refusaln.

Brit.

/rᵻˈfjuːzl/, U.S.

/rəˈfjuz(ə)l/,

/riˈfjuz(ə)l/

Forms: late Middle English–1500s refusell, 1500s refusaile, 1500s–1600s refusel, 1500s–1700s refusall, 1500s– refusal, 1600s refuzall, 1900s– rayfoozul (English regional (Devon)); Scottish pre-1700 refuisall, pre-1700 refuiseall, pre-1700 refuissale, pre-1700 refuissall, pre-1700 refuissell, pre-1700 refusale, pre-1700 refuseall, pre-1700 refusell, pre-1700 refussall, pre-1700 refussel, pre-1700 refyousall, pre-1700 1700s refusall, pre-1700 1700s– refusal; N.E.D. (1905) also records a form late Middle English refusaile.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: refuse v.¹, -al suffix¹.

Etymology: < refuse v.¹ + -al suffix¹. Compare Law French refusal (late 15th cent.). Compare earlier refuse n.²

a. The action or an act of refusing; a denial or rejection of something requested, demanded, or offered.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun]

warningc1000

refusea1393

refusing?a1400

naying1430

denyingc1450

refusal1474

repulsec1475

denegation1489

denial1528

deny?1529

refute1535

nay-saya1598

recusancy1597

detrectation1623

vetation1623

renuence1654

detraction1660

recusance1700

nayword1817

turn-down1902

1474–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 3rd Roll §7. m. 30 Persones so refusyng..forfette an .c.li..half therof to any of the said commyssioners or collectours provyng the same refusell.

1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 2 The same estranger..to whom such refusel shalbe made.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cvij^v Where the reasons of theyr refusall may be heard.

1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue i. 35 It were very foolishness in a Tenant, for wilfull refusall thereof, to indanger the same.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1330 Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels On my refusal to distress me more..?

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xlvii. 170 And thought that the Kings Refusal to make good their Demands, was a sufficient Piece of Ground to build their War on.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiv. 404 It was impossible long to refuse so natural a request..without maintaining his refusal by arms.

1780 Impartial Hist. War Amer. 147 Marching directly to Boston, there to demand a delivery of the powder and stores, and in case of refusal to attack the troops.

1847 A. Helps Friends in Council I. i. 14 Accepting only for the fear of giving offence by refusal.

1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) V. 448 If he refuse, he shall be liable to be convicted by law of refusal to serve.

1939 R. P. Warren Night Rider ii. 32 The word ‘No’ which burst sharply from his lips; and the sound of his own unpremeditated refusal started a surprise in him.

1963 J. R. Leggett Services Estate Agent xiv. 96 Other things we become involved in are compensation for refusal of planning permission, [etc.].

2003 Washington Post 28 Aug. (Home ed.) a27/1 In response to his refusal to cooperate, the guards activated a stun belt that sent a powerful electrical charge through his body.

b. Engineering. The near-absolute resistance of a pile (pile n.¹ 3a) to further driving; esp. the point at which a pile sinks no more than a specified distance as a result of a fixed number of blows.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > [noun] > state or quality of being immovable > instance of sticking or resisting

refusal1837

stog1890

1837 D. H. Mahan Elem. Course Civil Engin. 64 The measure of this resistance is estimated by taking the..refusal of the pile to penetrate farther than ²/ ₁₆ of an inch from the effect of 30 strokes of a ram.

1847 E. Cresy Encycl. Civil Engin. (1856) 1070 The refusal of a pile to advance does not always insure it having arrived at a proper bed.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1911/2 The refusal of a pile intended to support 13½ tons may be taken at 10 blows of a ram of 1,350 pounds [etc.].

1958 J. S. Scott Dict. Civil Eng. Refusal, a pile which sinks only about half an inch in five blows is said to be driven to refusal.

2009 K. Fleming et al. Piling Engin. iv. 118 In weathered rock, careful monitoring of driving records is essential... Refusal of the piles may not be achieved.

c. Écarté. The action of the dealer in refusing to allow discarding; an instance of this. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > écarté > refusal of discard

refusal1850

1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 259 It is even good play to propose, were it only for one card, in order to hazard receiving a refusal.

1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 621/1 Proposal, acceptance, or refusal made cannot be retracted.

1878 ‘Cavendish’ Laws of Ecarté 53 The cases are few in which, with a refusal, he will only make three or four tricks.

1923 L. H. Dawson Hoyle's Games Modernized i. 83 These scores apply only to the first proposal or refusal in a hand.

d. An instance of a horse stopping short or turning aside at a jump. Cf. refuse v.¹ 8.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > habits and actions of horse > [noun] > leap > that jumps fence > refusing

refusal1856

balk1866

1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 383 A refusal is never desirable, as the horse..is apt to repeat it.

1857 G. A. Lawrence Guy Livingstone xiv. 131 The mare was so savage and sulky still that a refusal seemed a certainty.

1901 C. W. Barnard MS Let. 24 Dec. (National Army Museum) 3 Mine was the only team that did not have a fall or refusal at the jumps.

1986 Your Horse Sept. 41/4 The first fence always supplies a good crop of refusals.

2007 Times (Nexis) 21 May 62 Red Baron, one of her younger horses, had two refusals in the cross country and dropped from third place..to 30th.

†2. The repudiation or renunciation of a contract, allegiance, obligation, etc. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > divorce or dissolution > [noun] > divorce of a wife

repulsionc1425

repudy?a1475

refusal1482

repudiation1530

dismissiona1616

the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > non-observance or breach > [noun] > particular types of

refusal1482

vow-breaking1533

stretch1541

breach of promise1613

vow-break1646

vow-breach1647

breach of privilege1650

fedifraction1650

breach1841

repudiation1842

stand-up1921

1482 in J. D. Marwick Charters Edinb. (1871) 146 We..sall pay..vnto the King of Ingland..all the..money..payt for the said mariage at siclike times and dais immediately enswevin efter the refusale of the said mariage.

?1530 St. German's Dyaloge Doctoure & Student sig. piii^v Though that bonde of matrymony was idyssoluble, yet nevertheles Moyses suffred a byll of refusell to the Iues, whiche in laten is called libellum repudii, & so they myght therby forsake theyr wyfes.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 845 Many other, leuyng king Richarde, turned and came to the part of the Erle of Richmonde... Which refusall of king Richardes parte [etc.].

1609 T. Pickering tr. W. Perkins Christian Œconomie vii. 77 (heading) Of Reiection, or Refusall of the Contract.

3. An opportunity to accept or reject something before it is offered to others; the privilege or right of having such an option. Frequently in to have the refusal (of). Now chiefly in first refusal (see first adj., adv., and n.² Compounds 1a).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] > the chance of refusing

refusal1565

refuse1753

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [verb (transitive)] > have first refusal of something

to have the refusal (of)1565

1565 in J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales (1670) 59 If the Queen let them again, then Humfrey and Shutz to have the Refusal.

1571 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. II. 80 His Presentatioun—togidder with the refusall of the kirk abone-writtin.

1614 S. Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 2) v. xvii. 546 If any of his subiects hath any precious stone of value, and make not him the offer of it, it is death to him; he must haue the refusall of all.

1640 Boston (U.S.) Rec. (1877) II. 54 Chrystopher Stanley is promised the refusall of six acres of upland..yf it be there to be sould.

1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 11 When Employments go a begging for want of Hands, they shall be sure to have the Refusal.

1780 W. Beckford Biogr. Mem. Painters 152 Monsieur Baise-la-main immediately settled a pension upon the painter, merely to have the refusal of his pieces.

1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. Add. 17 The stock kept upon turnips or clover, have the refusal of water at all times when soiling.

1887 Times (Weekly ed.) 14 Oct. 15/1 They had the first refusal of any concessions he might obtain.

1904 W. B. Yeats Let. 18 Mar. (1994) III. 558 They are..to ‘have the refusal’ of all my books.

1931 Virginia Law Rev. 17 279 One in acquiring a title agrees that another or others shall have the refusal of such property in case he desires to sell.

1976 C. James in Observer 20 June 21/6 The wine buff can order his tipple..with right of refusal at the first tasting.

†4. Something which has been refused or rejected. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] > rejection or non-acceptance > that which is rejected or refused

offcasta1387

rejected1593

refusal1618

discarding1731

refused1740

return1749

throwaway1870

discard1888

1618 J. Browne Let. 10 Feb. in W. Foster Eng. Factories India (1906) I. 10 Then were they permitted to be sold to M[uckrab] Chan, at good prices, and sithence disgraced in the Kinges presence by Assuff Can, as being his refuzalls.

1746 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 166 Ireland is to be offered to Lord Harrington, or the Presidentship; and the Duke of Dorset, now president, is to have the other's refusal.

1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xvi. 92 And next, with her pride, to take her sister's refusals, as she once phrased it!

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

refusal letter n.

ΚΠ

1885 Times 9 Oct. 11/2 The Bank of England may be congratulated upon the remarkable despatch shown in sending out the allotment and refusal letters of the New South Wales loan.

1969 G. C. Zahn Chaplains in RAF iv. 274 Where the refusal letters gave any indication of a reason beyond the mere statement of unwillingness or inability to comply, they were friendly in tone.

2005 G. Verdirame & B. E. Harrell-Bond Rights in Exile i. 32 Refusal letters advised those not granted asylum to ‘find another country’ within a specified period.

refusal rate n.

ΚΠ

1931 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 9 Oct. 13/6 The refusal rate is not in excess of the previous rate, although the examination is somewhat longer and more detailed than it used to be.

1942 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 37 66 A second serious source of error in field surveys is refusal rate.

1995 Guardian 14 Nov. i. 11/1 The refusal rate led to renewed allegations..that the Home Secretary is already operating a ‘de facto white list’ of allegedly ‘safe countries’.

C2.

† refusal hand n. Écarté Obsolete a hand in which the dealer should refuse to allow discarding.

ΚΠ

1878 ‘Cavendish’ Laws of Ecarté 58 His hand should be stronger than those given in the refusal hands.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	refusal
释义	refusaln. Brit. /rᵻˈfjuːzl/, U.S. /rəˈfjuz(ə)l/, /riˈfjuz(ə)l/ Forms: late Middle English–1500s refusell, 1500s refusaile, 1500s–1600s refusel, 1500s–1700s refusall, 1500s– refusal, 1600s refuzall, 1900s– rayfoozul (English regional (Devon)); Scottish pre-1700 refuisall, pre-1700 refuiseall, pre-1700 refuissale, pre-1700 refuissall, pre-1700 refuissell, pre-1700 refusale, pre-1700 refuseall, pre-1700 refusell, pre-1700 refussall, pre-1700 refussel, pre-1700 refyousall, pre-1700 1700s refusall, pre-1700 1700s– refusal; N.E.D. (1905) also records a form late Middle English refusaile. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: refuse v.¹, -al suffix¹. Etymology: < refuse v.¹ + -al suffix¹. Compare Law French refusal (late 15th cent.). Compare earlier refuse n.² 1. a. The action or an act of refusing; a denial or rejection of something requested, demanded, or offered. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] warningc1000 refusea1393 refusing?a1400 naying1430 denyingc1450 refusal1474 repulsec1475 denegation1489 denial1528 deny?1529 refute1535 nay-saya1598 recusancy1597 detrectation1623 vetation1623 renuence1654 detraction1660 recusance1700 nayword1817 turn-down1902 1474–5 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 3rd Roll §7. m. 30 Persones so refusyng..forfette an .c.li..half therof to any of the said commyssioners or collectours provyng the same refusell. 1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 2 The same estranger..to whom such refusel shalbe made. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cvij^v Where the reasons of theyr refusall may be heard. 1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue i. 35 It were very foolishness in a Tenant, for wilfull refusall thereof, to indanger the same. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1330 Do they not seek occasion of new quarrels On my refusal to distress me more..? View more context for this quotation 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xlvii. 170 And thought that the Kings Refusal to make good their Demands, was a sufficient Piece of Ground to build their War on. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xiv. 404 It was impossible long to refuse so natural a request..without maintaining his refusal by arms. 1780 Impartial Hist. War Amer. 147 Marching directly to Boston, there to demand a delivery of the powder and stores, and in case of refusal to attack the troops. 1847 A. Helps Friends in Council I. i. 14 Accepting only for the fear of giving offence by refusal. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) V. 448 If he refuse, he shall be liable to be convicted by law of refusal to serve. 1939 R. P. Warren Night Rider ii. 32 The word ‘No’ which burst sharply from his lips; and the sound of his own unpremeditated refusal started a surprise in him. 1963 J. R. Leggett Services Estate Agent xiv. 96 Other things we become involved in are compensation for refusal of planning permission, [etc.]. 2003 Washington Post 28 Aug. (Home ed.) a27/1 In response to his refusal to cooperate, the guards activated a stun belt that sent a powerful electrical charge through his body. b. Engineering. The near-absolute resistance of a pile (pile n.¹ 3a) to further driving; esp. the point at which a pile sinks no more than a specified distance as a result of a fixed number of blows. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > [noun] > state or quality of being immovable > instance of sticking or resisting refusal1837 stog1890 1837 D. H. Mahan Elem. Course Civil Engin. 64 The measure of this resistance is estimated by taking the..refusal of the pile to penetrate farther than ²/ ₁₆ of an inch from the effect of 30 strokes of a ram. 1847 E. Cresy Encycl. Civil Engin. (1856) 1070 The refusal of a pile to advance does not always insure it having arrived at a proper bed. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1911/2 The refusal of a pile intended to support 13½ tons may be taken at 10 blows of a ram of 1,350 pounds [etc.]. 1958 J. S. Scott Dict. Civil Eng. Refusal, a pile which sinks only about half an inch in five blows is said to be driven to refusal. 2009 K. Fleming et al. Piling Engin. iv. 118 In weathered rock, careful monitoring of driving records is essential... Refusal of the piles may not be achieved. c. Écarté. The action of the dealer in refusing to allow discarding; an instance of this. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > écarté > refusal of discard refusal1850 1850 H. G. Bohn et al. Hand-bk. Games 259 It is even good play to propose, were it only for one card, in order to hazard receiving a refusal. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 621/1 Proposal, acceptance, or refusal made cannot be retracted. 1878 ‘Cavendish’ Laws of Ecarté 53 The cases are few in which, with a refusal, he will only make three or four tricks. 1923 L. H. Dawson Hoyle's Games Modernized i. 83 These scores apply only to the first proposal or refusal in a hand. d. An instance of a horse stopping short or turning aside at a jump. Cf. refuse v.¹ 8. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > habits and actions of horse > [noun] > leap > that jumps fence > refusing refusal1856 balk1866 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 383 A refusal is never desirable, as the horse..is apt to repeat it. 1857 G. A. Lawrence Guy Livingstone xiv. 131 The mare was so savage and sulky still that a refusal seemed a certainty. 1901 C. W. Barnard MS Let. 24 Dec. (National Army Museum) 3 Mine was the only team that did not have a fall or refusal at the jumps. 1986 Your Horse Sept. 41/4 The first fence always supplies a good crop of refusals. 2007 Times (Nexis) 21 May 62 Red Baron, one of her younger horses, had two refusals in the cross country and dropped from third place..to 30th. †2. The repudiation or renunciation of a contract, allegiance, obligation, etc. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > divorce or dissolution > [noun] > divorce of a wife repulsionc1425 repudy?a1475 refusal1482 repudiation1530 dismissiona1616 the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > non-observance or breach > [noun] > particular types of refusal1482 vow-breaking1533 stretch1541 breach of promise1613 vow-break1646 vow-breach1647 breach of privilege1650 fedifraction1650 breach1841 repudiation1842 stand-up1921 1482 in J. D. Marwick Charters Edinb. (1871) 146 We..sall pay..vnto the King of Ingland..all the..money..payt for the said mariage at siclike times and dais immediately enswevin efter the refusale of the said mariage. ?1530 St. German's Dyaloge Doctoure & Student sig. piii^v Though that bonde of matrymony was idyssoluble, yet nevertheles Moyses suffred a byll of refusell to the Iues, whiche in laten is called libellum repudii, & so they myght therby forsake theyr wyfes. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 845 Many other, leuyng king Richarde, turned and came to the part of the Erle of Richmonde... Which refusall of king Richardes parte [etc.]. 1609 T. Pickering tr. W. Perkins Christian Œconomie vii. 77 (heading) Of Reiection, or Refusall of the Contract. 3. An opportunity to accept or reject something before it is offered to others; the privilege or right of having such an option. Frequently in to have the refusal (of). Now chiefly in first refusal (see first adj., adv., and n.² Compounds 1a). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] > the chance of refusing refusal1565 refuse1753 the mind > language > statement > refusal > [verb (transitive)] > have first refusal of something to have the refusal (of)1565 1565 in J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales (1670) 59 If the Queen let them again, then Humfrey and Shutz to have the Refusal. 1571 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. II. 80 His Presentatioun—togidder with the refusall of the kirk abone-writtin. 1614 S. Purchas Pilgrimage (ed. 2) v. xvii. 546 If any of his subiects hath any precious stone of value, and make not him the offer of it, it is death to him; he must haue the refusall of all. 1640 Boston (U.S.) Rec. (1877) II. 54 Chrystopher Stanley is promised the refusall of six acres of upland..yf it be there to be sould. 1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 11 When Employments go a begging for want of Hands, they shall be sure to have the Refusal. 1780 W. Beckford Biogr. Mem. Painters 152 Monsieur Baise-la-main immediately settled a pension upon the painter, merely to have the refusal of his pieces. 1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. Add. 17 The stock kept upon turnips or clover, have the refusal of water at all times when soiling. 1887 Times (Weekly ed.) 14 Oct. 15/1 They had the first refusal of any concessions he might obtain. 1904 W. B. Yeats Let. 18 Mar. (1994) III. 558 They are..to ‘have the refusal’ of all my books. 1931 Virginia Law Rev. 17 279 One in acquiring a title agrees that another or others shall have the refusal of such property in case he desires to sell. 1976 C. James in Observer 20 June 21/6 The wine buff can order his tipple..with right of refusal at the first tasting. †4. Something which has been refused or rejected. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] > rejection or non-acceptance > that which is rejected or refused offcasta1387 rejected1593 refusal1618 discarding1731 refused1740 return1749 throwaway1870 discard1888 1618 J. Browne Let. 10 Feb. in W. Foster Eng. Factories India (1906) I. 10 Then were they permitted to be sold to M[uckrab] Chan, at good prices, and sithence disgraced in the Kinges presence by Assuff Can, as being his refuzalls. 1746 H. Walpole Lett. (1846) II. 166 Ireland is to be offered to Lord Harrington, or the Presidentship; and the Duke of Dorset, now president, is to have the other's refusal. 1747 S. Richardson Clarissa II. xvi. 92 And next, with her pride, to take her sister's refusals, as she once phrased it! Compounds C1. General attributive. refusal letter n. ΚΠ 1885 Times 9 Oct. 11/2 The Bank of England may be congratulated upon the remarkable despatch shown in sending out the allotment and refusal letters of the New South Wales loan. 1969 G. C. Zahn Chaplains in RAF iv. 274 Where the refusal letters gave any indication of a reason beyond the mere statement of unwillingness or inability to comply, they were friendly in tone. 2005 G. Verdirame & B. E. Harrell-Bond Rights in Exile i. 32 Refusal letters advised those not granted asylum to ‘find another country’ within a specified period. refusal rate n. ΚΠ 1931 Hartford (Connecticut) Courant 9 Oct. 13/6 The refusal rate is not in excess of the previous rate, although the examination is somewhat longer and more detailed than it used to be. 1942 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 37 66 A second serious source of error in field surveys is refusal rate. 1995 Guardian 14 Nov. i. 11/1 The refusal rate led to renewed allegations..that the Home Secretary is already operating a ‘de facto white list’ of allegedly ‘safe countries’. C2. † refusal hand n. Écarté Obsolete a hand in which the dealer should refuse to allow discarding. ΚΠ 1878 ‘Cavendish’ Laws of Ecarté 58 His hand should be stronger than those given in the refusal hands. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1474
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