reluctantadj.n.

Brit.

/rᵻˈlʌkt(ə)nt/, U.S.

/rəˈləkt(ə)nt/,

/riˈləkt(ə)nt/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin reluctant-, reluctāns, reluctārī.

Etymology: < classical Latin reluctant-, reluctāns, present participle of reluctārī to struggle, resist (see reluct v.). Compare French réluctant (19th cent.), Italian riluttante unwilling, loath (1342). Compare earlier reluct v., and also reluctation n., reluctance n.

A. adj.

a. Offering resistance or opposition. Frequently with to. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] > resisting

rebel1340

resisting?a1425

repugnantc1443

rebela1450

resistentc1450

obstant1486

resistanta1513

reluctant1604

renitent1604

resistive1605

resistful1614

outstandingc1650

withstanding1711

unamenable1771

recalcitrating1870

1604 Bp. W. Barlow Summe Conf. at Hampton Court iii. sig. O^v If the persons reluctant be discreet they will be wonne betimes, & by good perswasions.

1640 R. Brathwait Ar't Asleepe Husband? 22 As he is to shew himselfe importunate in his Suite, so is his spouse to shew her selfe reluctant to his desires.

1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xix. 596 Awhile, reluctant to her pleasing force, Suspend the restful hour with sweet discourse.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 382 The soil on the sea coast is hard, and reluctant to the plough.

1872 J. Ruskin Eagle's Nest §122 The noble human sight, careless of prey, disdainful of minuteness, and reluctant to anger.

2001 B. S. Childs Isaiah 52 The recipient is initially reluctant to the divine call..but his resistance is overcome.

†b. With to. Repugnant, distasteful. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > hatred > object of detestation (person or thing) > [adjective]

loatha700

eileOE

andsetec1000

wlatfulc1230

aloathedc1275

wlatsomea1300

unhonest13..

wlata1325

hideousc1330

abominable1340

hatefula1382

hatesomea1382

abominablec1384

odiousa1387

fulsomec1390

accursedc1400

hatousc1400

rankc1400

hateablec1425

odiblec1425

ugsomec1425

wretchedc1430

loathsomec1440

loathfula1450

noisomea1450

abhominal1477

detestable1477

loathy1481

loathing?a1513

oppugnanta1513

irksome1513

hateworthy1548

abhorful1565

ugged1570

detestine1575

ulcerous1577

opposite1578

scandalous1592

offensive1594

obscene1597

ulcered1602

dirtya1616

abhorrent1628

toady1628

envious1630

repugnant1633

nauseating1645

nauseous1646

obnoxious1646

detestful1654

reluctant1663

horrid1666

abnoxious1682

devilish1692

invidious1710

repellent1776

repellant1780

sickening1789

toadish1822

carrion1826

ugging1839

cussed1853

repugnant1879

jerky1944

vomitous1952

barfy1957

the mind > emotion > hatred > dislike > disgust > [adjective] > disgusting or repulsive

fulsomec1510

distasteful1607

stinkardly1616

reluctant1663

disgustful1678

fulsamic1694

disgusteda1716

disgustive1740

revolting1773

disgustable1787

repulsive1791

disgusting1839

foul1842

vomitorial1868

untouchable1873

icky1938

gross1959

grody1965

yechy1969

yucky1970

yuck1971

yuck-making1972

gross-out1973

skeevy1976

sleazoid1976

skanky1982

festy1995

mug2009

1663 J. Heath Brief Chron. Late Intestine Warr (rev. ed.) i. 183 Sir Thomas Glemham..had defended the City of Carlile..for nine Months and upward against Sickness, Famine, and War, having eaten things most reluctant to nature.

a1674 J. Vaughan Rep. & Arguments (1677) 224 The Copulation with the Mother, Sister, and the like, do become odious and reluctant to Nature.

†c. Struggling; writhing. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > [adjective]

wrestinga1529

writhing1556

retorting1588

wringinga1600

wrenching1618

reluctant1667

twirlinga1719

quirling1755

convoluting1818

contortional1918

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 515 Down he fell A monstrous Serpent on his Belly prone, Reluctant, but in vaine.

1820 P. B. Shelley Ode to Liberty xv, in Prometheus Unbound 219 Disdain not thou..To set thine armed heel on this reluctant worm.

1853 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Dec. 618/2 To seize and grapple..the lithe and sinewy weasel, or the slippery and reluctant snake.

a. Of a person: unwilling, averse; disinclined to do something.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective]

argha1000

slowOE

unwillyc1200

sweera1300

unfain1338

loathc1374

dangerousc1386

eschewc1386

squeamous1387

obstinate?a1439

unpresta1500

ill-willing?1520

evil-willing1525

untowards1525

untowarda1530

unwilling1533

strange1548

ill-willed1549

dainty1553

relucting1553

squeamish?1553

nicea1560

loathful1561

coyish1566

coy1576

unhearty1583

costive1594

unready1595

tarrowinga1598

undisposed1597

involuntary1598

backward1600

retrograde1602

unpregnant1604

scrupulous1608

unprone1611

refractory1614

behindhanda1616

nilling1620

backwards1627

shya1628

retractable1632

reluctant1638

loughta1641

tendera1641

unapt1640

uninclinable1640

unbeteaming1642

boggling1645

averse1646

indisposed1646

aversant1657

incomposed1660

disinclined1703

unobliging1707

unconsenting1713

uninclined1729

tenacious1766

disinclinable1769

ill-disposed1771

unaffectioned1788

scruplesomec1800

back-handed1817

sweert1817

tharf1828

backward in coming forward1830

unvoluntary1834

misinclined1837

squeamy1838

balky1847

retractive1869

grudging1874

tharfish1876

unwishful1876

safety first1917

1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 207 Shee had attractives able to draw the oldest and most reluctant spirits [Fr. les plus vieux & les plus sauuages].

1706 J. Matthews Forgiveness 8 They must..do some things with a trembling hand, and reluctant heart.

1766 O. Goldsmith Ballad [the Hermit] in Vicar of Wakefield I. viii. 73 From better habitations spurned, Reluctant dost thou rove?

1777 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip II II. xxii. 319 Mayenne was now as solicitous to persuade the duke..as he had been formerly reluctant and averse.

1858 H. W. Longfellow Courtship Miles Standish ii. 91 Taking the hand of his friend, who still was reluctant and doubtful.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. §3. 184 Edward was still reluctant to begin the war.

1922 F. E. Clark Memories of Many Men in Many Lands xxxvii. 426 A reluctant father promises his daughter to a suitor when two Sundays come together in one week.

1966 Jrnl. Marketing Res. 3 124/2 The marketing manager is usually reluctant to accept the existence of a problem.

2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 11 May 76/1 It is far more difficult than some imagine to push a reluctant child into sports.

b. In extended use, of things personified.

ΚΠ

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 58 Reluctant flames, the signe Of wrauth awak't.

1712 R. Blackmore Creation iii. 119 Did not Industrious Man..Extort his Food from the reluctant Soil?

1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 306 Here a wet sky brings a reluctant crop.

1796 W. Scott William & Helen lix Reluctant on its rusty hinge Revolved an iron door.

1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 21 [They] bent or broke The lithe reluctant boughs to tear away Their tawny clusters.

1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 305 The enormous treasure-pile..won from the reluctant earth.

1925 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 35 209 All who with difficulty orient themselves on this reluctant cosmos.

2006 J. Updike Terrorist v. 269 He fidgeted about the tiny room, tugging open reluctant bureau drawers.

†c. Tardy, slow. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [adjective] > specifically of persons

slowc1300

sluggishc1450

tardious?1572

dreich1606

slowback1610

reluctant1797

tardigrade1813

the world > movement > rate of motion > slowness > [adjective] > tardy or sluggish > specifically of persons or animals

slowc1300

sloth1412

sluggingc1430

sluggishc1450

sleuth1567

slowback1610

dilatorya1616

tardigradous1652

reluctant1797

1797 T. Holcroft tr. F. L. Stolberg Trav. (ed. 2) III. lxxi. 80 The..bones..may be those of persons who were too reluctant in their flight.

3. Characterized by reluctance.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] > characterized by unwillingness (of actions, etc.)

grudged1549

unloath1607

unwilling?1617

reluctant1648

restive1652

uncheerfula1684

1648 J. Beaumont Psyche xvii. cdxx. 345 Now she by reluctant Nauseousnesse Felt, whosesoe'r it were, 'twas none of His.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 310 Yeilded with coy submission, modest pride, And sweet reluctant amorous delay.

1786 E. Burke Articles of Charge against W. Hastings xx. 58 Which late and reluctant consent and authority were extorted from him.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 171 He had been compelled to give reluctant attendance at endless prayers and sermons.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xiii. 150 Thus fastened to the sledge, he commenced his reluctant journey.

1966 A. MacLean When Eight Bells Toll vii. 136 It had taken me a full five minutes..to extract from the very elderly chemist the minimum of reluctant service.

1998 S. Faulks Charlotte Gray ii. viii. 235 It was with a reluctant step that he trod the streets back to his plain apartment.

B. n.

A person who is reluctant to do something; an unwilling or hesitant person.

ΚΠ

a1632 L. Hutten Diss. Antiq. Oxf. in C. Plummer Elizabethan Oxf. (1887) 69 These old Reluctants decayed and died.

1862 O. O. Howard Let. 19 Dec. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1888) 1st. Ser. XXI. xxxiii. 263 With the loss of 16 men hors de combat, he drove up cowardly reluctants to help him move and serve his guns.

1917 Homiletic Rev. Sept. 233/2 To the reluctant who would go first and bury his dead, he says: ‘Let the dead bury their dead.’

1961 Eng. Jrnl. 50 49 The hope that we can drag the ‘reluctants’ kicking and screaming into the world of books.

2001 Pop. Sci. May 12/2 Many of these ‘reluctants’..use the word ‘never’ when responding to questions about their Internet aspirations.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reluctant
释义	reluctantadj.n. Brit. /rᵻˈlʌkt(ə)nt/, U.S. /rəˈləkt(ə)nt/, /riˈləkt(ə)nt/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin reluctant-, reluctāns, reluctārī. Etymology: < classical Latin reluctant-, reluctāns, present participle of reluctārī to struggle, resist (see reluct v.). Compare French réluctant (19th cent.), Italian riluttante unwilling, loath (1342). Compare earlier reluct v., and also reluctation n., reluctance n. A. adj. 1. a. Offering resistance or opposition. Frequently with to. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > [adjective] > resisting rebel1340 resisting?a1425 repugnantc1443 rebela1450 resistentc1450 obstant1486 resistanta1513 reluctant1604 renitent1604 resistive1605 resistful1614 outstandingc1650 withstanding1711 unamenable1771 recalcitrating1870 1604 Bp. W. Barlow Summe Conf. at Hampton Court iii. sig. O^v If the persons reluctant be discreet they will be wonne betimes, & by good perswasions. 1640 R. Brathwait Ar't Asleepe Husband? 22 As he is to shew himselfe importunate in his Suite, so is his spouse to shew her selfe reluctant to his desires. 1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xix. 596 Awhile, reluctant to her pleasing force, Suspend the restful hour with sweet discourse. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 382 The soil on the sea coast is hard, and reluctant to the plough. 1872 J. Ruskin Eagle's Nest §122 The noble human sight, careless of prey, disdainful of minuteness, and reluctant to anger. 2001 B. S. Childs Isaiah 52 The recipient is initially reluctant to the divine call..but his resistance is overcome. †b. With to. Repugnant, distasteful. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > hatred > object of detestation (person or thing) > [adjective] loatha700 eileOE andsetec1000 wlatfulc1230 aloathedc1275 wlatsomea1300 unhonest13.. wlata1325 hideousc1330 abominable1340 hatefula1382 hatesomea1382 abominablec1384 odiousa1387 fulsomec1390 accursedc1400 hatousc1400 rankc1400 hateablec1425 odiblec1425 ugsomec1425 wretchedc1430 loathsomec1440 loathfula1450 noisomea1450 abhominal1477 detestable1477 loathy1481 loathing?a1513 oppugnanta1513 irksome1513 hateworthy1548 abhorful1565 ugged1570 detestine1575 ulcerous1577 opposite1578 scandalous1592 offensive1594 obscene1597 ulcered1602 dirtya1616 abhorrent1628 toady1628 envious1630 repugnant1633 nauseating1645 nauseous1646 obnoxious1646 detestful1654 reluctant1663 horrid1666 abnoxious1682 devilish1692 invidious1710 repellent1776 repellant1780 sickening1789 toadish1822 carrion1826 ugging1839 cussed1853 repugnant1879 jerky1944 vomitous1952 barfy1957 the mind > emotion > hatred > dislike > disgust > [adjective] > disgusting or repulsive fulsomec1510 distasteful1607 stinkardly1616 reluctant1663 disgustful1678 fulsamic1694 disgusteda1716 disgustive1740 revolting1773 disgustable1787 repulsive1791 disgusting1839 foul1842 vomitorial1868 untouchable1873 icky1938 gross1959 grody1965 yechy1969 yucky1970 yuck1971 yuck-making1972 gross-out1973 skeevy1976 sleazoid1976 skanky1982 festy1995 mug2009 1663 J. Heath Brief Chron. Late Intestine Warr (rev. ed.) i. 183 Sir Thomas Glemham..had defended the City of Carlile..for nine Months and upward against Sickness, Famine, and War, having eaten things most reluctant to nature. a1674 J. Vaughan Rep. & Arguments (1677) 224 The Copulation with the Mother, Sister, and the like, do become odious and reluctant to Nature. †c. Struggling; writhing. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in specific manner > writhing or twisting movement > [adjective] wrestinga1529 writhing1556 retorting1588 wringinga1600 wrenching1618 reluctant1667 twirlinga1719 quirling1755 convoluting1818 contortional1918 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 515 Down he fell A monstrous Serpent on his Belly prone, Reluctant, but in vaine. View more context for this quotation 1820 P. B. Shelley Ode to Liberty xv, in Prometheus Unbound 219 Disdain not thou..To set thine armed heel on this reluctant worm. 1853 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Dec. 618/2 To seize and grapple..the lithe and sinewy weasel, or the slippery and reluctant snake. 2. a. Of a person: unwilling, averse; disinclined to do something. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] argha1000 slowOE unwillyc1200 sweera1300 unfain1338 loathc1374 dangerousc1386 eschewc1386 squeamous1387 obstinate?a1439 unpresta1500 ill-willing?1520 evil-willing1525 untowards1525 untowarda1530 unwilling1533 strange1548 ill-willed1549 dainty1553 relucting1553 squeamish?1553 nicea1560 loathful1561 coyish1566 coy1576 unhearty1583 costive1594 unready1595 tarrowinga1598 undisposed1597 involuntary1598 backward1600 retrograde1602 unpregnant1604 scrupulous1608 unprone1611 refractory1614 behindhanda1616 nilling1620 backwards1627 shya1628 retractable1632 reluctant1638 loughta1641 tendera1641 unapt1640 uninclinable1640 unbeteaming1642 boggling1645 averse1646 indisposed1646 aversant1657 incomposed1660 disinclined1703 unobliging1707 unconsenting1713 uninclined1729 tenacious1766 disinclinable1769 ill-disposed1771 unaffectioned1788 scruplesomec1800 back-handed1817 sweert1817 tharf1828 backward in coming forward1830 unvoluntary1834 misinclined1837 squeamy1838 balky1847 retractive1869 grudging1874 tharfish1876 unwishful1876 safety first1917 1638 R. Baker tr. J. L. G. de Balzac New Epist. II. 207 Shee had attractives able to draw the oldest and most reluctant spirits [Fr. les plus vieux & les plus sauuages]. 1706 J. Matthews Forgiveness 8 They must..do some things with a trembling hand, and reluctant heart. 1766 O. Goldsmith Ballad [the Hermit] in Vicar of Wakefield I. viii. 73 From better habitations spurned, Reluctant dost thou rove? 1777 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip II II. xxii. 319 Mayenne was now as solicitous to persuade the duke..as he had been formerly reluctant and averse. 1858 H. W. Longfellow Courtship Miles Standish ii. 91 Taking the hand of his friend, who still was reluctant and doubtful. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. §3. 184 Edward was still reluctant to begin the war. 1922 F. E. Clark Memories of Many Men in Many Lands xxxvii. 426 A reluctant father promises his daughter to a suitor when two Sundays come together in one week. 1966 Jrnl. Marketing Res. 3 124/2 The marketing manager is usually reluctant to accept the existence of a problem. 2008 N.Y. Times Mag. 11 May 76/1 It is far more difficult than some imagine to push a reluctant child into sports. b. In extended use, of things personified. ΚΠ 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 58 Reluctant flames, the signe Of wrauth awak't. View more context for this quotation 1712 R. Blackmore Creation iii. 119 Did not Industrious Man..Extort his Food from the reluctant Soil? 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 306 Here a wet sky brings a reluctant crop. 1796 W. Scott William & Helen lix Reluctant on its rusty hinge Revolved an iron door. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 21 [They] bent or broke The lithe reluctant boughs to tear away Their tawny clusters. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 305 The enormous treasure-pile..won from the reluctant earth. 1925 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 35 209 All who with difficulty orient themselves on this reluctant cosmos. 2006 J. Updike Terrorist v. 269 He fidgeted about the tiny room, tugging open reluctant bureau drawers. †c. Tardy, slow. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [adjective] > specifically of persons slowc1300 sluggishc1450 tardious?1572 dreich1606 slowback1610 reluctant1797 tardigrade1813 the world > movement > rate of motion > slowness > [adjective] > tardy or sluggish > specifically of persons or animals slowc1300 sloth1412 sluggingc1430 sluggishc1450 sleuth1567 slowback1610 dilatorya1616 tardigradous1652 reluctant1797 1797 T. Holcroft tr. F. L. Stolberg Trav. (ed. 2) III. lxxi. 80 The..bones..may be those of persons who were too reluctant in their flight. 3. Characterized by reluctance. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] > characterized by unwillingness (of actions, etc.) grudged1549 unloath1607 unwilling?1617 reluctant1648 restive1652 uncheerfula1684 1648 J. Beaumont Psyche xvii. cdxx. 345 Now she by reluctant Nauseousnesse Felt, whosesoe'r it were, 'twas none of His. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 310 Yeilded with coy submission, modest pride, And sweet reluctant amorous delay. View more context for this quotation 1786 E. Burke Articles of Charge against W. Hastings xx. 58 Which late and reluctant consent and authority were extorted from him. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 171 He had been compelled to give reluctant attendance at endless prayers and sermons. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xiii. 150 Thus fastened to the sledge, he commenced his reluctant journey. 1966 A. MacLean When Eight Bells Toll vii. 136 It had taken me a full five minutes..to extract from the very elderly chemist the minimum of reluctant service. 1998 S. Faulks Charlotte Gray ii. viii. 235 It was with a reluctant step that he trod the streets back to his plain apartment. B. n. A person who is reluctant to do something; an unwilling or hesitant person. ΚΠ a1632 L. Hutten Diss. Antiq. Oxf. in C. Plummer Elizabethan Oxf. (1887) 69 These old Reluctants decayed and died. 1862 O. O. Howard Let. 19 Dec. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1888) 1st. Ser. XXI. xxxiii. 263 With the loss of 16 men hors de combat, he drove up cowardly reluctants to help him move and serve his guns. 1917 Homiletic Rev. Sept. 233/2 To the reluctant who would go first and bury his dead, he says: ‘Let the dead bury their dead.’ 1961 Eng. Jrnl. 50 49 The hope that we can drag the ‘reluctants’ kicking and screaming into the world of books. 2001 Pop. Sci. May 12/2 Many of these ‘reluctants’..use the word ‘never’ when responding to questions about their Internet aspirations. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1604
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