† refuten.¹

Forms: Middle English refeut, Middle English reffut, Middle English reffuyt, Middle English refuce (transmission error), Middle English refuit, Middle English refut, Middle English refutt, Middle English refuyt, Middle English refvit, Middle English refyte, Middle English–1500s refute, Middle English–1500s refuyte; Scottish pre-1700 rafuyt, pre-1700 refut, pre-1700 refute.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French refut, refuite.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman refut, refuit, refute, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French refuite (French refuite ) excuse, evasion (1250–70), means of protection, place of refuge (both 13th cent.), resource, consolation (14th cent.) < refuir to flee (see refuge v.); compare fuite fuite n. Compare refuge n.

Obsolete.

1. Shelter or protection from trouble or danger. Cf. refuge n. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun]

church grithOE

to-flighta1300

reseta1325

refutec1350

succourc1380

warranta1400

refugec1405

bieldingc1440

bield?a1500

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > one who or that which gives refuge

refu1340

refutec1350

refugec1425

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xxx. 3 (MED) In-to þe hous of refut, þat þou mak me sauf.

c1390 Vision St. Paul (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 258 (MED) Almihti God..may best Send ȝow sum refuit and sum rest.

c1430 (c1370) G. Chaucer A.B.C. (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1878) l. 33 Al myȝthy & al merciabele quene..Euere haþ myn hope of refut been in þe.

a1500 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Stowe) 16696 (MED) Grete Reffuyt and Reffuge..thow dost to alle synful men.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. Prol. f. ii I nyll presume without other refute, To ioyne suche a werke.

1547 A. Kelton Chronycle with Genealogie sig. b.vi There is no helpe for their refute But leaue their custome, and olde pursute.

2. A person who or thing which provides shelter, aid, or protection; = refuge n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > a place of refuge

havenc1225

infleeinga1300

leinda1300

harbourc1300

reseta1325

harbouryc1325

refutec1350

asylec1384

receipta1393

refugec1405

port salut?1407

recept1423

porta1425

receptaclec1425

place (etc.) of refuge?a1439

retreat1481

port haven1509

stelling-place1513

refugie1515

retraict1550

safe haven1555

havening place1563

sanctuarya1568

safe harbour1569

sheepfold1579

subterfuge1593

arka1616

lopeholt1616

latebra1626

asylum1642

creep-hole1646

harbourage1651

reverticle1656

creeping-hole1665

a port in a (also the) storm1714

receptory1856

padded cell1876

funk-hole1900

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) ix. 9 (MED) Our Lord hys made refut to þe pouer, helper in nedfulnes in tribulacioun.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms lxxxix. 1 Lord, refut thou art maad to vs.

?a1430 T. Hoccleve Ad Spiritum Sanctum l. 53 in Minor Poems (1970) ii. 283 Now, holy goost... Of poore folk and in aduersitee Refuyt & help, helpe vs.

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 622 (MED) A kynge..ought to be refute and counfort to alle the hoste.

1509 S. Hawes Conuercyon Swerers (de Worde) 13 Yet I to you am chefe refuyte and boote.

a1560 Lang Rosair in J. A. W. Bennett Devotional Pieces (1955) 324 Virgin Mary..the singular refute of synnaris.

3. A place of safety or security; = refuge n. 4a.

ΚΠ

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) ciii. 18 (MED) Þe ston is refut to heyrouns.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1014 Allas þat he [sc. jealousy]..Shuld haue his refuyt in so digne a place.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 279 To be a refute of gilty men fleenge to hit.

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 72 (MED) Hevene..is his furst howse, his assuraunce, and his last refvit.

4. A means or source of protection, aid, shelter, etc. Cf. refuge n. 3a. rare.

ΚΠ

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 3840 Thou shalt be bounde And fast loken in a Tour Withoute refuyt or socour.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† refuten.²

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: refute v.

Etymology: < refute v. Compare refutation n.

Obsolete.

1. Scottish. Refusal, rejection. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun]

warningc1000

refusea1393

refusing?a1400

naying1430

denyingc1450

refusal1474

repulsec1475

denegation1489

denial1528

deny?1529

refute1535

nay-saya1598

recusancy1597

detrectation1623

vetation1623

renuence1654

detraction1660

recusance1700

nayword1817

turn-down1902

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] > rejection or non-acceptance

renunciation1418

rejectinga1425

reprobationa1425

rejectiona1464

abjection?1529

refute1535

abdication1552

abnegation1554

abrenunciation1557

recusancy1563

repudy1575

offcasting?1591

rejectment1599

defiancea1616

canvass1621

non-acceptation1622

repudiation1640

disacceptance1642

non-acceptance1647

disowning1656

discard1663

disownment1806

unacceptance1865

ding1949

negging1996

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 275 Justice and law..to execute To puir and riche, without ony refute.

2. The action or an act of refuting or disproving a statement, charge, theory, etc.; = refutation n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > [noun]

gainsayingc1330

assoilinga1382

improvingc1443

unprovingc1449

lancing1470

redarguation?c1500

confutationa1530

redargution1529

reproof1529

confusion1530

disproof1531

reprehension1531

reproving1535

refutation?1536

improbation1556

refuting1563

disproving1587

conviction1593

infringement1593

refutal1599

gainsay1602

eviction1606

convincement1612

disproval1614

confutinga1617

improof1641

confutement1645

confute1646

refute1646

disprovement1662

reviction1677

invalidatinga1716

invalidation1771

rebutment1823

rebuttal1831

disconfirmation1937

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. viii. 312 We finde no concurrent determination of ages past, and a positive and undeniable refute of these present, the affirmative is mutable.

1657 J. Sergeant Schism Dispatch't 1 (heading) Schism dispatcht. First part. Containing..a refute of Dr. Hammonds Defence of his first three Chapters.

a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1694) ii. 376 Keep the quarrel as clean and unmixt as you can, and this will advantage you much both within, and without, in the peace and firmness of your minds, and in the refute of your enemies.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

refutev.

Brit.

/rᵻˈfjuːt/, U.S.

/rəˈfjut/,

/riˈfjut/

Forms: 1500s– refute; also Scottish pre-1700 refoot, pre-1700 refuit, pre-1700 refute (past participle).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French refuter; Latin refūtāre.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French refuter (French réfuter ) to show (something) to be invalid (early 13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), to reject or refuse (a person), to contest (an assertion, etc.) (c1330), to rebut (an insult, accusation, etc.) (1546) and its etymon classical Latin refūtāre to put down, check, suppress, to prove (a person) to be wrong, to prove (a statement) to be false, in post-classical Latin also to deny (5th cent.), to reject, refuse (from 8th cent. (frequently from early 12th cent.) in British sources) < re- re- prefix + -fūtāre (see confute v.). Compare Old Occitan refudar (a1150), refutar (2nd half of the 13th cent.), Catalan refutar (13th cent.), Spanish refutar (a1412), Portuguese refutar (a1542), Italian rifutare (1374).

†1. transitive. Scottish. To refuse or reject (a thing or person). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > refusal > [verb (transitive)] > reject

awarpc1000

forwerpeOE

warpc1000

nillOE

warnc1300

reprovec1350

to put abacka1382

to throw awaya1382

repugnc1384

to put awaya1387

waivec1386

forshoota1400

disavowc1400

defyc1405

disprovec1430

repelc1443

flemea1450

to put backa1500

reject?1504

refutea1513

repulse1533

refel1548

repudiate1548

disallowa1555

project?1567

expel1575

discard1578

overrule1578

forsay1579

check1601

decard1605

dismiss1608

reprobate1609

devow1610

retorta1616

disclaimc1626

noforsootha1644

respuate1657

reluctate1668

negative1778

no-ball1862

basket1867

to set one's foot down1873

not to have any (of it, that, this)1895

to put down1944

eighty-six1959

neg1987

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. xv. sig. e.vi Her royall dyademe, and shynynge coronall Was fyrst refuted, for loue of our sauyoure.

1633 W. Lithgow Scotlands Welcome sig. A1^v Whilst diverse yeares and months I am refute, A mourning Widow.

a1686 J. Gordon Hist. Scots Affairs (1841) II. 182 That the act of parliament, 1592, gives them the freedom of yearly Generall Assemblyes..which this offer refooteth.

2. To prove (something) to be false, esp. by means of argument or debate.

a. transitive. To rebut (an opinion, theory, claim, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)] > an argument, statement, etc.

assoilc1370

disprovec1380

soilc1380

conclude1388

unprovea1425

denyc1425

oppugn?1435

deprevea1450

refelc1450

disapprove1481

impreve1488

confute1529

deprove1530

convince?1531

refute1533

save1591

convict1593

elide1593

redargue1613

to wrestle off1639

1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere vii. p. ccccv If Tyndale wold now refute myne obieccion of y^e Turkes and theyr Alcharon.

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxxx. 252 It is some griefe to spende thus much labour in refuting a thing that hath so little grounde to vphold it.

1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F1 Some rag-footed resons that we must refute.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 39 An errour so gross and palpable, that it needs not the Microscope to refute it.

1710 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 20 July (1965) I. 46 They bring them a thousand fallacious Arguments their excessive ignorance hinders them from refuteing.

1780 W. Cowper Table Talk 104 I grant the sarcasm is too severe, And we can readily refute it here.

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. ii. vii. 210 Unconsciously his whole practice began to refute his theories.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 186 They can refute any proposition whether true or false.

1935 G. Santayana Last Puritan ii. xviii. 286 Oliver eagerly refuted these ignorant heresies, yet couldn't help chuckling at them.

1972 Y. Harkabi Arab Attitudes to Israel (1974) iv. 192 The Arabs have a number of arguments to refute the Zionist claim that the Jews have a right to Palestine because of their prolonged ties with it.

2001 P. Anton et al. Global Technol. Revol. ii. 8 Although knock-outs are not always complete, they provide another important tool to confirm or refute hypotheses regarding complex organisms.

b. transitive. To disprove (an accusation, imputation, etc.).

ΚΠ

1574 T. Tymme tr. J. de Serres Three Partes Comm. Ciuill Warres Fraunce vii. 97 He sent letters agayne to the King, in the which he..refuted the sclaunders of his Aduersaries.

1597 W. Burton tr. Achilles Tatius Most Delectable & Pleasaunt Hist. Clitiphon & Leucippe 143 I will refute those things as well as I can, which hee hath obiected agaynst mee.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xxiv. 864/1 Which imputation in sundry languages hee refuted in Print.

1650 A. Bradstreet Tenth Muse 30 Your slanders thus refuted, takes no place, Though cast upon my guiltlesse blushing face.

1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. viii. 270 Well thy gen'rous tongue With decent pride refutes a public wrong.

1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 824 Let the arraigned Stand up unconscious, and refute the charge.

1807 R. Cumberland Mem. I. 404 He came home..to refute some malicious imputations that had been glanced at his character.

1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece V. 375 The plan which he has suggested..is the surest way to refute such calumnies.

1875 H. E. Manning Internal Mission of Holy Ghost x. 277 Would you not seek everywhere for proofs to refute the accusation?

1924 P. G. Wodehouse Bill the Conqueror 82 Judson was about to refute this monstrous slur on the land he loved.

1980 D. Bogarde Gentle Occup. xi. 302 Refute! How can I refute slander?

2007 S. Clark Living without Domination 60 My minor purpose..is to show why it is worth refuting the accusation that anarchists are golden age primitivists.

3. transitive. To prove (a person) to be wrong.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)]

answerOE

bitavelena1225

allayc1275

confoundc1384

concludea1400

conclusea1400

forblenda1400

gainsaya1400

rejag1402

to bear downc1405

redarguea1425

repugn?a1425

reverse?c1430

improvec1443

reprovea1513

dissolve1529

revince1529

convince1530

confute1533

refel1534

refute1545

void1570

evict1583

infringe1590

reprehend1597

revert1598

evince1608

repel1613

to take off1618

unbubblea1640

invalid1643

invalidate1649

remove1652

retund1653

effronta1657

dispute1659

unreason1661

have1680

demolish1691

to blow sky-high1819

1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel Argt. f. 5^v Which reiecteth and refuteth the iewes and vs castinge away god and his gospel as thei did.

1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin iii. 150 He refuted thAdmirall, who..assayed to qualifie indirectly the wills of the councell.

a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) xxii. 68 Who might also have received their answer and beene evidently refuted to their faces, if they had but observed his ordinary practice.

1692 J. Washington tr. J. Milton Def. People Eng. 245 That you, my Country-men, refute this adversary of yours your selves.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. i. ii. 11 Some living Antagonist; who..pretends to..refute the Refuter upon every Article he has advanc'd.

1739 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) V. 18 In his second [book], wherein he refutes his brother Quintus.

1825 W. Hazlitt Spirit of Age 295 He does not refute, but denounces him.

1869 Daily News 14 Dec. But Mr. M. is good enough, for all practical purposes, to refute himself.

1911 Catholic Encycl. X. 450/2 Thus they refuted Noetus with tradition—the Apostles' Creed is enough.

1951 G. B. Burch Early Medieval Philos. iii. 82 Abelard..considered that to understand the doctrines we believe, although necessary only for refuting pseudo-rationalists, is to some extent possible.

1998 A. Quinton Hume 3 The main effect of his theoretical philosophy was negative, provoking a number of philosophers to address themselves to the business of refuting him.

4. intransitive. To demonstrate error. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > oppose in argument, refute [verb (intransitive)]

answerOE

refel1572

refute1572

refragate1593

1572 J. Higgins Huloets Dict. (rev. ed.) sig. Aa/1 Infringe, refell, or to refute, Infringo.

1582 R. Browne Treat. 23 Matt. in R. Harrison & R. Browne Writings (1953) 188 And if Rhetorike disproue and refute, to what vse is Logike?

1602 Certayne Lett. 56 If so be that with the Papists Anabaptists or any the like we did erre from the true faith, we doubt not but you would open your mouth to answer, to refute, to convince.

1654 T. Gataker Disc. Apol. 83 The manner of them both is rather to rail and revile, then by arguing and reasoning to refel and refute.

1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Seventh 66 Instead of racking Fancy, to refute, Reform thy Manners, and the Truth enjoy.

1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 174 Those, whose only object is to cavil where they cannot refute.

1852 C. M. Kirkland Evening Bk. 293 When he could not refute, he sneered; when outgeneralled, he attempted revenge.

1904 A. E. Breen Harmonized Expos. Four Gospels (rev. ed.) IV. 283 The general meaning of ἐλέγχω is to convince, to refute, to enter into argument and convince one of a truth.

1986 F. C. Copleston Philos. in Russia xii. 351 As for the spirit of partisanship and the desire to refute, the activity of refuting need not..obtrude itself when it is a question of theories which belong to the past.

2000 C. Todd Legacy of Dead (2001) xvi. 175 In the five months since returning to the Yard, Rutledge had slowly found the courage to argue, to refute—to take on the voice in verbal battle.

5. transitive. To reject (an allegation, assertion, report, etc.) as without foundation; to repudiate.Criticized as erroneous in usage guides in the 20th cent. In many instances it is unclear whether there is an implication of argument accompanying the assertion that something is baseless (making the use sense 2).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > repudiation or refusal to acknowledge > repudiate or refuse to acknowledge [verb (transitive)]

dissolve1382

denyc1384

renaya1450

forswearc1475

repudy1477

disallowa1513

abrenounce1537

repudiate1560

have1579

disclaim1596

renounce1617

abrenunciate1618

unowna1657

disown1666

refute1886

slam1973

1886 Money 22 Dec. 911/1 Mind, i ain't a snob; I utterly refute that idear. I don't judge bi the koat he wares, or the joolery, or nothing of that kind.

1895 Manitoba Morning Free Press 13 Jan. 11/5 Members wish to refute the assertions..that Hayes council ‘is on its last legs’. Never in the history of the council was it in better shape.

1942 C. Headlam Diary 8 July in S. Ball Parl. & Politics in Age Churchill & Attlee (1999) ix. 325 Dorman Smith, Governor of Burma..utterly refuted the gossip that the Burmese had welcomed the Japanese.

1980 Bookseller 19 July 257/1 I refute Mr Bodey's allegation that it is our policy not to observe publication dates.

2006 Arizona Daily Star (Nexis) 12 July Bernice..refuted a magazine report in which her son said he preferred the University of Miami (Fla.) over the Wildcats.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹c1350

n.²1535

v.a1513

单词	refute
释义	† refuten.¹ Forms: Middle English refeut, Middle English reffut, Middle English reffuyt, Middle English refuce (transmission error), Middle English refuit, Middle English refut, Middle English refutt, Middle English refuyt, Middle English refvit, Middle English refyte, Middle English–1500s refute, Middle English–1500s refuyte; Scottish pre-1700 rafuyt, pre-1700 refut, pre-1700 refute. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French refut, refuite. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman refut, refuit, refute, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French refuite (French refuite ) excuse, evasion (1250–70), means of protection, place of refuge (both 13th cent.), resource, consolation (14th cent.) < refuir to flee (see refuge v.); compare fuite fuite n. Compare refuge n. Obsolete. 1. Shelter or protection from trouble or danger. Cf. refuge n. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] church grithOE to-flighta1300 reseta1325 refutec1350 succourc1380 warranta1400 refugec1405 bieldingc1440 bield?a1500 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > one who or that which gives refuge refu1340 refutec1350 refugec1425 c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xxx. 3 (MED) In-to þe hous of refut, þat þou mak me sauf. c1390 Vision St. Paul (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 258 (MED) Almihti God..may best Send ȝow sum refuit and sum rest. c1430 (c1370) G. Chaucer A.B.C. (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1878) l. 33 Al myȝthy & al merciabele quene..Euere haþ myn hope of refut been in þe. a1500 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Stowe) 16696 (MED) Grete Reffuyt and Reffuge..thow dost to alle synful men. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. Prol. f. ii I nyll presume without other refute, To ioyne suche a werke. 1547 A. Kelton Chronycle with Genealogie sig. b.vi There is no helpe for their refute But leaue their custome, and olde pursute. 2. A person who or thing which provides shelter, aid, or protection; = refuge n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > refuge or shelter > [noun] > a place of refuge havenc1225 infleeinga1300 leinda1300 harbourc1300 reseta1325 harbouryc1325 refutec1350 asylec1384 receipta1393 refugec1405 port salut?1407 recept1423 porta1425 receptaclec1425 place (etc.) of refuge?a1439 retreat1481 port haven1509 stelling-place1513 refugie1515 retraict1550 safe haven1555 havening place1563 sanctuarya1568 safe harbour1569 sheepfold1579 subterfuge1593 arka1616 lopeholt1616 latebra1626 asylum1642 creep-hole1646 harbourage1651 reverticle1656 creeping-hole1665 a port in a (also the) storm1714 receptory1856 padded cell1876 funk-hole1900 c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) ix. 9 (MED) Our Lord hys made refut to þe pouer, helper in nedfulnes in tribulacioun. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Psalms lxxxix. 1 Lord, refut thou art maad to vs. ?a1430 T. Hoccleve Ad Spiritum Sanctum l. 53 in Minor Poems (1970) ii. 283 Now, holy goost... Of poore folk and in aduersitee Refuyt & help, helpe vs. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 622 (MED) A kynge..ought to be refute and counfort to alle the hoste. 1509 S. Hawes Conuercyon Swerers (de Worde) 13 Yet I to you am chefe refuyte and boote. a1560 Lang Rosair in J. A. W. Bennett Devotional Pieces (1955) 324 Virgin Mary..the singular refute of synnaris. 3. A place of safety or security; = refuge n. 4a. ΚΠ c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) ciii. 18 (MED) Þe ston is refut to heyrouns. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1014 Allas þat he [sc. jealousy]..Shuld haue his refuyt in so digne a place. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 279 To be a refute of gilty men fleenge to hit. a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 72 (MED) Hevene..is his furst howse, his assuraunce, and his last refvit. 4. A means or source of protection, aid, shelter, etc. Cf. refuge n. 3a. rare. ΚΠ a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 3840 Thou shalt be bounde And fast loken in a Tour Withoute refuyt or socour. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † refuten.² Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: refute v. Etymology: < refute v. Compare refutation n. Obsolete. 1. Scottish. Refusal, rejection. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] warningc1000 refusea1393 refusing?a1400 naying1430 denyingc1450 refusal1474 repulsec1475 denegation1489 denial1528 deny?1529 refute1535 nay-saya1598 recusancy1597 detrectation1623 vetation1623 renuence1654 detraction1660 recusance1700 nayword1817 turn-down1902 the mind > language > statement > refusal > [noun] > rejection or non-acceptance renunciation1418 rejectinga1425 reprobationa1425 rejectiona1464 abjection?1529 refute1535 abdication1552 abnegation1554 abrenunciation1557 recusancy1563 repudy1575 offcasting?1591 rejectment1599 defiancea1616 canvass1621 non-acceptation1622 repudiation1640 disacceptance1642 non-acceptance1647 disowning1656 discard1663 disownment1806 unacceptance1865 ding1949 negging1996 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 275 Justice and law..to execute To puir and riche, without ony refute. 2. The action or an act of refuting or disproving a statement, charge, theory, etc.; = refutation n. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > [noun] gainsayingc1330 assoilinga1382 improvingc1443 unprovingc1449 lancing1470 redarguation?c1500 confutationa1530 redargution1529 reproof1529 confusion1530 disproof1531 reprehension1531 reproving1535 refutation?1536 improbation1556 refuting1563 disproving1587 conviction1593 infringement1593 refutal1599 gainsay1602 eviction1606 convincement1612 disproval1614 confutinga1617 improof1641 confutement1645 confute1646 refute1646 disprovement1662 reviction1677 invalidatinga1716 invalidation1771 rebutment1823 rebuttal1831 disconfirmation1937 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. viii. 312 We finde no concurrent determination of ages past, and a positive and undeniable refute of these present, the affirmative is mutable. View more context for this quotation 1657 J. Sergeant Schism Dispatch't 1 (heading) Schism dispatcht. First part. Containing..a refute of Dr. Hammonds Defence of his first three Chapters. a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1694) ii. 376 Keep the quarrel as clean and unmixt as you can, and this will advantage you much both within, and without, in the peace and firmness of your minds, and in the refute of your enemies. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). refutev. Brit. /rᵻˈfjuːt/, U.S. /rəˈfjut/, /riˈfjut/ Forms: 1500s– refute; also Scottish pre-1700 refoot, pre-1700 refuit, pre-1700 refute (past participle). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French refuter; Latin refūtāre. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French refuter (French réfuter ) to show (something) to be invalid (early 13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), to reject or refuse (a person), to contest (an assertion, etc.) (c1330), to rebut (an insult, accusation, etc.) (1546) and its etymon classical Latin refūtāre to put down, check, suppress, to prove (a person) to be wrong, to prove (a statement) to be false, in post-classical Latin also to deny (5th cent.), to reject, refuse (from 8th cent. (frequently from early 12th cent.) in British sources) < re- re- prefix + -fūtāre (see confute v.). Compare Old Occitan refudar (a1150), refutar (2nd half of the 13th cent.), Catalan refutar (13th cent.), Spanish refutar (a1412), Portuguese refutar (a1542), Italian rifutare (1374). †1. transitive. Scottish. To refuse or reject (a thing or person). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > refusal > [verb (transitive)] > reject awarpc1000 forwerpeOE warpc1000 nillOE warnc1300 reprovec1350 to put abacka1382 to throw awaya1382 repugnc1384 to put awaya1387 waivec1386 forshoota1400 disavowc1400 defyc1405 disprovec1430 repelc1443 flemea1450 to put backa1500 reject?1504 refutea1513 repulse1533 refel1548 repudiate1548 disallowa1555 project?1567 expel1575 discard1578 overrule1578 forsay1579 check1601 decard1605 dismiss1608 reprobate1609 devow1610 retorta1616 disclaimc1626 noforsootha1644 respuate1657 reluctate1668 negative1778 no-ball1862 basket1867 to set one's foot down1873 not to have any (of it, that, this)1895 to put down1944 eighty-six1959 neg1987 a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. xv. sig. e.vi Her royall dyademe, and shynynge coronall Was fyrst refuted, for loue of our sauyoure. 1633 W. Lithgow Scotlands Welcome sig. A1^v Whilst diverse yeares and months I am refute, A mourning Widow. a1686 J. Gordon Hist. Scots Affairs (1841) II. 182 That the act of parliament, 1592, gives them the freedom of yearly Generall Assemblyes..which this offer refooteth. 2. To prove (something) to be false, esp. by means of argument or debate. a. transitive. To rebut (an opinion, theory, claim, etc.). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)] > an argument, statement, etc. assoilc1370 disprovec1380 soilc1380 conclude1388 unprovea1425 denyc1425 oppugn?1435 deprevea1450 refelc1450 disapprove1481 impreve1488 confute1529 deprove1530 convince?1531 refute1533 save1591 convict1593 elide1593 redargue1613 to wrestle off1639 1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere vii. p. ccccv If Tyndale wold now refute myne obieccion of y^e Turkes and theyr Alcharon. 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxxx. 252 It is some griefe to spende thus much labour in refuting a thing that hath so little grounde to vphold it. 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xix. sig. F1 Some rag-footed resons that we must refute. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 39 An errour so gross and palpable, that it needs not the Microscope to refute it. 1710 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 20 July (1965) I. 46 They bring them a thousand fallacious Arguments their excessive ignorance hinders them from refuteing. 1780 W. Cowper Table Talk 104 I grant the sarcasm is too severe, And we can readily refute it here. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. ii. vii. 210 Unconsciously his whole practice began to refute his theories. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 186 They can refute any proposition whether true or false. 1935 G. Santayana Last Puritan ii. xviii. 286 Oliver eagerly refuted these ignorant heresies, yet couldn't help chuckling at them. 1972 Y. Harkabi Arab Attitudes to Israel (1974) iv. 192 The Arabs have a number of arguments to refute the Zionist claim that the Jews have a right to Palestine because of their prolonged ties with it. 2001 P. Anton et al. Global Technol. Revol. ii. 8 Although knock-outs are not always complete, they provide another important tool to confirm or refute hypotheses regarding complex organisms. b. transitive. To disprove (an accusation, imputation, etc.). ΚΠ 1574 T. Tymme tr. J. de Serres Three Partes Comm. Ciuill Warres Fraunce vii. 97 He sent letters agayne to the King, in the which he..refuted the sclaunders of his Aduersaries. 1597 W. Burton tr. Achilles Tatius Most Delectable & Pleasaunt Hist. Clitiphon & Leucippe 143 I will refute those things as well as I can, which hee hath obiected agaynst mee. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xxiv. 864/1 Which imputation in sundry languages hee refuted in Print. 1650 A. Bradstreet Tenth Muse 30 Your slanders thus refuted, takes no place, Though cast upon my guiltlesse blushing face. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. viii. 270 Well thy gen'rous tongue With decent pride refutes a public wrong. 1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 824 Let the arraigned Stand up unconscious, and refute the charge. 1807 R. Cumberland Mem. I. 404 He came home..to refute some malicious imputations that had been glanced at his character. 1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece V. 375 The plan which he has suggested..is the surest way to refute such calumnies. 1875 H. E. Manning Internal Mission of Holy Ghost x. 277 Would you not seek everywhere for proofs to refute the accusation? 1924 P. G. Wodehouse Bill the Conqueror 82 Judson was about to refute this monstrous slur on the land he loved. 1980 D. Bogarde Gentle Occup. xi. 302 Refute! How can I refute slander? 2007 S. Clark Living without Domination 60 My minor purpose..is to show why it is worth refuting the accusation that anarchists are golden age primitivists. 3. transitive. To prove (a person) to be wrong. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)] answerOE bitavelena1225 allayc1275 confoundc1384 concludea1400 conclusea1400 forblenda1400 gainsaya1400 rejag1402 to bear downc1405 redarguea1425 repugn?a1425 reverse?c1430 improvec1443 reprovea1513 dissolve1529 revince1529 convince1530 confute1533 refel1534 refute1545 void1570 evict1583 infringe1590 reprehend1597 revert1598 evince1608 repel1613 to take off1618 unbubblea1640 invalid1643 invalidate1649 remove1652 retund1653 effronta1657 dispute1659 unreason1661 have1680 demolish1691 to blow sky-high1819 1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel Argt. f. 5^v Which reiecteth and refuteth the iewes and vs castinge away god and his gospel as thei did. 1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin iii. 150 He refuted thAdmirall, who..assayed to qualifie indirectly the wills of the councell. a1629 W. Hinde Faithfull Remonstr. (1641) xxii. 68 Who might also have received their answer and beene evidently refuted to their faces, if they had but observed his ordinary practice. 1692 J. Washington tr. J. Milton Def. People Eng. 245 That you, my Country-men, refute this adversary of yours your selves. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks III. Misc. i. ii. 11 Some living Antagonist; who..pretends to..refute the Refuter upon every Article he has advanc'd. 1739 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) V. 18 In his second [book], wherein he refutes his brother Quintus. 1825 W. Hazlitt Spirit of Age 295 He does not refute, but denounces him. 1869 Daily News 14 Dec. But Mr. M. is good enough, for all practical purposes, to refute himself. 1911 Catholic Encycl. X. 450/2 Thus they refuted Noetus with tradition—the Apostles' Creed is enough. 1951 G. B. Burch Early Medieval Philos. iii. 82 Abelard..considered that to understand the doctrines we believe, although necessary only for refuting pseudo-rationalists, is to some extent possible. 1998 A. Quinton Hume 3 The main effect of his theoretical philosophy was negative, provoking a number of philosophers to address themselves to the business of refuting him. 4. intransitive. To demonstrate error. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > oppose in argument, refute [verb (intransitive)] answerOE refel1572 refute1572 refragate1593 1572 J. Higgins Huloets Dict. (rev. ed.) sig. Aa/1 Infringe, refell, or to refute, Infringo. 1582 R. Browne Treat. 23 Matt. in R. Harrison & R. Browne Writings (1953) 188 And if Rhetorike disproue and refute, to what vse is Logike? 1602 Certayne Lett. 56 If so be that with the Papists Anabaptists or any the like we did erre from the true faith, we doubt not but you would open your mouth to answer, to refute, to convince. 1654 T. Gataker Disc. Apol. 83 The manner of them both is rather to rail and revile, then by arguing and reasoning to refel and refute. 1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Seventh 66 Instead of racking Fancy, to refute, Reform thy Manners, and the Truth enjoy. 1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 174 Those, whose only object is to cavil where they cannot refute. 1852 C. M. Kirkland Evening Bk. 293 When he could not refute, he sneered; when outgeneralled, he attempted revenge. 1904 A. E. Breen Harmonized Expos. Four Gospels (rev. ed.) IV. 283 The general meaning of ἐλέγχω is to convince, to refute, to enter into argument and convince one of a truth. 1986 F. C. Copleston Philos. in Russia xii. 351 As for the spirit of partisanship and the desire to refute, the activity of refuting need not..obtrude itself when it is a question of theories which belong to the past. 2000 C. Todd Legacy of Dead (2001) xvi. 175 In the five months since returning to the Yard, Rutledge had slowly found the courage to argue, to refute—to take on the voice in verbal battle. 5. transitive. To reject (an allegation, assertion, report, etc.) as without foundation; to repudiate.Criticized as erroneous in usage guides in the 20th cent. In many instances it is unclear whether there is an implication of argument accompanying the assertion that something is baseless (making the use sense 2). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > repudiation or refusal to acknowledge > repudiate or refuse to acknowledge [verb (transitive)] dissolve1382 denyc1384 renaya1450 forswearc1475 repudy1477 disallowa1513 abrenounce1537 repudiate1560 have1579 disclaim1596 renounce1617 abrenunciate1618 unowna1657 disown1666 refute1886 slam1973 1886 Money 22 Dec. 911/1 Mind, i ain't a snob; I utterly refute that idear. I don't judge bi the koat he wares, or the joolery, or nothing of that kind. 1895 Manitoba Morning Free Press 13 Jan. 11/5 Members wish to refute the assertions..that Hayes council ‘is on its last legs’. Never in the history of the council was it in better shape. 1942 C. Headlam Diary 8 July in S. Ball Parl. & Politics in Age Churchill & Attlee (1999) ix. 325 Dorman Smith, Governor of Burma..utterly refuted the gossip that the Burmese had welcomed the Japanese. 1980 Bookseller 19 July 257/1 I refute Mr Bodey's allegation that it is our policy not to observe publication dates. 2006 Arizona Daily Star (Nexis) 12 July Bernice..refuted a magazine report in which her son said he preferred the University of Miami (Fla.) over the Wildcats. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1350n.²1535v.a1513
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† refuten.1

† refuten.2

refutev.

† refuten.¹

† refuten.²