reformedadj.1n.
/rᵻˈfɔːmd/, U.S. /rəˈfɔrmd/, /riˈfɔrmd/ A. adj.1
1. That has been subject to reform; freed of errors or abuses.In early use relating to religious reform, often with connotations of the restoration of a former, esp. original and pure, condition; cf. senses A. 2a, A. 2b, A. 2c.
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a1538 A. Abell Roit or Quheill of Tyme f. 83, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Reformit Bot seuerest it wer to pas to reformit religioun exempil of forsaid Waltyn that ay ascendit to strater obseruance.
1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 4 Plato..gaue them all Drummes entertainment, not suffering them once to shew their faces in a reformed common wealth.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 65 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) All the Realme is first to be reformed, and lawes are afterwards to bee made for keepinge and continuinge it in that reformed estate.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Tt2v The reformed schoole of the Epicureans. View more context for this quotation
1647 J. Lilburne Oppressed Mans Oppress. 31 His Tribe, I mean of Priests and Deacons, those little toes of Antichrist, now called reformed Presbyters, are such a Weather-cock, unstable generation of wavering minded men, as the like are not in the whole Kingdome.
1755 A. Gerard Plan Educ. Marischal Coll. & Univ. Aberdeen 5 The only basis of Philosophy is now acknowledged to be an accurate and extensive history of nature... This being the reformed state of Philosophy, great inconveniences must be found in prosecuting the scholastic order of the sciences.
1783 Arguments to prove Interposition of People 29 The reformed then would differ from the present state of the boroughs only in this, that the terms would be easier, and the corruption more extensive.
1854 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 477/1 If England and France had but pronounced a veto in 1774, Poland might, with a reformed constitution, and an improved administration, still be an independent kingdom.
1889 J. Morley Walpole 107 The boundless activity and exactingness of a reformed House of Commons.
1924 Polit. Sci. Q. 39 725 An excellent account is then given of the reformed constitution.
1990 Forbes 5 Feb. 43/3 Solidarity is a curious coalition, with a faction committed to West German-style capitalism and a faction aspiring to a reformed socialism on the Swedish model.
2000 J. F. Patrouch Negotiated Settlement 4 This book will concentrate..the attempts by various authorities to introduce reformed Catholicism into the local communities of one section of the Habsburgs' hereditary lands.
2. spec.
a. Roman Catholic Church. Of a religious order or its members: conforming to a new rule, esp. returned to the strictures of the original rule; reduced to stricter observance. Now chiefly historical.
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society > faith > church government > monasticism > [adjective] > in accordance with a rule > reduced to strict observance
reformed1539
1539 in D. E. Easson Charters Abbey Coupar-Angus (1947) II. 146 As the laif of the reformit brether of the said abbay for the tym.
?1551 J. Bale in tr. B. Spagnuoli Lamentable Complaynt Ep. Ded. sig. A.ii He wer a supersticious fryre of the secte of reformed Carmelytes.
1560 H. Cole Let. in J. Jewel & H. Cole True Copies Lett. sig. E.iiiv Sainct Clement toke order, that the Clergie should haue al thinges in common, and to liue together, as in the late refourmed order of Saincte [Benedict's] Monkes dothe most godly appeare.
1635 J. Reynolds Triumphs Gods Revenge (new ed.) vi. xxix. 427 She very secretly provides her selfe of a friers complete weed..proper to the order of the Bonnes homes (which is the reformed one of that of S. Francis).
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Lincs. 164 A Cistercian is a Reformed Benedictine.
1759 A. Butler Lives Saints IV. 368 St. Bernardin of Sienna..was..the first vicar-general of the Observantin or Reformed Franciscans in Italy.
1805 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 18 Patrick, of the reformed order of Premonstratenses of Dryburgh.
1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. xxiii. 286 First came a white stream of reformed Benedictines.
1910 Catholic Encycl. VIII. 480/1 He accompanied her to Valladolid in order to gain practical experience of the manner of life led by the reformed nuns.
1994 N. Malcolm in T. Hobbes Corr. I. 375 This probably refers to the ‘Feuillants’, an order of reformed Cistercians, founded in 1577 by the abbé of Feuillant.
b. Christian Church. Frequently with capital initial. Accepting, espousing, or characterized by the principles of the Reformation.As applied to a church or churches, originally used of any Protestant denomination but now more commonly of non-Lutheran churches and esp. (frequently with capital initial) Presbyterian and Congregationalist ones.
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society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Reformation > [adjective]
reformed?1545
reformationary1827
reformational1843
reformationist1948
?1545 J. Bale 2nd Pt. Image Both Churches ii. sig. I The Beast must they worshyp whose wounde is made whole. His olde rustye rewles newe bournished, and his olde Romishe ragges new patched, by a newlye confermed auctorite, must they enbrase in peyne of deathe... Haue they not now a newe refourmed churche, in whom the Beastes wounded head is newlye restored?
1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 1/1 In these reformed dayes.
1566 Bk. Discipline in J. Knox Wks. (1848) II. 189 In a Kirk reformed..none aucht [to] presume eather to preache, eather yit to minister the Sacramentis, till that ordourlie thay be callit to the same.
1588 J. de Frégeville Reformed Politicke Ded. sig. A ij So it is that the Reformed Princes haue bene sclandered by the Pope.
1598 R. Dallington View of Fraunce sig. V 2 They of the Reformed Religion may not Dance, being an exercise against which their strait-laced Ministers much inueigh.
1640 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1870) V. 274/1 As in the reformed kirks of this realme.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1646 (1955) II. 521 The French Protestants would make no Scrupule to submitt to it [sc. church government by bishops],..had they a King of the reform'd Religion.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Church The Reformed Church is again divided into the Lutheran Church, the Calvinist Church, the Church of England, &c.
1772 T. Warton Life Sir T. Pope 150 The English reformed clergy, who..had fled into Germany, now returned in great numbers.
1794 T. Coxe View U.S.A. ix. 373 There are and have been in the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the general government, persons of the following denominations—Episcopalian,..Reformed, Roman, and probably others.
1841 Penny Cycl. XIX. 355/1 Many of the followers of the Reformed doctrines suffered death.
1894 J. Earle Psalter Great Bible Introd. 63 The original hymns of the Lutheran worship constituted a feature which distinguished it from that of the Calvinistic or ‘Reformed’ branch of the continental Protestants.
1928 W. D. Brown Hist. Reformed Church in Amer. i. 7 The Reformed Church in America is the direct outgrowth of the emigration from the Netherlands.
1969 T. F. Torrance Theol. Sci. ii. 87 So far we have been thinking of this mainly in terms of strictly Reformed theology but in some respects it had an even greater development in Lutheran theology.
2000 A. Mason in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 731/1 Other reformed churches grew suspicious of Italians, with their itch for questions.
2004 G. Murdock Beyond Calvin 4 While the label Calvinist has come to be very widely recognised,..its sole use can give rise to the mistaken impression that all Reformed churches ultimately owed their existence, ideas and identity to the inspiration of one man.
c. Designating a Protestant denomination or group created by secession from an existing one; spec. designating Presbyterians who continued in opposition to the Church of Scotland when it accepted the Revolution Settlement in 1688, and organized themselves into a distinct denomination in 1743 (cf. Cameronian adj. and n., Macmillanite n.). Cf. reformer n.1 3b.The term is usually employed to imply that the seceding group are the true maintainers of the original Reformation principles embodied, but now thought to be compromised, in the existing denomination (in the case of the Reformed Presbyterians, the principles of the 17th-cent. Covenanters). In many cases, there is de facto overlap or potential confusion with the use of sense A. 2b to refer specifically to Calvinist churches.
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1701 Sir R. Hamilton in M. Hutchinson Reformed Presbyterian Church Scotl. (1893) v. 138 I die a true Protestant, and to my Knowledge a Reformed Presbyterian.
1744 A. Marshall in M. Hutchinson Ref. Presb. Ch. (1893) 187 The Rev. Mr. John M'Millan and I,..with certain elders, upon the 1st August 1743, did erect ourselves into a Presbytery under the name of ‘The Reformed Presbytery’.
1806 (title) Reformation principles exhibited by the Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.
1837 J. M. Peck Gazetteer Illinois (ed. 2) 73 A Seminary is about being established in a settlement of Reformed Presbyterians.
1844 I. D. Rupp He Pasa Ekklesia 466 The Reformed Methodists took their origin from a feeble secession from the Methodist Episcopal Church, in..1814.
1847 R. Davidson Hist. Presbyterian Ch. Kentucky viii. 216 Campbellites..affected the title of Reformers, or Reformed Baptists, and spoke of ‘The Reformation’ as if there had never been any Reformation before.
1860 J. Gardner Faiths World II. 745/2 A fully organized and independent section of the Reformed Presbyterian Church was formed in the sister isle.
1893 M. Hutchison Reformed Presbyterian Church Scotl. ii. 25 The persecuted Presbyterians, of which the Reformed Presbyterian Church has always claimed to be the legitimate ecclesiastical successor.
1932 G. M. Stephenson Relig. Aspect of Swedish Immigration viii. 116 The new religious movements had cut four fairly well-defined channels, represented by..(3) the reformed Baptist church; and (4) the reformed Methodist church.
1960 Scotsman 27 Sept. 6 The Reformed Presbyterians..regard the Scottish nation as still bound by the principle (although not the letter) of the National Covenant of 1638.
2005 J. Sparks Raccoon John Smith vi. 219 Kehukee Association..rebelled against state Baptist conventions..and the missionary society movement in general and began to style themselves as Reformed Baptists.
d. Designating a parliament which has undergone reform; spec. designating one elected under a new franchise stipulated by one of the Reform Acts of 19th and early 20th cent. Britain, esp. the Great Reform Act of 1832. Cf. reform parliament n. at reform n.2 and adj. Compounds 2. Now chiefly historical.
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society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > English or British parliament > [adjective] > relating to specific parliament
Rumping1660
Rumpish1660
reformed1740
1740 in F. Peck Mem. Life & Actions O. Cromwell i. 50 Here we see not only one crown taken away from the King..but also that King's head struck off; a Commonwealth appointed; & a Reformed Parliament dissolved by those very persons on whom its whole security depended.
1780 Monthly Rev. Oct. 320 He hath not provided that every member of his reformed parliament shall be returned by more than half of the electors.
1822 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 2 Feb. 290 We forbear to speculate on the manner in which a Reformed Parliament would be engaged at a crisis like this.
1867 Leeds Mercury 22 Jan. 8/3 They needed more than that in a reformed Parliament, they needed what in modern terms was named a redistribution of seats.
1873 E. Thompson Hist. Eng. xliii. 234 The Reformed Parliament, the object of great hopes and greater fears, met January 29, 1833.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 493/1 In 1832 he was returned in the Whig interest to the first reformed parliament as member for East Norfolk.
1994 19th Cent. Lit. 49 33 The church faced challenges both from a reformed Parliament and from religious controversies within.
e. Judaism. Usually with capital initial. = reform adj.In quot. 1810 with reference to various general reforms within Judaism rather than Reform Judaism, which originated in the 1840s.
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society > faith > sect > Judaism > [adjective] > reform
liberal1807
reformed1844
1810 A. Fuller Jesus True Messiah (ed. 3) 27 I am happy to say, that this is not the general state of the Reformed Jews at present.]
1844 Voice of Jacob 19 July 188/2 There is a ‘reformed Synagogue at Liverpool’..that..is to take no part in the election of a Chief Rabbi.
1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda II. iv. xxxii. 298 He was affectionately directed by a precocious Jewish youth, who entered cordially into his wanting not the fine new building of the Reformed but the old Rabbinical school of the orthodox.
1898 W. J. Locke Idols vi. 70 Think of Simeon Goldberg, a good friend, a man..of the Reformed faith.
1918 H. Barnett Canon Barnett II. xxxiv. 65 Minister of Reformed Synagogue in New York.
1959 A. L. Strauss Mirrors & Masks iv. 99 A Jewish boy, brought up in a moderately Orthodox home, discovered later that all Jews were not Orthodox, but that there were Reformed Jews (who made him feel not at all Jewish) and very Orthodox Jews (who made him feel not at all Jewish).
2007 Windsor (Ont.) Star (Nexis) 29 Dec. a13 Rabbi Sherwin T. Wine, 79, founder of Windsor's Temple Beth El, a reformed synagogue, in 1960, where he worked as a rabbi until 1963.
3. Of a person.† b. Improved in manners; cultivated. Obsolete. rare.
a. Improved in character or conduct; spec. having relinquished an immoral, criminal, or self-destructive lifestyle.
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society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > [adjective] > reformed
newOE
corrected1557
reformed?1567
reclaimed1592
retrieved1638
reduced1697
new-leaf1899
?1567 M. Parker Whole Psalter lxxxvi. 238 To worship thee, wyth mynd refourmd, in hart most free.
1578 J. Lyly Euphues f. 11v Then doubtlesse women eyther doe or should loue those best whose vertue is best, not measuring the deformed man with the reformed minde.
1592 R. Greene Disput. Conny-catcher sig. C Iacke Rhoades is now a reformed man,..he is growne a correcter of vice.
a1652 R. Brome Queen & Concubine iv. iii. 81 in Five New Playes (1659) When they consider the most dangerous sin,..They cannot be so graceless, not to turn To a reformed life.
1658 R. Brathwait Age of Apes in Honest Ghost 233 This sharking trade relinquish'd, I became A wondrous strange reformed honest man.
1715 D. Defoe Family Instructor I. i. iv. 101 So at last we may be a sober Family, a reform'd Family.
1735 Dramatic Historiographer 77 Mr. Pinchwife, a reformed Rake, who by conversing much with ill Women, had a bad Opinion of all.
1792 T. Holcroft Anna St. Ives I. xiv. 169 Frank was disappointed, and in some measure displeased, that any person should offer his reformed friend..money but himself.
1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. III. 199 When I asked how reformed offenders were to put their reformation in practice.
1857 W. Arthur Duty of giving away Proportion of Income 37 A reformed thief, just beginning to earn his own bread, is at once to set before him the joy of giving away a share of his earnings.
a1878 C. J. Mathews Married for Money (1881) i. 3 Now, Bob, I am a reformed man, respectable. I am married.
1909 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Avonlea xxvi. 306 ‘Well, Anne's methods seem to have worked fairly well with Davy,’ said Mrs. Lynde smilingly. ‘He's a reformed character.’
1960 Times 27 May 18/6 His hero, Bob, is an (almost) reformed safe-cracker.
1991 Daily Star 24 Dec. 15/4 Danielle..sends reformed alcoholic Jim..back on the bottle in the feature-length episode of Bergerac.
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?1575 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Familiar Epist. (new ed.) 185 Very noble and refourmed [Sp. enmendado] knight, by ye words of youre letter, I understoode how quickly the medicine of my writing came to youre hart.
1631 B. Jonson Bartholmew Fayre i. vi. 15 in Wks. II So it [sc. pig] be eaten with a reformed mouth,..not gorg'd in with gluttony, or greedinesse.
4. Altered in form or content, revised, amended; esp. improved.
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the world > action or operation > amending > [adjective] > reforming > reformed
well-reformed1548
reformed1575
1575 G. Gascoigne Posies sig. ¶¶iv The seconde (being indeede morall discourses, and reformed inuentions, and therefore more profitable than pleasant) I have named Hearbes.
1584 Copie of Let. conc. Erle of Leycester 165 He cousyned most notablie her Maj. by shewing her a reformed copie of the said letter, for the letter it self.
1619 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1942) I. 170 In ressaving from Edinburgh the iadge of the reformit mesure of hering, quhytt fische and beiff.
1646 S. Danforth Almanack 13 Gregory the 13th..cut off 10 dayes; which account is reteined in the popish churches & called Roman, Gregorian, Lilian [sic] or reformed.
1705 Philos. Trans. 1704–05 (Royal Soc.) 24 1985 His [sc. Cowper's] excellent Book of reformed Myotomy.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Calendar Reformed, or Corrected Calendar; that which..determines the Equinox..by Astronomical Computation, according to the Rudolphine Tables.
1800 J. Hull Elements Bot. I. Pref. p. v Some observations of the botanical language..together with my reasons for adhering to the Sexual System of Linnæus, in preference to the altered, or, as it is generally termed, reformed system of Thunberg.
1862 Mrs. J. B. Speid Our Last Years in India ii. 38 Visions of reformed lavatories and optimized bathing apparatus.
1883 Stubb's Mercantile Circular 27 Sept. 861/2 The reformed procedure..has not appreciably facilitated the progress of public business.
1929 Conc. Oxf. Dict. p. ix A consequence of this reformed hyphening is that the presence of a hyphen in such a compound [as tipsy-cake] assures the reader that the word-stress falls on the first part.
1992 Numismatist Mar. 308/2 In any event, Charlemagne's reformed issues and Offa's last issues were on two different weight standards.
5. Of a military officer: left without a command by reorganization of a regiment. Cf. reform v.1 10, reformado n. 1a. Now historical.
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society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer or soldier of rank > [adjective] > without command
reformed1595
reduced1635
1595 L. Lewkenor Disc. Vsage Eng. Fugitives sig. C Whereas the paie of a reformed Captaine amongst them, of what Nation so euer he be, is fortie crownes, they giue onely to our English captaines fiue and twentie a moneth.
1629 J. Wadsworth Eng. Spanish Pilgrime vii. 71 Those that continued tooke their pay of reformed Captaines.
1670 R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 468 The late reformation amongst all the reformed officers.
1715 London Gaz. No. 5323/3 Robert Rich, a Reformed Lieutenant in..Major General Rook's late Regiment of Foot.
1758 T. Smollett Hist. Eng. (1800) II. 281 With respect to the reformed officers he declared he had given orders for their being immediately paid.
1814 W. Scott Waverley II. xxi. 324 Jinker..had been reduced, with several others, by the advice of the Baron of Bradwardine, to the situation of what he called reformed officers, or reformadoes. View more context for this quotation
1853 J. H. Stocqueler Mil. Encycl. 229/2 Reformed officer, one whose troop or company being broken up, is continued on full or half-pay.
1901 Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 15 141 Many of the reformed officers maintained in Picardy by half-pay were in such impatience for a war that they had quitted their garrisons.
1997 J. A. Lynn Giant of Grand Siècle vii. 227 Le Tellier attempted to find places for reformed officers either in new regiments or to fill slots vacated in the regiments that they had served before.
B. n.† 2. A follower or adherent of reformed religion; a Protestant. Obsolete.
1. With plural agreement (usually with the). The followers or adherents of reformed religion as a class; Protestants.
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society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person > collective
reformed1588
Protestantism1651
Protestantdom1676
Protestancy1711
1588 J. de Frégeville Reformed Politicke Ded. sig. A ijv The fidelitie of the Reformed, and the conspiracies of the League.
1620 N. Brent tr. P. Sarpi Hist. Councel of Trent v. 417 The Kings death in France, which the reformed did ascribe to miracle, increased their courage.
1655 (title) A collection or narrative..concerning the..massacres, murthers, and other cruelties, committed on many thousands of Reformed, or Protestants dwelling in the vallies of Piedmont.
1756 T. Amory Life John Buncle I. 29 Others, again, of the reformed, tell us, that the surer way of knowing what was delivered near eighteen hundred years ago, is to take the original faith from the Councils and Fathers..who met and writ for the settling of the faith.
1772 T. Warton Life Sir T. Pope 50 Mary..persecuted the reformed with the most barbarous severities.
1849 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. May 533/2 Erasmus lived on easy terms with the Reformed, and yet never broke with the Vatican.
1876 S. Smiles Huguenots in Eng. (rev. ed.) iii. 45 The Queen-mother, being a profound dissimulator, appeared still disposed to bargain with the Reformed.
1964 B. K. Kuiper Church in Hist. (rev. ed.) xxxix. 312/1 The Reformed were robbed of the largest of the two Heidelberg churches that were left to them.
1991 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 81 33 Protestantism's numerical decline within this category of localities is even more marked when the ranks of the Reformed are compared to the total population of the cities in question.
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society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > [noun] > person
evangelical1532
gospeller1533
Protestant?1551
tropist1561
proculstant1589
tropic1607
evangelic1620
religionary1622
reformed1679
Prot1725
Prod1837
gospellist1845
right-footer1929
left-footer1933
Christian1951
Proddy Dog1954
Proddy-hopper1958
Proddy-woddy1959
Proddy1963
1679 E. Griffith Pax Vobis ii. 44 Quakers, Presbyterians, Brownists; Anabaptists, &c. believe and teach it, and they are men of as sound judgments, and as good Reformeds as Protestants.
1741 S. A. Laval Compend. Hist. Reformation IV. ii. 1122 That Child was born a Reformed, and had been educated in that Religion.
Compounds
Reformed Neutral n. rare = Reform-Neutral n. at reform n.2 and adj. Compounds 2.
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the mind > language > a language > [noun] > artificial or invented language
artificial language1705
natural language1774
Ziph1834
Volapük1885
Esperanto1892
pig Latin1896
pseudo-language1898
Idiom Neutral1903
auxiliary language1905
Panroman1907
universal1907
Ido1908
Mummerset1915
Interlingua1922
Reformed Neutral1922
occidental1926
interlanguage1927
world auxiliary1927
Novial1928
isotype1936
Interglossa1943
Klingon1985
leetspeak1996
leet2001
1922 A. L. Guérard Short Hist. Internat. Lang. Movement ii. vi. 139 Reformed-Neutral of 1907 looked more natural than the primitive form. The restitution of international c wherever it had been replaced by s or k greatly improved the appearance of the language. But one of the most obvious blemishes of the Idiom was not corrected: the accumulation of final consonants as in nostr.
1942 Mod. Lang. Jrnl. 26 179 Under the leadership of the Russian engineer Rosenberger, it became Idiom Neutral, which in turn became Reformed Neutral, an extreme a posteriori language that was predominatingly neo-Latin.
reformed spelling n. a simplified, regularized, or otherwise revised system of orthography; (also) the revised spelling of a word according to such a system; cf. spelling-reform n. at spelling n.2 Compounds 1.
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1789 N. Webster Diss. Eng. Lang. App. 407 The arguments in favor of a reformed mode of spelling shall be given.]
1849 Amer. Whig Rev. Oct. 429/1 Printed in the new character and reformed spelling.
1937 Speculum 3 260 The assumption that reformed spelling was always the rule in Cologne manuscripts of circa 850–863 is unfounded.
1951 Jrnl. Philos. 48 743 Almost all the ‘reformed’ spellings have already been employed with humorous intent.
2001 D. Brian Pulitzer xxviii. 317 Roosevelt's decision to adopt reformed spelling in government documents.
Derivatives
reˈformedly adv. rare
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1581 W. Borough Discours Variation Cumpas x. sig. F.iii The true meridians reformedly set doune..doe necessarily widen Northwardes, and straighten to the Southwardes.
1659 J. Milton Considerations touching Hirelings 57 Yet a late hot Quærist for tithes..would send us back, very reformedly indeed, to learn reformation of Tyndarus and Rebuffus.
2001 Sunday Times (Nexis) 2 Dec. (Features) ‘When I wore a skirt back in the 1980s, it was a fashion statement. Now, it would be perceived as a worrying lifestyle statement,’ says the reformedly butch Dylan Jones.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
> see also
also refers to : re-formedadj.2
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adj.1n.a1538see also