobles and Gentry, who held them in escuage;..the lesser ones named Reevelands were held in socage.
1751 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer at Taunton-Dean The tenures here are copyhold lands, over-lands, and reve-lands.
1897 F. W. Maitland Domesday Bk. & Beyond 169 Besides this he seems to have ‘reveland’ which belongs to him as sheriff.
1997 R. Faith Eng. Peasantry & Growth of Lordship vi. 159Reeveland’ too became a recognized category, perhaps when the term gerefa had come to mean estate administrator rather than public official.
reeve-mead n. Obsolete a plot of meadowland allotted to a reeve (sense 2a).
ΚΠ
OE Charter: Bp. Oswald to Wulfgar (Sawyer 1327) in D. Hooke Worcs. Anglo-Saxon Charter-bounds (1990) 281 We writað him… vi æcras mæde on þa gerefmæde.
1235–52 in C. J. Elton Rentalia et Custumaria (1891) 118 (MED) Et [prepositus] habebit j pratum quod appellatur Refmede.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

reeven.2

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/
Forms:

α. 1500s ryff, 1800s– riff (English regional (Yorkshire)).

β. 1600s– reeve, 1700s reave.

Origin: Of uncertain origin.
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps aphetic < an unattested reflex of Old English gerif string (of fish, etc.) < y- prefix + a second element of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Old Icelandic rifa to tack together, sew loosely, rif rope or strip of fabric used to draw up a sail (see reef n.1)), with β. forms perhaps arising from lengthening of the stem vowel in an open syllable in oblique cases. Sense 2 may show a different word; perhaps compare reeve v.3 2. With sense 1 perhaps compare also English regional (Northamptonshire) reid rope of onions (see Eng. Dial. Dict. at reid).For evidence of Old English gerif compare:OE Brussels Gloss. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 289 Una serta i. una corona i. an gerif fissca oððe an snæs fissca oððe oðra þinga.OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 222 Una serta, an gerif fisca uel oþer þincg.
Now rare.
1. A string or rope (of onions). Also: a bunch or cluster. Chiefly English regional (midlands) in later use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > onion, leek, or garlic > [noun] > onion > string of onions
reeve1509
strap1816
α.
1509 Inventory in Stocks & Bragg Mkt. Harborough Par. Rec. (1890) 233 Item ix Ryffes off Onyons.
β. 1613 in E. R. Brinkworth & J. S. W. Gibson Banbury Wills & Inventories (1976) I. 228 Three score reeves of onyons.1678 H. Sampson in Philos. Trans. 1677 (Royal Soc.) 12 1001 All distended with Liquor, and ty'd, like a Reeve of Onions altogether.1795 M. Russell Diary Oct. in S. H. Jeyes Russells of Birmingham (1911) xii. 180 Their trees laden so that..in many places the fruit is as thick as reaves of onions tied close together.1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words II. 168 Reeves... Ropes of onions.1896 G. F. Northall Warwickshire Word-bk. 191Reeve of onions’, a rope or string of onions. [Leicester].1908 P. J. Hartley My Lady of Cleeve iii. 53 It was a large room well stocked with articles pertaining to its character. Here a row of brightly polished pans, there a score of reeves of onions.1974 W. Leeds Herefordshire Speech at Reeves In reeves, in clusters.
2. A long narrow strip; a ridge or wrinkle. Now regional.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > narrow piece
sliverc1374
lista1398
labelc1425
reeve1726
stripe1785
slip1825
finger1839
striplet1839
slither1919
α.
1883 Pudsey Almanack & Hist. Reg. Dec. First ower a riff, an' then inta a fur.
β. 1726 P. Dudley in Philos. Trans. 1725 (Royal Soc.) 33 258 Both the Finbacks and Humpbacks are shaped in Reeves longitudinal from Head to Tail on their Bellies and their Sides, so far as their Fins.1770 B. Franklin Let. 26 June in Wks. (1887) IV. 353 The edges of two sheets are laid down so as to lap or cover each other an inch, and a slip of the same copper, about three inches and a half broad, called the reeve, is introduced between them.1854 D. Costello in Househ. Words 16 Dec. 429/2 She [sc. a hippopotamus] was too young..for wrinkles such as those of Egypt's queen, but rejoiced in reeves of fat.1905 Eng. Dial. Dict. V. 82/1 Reeve, a wrinkle. [Warwickshire].1912 E. M. Leather Folk-lore Herefordshire x. 118 [It is an omen of death] if a ‘reeve’ or ridge be missed when sowing the corn; this sometimes happened before the introduction of machine drills.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

reeven.3

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/
Forms: 1600s reue, 1600s– reeve, 1700s reif, 1700s–1800s reef, 1700s– reave, 1700s– reve.
Origin: Of uncertain origin.
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Compare ruff n.6 and earlier ree n.1It has been suggested that this word was originally a name for the male bird, arising as an alteration of ree n.1 in this sense (perhaps by association with reeve n.1, the ornate breeding plumage of the bird suggesting the ceremonial dress of an official (compare e.g. sheriff's man n. at sheriff n. Compounds 1 in the sense ‘goldfinch’)) and subsequently transferred to the less distinctive female of the species. The older suggestion that reeve is derived by change of the stem vowel from ruff n.6 is phonologically problematic and not well supported by the evidence. For a full discussion of all three names see further W. B. Lockwood in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1975 (1977) 181–3 and discussion at ree n.1
The female of the ruff (ruff n.6), Philomachus pugnax, which lacks the ruff and ear tufts of the breeding male.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Scolopacidae (snipes, etc.) > [noun] > philomachus pugnax (ruff) > female
ree1416
reeve1610
1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia iv. iii. 83 Fowling may be for the Bittour, Curlewe.., Redshank, Ruffe or Reue.
1634 Althorp MS in J. N. Simpkinson Washingtons (1860) App. 15 For 20 dozen and 5 ruffs and reeves.
1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. M5v The Phesant,..Reeve, Ruffe, Raile.
1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. 302 The Ruff, whose Female is called a Reeve.
1725 R. Smith Court Cookery (ed. 2) 29 Ruffs and Reaves are drest the same way as Quails.
1766 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. ii. 123 The Reeves, or females are said never to change their colors.
1797 T. Williams Accomplished Housekeeper 13 (heading) To dress Ruffs and Reifs.
1831 J. Rennie Montagu's Ornithol. Dict. (ed. 2) 441 Ruff,..The female, or Reeve, is less than the male... The Reeve lays four white eggs, marked with large ferruginous spots.
1871 Athenæum 3 June 689/2 The ruff and the reeve, now reduced to only a few pairs in a single locality, must also soon be lost if not protected by the law.
1900 Fenland Notes & Queries 4 177 Besides the fowl mentioned by Mr. Camden, of mud-suckers, which are esteemed the best, we have ruff and reve, the former being the cock, the other the hen.
1965 D. A. Bannerman & W. M. Bannerman Birds of Atlantic Islands II. 129 Many years later we were to find a party of two ruffs and four reeves (the name applied to the female) at Machico.
1993 Times 28 Aug. (Weekend section) 3/4 One migrant wader I particularly like is the ruff (or reeve, in the case of the female).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

reeven.4

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/, Scottish English /riv/
Forms: 1700s 1900s– rive, 1700s– reeve, 1700s– reive, 1700s– rieve, 1800s riva (rare), 1900s– riv, 1900s– ruive.
Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: ree n.4
Etymology: Apparently a variant of ree n.4 with excrescent v (compare discussion at ro n.).
Scottish.
= ree n.4 1, 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > enclosure > fold or pen
folda700
lockeOE
pen1227
foldingc1440
pend1542
cub1548
hull1570
corral1582
boolya1599
ree1674
crew1681
reeve1720
stell1766
pound1779
kraal1796
fank1812
poundage1866
forcing-yard1890
1720 in Aberd. Jrnl. Notes & Queries (1908) 1 162 Each plough was bound to put up fold dykes, reeves and penfolds, for cattle and sheep, and again to take down the reeves yearly as needed.
1795 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XV. 377 These mounds are perfectly circular, with regular fosses; the one is styled the Meikle Reive.
1818 in Extracts Rec. Burgh Glasgow (1915) X. 451 The property..is..occupied as a coal yard or rieve.
1845 New Statist. Acct. Scotl. XII. 426 A round knoll or eminence..called the Earl of Marr's Reive or Ree.
1899 J. Allan Cracks wi' Flutorm 34 Heich, Baron Glessie's vassals met In coonsil owre their plea, Mark'd by the hillfort riva chair O ancient pedigree.
1941 C. Gavin Black Milestone xiii There was a squeal or two of hunger from the swine's rieve.
1975 J. Y. Mather & H. H. Speitel Ling. Atlas Scotl. I. 282 Hen coop, [Moray] riv,..[Banff] (hen) riv,..[Aberdeen] hen riv, reive.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

reevev.1

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/
Inflections: Past tense rove, reeved; past participle rove, reeved, (rare) roven, (rare) roved;
Forms: 1600s reeue, 1600s rieve, 1600s– reeve, 1700s– reave. Past tense

α. 1600s riued, 1600s rived, 1700s– reeved.

β. 1800s– rove.

Past participle

α. 1600s reeued, 1600s– reeved, 1700s reif'd, 1700s– reaved.

β. 1700s– rove, 1800s– roven.

γ. 1900s– roved.

Origin: Of uncertain origin.
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps ultimately related to reef n.1, although the nature of any relationship is unclear. It has been suggested that this verb is a borrowing of Dutch reven to take in a reef, but this is not attested until later (see reef v.1). Compare also reeve v.3In past tense and past participles showing a change of the stem vowel perhaps influenced by association with weave v.1
Originally and chiefly Nautical.
1.
a. transitive. To pass (a rope or cable) through a hole, ring, or block. Also with through.
ΚΠ
1600 J. Jane Last Voy. T. Cavendish (1880) 111 We rived our ropes, and againe rigged our ship.
1644 H. Mainwaring Sea-mans Dict. 83 When we would expresse that the Tack is put through the Ches-trees, we say it is reeved through.
1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words To Reeve, a Term in Navigation, and spoken of ropes, signifieth as much as to put in or to put through.
1743 J. Bulkeley & J. Cummins Voy. to South-seas 14 Reev'd the Top Ropes, and lower'd the Yard.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson i. x. 104 We exerted ourselves..to reeve new lanyards, and to mend our sails.
1794 Ld. Nelson Let. Mar. in Dispatches & Lett. (1844) I. 379 Purchases will be rove to drag the guns.
1803 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 93 322 With great difficulty..I got small lines rove through four of the ports on the starboard side.
1825 C. Waterton Wanderings in S. Amer. iii. iv. 264 One end of the new rope..was reeved through the chain of the shark-hook.
1898 F. T. Bullen Cruise ‘Cachalot’ xxiv. 321 All hands were kept busily employed preparing for stormy weather—reeving new running-gear.
1950 R. Moore Candlemas Bay 64 All the time he was speaking, he was working on Guy's cable, unscrewing the shackle from the end of it, reeving the end through the tackle on his davit.
1978 A. Fenton Northern Isles lxv. 569 Forward in the gunwales were tack boxes, holes through which the tack rope was roved from the outside.
2006 S. M. Stirling Sky People ii. 45 They worked their way up cautiously, driving pitons deep with blows of the blunt hammer sides of their picks..and then reeving the knotted climbing rope through the spring-loaded loops on the ends.
b. transitive. To thrust or pass (a rod, bar, etc.) through any aperture or opening.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > transpierce
through-stingeOE
thorough-runOE
spitc1275
through-shovec1330
through-ficchea1400
through-girdc1405
tresperce1484
transpierce1594
reeve1681
1681 R. Knox Hist. Relation Ceylon i. vii. 28 Then they..take them [sc. fish] out. And rieve a Rattan thro their gills.
1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 54 With the Reins reiv'd through both Hands, he strait hawls them aft like Main-sheets.
1867 F. Francis Bk. Angling viii. 255 The tackle is not reeved through the gill.
1869 E. J. Reed Shipbuilding v. 80 One of the angle-irons at each transverse frame is reeved through a score just above the upper edge of the side bar.
1969 N. Macmillan Into Blue (rev. ed.) iii. 55 The 45 Squadron's [Sopwith] Strutters also had speaking tubes, a length of rubber tubing rove through the fuselage past the fuel tank between the cockpits.
2006 U.S. Fed News (Nexis) 4 July Two guide rollers are connected to an underside of the worktable and the flexible ruler reeved through the two guide rollers.
c. intransitive. Of a rope: to pass through a block, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [verb (intransitive)] > pass through (of rope)
reeve1704
1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Dead-mens-eyes Sometimes..the main stays of a Ship are set taught by Dead-Mens-Eyes and Lanniers. The Crowfeet always do reeve through Dead-Mens-Eyes.
1792 W. Nichelson Treat. Pract. Navigation & Seamanship 202 Some Genius, who thought himself very clever, had shivers put into the forepart of the trussell trees at the main topmast head, for the foretop gallant braces to reeve through.
1814 Repertory of Arts 2nd Ser. 25 100 The quarter where the top-blocks were lashed for the rudder-guys to reeve through.
1841 R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. i. iii. 16 The mizen topsail braces reeve up through the leading blocks..on the main rigging.
1860 Mercantile Marine Mag. 7 113 The..lines are to reeve through a..block.
1862 G. S. Nares Seamanship 8 Pieces of wood..for the fore topmast stays to reeve through.
1955 C. N. Longridge Anat. Nelson's Ships i. vi. 96 The main tack reeves through the sheaves and belays to one of the staghorns in the waist.
1989 tr. W. zu Mondfeld Hist. Ship Models 320 Spritsail clew lines belayed to a cleat in the head before 1720, and later reeved through the gammon lashing.
2. transitive. To place (a rope or the like) in, on, over, round, etc., in this way; to fix or fasten to something by reeving. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific ways
windc1550
veer1590
veer1604
rousea1625
heave1626
overhaul1626
ease1627
pay1627
reeve1627
unbend1627
to come up1685
overhale1692
to pay away1769
surge1769
render1777
to pay out1793
to round down1793
to set upon ——1793
swig1794
veer1806
snake1815
to side out for a bend1831
rack1841
snub1841
society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > bind or fasten
to turn in?1537
frap1548
reeve1627
seize1644
nip1670
marl1704
marline1706
clinch1780
nipper1794
clench1803
to turn in1834
1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. v. 22 The Robbins are little lines reeued into the eylet holes of the saile vnder the head ropes.
1644 H. Mainwaring Sea-mans Dict. 83 Instead of putting a roape through a block, we say, Reeve it in that block, (as the Halliards are reeved in the Knights and Ram-heads).
1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. vii. 55 Let the parson do his office when he wool, here I am ready to be reeved in the matrimonial block.
1753 J. Smeaton in Philos. Trans. 1751–2 (Royal Soc.) 47 496 The last line..being reeved round those till it comes at the opposite side.
1821 W. Scott Pirate II. ix. 210 He would willingly reeve a rope to the yard-arm for the benefit of an unfortunate buccaneer.
1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple I. xv. 230 Double breechings were rove on the guns.
1970 Brit. Standard Spec. for Flat Lifting Slings 19 When the sling is reeved round the load, the more heavily loaded part of the loop or blight will be [etc.].
2005 US Fed News (Nexis) 21 Mar. A belt reeved over the fuser, guide, idler, and tension rolls holds the idler roll in place.
3.
a. transitive. To fit (a block, tackle) with a rope by reeving; to attach in this way, to tie. Also in extended use. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > work tackle > specific operations on or with tackle
reeve1639
snatch1769
underrun1769
whip1769
stropc1860
1639 R. Gibson in Harper's Mag. (1883) Mar. 597/2 The block was reeved at the mainyard to have ducked her.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §143 Those blocks being reeved and brought together.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) Expl. Pl. 18 The greater sheaves are reeved as far as can be on them.
1808 C. Vancouver Gen. View Agric. Devon v. 130 A hook, reeved at one end of the tackle-rope, takes the middle band.
1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors iii. 54 They proceeded to reeve the huge blocks that are always made fast..to the fore and main mast head.
1895 S. R. Crockett Men of Moss-hags li. 365 Nigh halfway up the steep bank stood our little Margaret, loosely reeved to a sunken stob.
1984 P. O'Brian Far Side of World iii. 108 The ex-Defenders were shown how to reeve gun-tackles and house their pieces just so.
b. transitive. Of a rope: to pass through (a block). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [verb (transitive)] > pass through (of rope)
reeve1775
1775 N. D. Falck Philos. Diss. Diving Vessel 27 Above and below were eyes on each side, through which went the rope that reeved the block.
c. transitive. Of a ship: to thread a course through (shoals or pack ice). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [verb (transitive)] > thread shoals or ice
reeve1855
1855 E. Belcher Last of Arctic Voy. I. p. xviii (Gloss.) Reeving, following up various labyrinthine or angular channels until the vessel reaches open water; as, ‘reeve the pack’.
1860 Mercantile Marine Mag. 7 122 After a day of hair-breadth escapes, literally reeving the shoals, by conning from the mast-head and jib-boom, the fair channel was reached.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 566 Reeving, in polar voyaging, following up serpentine channels in the ice, till the vessel reaches open water, or reeves the pack.
d. transitive. poetic. To gather together. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (transitive)]
somnec825
heapc900
gathera975
samc1000
to set togetherc1275
fang1340
assemblec1374
recueilc1380
drawa1393
to draw togethera1398
semblea1400
congatherc1400
congregatec1400
to take together1490
recollect1513
to gather togetherc1515
to get together1523
congesta1552
confer1552
collect1573
ingatherc1575
ramass1586
upgather1590
to muster upa1593
accrue1594
musterc1595
compone1613
herd1615
contract1620
recoil1632
comporta1641
rally1643
rendezvous1670
purse1809
adduct1824
to round up1873
reeve1876
to pull together1925
1876 G. M. Hopkins Wreck of Deutschland xii, in Poems (1967) 55 Yet did the dark side of the bay of thy blessing Not vault them, the million of rounds of thy mercy not reeve even them in?

Derivatives

reeved adj.
ΚΠ
1775 N. D. Falck Philos. Diss. Diving Vessel 51 Reeve them at an equal distance,..tie the reeved parts together with a rope-yarn.
1863 Newton's London Jrnl. Arts & Sci. 18 345 The scrubber float is then attached to the reeved guy rope.
1987 D. J. House Seamanship Techniques I. v. 118 The topping lift is often left in the reeved condition, in place between the derrick and the mast.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

reevev.2

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/
Forms: 1700s 1900s– rive, 1800s– a-reived (past participle), 1800s– reeve, 1800s– reive.
Origin: Of unknown origin.
Etymology: Origin unknown. Compare earlier reeving n.1, which perhaps implies earlier currency of the verb, although the possibility cannot be excluded that the verb was inferred from the noun as a back-formation. Compare also earlier ree v.1 and English regional (south-western) rew , rue (see ree v.1), both in the same sense. For a full discussion of the relationship between these words see further ree v.1With the past participle form a-reived compare a- prefix2 2.
Now rare (English regional).
transitive. To sift (winnowed grain, etc.); = ree v.1
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > clean grain > by sieve
temsec950
ridderOE
boltc1175
bunt1340
riddle1440
ree?1523
range1538
succernate1623
ravela1690
reeve1777
1777–8 R. Wight Horæ Subsecivæ (MS Bodl. Eng. lang. d.66) 370 To Rive..to sift.
1820 R. Wilbraham Attempt Gloss. Cheshire (ed. 2) Reeve, to separate corn that has been winnowed from the small seeds which are among it.
1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall Reeve, to separate by means of a sieve [etc.].
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. ‘I an't a-reived a good much o' it, not eet,’ a man said to me, when asked when he would have finished winnowing a quantity of clover seed.
1909 Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms 139 To Rive, to Reive, to pass seed or grain through a particular sieve in the process of winnowing.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

reevev.3

Brit. /riːv/, U.S. /riv/
Forms: 1800s– reeve, 1900s– reave.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: reef v.1
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps originally a variant of reef v.1 with intervocalic voicing of -f- . With sense 1 perhaps compare Middle Low German rēfen , rēven (15th cent.), a term used in textiles with uncertain sense; perhaps to thread the weft into the warp, to weave, to twist (twine, cord, etc.), to draw. With sense 2 perhaps compare rivel v.1, rivelled adj., and also reeve n.2 2. It is not certain that the two senses show the same word.
Chiefly English regional (midlands and south-western). Now rare.
1. intransitive. To twine, twist, wind or unwind. Also transitive: to plash (a hedge).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > hedging > make or repair hedge [verb (transitive)]
pleacha1398
tine1522
plash?1523
reeve1821
the world > space > shape > curvature > coil > [verb (intransitive)] > coil round something or itself
winda1577
wreathe1580
reeve1821
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > entanglement or entangled state > become tangled [verb (intransitive)]
rivelOE
tangle1575
ravela1585
snarl1600
harl1609
twine1658
reeve1821
foul1835
taffle1840
1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 114 Medicinal betony, By thy wood-side railings, reeves With antique mullein's flannel-leaves.
1876 S. C. J. Ingham White Cross xliii. 281 How difficult it was..to keep the threads from twitching and the silk from reeving.
1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester Reeve,..to twist round, unwind.
1967 H. Orton & M. F. Wakelin Surv. Eng. Dial. IV. ii. 408 Q[uestion]. But if your hedge is overgrown and there are gaps in the bottom of it, what do you do to it?.. [Devon] Reave.
2. transitive. To draw together or contract into wrinkles, folds, etc.; to pucker, wrinkle; to roll up (a sleeve). Also intransitive: to writhe.
ΚΠ
1825 J. Jennings Observ. Dial. W. Eng. 63 Reeve, to rivel; to draw into wrinkles.
1879 G. F. Jackson Shropshire Word-bk. (at cited word) ‘Dunna reeve yore nose.’.. ‘If yo'n reeve the skirt, I'll sew it on.’
1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester Reeve,..to roll up the sleeves.
1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester (at cited word) It made me reeve.
1896 G. F. Northall Warwickshire Word-bk. (at cited word) Don't reeve your forehead so.
1903 W. K. Chafy-Chafy in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1904) V. 82/1 Reeve, used for drawing together a bag or any piece of fabric with a string run through a hem. [Worcestershire].
1974 D. Wilson Staffs. Dial. Words Reeve, to turn up (at the edges; one's sleeves; one's nose, etc.).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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