regressiveadj.

Brit.

/rᵻˈɡrɛsɪv/,

/ˌriːˈɡrɛsɪv/, U.S.

/rəˈɡrɛsɪv/,

/riˈɡrɛsɪv/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin regress- , regredī , -ive suffix.

Etymology: < classical Latin regress-, past participial stem of regredī regrede v. + -ive suffix, probably after progressive adj. In senses 2c, 3, and the specific use in phonetics of sense 4, after German regressiv (1781 or earlier in sense 3, in the passage translated in quot. 1838; 1836 or earlier in phonetics; 1910 or earlier in sense 2c, in the paper by Freud which is summarized in quot. 1911). Compare earlier regress n., regress v., and also retrograde adj.

1. Of, relating to, or designating backward movement in space; characterized by such movement; retrograde.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective]

retrogate1584

retrograde1622

regressive1634

retrocessive1816

reverse1839

rearward1843

1634 T. Carew Cœlum Britanicum 11 Let those fires..the disorder show Of thy regressive paces here below.

1728 H. Pemberton View Sir I. Newton's Philos. 218 This regressive motion will be greatest, when the nodes are in the quarters.

1760 S. Pullein in Philos. Trans. 1759 (Royal Soc.) 51 22 This received a progressive and regressive motion by means of two wheels.

1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. x. 79 The equinoctial point would have moved to the west, or have been regressive.

1845 W. H. Maxwell Life Duke of Wellington I. xxviii. 235 Lord Paget continued his regressive march to Benevente.

1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 100 The regressive or contractive movement of the Absolute out of the finite..back into itself.

1919 Science 17 Jan. 75/1 The local vortices..resolve themselves into a persistent ordered rotation of the cylinder of liquid around its vertical axis, with the regressive motion specified confined to one or two relatively thin layers.

1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation v. 106 The deepening process of a river by the flow of water takes place from its mouth upstream, leaving a fixed point at the base of its slope which is base level. Its movement is thus regressive.

1995 J. M. Missler in World Congr. on Neural Netwks. II. 509 Detecting the presence of objects approaching the viewer (progressive motion) or receding from the viewer (regressive motion).

1996 T. Lu et al. in F. T. S. Yu & S. Jutamulia Optical Storage & Retrieval 151 The back-propagation training allows regressive adjustment of weights.

2. Characterized by a return to an earlier state or form.

a. Characterized by regression (regression n. 3); returning to or reflecting an earlier or less advanced stage of development. Opposed to progressive adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [adjective]

retrograde?1518

retrogradousa1660

retrogressive1688

retrocessive1816

regressive1835

1835 G. T. Burnett Outl. Bot. I. 143 Thus the lichens are considered a regressive group, in which the thallium becomes contracted.

1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iv. v. 192 A disciple of Progress, who went with the times, but who took particular good care to ascertain their complexion; and whose movements if expedient could partake of a regressive character.

1854 T. De Quincey Dialogues Three Templars (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay IV. 238 Agriculture, as an art benefiting by experience, has never yet been absolutely regressive, though not progressive by such striking leaps..as manufacturing art.

1897 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 408 Regressive evolution is caused by a limitation of means of subsistence—nutriment, capital or labor.

1906 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 2/2 And meanwhile the regressive movement in thought and feeling is stopping, because it has no more work.

1960 M. Schapiro in M. Schapiro & M. Avi-Yonah Israel: Anc. Mosaics 8 These two kinds of isolation—the one naively regressive and most often provincial or barbaric, and the other more deliberate and selective.

1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xvii. 316/1 Organs that..are of limited use in the cave, such as eyes and pigment, are gradually lost, a process known as regressive evolution.

2000 D. Langston in M. Adams Readings Diversity & Social Justice vii. lxxv. 399 The same regressive attitudes which are out there in other social structures: classism, racism, and sexism.

b. Medicine and Biology †Tending towards catabolism or decomposition (obsolete); involutional, atrophic. Also (esp. of malignant disease): tending to remit or disappear.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > other characteristics

hoteOE

redeOE

foulOE

elvishc1386

dryc1400

whitec1450

Naples1507

shaking1528

cold1569

exquisite1583

unpure1583

waterish1583

wandering1585

legitimate1615

sulphureous1625

tetrous1637

cagastrical1662

medical1676

ambulatory1684

ebullient1684

frantic1709

animated1721

progressive1736

cagastric1753

vegetative1803

left-handed1804

specific1804

subacute1811

animate1816

gregarious1822

vernal1822

ambilateral1824

subchronic1831

regressive1845

nummular1866

postoperative1872

ambulant1873

non-surgical1888

progredient1891

spodogenous1897

spodogenic19..

non-invasive1932

early-onset1951

adult-onset1957

non-specific1964

1845 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 20 72 The fibrin is the product of the regressive metamorphosis of the cells.

1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 176 Before the patient's death regressive changes have already set in.

1913 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 59 159 Comparison of our preparations of pseudo-pregnant uteri with those of normal post-partum uteri demonstrates..that the regressive changes in the glands are identical in the two.

1969 Lab. Investig. 20 465 (title) Lysosomes and cellular regressive changes in rat mammary gland involution.

1982 Lancet 15 May 1097 Histology showed regressive changes in some tumours after 3–6 months' buserelin treatment.

1998 Jrnl. Nutrition 128 1224 Noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter that is an important regulator of normal regressive events such as axonal pruning and synaptic elimination.

c. Psychology. Characterized by or relating to psychological regression or to an earlier stage of psychological development; tending towards regression. See regression n. 3c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [adjective] > other mental illness

sin-wooda1325

wanton sick1602

affective1858

theroid1867

fetishized1889

fetish1901

negativistic1902

pseudo-homosexual1908

involutional1910

regressive1911

lata1913

sadomasochistic1921

rejected1931

catathymic1934

acting-out1945

nemesistic1945

sadomasochist1945

acted-out1996

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > libido > sublimation of libido > [adjective] > relating to regression

regressive1911

1911 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 22 429 Freud thinks that this similarity between dreams and archaic languages justifies the inference that dreams are regressive and archaic in character.

1912 Psychol. Bull. 9 159 So that when in later life there occurs an introversion (in the sense of Jung), it consists of a harking back to regressive, reminiscent, infantile material.

1926 J. I. Suttie tr. S. Ferenczi Further Contrib. Psycho-anal. xi. 137 Besides this regressive trait that fetters the patients to their bed..there may also be at work..the ‘secondary’ function of the neurosis.

1957 P. Lafitte Person in Psychol. xi. 161 Concentration camp life has plenty of examples of exceptional, as well as of regressive, behaviour.

1970 R. F. Bales Personality & Interpersonal Behaviour iii. 49 To..teach in such a way presumably helps one's normal defenses by providing in one's overt behavior a good example for the more regressive inner self.

2004 J. Naremore Orson Welles's Citizen Kane 157 According to Freudian terminology, Kane can be typed as a regressive, anal-sadistic personality.

3. Philosophy. Proceeding from effect to cause, or from particular to universal.

ΚΠ

1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason 325 The cosmological ideas..concern themselves with the totality of the regressive [Ger. regressiven] synthesis, and proceed by antecedentia, and not by consequentia.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. ii. 26 The affirmation of a God being thus a regressive inference, from the existence of a special class of effects to the existence of a special character of cause.

1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant i. 132 The regressive process whereby science discovers the universal from the particular.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 892/1 Deduction is analysis when it is regressive from consequence to real ground.

2004 M. Potter Set Theory & its Philos. iv. 70 If we believe that what mathematicians say is true, there is nowadays a regressive justification for assuming an axiom of infinity, i.e. an axiom asserting the existence of at least one infinite collection.

4. Phonetics. [after German regressive Assimilation (1836 or earlier)] Having or characterized by an effect on a preceding sound. Chiefly in regressive assimilation n. Phonetics the assimilation of a sound to one following it; opposed to progressive assimilation at progressive adj. 3c.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > assimilation

accommodation1841

assimilation1850

regressive assimilation?1862

progressive assimilation1872

reciprocal assimilation1885

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [adjective] > assimilation

regressive?1862

assimilatory1921

assimilative1936

?1862 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1860–61 xxvii. 293 Munutolau,..from Lat. minutus, whence Corn. menys..with the regressive assimilation found in the Welsh swmwl from stimulus.

1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. §603 If a monophthong arose from two vowels having a different quality, the levelling was sometimes progressive..; sometimes regressive.

1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. §644 Transforming operations are far more frequent in a regressive..than..in a progressive direction.

1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. iii. 68 Assimilation may..be either progressive, when the first phoneme modifies the second,..or regressive, when the second modifies the first.

1953 L. F. Brosnahan Some Old Eng. Sound Changes 89 The phenomenon of back-mutation is based on the same process of regressive influence of one vowel on another.

1977 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1976 21 i. 124 Chapter 5..shows..the action of progressive and regressive assimilation in triggering errors.

2008 R. T. Woodard Anc. Langs. Asia & Amer. i. 10 Most sandhi rules involve regressive assimilation, especially in voicing.

5. Of a tax or taxation: increasing as a proportion of the sum taxed as that sum decreases; (hence) having a proportionately greater effect on people with lower incomes. Opposed to progressive adj. 2d.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > [adjective] > types or schemes of taxation

ad valorem1772

progressive1792

discriminative1797

indirect1801

progressional1883

degressive1886

regressive1888

soak-the-rich1935

wraparound1968

1888 J. H. Finley Taxation in Amer. States & Cities vi. 80 We have in a tax like this what is called a regressive tax, a tax which increases as income decreases—the worst kind of a tax and the most unjust.

1928 A. C. Pigou Stud. Pub. Finance ii. ii. 63 No government would accept a tax formula under which the average rate of taxation increased for some increases in the amount of income and decreased for other increases, i.e. was progressive for some scales of income and regressive for others.

1976 Hansard Commons 9 June 1597 The [licence] fee is a poll tax and it is regressive. It bears very hard on the worse-off.

2003 S. A. Finkler Finance & Accounting for Non-financial Managers ii. 19 Regressive taxes place the heaviest burden squarely on the shoulders of those least able to pay.

6. Geology. Of the nature of a regression of the sea; relating to or characteristic of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [adjective] > regression of the sea

regressive1905

1905 Science 30 June 991/2 A rising sea level will produce the phenomenon of progressive overlap, a falling sea level that of regressive overlap.

1950 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 34 284 The regressive type of bioherm or reef may contain within it back-reef types of sediments such as red shale.

1978 Nature 29 June 749/2 There seems little reason to invoke oscillations in sea level..to account for any other transgressive or regressive sequences observed.

2001 J. S. Levinton Genetics, Paleontol., & Macroevolution (ed. 2) vii. 403 During regressive (sea-level fall) phases, maximum separation of marine basins might encourage divergent evolution and speciation.

Derivatives

reˈgressively adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adverb]

abackOE

ruglingc1225

abackwardc1275

backwarda1300

hindwarda1300

arsewardly1530

arseward1553

rearward1604

retrogradea1620

aversively?1624

arsewards1648

retrogradely1658

regressively1755

backlings1786

tailwise1825

rearwards1835

bass-ackwardsa1865

arseling1887

bass-ackward1902

ass-backwards1934

backasswards1951

backassward1961

1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Backward,..5. Regressively.

1799 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. II. 175 He used his intellectual intuitions but regressively.

1854 T. De Quincey On War in Select. Grave & Gay IV. 268 Twenty or thirty years earlier still, they had been ascribed to Voltaire, and so on, regressively, to many other wits.

1906 A. W. Grabau in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 17 615 Examples of regressively overlapping or, better, offlapping formations are frequently met.

2002 J. M. Mishne Multiculturalism & Therapeutic Process iii. vii. 142 Some important questions center on determining..whether a higher level of adaptation has been abandoned regressively for an earlier one.

reˈgressiveness n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [noun] > quality

regressiveness1853

1853 W. Bagehot in Prospective Rev. 9 421 There was a want of prospectiveness and a superfluous amount of regressiveness.

1979 P. Mathias Transform. of Eng. i. vi. 127 Indirect taxes varied in their social regressiveness, of course..but..most indirect taxes had to be paid by the bulk of the population.

2007 R. E. Hero Racial Diversity & Social Capital vii. 142 Whatever level of regressiveness there is in a state's tax system, racial minorities are almost certainly disproportionately affected.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	regressive
释义	regressiveadj. Brit. /rᵻˈɡrɛsɪv/, /ˌriːˈɡrɛsɪv/, U.S. /rəˈɡrɛsɪv/, /riˈɡrɛsɪv/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin regress- , regredī , -ive suffix. Etymology: < classical Latin regress-, past participial stem of regredī regrede v. + -ive suffix, probably after progressive adj. In senses 2c, 3, and the specific use in phonetics of sense 4, after German regressiv (1781 or earlier in sense 3, in the passage translated in quot. 1838; 1836 or earlier in phonetics; 1910 or earlier in sense 2c, in the paper by Freud which is summarized in quot. 1911). Compare earlier regress n., regress v., and also retrograde adj. 1. Of, relating to, or designating backward movement in space; characterized by such movement; retrograde. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective] retrogate1584 retrograde1622 regressive1634 retrocessive1816 reverse1839 rearward1843 1634 T. Carew Cœlum Britanicum 11 Let those fires..the disorder show Of thy regressive paces here below. 1728 H. Pemberton View Sir I. Newton's Philos. 218 This regressive motion will be greatest, when the nodes are in the quarters. 1760 S. Pullein in Philos. Trans. 1759 (Royal Soc.) 51 22 This received a progressive and regressive motion by means of two wheels. 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. x. 79 The equinoctial point would have moved to the west, or have been regressive. 1845 W. H. Maxwell Life Duke of Wellington I. xxviii. 235 Lord Paget continued his regressive march to Benevente. 1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 100 The regressive or contractive movement of the Absolute out of the finite..back into itself. 1919 Science 17 Jan. 75/1 The local vortices..resolve themselves into a persistent ordered rotation of the cylinder of liquid around its vertical axis, with the regressive motion specified confined to one or two relatively thin layers. 1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation v. 106 The deepening process of a river by the flow of water takes place from its mouth upstream, leaving a fixed point at the base of its slope which is base level. Its movement is thus regressive. 1995 J. M. Missler in World Congr. on Neural Netwks. II. 509 Detecting the presence of objects approaching the viewer (progressive motion) or receding from the viewer (regressive motion). 1996 T. Lu et al. in F. T. S. Yu & S. Jutamulia Optical Storage & Retrieval 151 The back-propagation training allows regressive adjustment of weights. 2. Characterized by a return to an earlier state or form. a. Characterized by regression (regression n. 3); returning to or reflecting an earlier or less advanced stage of development. Opposed to progressive adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [adjective] retrograde?1518 retrogradousa1660 retrogressive1688 retrocessive1816 regressive1835 1835 G. T. Burnett Outl. Bot. I. 143 Thus the lichens are considered a regressive group, in which the thallium becomes contracted. 1845 B. Disraeli Sybil II. iv. v. 192 A disciple of Progress, who went with the times, but who took particular good care to ascertain their complexion; and whose movements if expedient could partake of a regressive character. 1854 T. De Quincey Dialogues Three Templars (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay IV. 238 Agriculture, as an art benefiting by experience, has never yet been absolutely regressive, though not progressive by such striking leaps..as manufacturing art. 1897 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 408 Regressive evolution is caused by a limitation of means of subsistence—nutriment, capital or labor. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 2/2 And meanwhile the regressive movement in thought and feeling is stopping, because it has no more work. 1960 M. Schapiro in M. Schapiro & M. Avi-Yonah Israel: Anc. Mosaics 8 These two kinds of isolation—the one naively regressive and most often provincial or barbaric, and the other more deliberate and selective. 1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xvii. 316/1 Organs that..are of limited use in the cave, such as eyes and pigment, are gradually lost, a process known as regressive evolution. 2000 D. Langston in M. Adams Readings Diversity & Social Justice vii. lxxv. 399 The same regressive attitudes which are out there in other social structures: classism, racism, and sexism. b. Medicine and Biology †Tending towards catabolism or decomposition (obsolete); involutional, atrophic. Also (esp. of malignant disease): tending to remit or disappear. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > other characteristics hoteOE redeOE foulOE elvishc1386 dryc1400 whitec1450 Naples1507 shaking1528 cold1569 exquisite1583 unpure1583 waterish1583 wandering1585 legitimate1615 sulphureous1625 tetrous1637 cagastrical1662 medical1676 ambulatory1684 ebullient1684 frantic1709 animated1721 progressive1736 cagastric1753 vegetative1803 left-handed1804 specific1804 subacute1811 animate1816 gregarious1822 vernal1822 ambilateral1824 subchronic1831 regressive1845 nummular1866 postoperative1872 ambulant1873 non-surgical1888 progredient1891 spodogenous1897 spodogenic19.. non-invasive1932 early-onset1951 adult-onset1957 non-specific1964 1845 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 20 72 The fibrin is the product of the regressive metamorphosis of the cells. 1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 176 Before the patient's death regressive changes have already set in. 1913 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 59 159 Comparison of our preparations of pseudo-pregnant uteri with those of normal post-partum uteri demonstrates..that the regressive changes in the glands are identical in the two. 1969 Lab. Investig. 20 465 (title) Lysosomes and cellular regressive changes in rat mammary gland involution. 1982 Lancet 15 May 1097 Histology showed regressive changes in some tumours after 3–6 months' buserelin treatment. 1998 Jrnl. Nutrition 128 1224 Noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter that is an important regulator of normal regressive events such as axonal pruning and synaptic elimination. c. Psychology. Characterized by or relating to psychological regression or to an earlier stage of psychological development; tending towards regression. See regression n. 3c. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [adjective] > other mental illness sin-wooda1325 wanton sick1602 affective1858 theroid1867 fetishized1889 fetish1901 negativistic1902 pseudo-homosexual1908 involutional1910 regressive1911 lata1913 sadomasochistic1921 rejected1931 catathymic1934 acting-out1945 nemesistic1945 sadomasochist1945 acted-out1996 the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > libido > sublimation of libido > [adjective] > relating to regression regressive1911 1911 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 22 429 Freud thinks that this similarity between dreams and archaic languages justifies the inference that dreams are regressive and archaic in character. 1912 Psychol. Bull. 9 159 So that when in later life there occurs an introversion (in the sense of Jung), it consists of a harking back to regressive, reminiscent, infantile material. 1926 J. I. Suttie tr. S. Ferenczi Further Contrib. Psycho-anal. xi. 137 Besides this regressive trait that fetters the patients to their bed..there may also be at work..the ‘secondary’ function of the neurosis. 1957 P. Lafitte Person in Psychol. xi. 161 Concentration camp life has plenty of examples of exceptional, as well as of regressive, behaviour. 1970 R. F. Bales Personality & Interpersonal Behaviour iii. 49 To..teach in such a way presumably helps one's normal defenses by providing in one's overt behavior a good example for the more regressive inner self. 2004 J. Naremore Orson Welles's Citizen Kane 157 According to Freudian terminology, Kane can be typed as a regressive, anal-sadistic personality. 3. Philosophy. Proceeding from effect to cause, or from particular to universal. ΚΠ 1838 F. Haywood tr. I. Kant Critick Pure Reason 325 The cosmological ideas..concern themselves with the totality of the regressive [Ger. regressiven] synthesis, and proceed by antecedentia, and not by consequentia. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) I. ii. 26 The affirmation of a God being thus a regressive inference, from the existence of a special class of effects to the existence of a special character of cause. 1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant i. 132 The regressive process whereby science discovers the universal from the particular. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 892/1 Deduction is analysis when it is regressive from consequence to real ground. 2004 M. Potter Set Theory & its Philos. iv. 70 If we believe that what mathematicians say is true, there is nowadays a regressive justification for assuming an axiom of infinity, i.e. an axiom asserting the existence of at least one infinite collection. 4. Phonetics. [after German regressive Assimilation (1836 or earlier)] Having or characterized by an effect on a preceding sound. Chiefly in regressive assimilation n. Phonetics the assimilation of a sound to one following it; opposed to progressive assimilation at progressive adj. 3c. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > assimilation accommodation1841 assimilation1850 regressive assimilation?1862 progressive assimilation1872 reciprocal assimilation1885 the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [adjective] > assimilation regressive?1862 assimilatory1921 assimilative1936 ?1862 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1860–61 xxvii. 293 Munutolau,..from Lat. minutus, whence Corn. menys..with the regressive assimilation found in the Welsh swmwl from stimulus. 1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. §603 If a monophthong arose from two vowels having a different quality, the levelling was sometimes progressive..; sometimes regressive. 1888 J. Wright tr. K. Brugmann Elem. Compar. Gram. Indo-Germanic Lang. I. §644 Transforming operations are far more frequent in a regressive..than..in a progressive direction. 1939 L. H. Gray Found. Lang. iii. 68 Assimilation may..be either progressive, when the first phoneme modifies the second,..or regressive, when the second modifies the first. 1953 L. F. Brosnahan Some Old Eng. Sound Changes 89 The phenomenon of back-mutation is based on the same process of regressive influence of one vowel on another. 1977 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1976 21 i. 124 Chapter 5..shows..the action of progressive and regressive assimilation in triggering errors. 2008 R. T. Woodard Anc. Langs. Asia & Amer. i. 10 Most sandhi rules involve regressive assimilation, especially in voicing. 5. Of a tax or taxation: increasing as a proportion of the sum taxed as that sum decreases; (hence) having a proportionately greater effect on people with lower incomes. Opposed to progressive adj. 2d. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > taxation > [adjective] > types or schemes of taxation ad valorem1772 progressive1792 discriminative1797 indirect1801 progressional1883 degressive1886 regressive1888 soak-the-rich1935 wraparound1968 1888 J. H. Finley Taxation in Amer. States & Cities vi. 80 We have in a tax like this what is called a regressive tax, a tax which increases as income decreases—the worst kind of a tax and the most unjust. 1928 A. C. Pigou Stud. Pub. Finance ii. ii. 63 No government would accept a tax formula under which the average rate of taxation increased for some increases in the amount of income and decreased for other increases, i.e. was progressive for some scales of income and regressive for others. 1976 Hansard Commons 9 June 1597 The [licence] fee is a poll tax and it is regressive. It bears very hard on the worse-off. 2003 S. A. Finkler Finance & Accounting for Non-financial Managers ii. 19 Regressive taxes place the heaviest burden squarely on the shoulders of those least able to pay. 6. Geology. Of the nature of a regression of the sea; relating to or characteristic of this. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > region of sea or ocean > [adjective] > regression of the sea regressive1905 1905 Science 30 June 991/2 A rising sea level will produce the phenomenon of progressive overlap, a falling sea level that of regressive overlap. 1950 Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists 34 284 The regressive type of bioherm or reef may contain within it back-reef types of sediments such as red shale. 1978 Nature 29 June 749/2 There seems little reason to invoke oscillations in sea level..to account for any other transgressive or regressive sequences observed. 2001 J. S. Levinton Genetics, Paleontol., & Macroevolution (ed. 2) vii. 403 During regressive (sea-level fall) phases, maximum separation of marine basins might encourage divergent evolution and speciation. Derivatives reˈgressively adv. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adverb] abackOE ruglingc1225 abackwardc1275 backwarda1300 hindwarda1300 arsewardly1530 arseward1553 rearward1604 retrogradea1620 aversively?1624 arsewards1648 retrogradely1658 regressively1755 backlings1786 tailwise1825 rearwards1835 bass-ackwardsa1865 arseling1887 bass-ackward1902 ass-backwards1934 backasswards1951 backassward1961 1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Backward,..5. Regressively. 1799 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. II. 175 He used his intellectual intuitions but regressively. 1854 T. De Quincey On War in Select. Grave & Gay IV. 268 Twenty or thirty years earlier still, they had been ascribed to Voltaire, and so on, regressively, to many other wits. 1906 A. W. Grabau in Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 17 615 Examples of regressively overlapping or, better, offlapping formations are frequently met. 2002 J. M. Mishne Multiculturalism & Therapeutic Process iii. vii. 142 Some important questions center on determining..whether a higher level of adaptation has been abandoned regressively for an earlier one. reˈgressiveness n. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [noun] > quality regressiveness1853 1853 W. Bagehot in Prospective Rev. 9 421 There was a want of prospectiveness and a superfluous amount of regressiveness. 1979 P. Mathias Transform. of Eng. i. vi. 127 Indirect taxes varied in their social regressiveness, of course..but..most indirect taxes had to be paid by the bulk of the population. 2007 R. E. Hero Racial Diversity & Social Capital vii. 142 Whatever level of regressiveness there is in a state's tax system, racial minorities are almost certainly disproportionately affected. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1634
随便看	haet haets haff haffet haffets haffi haffle haffs hafis hafiz hafizes haflinger hafnium hafniums hafod haft haft-maker haft-pipe hafta haftarah haftarahs hafted hafter hafters hafting