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单词 regressive
释义

regressiveadj.

Brit. /rᵻˈɡrɛsɪv/, /ˌriːˈɡrɛsɪv/, U.S. /rəˈɡrɛsɪv/, /riˈɡrɛsɪv/
Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin regress- , regredī , -ive suffix.
Etymology: < classical Latin regress-, past participial stem of regredī regrede v. + -ive suffix, probably after progressive adj. In senses 2c, 3, and the specific use in phonetics of sense 4, after German regressiv (1781 or earlier in sense 3, in the passage translated in quot. 1838; 1836 or earlier in phonetics; 1910 or earlier in sense 2c, in the paper by Freud which is summarized in quot. 1911). Compare earlier regress n., regress v., and also retrograde adj.
1. Of, relating to, or designating backward movement in space; characterized by such movement; retrograde.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective]
retrogate1584
retrograde1622
regressive1634
retrocessive1816
reverse1839
rearward1843
1634 T. Carew Cœlum Britanicum 11 Let those fires..the disorder show Of thy regressive paces here below.
1728 H. Pemberton View Sir I. Newton's Philos. 218 This regressive motion will be greatest, when the nodes are in the quarters.
1760 S. Pullein in Philos. Trans. 1759 (Royal Soc.) 51 22 This received a progressive and regressive motion by means of two wheels.
1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. x. 79 The equinoctial point would have moved to the west, or have been regressive.
1845 W. H. Maxwell Life Duke of Wellington I. xxviii. 235 Lord Paget continued his regressive march to Benevente.
1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 100 The regressive or contractive movement of the Absolute out of the finite..back into itself.
1919 Science 17 Jan. 75/1 The local vortices..resolve themselves into a persistent ordered rotation of the cylinder of liquid around its vertical axis, with the regressive motion specified confined to one or two relatively thin layers.
1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation v. 106 The deepening process of a river by the flow of water takes place from its mouth upstream, leaving a fixed point at the base of its slope which is base level. Its movement is thus regressive.
1995 J. M. Missler in World Congr. on Neural Netwks. II. 509 Detecting the presence of objects approaching the viewer (progressive motion) or receding from the viewer (regressive motion).
1996 T. Lu et al. in F. T. S. Yu & S. Jutamulia Optical Storage & Retrieval 151 The back-propagation training allows regressive adjustment of weights.
2. Characterized by a return to an earlier state or form.
a. Characterized by regression (regression n. 3); returning to or reflecting an earlier or less advanced stage of development. Opposed to progressive adj. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [adjective]
retrograde?1518
retrogradousa1660
retrogressive1688
retrocessive1816
regressive1835
1835 G. T. Burnett Outl. Bot. I. 143 Thus the lichens are considered a regressive group, in which the thallium becomes contracted.
1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iv. v. 192 A disciple of Progress, who went with the times, but who took particular good care to ascertain their complexion; and whose movements if expedient could partake of a regressive character.
1854 T. De Quincey Dialogues Three Templars (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay IV. 238 Agriculture, as an art benefiting by experience, has never yet been absolutely regressive, though not progressive by such striking leaps..as manufacturing art.
1897 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 408 Regressive evolution is caused by a limitation of means of subsistence—nutriment, capital or labor.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 2/2 And meanwhile the regressive movement in thought and feeling is stopping, because it has no more work.
1960 M. Schapiro in M. Schapiro & M. Avi-Yonah Israel: Anc. Mosaics 8 These two kinds of isolation—the one naively regressive and most often provincial or barbaric, and the other more deliberate and selective.
1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xvii. 316/1 Organs that..are of limited use in the cave, such as eyes and pigment, are gradually lost, a process known as regressive evolution.
2000 D. Langston in M. Adams Readings Diversity & Social Justice vii. lxxv. 399 The same regressive attitudes which are out there in other social structures: classism, racism, and sexism.
b. Medicine and Biology †Tending towards catabolism or decomposition (obsolete); involutional, atrophic. Also (esp. of malignant disease): tending to remit or disappear.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > other characteristics
hoteOE
redeOE
foulOE
elvishc1386
dryc1400
whitec1450
Naples1507
shaking1528
cold1569
exquisite1583
unpure1583
waterish1583
wandering1585
legitimate1615
sulphureous1625
tetrous1637
cagastrical1662
medical1676
ambulatory1684
ebullient1684
frantic1709
animated1721
progressive1736
cagastric1753
vegetative1803
left-handed1804
specific1804
subacute1811
animate1816
gregarious1822
vernal1822
ambilateral1824
subchronic1831
regressive1845
nummular1866
postoperative1872
ambulant1873
non-surgical1888
progredient1891
spodogenous1897
spodogenic19..
non-invasive1932
early-onset1951
adult-onset1957
non-specific1964
1845 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 20 72 The fibrin is the product of the regressive metamorphosis of the cells.
1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 176 Before the patient's death regressive changes have already set in.
1913 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 59 159 Comparison of our preparations of pseudo-pregnant uteri with those of normal post-partum uteri demonstrates..that the regressive changes in the glands are identical in the two.
1969 Lab. Investig. 20 465 (title) Lysosomes and cellular regressive changes in rat mammary gland involution.
1982 Lancet 15 May 1097 Histology showed regressive changes in some tumours after 3–6 months' buserelin treatment.
1998 Jrnl. Nutrition 128 1224 Noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter that is an important regulator of normal regressive events such as axonal pruning and synaptic elimination.
c. Psychology. Characterized by or relating to psychological regression or to an earlier stage of psychological development; tending towards regression. See regression n. 3c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [adjective] > other mental illness
sin-wooda1325
wanton sick1602
affective1858
theroid1867
fetishized1889
fetish1901
negativistic1902
pseudo-homosexual1908
involutional1910
regressive1911
lata1913
sadomasochistic1921
rejected1931
catathymic1934
acting-out1945
nemesistic1945
sadomasochist1945
acted-out1996
the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > libido > sublimation of libido > [adjective] > relating to regression
regressive1911
1911 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 22 429 Freud thinks that this similarity between dreams and archaic languages justifies the inference that dreams are regressive and archaic in character.
1912 Psychol. Bull. 9 159 So that when in later life there occurs an introversion (in the sense of Jung), it consists of a harking back to regressive, reminiscent, infantile material.
1926 J. I. Suttie tr. S. Ferenczi Further Contrib. Psycho-anal. xi. 137 Besides this regressive trait that fetters the patients to their bed..there may also be at work..the ‘secondary’ function of the neurosis.
1957 P. Lafitte Person in Psychol. xi. 161 Concentration camp life has plenty of examples of exceptional, as well as of regressive, behaviour.
1970 R. F. Bales Personality & Interpersonal Behaviour iii. 49 To..teach in such a way presumably helps one's normal defenses by providing in one's overt behavior a good example for the more regressive inner self.
2004 J. Naremore Orson Welles's Citizen Kane 157 According to Freudian terminology, Kane can be typed as a regressive, anal-sadistic personality.
3. Philosophy. Proceeding from effect to cause, or from particular to universal.
ΚΠ
1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason 325 The cosmological ideas..concern themselves with the totality of the regressive [Ger. regressiven] synthesis, and proceed by antecedentia, and not by consequentia.
a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. ii. 26 The affirmation of a God being thus a regressive inference, from the existence of a special class of effects to the existence of a special character of cause.
1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant i. 132 The regressive process whereby science discovers the universal from the particular.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 892/1 Deduction is analysis when it is regressive from consequence to real ground.
2004 M. Potter Set Theory & its Philos. iv. 70 If we believe that what mathematicians say is true, there is nowadays a regressive justification for assuming an axiom of infinity, i.e. an axiom asserting the existence of at least one infinite collection.
4. Phonetics. [after German regressive Assimilation (1836 or earlier)] Having or characterized by an effect on a preceding sound. Chiefly in regressive assimilation n. Phonetics the assimilation of a sound to one following it; opposed to progressive assimilation at progressive adj. 3c.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > assimilation
accommodation1841
assimilation1850
regressive assimilation?1862
progressive assimilation1872
reciprocal assimilation1885
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [adjective] > assimilation
regressive?1862
assimilatory1921
assimilative1936
?1862 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1860–61 xxvii. 293 Munutolau,..from Lat. minutus, whence Corn. menys..with the regressive assimilation found in the Welsh swmwl from stimulus.
1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. §603 If a monophthong arose from two vowels having a different quality, the levelling was sometimes progressive..; sometimes regressive.
1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. §644 Transforming operations are far more frequent in a regressive..than..in a progressive direction.
1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. iii. 68 Assimilation may..be either progressive, when the first phoneme modifies the second,..or regressive, when the second modifies the first.
1953 L. F. Brosnahan Some Old Eng. Sound Changes 89 The phenomenon of back-mutation is based on the same process of regressive influence of one vowel on another.
1977 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1976 21 i. 124 Chapter 5..shows..the action of progressive and regressive assimilation in triggering errors.
2008 R. T. Woodard Anc. Langs. Asia & Amer. i. 10 Most sandhi rules involve regressive assimilation, especially in voicing.
5. Of a tax or taxation: increasing as a proportion of the sum taxed as that sum decreases; (hence) having a proportionately greater effect on people with lower incomes. Opposed to progressive adj. 2d.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > [adjective] > types or schemes of taxation
ad valorem1772
progressive1792
discriminative1797
indirect1801
progressional1883
degressive1886
regressive1888
soak-the-rich1935
wraparound1968
1888 J. H. Finley Taxation in Amer. States & Cities vi. 80 We have in a tax like this what is called a regressive tax, a tax which increases as income decreases—the worst kind of a tax and the most unjust.
1928 A. C. Pigou Stud. Pub. Finance ii. ii. 63 No government would accept a tax formula under which the average rate of taxation increased for some increases in the amount of income and decreased for other increases, i.e. was progressive for some scales of income and regressive for others.
1976 Hansard Commons 9 June 1597 The [licence] fee is a poll tax and it is regressive. It bears very hard on the worse-off.
2003 S. A. Finkler Finance & Accounting for Non-financial Managers ii. 19 Regressive taxes place the heaviest burden squarely on the shoulders of those least able to pay.
6. Geology. Of the nature of a regression of the sea; relating to or characteristic of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [adjective] > regression of the sea
regressive1905
1905 Science 30 June 991/2 A rising sea level will produce the phenomenon of progressive overlap, a falling sea level that of regressive overlap.
1950 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 34 284 The regressive type of bioherm or reef may contain within it back-reef types of sediments such as red shale.
1978 Nature 29 June 749/2 There seems little reason to invoke oscillations in sea level..to account for any other transgressive or regressive sequences observed.
2001 J. S. Levinton Genetics, Paleontol., & Macroevolution (ed. 2) vii. 403 During regressive (sea-level fall) phases, maximum separation of marine basins might encourage divergent evolution and speciation.

Derivatives

reˈgressively adv.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adverb]
abackOE
ruglingc1225
abackwardc1275
backwarda1300
hindwarda1300
arsewardly1530
arseward1553
rearward1604
retrogradea1620
aversively?1624
arsewards1648
retrogradely1658
regressively1755
backlings1786
tailwise1825
rearwards1835
bass-ackwardsa1865
arseling1887
bass-ackward1902
ass-backwards1934
backasswards1951
backassward1961
1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Backward,..5. Regressively.
1799 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. II. 175 He used his intellectual intuitions but regressively.
1854 T. De Quincey On War in Select. Grave & Gay IV. 268 Twenty or thirty years earlier still, they had been ascribed to Voltaire, and so on, regressively, to many other wits.
1906 A. W. Grabau in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 17 615 Examples of regressively overlapping or, better, offlapping formations are frequently met.
2002 J. M. Mishne Multiculturalism & Therapeutic Process iii. vii. 142 Some important questions center on determining..whether a higher level of adaptation has been abandoned regressively for an earlier one.
reˈgressiveness n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [noun] > quality
regressiveness1853
1853 W. Bagehot in Prospective Rev. 9 421 There was a want of prospectiveness and a superfluous amount of regressiveness.
1979 P. Mathias Transform. of Eng. i. vi. 127 Indirect taxes varied in their social regressiveness, of course..but..most indirect taxes had to be paid by the bulk of the population.
2007 R. E. Hero Racial Diversity & Social Capital vii. 142 Whatever level of regressiveness there is in a state's tax system, racial minorities are almost certainly disproportionately affected.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.1634
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