rendern.¹

Brit.

/ˈrɛndə/, U.S.

/ˈrɛndər/

Forms: Middle English rendre, 1500s– render, 1700s 1900s– rander (Scottish).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French rendre ; render v.

Etymology: Partly < Anglo-Norman and Middle French rendre return, handing back (13th cent.), (in law) action or process of yielding or returning property, especially real property, by means of a fine, surrender (to legal authorities), payment, repetition, recitation (14th cent.), uses as noun of infinitive of rendre render v., and partly < render v. Compare rendering n., rendition n., and also rent n.¹

†1. A recitation of a piece of music. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > exercises or homework

lesson?c1225

renderc1380

vulgars1520

practicec1541

theme1545

example1562

tax1564

repetition1579

exercise1612

praxis1612

recreation1633

pensum1667

vacation-exercisea1668

version1711

task1737

thesisa1774

dictation1789

challenging1825

holiday task1827

devoir1849

homework1852

vulgus1857

cram-book1858

rep1858

banco1862

prep1866

classwork1867

preparation1875

work card1878

vacation-task1904

c1380 in Speculum (1946) 21 196 (MED) Qwan i kan mi lesson mi Meyster wil i gon, þat heres me mi rendre.

2. The action or an act of giving, handing over, or surrendering something; (in later use) (Law) the delivery of a person into custody. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > relinquishing > [noun] > handing over or giving up to another

liverya1325

liverancec1390

deliverancea1400

teachinga1400

overgiving1465

delivery1480

render1548

consignation1612

delivering1642

shift1826

handover1847

driveaway1917

society > armed hostility > defeat > [noun] > surrender

deliverancea1387

appointmenta1513

composition1523

dedition1523

rendering1523

surrender?a1525

fall1535

render1548

rendry1600

rendition1601

capitulation1604

recapitulation1641

reddition1641

surrendering1648

capitulating1734

1548 E. Gest Treat. againste Masse sig. Ei^v I meane the applyall and render of the benefyghtes of Christis deth and resurrection.

1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets cxxv. sig. H3 Take thou my oblacion, poore but free, Which..knows no art, But mutuall render onely me for thee.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xii. 580/2 Hee also tooke sundry places of speciall importance, some by render, some by assault.

1650 R. Stapleton tr. F. Strada De Bello Belgico viii. 2 The enemies conquest was followed with the present surrender of Middelburg... By which Render Mondragonio gained such honour as we seldome read parallelled.

c1670 T. Hobbes Dial. Com. Laws (1681) 65 If any Man would render himself to the Judgment of the King, where the King hath committed all his power judicial to another, such a render should be to no effect.

1738 Cases King's Bench William III 559 A Render of Principal in Discharge of his Bail is not an Execution till Committitur enter'd.

1848 J. A. Strobhart Rep. Court of Appeals S. Carolina 2 446 The render of Bell in the Sheriff's office was insufficient [to make the Sheriff liable for him], unless the Sheriff expressly accepted the render.

1889 Canad. Law Times 218 9 R.S.O., 1877, c. 50, s. 40..provides for the render of the defendant to the sheriff of the county in which the action against such defendant has been brought.

1999 R. L. C. Jones in M. Keen Medieval Warfare viii. 171 The Norman Consuetudines et Justicie of 1091 legislated for..the Duke to enter or demand the render of all castles in his duchy.

a. Law. The action or process of yielding or returning property, esp. real property, by means of a fine (fine n.¹ 9b). Also: a conveyance of this nature. Frequently in grant and render. Cf. render v. 16b. Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > transfer of property > types of transfer > [noun] > levying a fine > a fine

fine1404

render1594

1581 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 153 Fine sur graunt & render, per que le conisee graunt & render al conisour les terres en taile.]

1594 W. West Symbolæogr.: 2nd Pt. §52 A Tenant for life may not without danger to lose his estate, be cognisor in a fine upon grant and render.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 353 Here it is proved by Littleton, that the grant and render..is not void.

1651 tr. J. Davies Perfect Abridgm. Rep. E. Cook ii. 41 A fine with grant and render implies a consideration in it selfe.

1701 G. Booth Nature & Pract. Real Actions iv. ix. 249 A fine sur Grant & Render..is done by a fine sur cognizance de droit tantum.

1724 Readings upon Statute Law III. 225 Fine and Render is a Conveyance at Common Law and the Render makes the Conusor a new Purchaser.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) A Fine..with Render, whereby something is render'd back again, by the Cognisee to the Cognisor.

1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 53 In a fine of this sort, the render must be made of the lands demanded in the original writ, or of something issuing out of those lands.

1879 A. J. Horwood tr. Year Bks. 34–5 Edw. I 272 Fines &c. one of which witnesses the render of the said hundred acres of wood..to the said Robert his brother.

1905 F. W. Maitland tr. Year Bks. Edw. II III. 178 The fine was levied..upon grant and render, and to such a fine a child of three years might be party.

†b. Law. in render: yielded to a landlord. Cf. prender n. Frequently to lie in render. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tribute > [adverb]

in render1607

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Lll1^v/1, at Render Also there be certaine things in a maner..that lie in Render, that is, must be deliuered or answered by the Tenent, as rents, reliefes, heriots, and other seruices.

1741 T. Robinson Common Law of Kent i. 3 All Socage Services whatever which lie in Render.

1742 C. Viner Gen. Abridgm. Law & Equity XIV. 136 If a Thing which lies in Render be granted to another and his Heirs annually, the Non-Payment of it in one Year shall not be any Discharge.

1825 H. Roscoe Treat. Law of Actions I. 65 The former writ was applicable to a disseisin of houses, land, rent, and other things which lay in render.

1878 J. Williams Seisin of Freehold App. 204 Heriot service is said to lie both in render and in prendre. It lies in render, for it is in fact rent which may be distrained for.

c. Law. A payment in money, goods, or services made by a tenant to a landlord, esp. in return for the use of land or buildings. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun]

servicec1300

servagec1400

servitudec1500

serviceage1601

reddendoa1630

render1647

boon1656

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun]

gavelc725

tacka1300

servicec1300

customc1390

servagec1400

taskc1400

homage1440

under-aid1579

reddendoa1630

workdaya1634

render1647

darg-days-

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 75 With a render of rent, which in those daies was of Corn or other Victuall.

1742 C. Viner Gen. Abridgm. Law & Equity XIII. 313 The render [of 3l] is not a Grant of a new Rent, but Confirmation of the old Rent.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 221 It is frequent in domesday-book, after specifying the rent due to the crown, to add likewise the quantity of gold or other renders reserved to the queen.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 290 This render..in socage..usually consists of money, though it may consist of services still, or of any other certain profit.

1828 J. Adams Treat. Law Distresses (ed. 2) vii. 113 Either by the render of a horse or twenty shillings rent.

a1842 H. Petrie tr. Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1063 in J. A. Giles Venerable Bede's Eccl. Hist. Eng. & Anglo-Saxon Chron. (1847) 437 They swore..that they would..make such renders from the land as had been done before to any other king.

1897 F. W. Maitland Domesday Bk. & Beyond 169 Payments in money and renders in kind.

1927 Eng. Hist. Rev. 42 177 In one case in Worcester, the render of a manor was £83 and fifty sextars of honey, together with the pleas of free men.

1976 Anglo-Saxon Eng. 5 205 Some of the renders..[in the Domesday Book] can be reinterpreted... Many of them are multiples of sixteen pence and may therefore have been specified originally in oras.

2000 Anglo-Norman Stud. 22 82 [The vill of Southease] paid 38,500 herrings, which was almost as large as the render given by the port of Sandwich.

†d. gen. The fact of performing a service. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > [noun] > act of performing useful service

render1832

1832 J. Austin Province Jurispr. vi. 355 If each of us promise the other to render the other a service, but the render of either of the services is not made to depend on the render of the other.

†4. A penalty for an offence or wrongdoing. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun] > penalty

finec1300

penalityc1429

penalty1459

law1470

amends1562

rendera1616

mulcta1625

poena1859

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) v. v. 111 If of my Freedome 'tis the maine part, take No stricter render of me, then my All.

†5. An account, description. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account

talec1200

historyc1230

sawc1320

tellinga1325

treatisec1374

chroniclec1380

process?1387

legendc1390

prosec1390

pistlec1395

treatc1400

relationc1425

rehearsal?a1439

report?a1439

narrationc1449

recorda1450

count1477

redec1480

story1489

recount1490

deductiona1532

repetition1533

narrative1539

discourse1546

account1561

recital1561

enarrative1575

legendary1577

enarration1592

recite1594

repeat1609

texture1611

recitation1614

rendera1616

prospect1625

recitement1646

tell1743

diegesis1829

récit1915

narrative line1953

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. iv. 11 Newnesse Of Clotens death..may driue vs to a render Where we haue liu'd.

6. The action or an act of rendering accounts or finances. Cf. render v. 8d.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > [noun] > rendering accounts of property or expenses

reckoning1340

scoring1546

count-making1569

render1744

1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 183 At the young Lord's full Age, the Books themselves, in which stood every Farthing accountable in proper Place, were exhibited for a Render of his Accounts.

1841 W. Ashton Let. 27 Nov. in Accts. & Papers (House of Commons) (1842) 35 Corr. 10 The overseers' claim for a rate cannot be disputed... Such an objection, in the case of overseers, must be reserved for the render of their accounts.

1846 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 9 222 [The commission's] economy, efficiency, and annual render of accounts to the public at large, are advantages well worthy of general extension.

1929 W. E. Lunts in J. L. La Monte & C. H. Taylor Anniv. Ess. Mediaeval Hist. viii. 164 After the render of this account a determined effort was made to recover the arrears of the three tenths.

1963 Eng. Hist. Rev. 78 650 The render of accounts for earlier taxation and conciliar control over the current subsidy.

7. Scottish. Restraint, orderliness. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > calmness > self-possession or self-control > [noun]

repressiona1413

governailc1425

willc1480

self-rule1532

coldness1548

stay1556

presentness of mind1598

coolness1607

cold blooda1609

temper1611

self-discipline1612

retention?1615

presence of mind?1624

self-governance1630

retentiveness1641

self-command1651

self-mastery1652

self-control1653

self-direction1653

self-restraint1656

self-possession1665

possessednessa1698

self-regulation1698

possession1703

retenue1747

sang-froid1750

self-collection1761

render1768

self-collectedness1805

self-repression1821

self-containedness1835

unimpulsiveness1860

cool-headedness1881

sophrosyne1889

cool1964

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 113 The squire ordain'd nae rander to be kept.

1944 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. at Rander He jist spent bawbees withoot rander. There was meat withoot ranner.

a. Plastering. The first coating of plaster applied to brickwork, stonework, etc.; a base coat of plaster. Also in extended use. Now usually in render coat. Cf. render v. 21a and rendering n. 6a.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > [noun] > bricklaying and plastering > plastering > plastering with first coat > first coat

first coat?1600

rendering1659

rough coat1791

render1833

scratch-coat1891

1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. 221 One hundred and fifty yards of render and set.

1858 Skyring's Builders' Prices 80 Rough render in cement and sand, per yard.

1899 Archit. Assoc. 1898–9 p. i (advt.) The finished face, whether of boards, tiles, stone, or cement, and the render coat of the soffit are not included.

1986 A. W. Epstein Tokalı Kilise App. 55 In the New Church the rock walls were then prepared with a render of intonaco..composed of lime charged with river sand and straw.

2007 J. Mortimore Plastering 193 The first undercoat is known as a render coat or scratch coat.

b. Mortar, typically made of sand, cement, lime, and water, used to coat stonework, brickwork, etc., esp. on an external wall, so as to provide a decorative or weather-resistant finish; a coat of this.

ΚΠ

1967 K. Gatz & G. Achterberg Colour & Archit. ii. 258/2 Too thin a layer of external render permits the outline of the masonry joints to show through.

1982 M. Lieff & H. R. Trechsel Moisture Migration in Buildings 129 The application of the cement-based render on the wall..shifted the rising damp and salt deposition to a higher level.

1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) ii. 47/2 Fill any major cracks with a render made of 1 part cement: 2 parts lime: 9 parts builder's sand, plus a little PVA bonding agent to help it adhere to the masonry.

2006 Archit. Sci. Rev. 49 231/2 They must have employed concrete and cement render on most of their exterior surfaces.

9. Computing. The action or an act of rendering (see render v. 22a) a scene or an object; an image so obtained. Frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1990 Amiga Computing Dec. 116/4 The wireframe preview mode allows you to take a quick look at the positions of your objects before you commit yourself to a full render.

1998 Business Wire (Nexis) 6 Apr. Version 4.5 will also add the ability to ‘suspend’ and ‘resume’ jobs, allowing a render job to be stopped and resumed at a later date.

2002 D. Rogers Animation: Master 2002 xii. 470 The settings for the camera allow us to change the quality of a render or to disable portions of the render, such as shadows.

2004 M. Loy DVD Studio Pro 3 xi. 279 To save this movie, you just add it to the render queue as usual.

Compounds

render farm n. Computing a group of networked computers for jointly processing a rendering job, used esp. in the production of computer-animated films.

ΚΠ

1996 M2 PressWIRE (Nexis) 24 Jan. ICE's Desktop RealTime Engine offers an attractive alternative to networked ‘render farms’ that link dozens of workstations and/or PCs.

2003 M. Welsh et al. Running Linux (ed. 4) i. 8 The popular movies Titanic and The Matrix used ‘render farms’ of Linux machines to do much of the heavy lifting.

2008 Guardian (Nexis) 26 Jan. (Mag.) 84 M Dot Strange..linked together a few PCs to create a lo-fi equivalent of the render farms that Pixar uses to make its 3D blockbusters.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

renderv.

Brit.

/ˈrɛndə/, U.S.

/ˈrɛndər/

Forms: Middle English rendir, Middle English–1700s rendre, Middle English– render; English regional 1800s– rainder (Northumberland), 1800s– rendher (Yorkshire), 1800s– rinder (Derbyshire); Scottish pre-1700 randir, pre-1700 randre, pre-1700 randyr, pre-1700 rannder, pre-1700 raunder, pre-1700 rayndder, pre-1700 rendar, pre-1700 rendir, pre-1700 rendre, pre-1700 1700s– render, pre-1700 1800s rander.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French render, rendre.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman render, rendir, Anglo-Norman and Middle French rendre to give again, to give in return, to give in exchange, to give back, to produce, yield (10th cent. in Old French), to let go, give up, to surrender (c1100; 12th cent. in reflexive use, ‘to give up, surrender’), to pay (service) to (c1100), to bring or put (someone) into a particular state or condition, to make (c1100), to emit, give out, give off, to vomit, to bring up, to deliver, take, lead, to pay, pay off, to pay for, to pay (compensation) for (all 12th cent.), to repeat, report (c1200), to deliver or give up (a person) to a religious life (13th cent.), (in legal use) to surrender, transfer (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), to pronounce (sentence, judgement, etc.) (c1320), to translate word for word, to represent, reproduce, portray (16th cent.) < post-classical Latin rendere (6th cent.), alteration (probably through association with prendere prend v.) of classical Latin reddere to give back, restore, to repay, to cause to reappear, to expel, throw up, to throw back (an image), reflect, to echo, to reproduce in speech, repeat, to utter in reply, to pay, discharge, to allot, appoint, to ascribe, attribute, to hand over, to surrender, to deliver, to give an account of, set forth, to give (judgements), to produce, yield, to bring forth, to bring about, to cause to be or become, in post-classical Latin also to recite from memory (4th cent.), to perform (7th cent.), to fulfil, carry out (8th cent.) < re- re- prefix + dare to give (see datum n.). Compare Catalan †rendre (13th cent.), Spanish rendir (12th cent.; in early use more commonly render ), Portuguese render (13th cent.), Italian rendere (13th cent.). Compare also ( < classical Latin reddere ) Old Occitan redre , retre , Catalan retre . Compare rend v.²The distinctive sense developments in senses 20 and 21 are not paralleled in French, and apparently show developments which occurred within English (as also does sense 22). With sense 20 compare also rend v.² 2.

I. To express or represent.

†1. transitive. To recite or repeat (something previously learned). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > memorization > memorize, learn by heart [verb (transitive)]

record?c1225

renderc1380

to can by rotec1405

con?a1425

to con by heartc1449

can1496

to bear away1530

get1540

commend to memory1550

commit?1551

to con over1605

rotea1616

lodge1622

to get off by heart1709

memorize1834

rehearse1902

memorate1983

the mind > language > speech > speech-making > recitation > recite [verb (transitive)]

sayOE

record?c1225

reckonc1350

renderc1380

repeat1451

recite1481

to say over1560

bespout1575

decline1597

to call over1674

society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > recite lesson

renderc1380

c1380 in Speculum (1946) 21 196 (MED) I donke vp-on dauid til mi tonge talmes; I ne rendrede nowt sithen men beren palmes.

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. 125 Þanne drouȝ I me among drapers my donet to lere... Among þer riche rayes I rendrit [v.r. lernde; c1400 B text rendred] a lessoun.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 4800 Myne herte foryetith therof right nought It is so writen in my thought And depe greven it is so tendir That all by herte I can it rendre And rede it over comunely.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 685/2 I rendre my lesson, as a chylde dothe.

1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Decantare,..to render or repete.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus i. f. 1^v My prayers to con..With orisounis..I randerit ouir to God Omnipotent.

1649 C. Hoole Easie Entrance Lat. Tongue sig. A6 Translate your lessons into English, and render them, when you com to repeat out of English into Latine.

a. transitive. To reproduce or express in another language; to translate. Also with in, into.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > translate [verb (transitive)]

setc888

wendeOE

turnc1175

writec1275

drawa1325

translatea1375

expound1377

takea1382

interpret1382

transpose1390

remue?a1400

renderc1400

put?a1425

to draw outa1450

reducec1450

compile1483

redige?1517

make1529

traducea1533

traduct1534

converta1538

do1561

to set out1597

transcribe1639

throw1652

metaphrase1868

versionize1874

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. ix. 82 Dobet..is ronne to religioun & haþ rendrit [v.rr. haþ Rendret; renderith; c1400 B text to rendre; c1400 C text rendreþ] þe bible.

1540 T. Wyatt Let. 3 Feb. (1963) 135 I can not rendre that terme in my tong to the french tong by eny other terme wiche I know also to discend owt off the latyn.

1610 T. Lorkin in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. III. 221 Two other houres he spends in French; one in reading, the other in rendring to his teacher some part of a Latine author by word of mouth.

1661 R. Boyle Some Consider. Style of Script. (1675) 10 A skilful interpreter may happily enough render into his own language a great part of what he translates.

1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 15 Dec. in R. T. Gunther Early Sci. Oxf. (1945) XIV. 419 These amulets [of the Druids]..may be rendered in English; Snake-buttons or Adderstones, Cock-knee-stones, toad-stones, Snail-stones, & Mole-stones.

1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 212 He..takes them from the Hebrew,..and not as the Septuagint has rendered it.

1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne i. 13 The oldest [edition] which remains was rendered into ‘beau langage’.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 267 In English we could commonly render one Greek heroic line in a line and a half of our common heroic metre.

1855 E. B. Pusey Doctr. Real Presence Note S. 338 I have rendered the whole [inscription] without doubt, as addressed to the Christian.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 3 The word has been rendered in different places either Temperance or Wisdom.

1923 D. A. Mackenzie Myths China & Japan x. 152 A better-known Japanese tree hero is Momotaro..whose name is usually rendered in English as ‘Little Peachling’.

1950 Sci. Monthly June 407/1 The translator has rendered the original message smoothly.

1984 E. Bourgoin Foreign Langs. & your Career (ed. 3) x. 79 The interpreter must..render it simultaneously or consecutively into the ‘target’ language.

2002 G. M. Eberhart Mysterious Creatures II. 568/2 The scholars responsible for the translation of the word re'em rendered it as monoceros in Greek.

†b. transitive. To succeed in reading; to decipher, make out. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > reading > [verb (transitive)] > to decipher or interpret, read

areadc885

unspell1665

reada1681

decipher1709

to make out1715

render1864

1864 E. Dickinson Lett. (1894) II. 311 Can you render my pencil? The physician has taken away my pen.

†a. transitive. With out: to relate, narrate. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > narration > narrate, relate, or tell [verb (transitive)]

singc900

reckonOE

readOE

tellOE

showc1175

betellc1275

i-tellec1275

rehearsec1300

record1340

accounta1387

to chase forthc1386

retretec1400

reporta1402

count?a1425

recite1448

touch?a1450

repeat1451

deliverc1454

explikec1454

renderc1460

recount1477

to show forth1498

relate1530

to set forth1530

rechec1540

reaccount1561

recitate1568

history1600

recant1603

to run througha1616

enarrate1750

narrate1754

c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 450 (MED) Kit be-gan to rendir out al thing as it was, The wowing of þe Pardonere.

b. transitive. To represent or reproduce, esp. artistically; to depict, portray.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > representation > [verb (transitive)]

depaint?c1225

paintc1275

figurec1380

resemblea1393

portraya1398

represent?a1425

impicture1523

portrait1548

shadow1553

to paint forth1558

storize1590

personate1591

limn1593

propound1594

model1604

table1607

semble1610

rendera1616

to paint out1633

person1644

present1649

to figure out1657

historize1668

to fancy out1669

to take off1680

figurate1698

refer1700

display1726

depicture1739

depict1817

actualize1848

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > represent in art [verb (transitive)]

workOE

shapea1375

express1382

marka1393

resemblea1393

portraya1398

devisea1400

makea1400

represent?a1425

counterfeitc1440

to set on write1486

porturea1500

emporturea1529

story1532

portrait1548

show1565

decipher1567

portraiture1581

to set forth1585

emblazea1592

stell1598

defigure1599

infigure1606

effigiate1608

deportract1611

deportray1611

rendera1616

image1624

configure1630

exiconize1641

effigies1652

to take off1680

mimic1770

paraphrase1961

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. i. 45 List his discourse of Warre; and you shall heare A fearefull Battaile rendred you in Musique.

1780 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) IV. v. 90 Devoid of imagination,..he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in Idylls of King 188 The strange-statued gate Where Arthur's wars were render'd mystically.

1870 F. M. Müller Sci. Relig. (1873) 276 A name that should approximately or metaphorically render at least one of its most prominent features.

1885 Truth 28 May 848/2 The spray is rendered with much lightness and delicacy.

1935 Burlington Mag. Mar. 110/1 As regards the ideoplastic character of pre-Greek art..the artist renders what he knows about the object rather than what he sees.

1962 Jrnl. Egyptian Archaeol. 49 6 The hands in particular are beautifully rendered.

1978 I. Murdoch Sea 126 Hartley and Fitch were sitting stiff and upright, like a married pair rendered by a primitive painter.

2002 Time Out 2 Jan. 78/4 The story of the warlord Washizu..is magnificently rendered as something verging on psychological horror.

c. transitive. To play or perform (music).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > perform (music) [verb (transitive)]

present1573

module1610

rendera1676

execute1826

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 66 As the Organ or Pipe renders the Tune which it understands not.

1772 W. Jones Ess. Imit. Arts in Poems 208 Some intervals, which cannot easily be rendered on our instruments.

1867 E. A. Freeman Let. 26 Apr. (1895) I. 381 The [church] services were magnificently done—‘rendered’ I suppose I should say.

1893 Daily News 25 May 5/3 The band and muffled drums rendering the Dead March in ‘Saul’.

1920 Glasgow Herald 10 Aug. 6 The Greeks went into battle to the soft strains of solemn music rendered on flutes and recorders.

1970 J. Glassco Mem. Montparnasse xv. 137 She played the simple refrain, slowly and clearly, underlining the melody with broad sweeping chords, then rendered the swift little verse in dance rhythm.

2005 Time Out N.Y. 15 Dec. 198/1 What's even more amazing about this quartet..is its ability to render tunes by Youssou N'Dour..in a funky style with nary a hand-drummer in sight.

d. transitive. To create or complete (a painting, sculpture, or other artwork).

ΚΠ

1904 R. Sturgis Appreciation of Sculpt. v. 59 A sculptor of our own time would be obliged to study the fashion plates that he might render the portrait of a man twenty years dead without committing some disagreeable solecism.

1959 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 21 Apr. 14/6 He turned painter to render a ‘Portrait of a Basketball Player’.

1981 Jrnl. Aesthetic Educ. 15 114 Edwards posits the necessity of a ‘cognitive shift’ from the L-mode to the R-mode of perception in order to render a drawing accurately.

1992 Canad. Gardening May 27/2 She'd been..commissioned to render a portrait of someone's house.

2001 Leonardo 34 31/1 A project that was undertaken to study the physiological and psychological functions of a leading British portrait artist..as he rendered a drawing.

†4. With complement.

a. transitive. To describe as being of a certain character or in a certain condition. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > narration > description or act of describing > describe [verb (transitive)] > describe the character of

represent1513

relate1582

personate1591

endorse1596

rendera1616

worda1616

character1618

person1644

exponec1650

characterize1653

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. iii. 123 O I haue heard him speake of that same brother, And he did render him the most vnnaturall That liu'd amongst men.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. iii. 226 There is a remedie..To cure the desperate languishings whereof The King is render'd lost.

1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. To Rdr. sig. a2^v He endeavours to render us to the Reader as destitute of all learning.

1705 in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1872) X. 81 He has taken the liberty to render thy keeping a coach..to be not at all with the appearance of a Quaker.

1726 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) III. 255 That to do right is not so difficult a Task as some would render it.

b. transitive. To show or demonstrate (a person) to be of a certain character. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > prove, demonstrate [verb (transitive)]

i-sothea925

soothec950

fanda1000

kitheOE

betell1048

showc1175

prove?c1225

treousec1275

stablisha1325

approve1340

verifyc1386

justifya1393

tryc1412

answer?a1425

appreve?c1450

to make gooda1470

convictc1475

averifyc1503

arguea1513

find1512

pree1515

comprobate1531

demonstrate1538

conclude1549

convince1555

argument1558

evict1571

avoucha1593

evidencea1601

remonstrate1601

clear1605

attaint1609

monstrate1609

evince1610

evince1611

improve1613

remonstrance1621

to make out1653

ascertain1670

to bring off1674

to make (something) to through1675

render1678

substantiatea1691

establisha1704

to bring out1727

realize1763

validate1775

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 205 Thou..hast such an opinion of thy self, and of what thou doest, as plainly renders thee to be one that did never see a necessity [etc.] .

II. To give or deliver, to present or perform, and related senses.

†5. transitive. To deliver or give up (a person) to a religious life. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 1253 (MED) Sche schal be rendred forth with hire.

a1450 (?1420) J. Lydgate Temple of Glas (Tanner) (1891) 201 (MED) I herd oþir crie..That..Yrendred [v.r. Irenderede] were into religioun Or þei hade yeris of discresioun.

a. transitive. To give up or relinquish (something owned or in one's control). Also: to surrender (one's life, soul, etc.). Frequently with up.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > relinquishing > relinquish or give up [verb (transitive)]

forsakec893

forlet971

to reach upOE

agiveOE

yield?c1225

uptake1297

up-yield1297

yield1297

deliverc1300

to-yielda1375

overgivec1384

grant1390

forbeara1400

livera1400

forgoc1400

upgive1415

permit1429

quit1429

renderc1436

relinquish1479

abandonc1485

to hold up?1499

enlibertyc1500

surrender1509

cess1523

relent1528

to cast up?1529

resignate1531

uprender1551

demit1563

disclaim1567

to fling up1587

to give up1589

quittance1592

vail1593

enfeoff1598

revoke1599

to give off1613

disownc1620

succumb1632

abdicate1633

delinquish1645

discount1648

to pass away1650

to turn off1667

choke1747

to jack up1870

chuck up (the sponge)1878

chuckc1879

unget1893

sling1902

to jack in1948

punt1966

to-leave-

c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 129 (MED) Everech son of a burgeys who is herre to his father, after the deth of his father, come into ful court..and render to the baillives of the toun the swerd with which his father was sworen to meyntenyn the fredom of the toun as is fytting.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxvii. f. cxxxvi^v Accordynge to his othe he shulde render the Lande, or delyuer it vnto the possessyon of Willm.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxii. 258 The frenche kynge..shall rendre and delyuer to the sayde kynge of Englande..the honours, regalities, obeisaunce, homages [etc.].

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 13069 Then prinses..Saydon Orestes be right shuld render his londes And be exiled.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 162 My Spreit I rander in thy handis, Eternal God of veritie.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 185 Ile make her render vp her Page, to mee.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iv. xv. 33 She rendred life Thy name so buried in her.

1673 S'too him Bayes 29 I render my cause, as the sword-men would have it.

1706 N. Rowe Ulysses iv. i I have learnt to hold My Life from none, but from the Gods who gave it, Nor mean to render it on any Terms.

1795 Monthly Rev. June 176 And now my child, the Sorceress said, Lord Wolfwold's father's grave To me shall render up the dead.

1820 P. B. Shelley Ode to Liberty xiv, in Prometheus Unbound 218 Tomb of Arminius! render up thy dead.

1868 ‘G. Eliot’ Spanish Gypsy v. 350 Her Queen Mounted the steps again and took her place, Which Juan rendered silently.

1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 216 To this royal or political art all the arts..seemed to render up the supremacy.

1917 E. F. Wood Note-bk. of Intelligence Officer xiv. 213 The other passing soldier..had in rude epitaph recorded his own tribute to one, who had just rendered up his life for our common cause.

1985 P. Conrad Cassell's Hist. Eng. Lit. (2006) ii. 26 He wants to keep it [sc. Excalibur] for the human world rather than render it up to its unseen maker.

1997 D. E. Quellar & T. F. Madden Fourth Crusade (ed. 2) iii. 27 They went forth in joyous procession to welcome him and rendered the city into his hands.

b. transitive. To surrender (a town, stronghold, etc.) to the enemy. Also with up. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defeat > suffer defeat [verb (transitive)] > surrender (a town, etc.)

yield1297

ayield1450

render1481

surrender1509

capitulate1610

to lay down (one's) arms1659

to ground arms1855

1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) cxliii. 214 They alle shold..bere with them suche goodes as they had, and rendre and gyue ouer the dongeon.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxxiiii There was a mutteryng that the toune of Caleys should be rendred into the Frenche kinges handes.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia ii. sig. Pvii^v If they know that anye cytezeins counselled to yelde and rendre vp the citie.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xc When the towne was ones rendred, the byshop of Rome Clement, chopped of the heades of certen of the Senatours.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. x. 32 To Cæsar will I render My Legions and my Horse.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 96 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors After he had held out six dayes, he was forc't to render it and himself up at mercy.

1759 Hist. War in Ann. Reg. 42/2 The capital of French America was rendered to the English, after a most severe campaign.

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VIII lxxxvii. 154 The city's taken, but not rendered!

1865 R. C. Trench Gustavus Adolphus ii. 79 In the city rendered by compact, and not taken by storm.

1969 S. Alexander tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Italy xviii. 390 The Duke of Ferrara..was threatening to destroy the already mature grain harvest, and on the 6th of June forced them to render up the city to him.

2005 K. van Orden tr. P. de L'Estoile in Music, Discipline, & Arms Early Mod. France iv. 181 Amiens was rendered to the King, who retook it not by craftiness, but by the most memorable effort.

c. transitive (reflexive). To give oneself up; to surrender. Also with up. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defeat > suffer defeat [verb (reflexive)] > surrender

yield1297

render1494

surrender1585

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > absence of resistance > offer no resistance [verb (reflexive)] > give in

ayielda1000

yield1297

bandona1400

submita1450

renounce?1531

render1604

exhibit1628

1494 Loutfut MS f. 17, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rander Erar desirand to de na to be vanceuste or rendre him til his enemys.

1550 T. Nicolls tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War i. i. p. xvi The other[s], which were most poore, and were not able to assure them selues wyth walles, dyd rendre themselues to be theyr subiectes by theyr owne wylle.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xiv. 89 Sa mony castellis and tounis quhilkis hed randrit them be trason to annibal.

1588 Narr. Def. Berghen 16 Sept. in Ancaster MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1907) 202 As..was confessed by one Edward Flud who had served under Sir William Stanley and now rendred him self.

1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 4 My houre is almost come When I to sulphrous and tormenting flames Must render vp my selfe.

a1671 T. Fairfax Short Mem. (1699) 33 I thought it not fit now..to bid the rest to render themselves to me.

1702 London Gaz. No. 3885/1 Such Seamen..who..shall Render themselves.., shall not be Prosecuted before a Court Marshal.

1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 179 Those that are in default till the Exigent in Treason, tho' they render themselves to Justice, forfeit their Chattels.

1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 21 Then said the Pacha, ‘Slaves, Render yourselves—they have abandoned you.’

1863 A. E. Challice Heroes Time Louis XVI II. 247 Upon the 18th at noon the capitulation was signed. Lord Cornwallis and his army rendered themselves prisoners of War.

1917 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Criminal Law & Criminol. 8 44 One of the missing appellees..also came in and rendered himself to the Marshal, joining his fate with that of those who were already in Court.

1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xix. 295 She believed that love was everything. Man must render himself up to her. He must be quaffed to the dregs by her.

2000 W. C. Dilley tr. A. Daniel in Disputatio 4 9 My heart doesn't demand a thing From her, and doesn't stray from her; But freely I render myself to her.

†d. intransitive in same sense. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defeat > be defeated [verb (intransitive)] > surrender

to cry (or say) creanta1250

to yield oneself creanta1250

to do (also put) oneself in (also to) a person's mercya1325

yieldc1330

recray1340

summisec1450

render1523

amain1540

surrender1560

to throw down one's arms (also weapons, etc.)1593

articulate1595

to yield (also bow oneself) to (also upon) mercy1595

to give grass1597

capitulate1601

to cry cravena1634

to lower or strike one's flag1644

bail1840

hands-up1879

kamerad1914

1523 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VI. 213 They renderyd be such appoinctement, that they went in ther schyrtes with stykkes in ther handes.

1589 True Coppie Disc. Late Voy. Spaine & Portingale (1881) 85 Upon the first Fire thereof he rendered, and compounded to goe away with his baggage and Armes.

1614 W. Lithgow Most Delectable Disc. Peregrination sig. E The..passengers, gaue counsell, rather to render, then fight.

1688 T. Shadwell Squire of Alsatia iv. i. 60 I am ready to render on discretion.

a. transitive. To hand over or deliver (a person or thing). Formerly also: †to grant (a request) (obsolete). Also in extended use. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > relinquishing > relinquish or give up [verb (transitive)] > hand over to another

i-taechec888

outreacheOE

sellc950

beteacha1000

areachc1000

turnc1175

handsellc1225

betakec1250

deliverc1300

beken1330

yielda1382

disposec1384

resigna1387

livera1400

to turn overa1425

deputea1440

overgive1444

quit?c1450

surrend1450

surrender1466

renderc1480

to give over1483

despose1485

refer1547

to pass over1560

to set over1585

behight1590

tip1610

consign1632

delegate1633

skink1637

to hand over1644

delate1651

to turn off1667

to turn in1822

c1480 (a1400) St. Theodora 406 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 110 Þat scho mycht þare resawit be, & tak þe habyt, &..rendryt be to þame as bruthyre.

1557 W. Baldwin & T. Palfreyman Treat. Morall Philos. (new ed.) iv. ix. f. 123^v By pacience we are rendred vnto god, and proued amongest men.

a1589 A. Jenkinson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1599) I. 324 Two other princes,..in danger of their subiects through ciuil discord, came and rendred themselues at seueral times vnto the said Emperor.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. iv. 49 Take this same letter, and..see thou render this into my cosin hands.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) i. x. 34 The Treasure in this field atchieued..We render you the Tenth.

?1624 G. Chapman tr. Hymn to Apollo in tr. Crowne Homers Wks. 23 Erect A Phane to him, to render the effect Of mens demands to them, before they fall.

1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 49 These stairs render you vp at the great Hall.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 368 It shall be my task To render thee the Parthian at dispose.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 450 The contract of sale shall not bind him so as that he shall render the price.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xl. 101 Organs that secrete the gastric juice and render it to the stomach.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 25 Affirming that his father left him gold,..which was not render'd to him.

1910 I. H. Gillmore Phoebe & Ernest vii. 199 No immediate word came from him, and she rested serene... But three days later the mail rendered her this terse message.

2007 N. Gingrich & W. R. Forstchen Pearl Harbor x. 248 ‘We could blow superstructure away, but to render a fatal blow...’ His voice trailed off.

†b. intransitive. To bestow a kiss. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iv. vi. 37 In kissing do you render or receiue. Patr. Both take and giue.

a. transitive. To present (a report, narrative, answer, etc.); to put forward for consideration, scrutiny, or approval.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > intimation or making known > intimate or make known (something) [verb (transitive)]

speakc825

areadc885

meldeOE

sayOE

yknowa1225

warnc1275

bekena1300

wraya1300

signifyc1325

declarec1340

to speak outc1384

discuss1389

notifyc1390

bida1400

advertise1447

notice1447

detectc1465

render1481

minister1536

to set outa1540

summonc1540

intimate1548

acquaint1609

phrase1614

voice1629

denote1660

unlade1717

apprise1817

aira1902

1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde i. v. 22 And there eche rendred his reson of that he had found and lerned.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Ceremonies f. xxxv*^v Here be certayne causes rendered, why some of the accustomed Ceremonies be put awaye.

a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) II. 58 I ame wnprovydit to rander ane accompt of my doctrene.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iv. i. 333 I will challenge him..by this hand, Claudio shal render me a deere account.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. iii. 49 Moe reasons for this action At our more leysure, shall I render you.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiii. 205 There can be rendred no one generall answer for them all.

1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. ii. §14 To see how well he acquits himself in rendring an account of the Origine of the Universe.

1725 N. Chapman Let. 23 Oct. in I. Newton Corr. (1977) VII. 335 I came to town on Purpose to pay my duty to you to Render an Account of my Conduct and Circumstances.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1753 I. 138 [Johnson] When I shall render up, at the last day, an account of the talent committed to me.

1795 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 76 It is with the greatest pain I have to render so long a list of killed and wounded.

1838–9 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 48 At the head of each gang [of negroes] is a driver,..who renders an account of each individual slave and his work every evening to the overseer.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Morte d'Arthur in Poems (new ed.) II. 7 Thou hast betray'd thy nature and thy name, Not rendering true answer, as beseem'd Thy fëalty.

1894 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 50 69 Rev. H. T. Owen rendered a description of extensive excavations that have been effected under his direction.

1911 7th Biennial Rep. Indiana Labor Comm. 1909–10 40 The said Labor Commission have considered all the evidence obtained from both sides of the contest and render the following finding.

1965 C. Norberg-Schulz Intentions in Archit. (1974) Introd. 23 To render an account of why a building ‘looks’ as it does, we should first have to describe it in an accurate and illuminating way.

1992 Atlantic Jan. 22/3 The client's record-keeping is so inadequate that the auditor cannot even render an opinion.

b. transitive. Law. Of a judge, jury, etc.: to deliver formally (a judgment or verdict). Also in extended use. Now chiefly U.S.

ΚΠ

1594 W. Clerke Triall of Bastardie iii. 31 The Ordinarie is he..To whom is power giuen, and auctoritie from the law, or from the Prince, to render iudgment.

1642 J. Selden Priviledges Baronage i. iv. 77 Nothing now remaineth to doe, but to render Iudgement.

1774 G. Washington Let. 11 July in Papers (1995) Colonial Ser. X. 112 We have also resolvd that no judgments should be rendered for Debts, if the Congress should enter into a Measure of Non-exportation.

1819 J. Marshall Writings upon Federal Constit. (1839) 189 The superior court of judicature of New Hampshire rendered a judgement upon this verdict.

1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun II. xvii. 190 Might we not render some such verdict as this?

1901 Northeastern Reporter 60 636/1 The jury rendered a verdict for the whole amount specified in the policy as the risk upon the building.

1926 Publisher's Weekly 10 July 121/2 It is always wise to mark books with their prices..because the individual then enjoys greater independence in rendering decisions.

1959 E. Collier Three against Wilderness 228 The scats were carefully examined for the evidence I must have before rendering verdict.

1991 VFW Mag. Nov. 10/2 The early decisions rendered by the Court of Veterans Appeals..established mandatory guidelines BVA must follow to review cases on appeal.

†c. transitive. To declare, state. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > state or declare [verb (transitive)]

speakc900

sayOE

tell?a1160

to put forth?c1225

posea1325

allegec1330

declarec1330

exponec1380

to bring fortha1382

expounda1382

terminec1384

allaya1387

express1386

proport1387

purport1389

cough1393

generalize?a1425

deliverc1454

expremec1470

to show forth1498

promisea1500

term1546

to set forward1560

attribute1563

to throw out1573

quote1575

dictate1599

rendera1616

preport1616

enunciate1623

remonstrate1625

state1642

pronunciate1652

annunciate1763

present1779

enounce1805

report1842

constate1865

lodge1885

outen1951

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) v. 135 My boone is that this Gentleman may render Of whom he had this Ring.

d. transitive. To provide or submit (an account of financial transactions or a statement of money held, spent, or due).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > charges > [verb (transitive)] > demand payment > send bill or account

render1712

to send up1836

1712 A. Boyer Hist. Reign Queen Anne: Year the Tenth App. 48 It is in the Power of every Accomptant so far to Render an Account of what Money has been issued to him, as to prepare and lay his Accompts before the Auditors.

1794 Hist. Reign George III III. 423 The statement of the finances thus rendered by the chancellor of the exchequer, was strongly controverted by Mr. Sheridan.

1861 Army Regulations 154 Every officer having public money to account for, and failing to render his account thereof quarter-yearly,..will be promptly dismissed.

1910 A. Fieldhouse Business Methods 115 It is customary for the Creditor..to send to the Debtor..a statement, which is an account, rendered at certain periods.

1950 D. Cooper Operation Heartbreak i. 14 Neither Willie nor the lawyers looked at the accounts she rendered.

2002 Courier Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 10 Aug. 32 We..rendered an account at a substantially reduced rate, given the clients' circumstances.

†9.

a. transitive. To emit, give out, discharge; spec. to shed (tears). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (transitive)] > emit

send971

stretchc1275

casta1300

sheda1325

manda1350

to throw outa1413

yielda1450

devoida1475

render1481

reflair1509

sup out1513

to give out1530

utter1536

spout1568

to give fortha1586

to let fly1590

to put out1614

eject1616

evacuate1622

ejaculate1625

emit1626

fling1637

outsend1647

exert1660

extramit1668

exclude1677

emane1708

extromita1711

evolve1772

emanate1797

discharge1833

exsert1835

to give off1840

1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) clxxii. 254 Without the toun..ben founden somme fontaynes, but they be but fewe and they rendre but lytil water.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxxxix. 121 Her holy body rendrid holy oyle.

c1500 Melusine (1895) 317 They al lamented..& rendred teerys in habundance.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ix. x. 65 Quhayr as the quhissyll rendris soundis seyr.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 102 Although it were a male, yet it did render his vrine backward.

1659 J. Leak tr. I. de Caus New Inventions Water-works 16 A Vessell..to receive the Water..and to render it by the Pipe 7.

1730 S. Gale Tour through England in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica No. 2 (1781) i. 7 The whole of cedar, which renders a fine fragrancy.

b. transitive. To give birth to (offspring). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > sexual organs and reproduction > [verb (transitive)] > give birth to

bearOE

whelpc1175

kindle?c1225

hatcha1350

yeana1387

calvea1425

producea1513

dam1577

cast1587

rewhelp1605

render1607

store1611

drop1662

warp1738

kit1758

kitten1824

throw1824

cub1864

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 22 In the twelfe month after their copulation, they render their foles.

10.

a. transitive. To pay as a tax, rent, or tribute. Also figurative and occasionally intransitive. Cf. render n.¹ 3c.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tribute > pay tribute [verb (transitive)]

lastc1275

render1526

tribute1570

rent1613

1526 W. Tyndale Prol. Matt. in Wks. (1573) 35/1 The husband-men..would not render to the Lorde of the fruit in due tyme, and therfore [the vineyard] was taken from them.

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus i. i. 160 My tributarie teares, I render for my brethrens obsequies.

1611 Bible (King James) Mark xii. 17 Render to Cesar the things that are Cesars.

1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. v. §434. 187 If the tenant had beene by fealtie and a horse to be rendred yearely.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Other [things] which lie in Render, that is, must be render'd or answer'd by the Tenant; as Rents, Reliefs, Heriots, and other Services.

1747 Abridgm. Hist. Eng. I. vii. 156 When aid was collected, if it could not..be rendered by the Tenant to his Lord, it might be paid to the King.

1809 W. Bawdwen tr. Domesday Bk. 317 It is soke, and it is waste, and it renders a pair of spurs.

1845 Aberdeen Jrnl. 19 Feb. If we could take all farm produce into account, and render for rent a certain portion of that produce..it would come near the required mark.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. §1. 158 The successors..swore to observe the old fealty and render the old tribute to the English Crown.

1911 D. M. Barringer & J. S. Adams Law Mines & Mining in U.S. II. iii. 158 A lessee for oil and gas purposes..was bound to render to the lessor one-fourth of the product.

1963 Yale Law Jrnl. 72 1528 Men..have described to me how the king would reward them..with gifts of other products which they lacked and which had been rendered in tribute by others.

1990 G. R. Elton Stud. Tudor & Stuart Politics & Govt. (2002) IV. 70 His vassals..are bound to render a sum called the relief upon inheriting their lands.

b. transitive. To bring in or yield (a revenue).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (transitive)] > bring in (a revenue)

raise1389

levy1469

to pull in?1529

to fetch again1535

to bring in?1548

yield1573

produce1585

answer1596

in1609

render1687

net1758

rent1775

realize1777

earn1847

recoup1868

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 16 The Jesuites have a Garden, full of Fruit-trees of all sorts, which render them a considerable Revenue yearly.

a1740 J. Comyns Digest Laws Eng. (1766) IV. 87 Things Real, which render an annual Revenue, shall be rated as well as Land: As Shops, and Sheds.

1880 E. Brewer tr. G. F. Kolb Condition of Nations 170 In 1874 the pearl fishery rendered a revenue, clear of all expense, of £7,000, and that of 1877 realized a sum of £28,000.

1992 H. Jabr in E. Playfair Internat. Law & Admin. Occupied Territories xii. 385 Collection of the import duties in both the West Bank and Gaza renders about $50 million in revenue a year.

11.

a. transitive. To show, pay, or give (homage, allegiance, or some other thing due to or rightfully claimed by the recipient). Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > give as due or fitting

doOE

yieldc1000

pay1340

attribute1523

render1567

1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. f. 99 Thou sayest that if I rendre obedience vnto thee, thou wilt doe me greate honor.

a1586 A. Arbuthnot in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 441 Rander till thai maker gloir.

1588 J. Craig in Catholic Tractates (S.T.S.) 249 The honour of God to whilkes al christien men ar oblesed..to rander obedience.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing v. iii. 33 And Hymen now with luckier issue speeds, Then this for whom we rendred vp this woe.

1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 123 Fealty and homage;..which he hath ever since the time of Francis the first, denied to render.

1649 E. Reynolds Israels Prayer (new ed.) v. 8 Our mouthes wide opened in rendring honour unto him.

1740 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) VII. 132 The extreme ingratitude the Athenians discovered..was no less criminal and extravagant, than the immoderate acknowledgment they had rendered to their new master.

1786 S. Stennett Disc. Parable of Sower i. 35 And his subjects, who render chearful allegiance to him, he..enriches with the best and noblest blessings.

1810 F. Plowden Hist. Ireland (1812) I. i. 162 The very next day Dermod Mac Carthy presented him the keys of his capital city of Cork, and rendered him homage as monarch of Ireland.

1853 C. Brontë Villette I. xvi. 311 There were personal attentions to be rendered.

1908 J. Curtin Mongols in Russia xvi. 368 Kazan rendered homage to the Grand Prince's leader by giving him two thousand rubles.

1949 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 43 613 All belief-systems require that love, faith, and obedience be rendered to the ruler.

1998 A. Jackson & all these Roads be Luminous 48 Regretting the tiny kindness rendered to the huge spirit.

b. transitive. To perform or carry out (a service, duty, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > do [verb (transitive)] > a service, honour, etc.

render1591

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > be useful to [verb (transitive)] > perform (a useful service)

representa1500

render1591

present1604

1591 R. Robinson tr. V. Strigel Proc. Harmonie King Davids Harpe 93 It is a worke of righteousnes, wherin a man bindeth himselfe to render acceptable duties towards God.

a1645 W. Browne tr. M. Le Roy Hist. Polexander (1647) i. iii. 85 If by chance she be fallen into the hands of Bajazet, you will render a signall service to my Princesse to restore her.

1693 S. Pepys Let. 3 Oct. in I. Newton Corr. (1961) III. 283 Make the same scrupleless use of me in whatever relation you can think me capable of rendering you any service.

1734 J. Stacie tr. Abbé de Parthenay Hist. Poland I. i. 95 No Person shall be qualified for the Administration of the King's Houshold, who has not rendered great Services to the Crown.

1794 Freemasons' Mag. Oct. 266 He rendered no small assistance to the people during his Stay in the island.

1821 S. Kelly Fatalists V. ii. 44 She felt desirous, from principle alone, to render the duty of a wife in its fullest extent.

1847 F. Marryat Children of New Forest II. iii. 66 I feel indebted to you for the service you have rendered me.

1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope iii. 78 Two friends who were to render him some undefined assistance.

1909 Chatterbox 37/1 It would be difficult to make a complete list of the services which it is continually rendering.

1959 I. Compton-Burnett Heritage & its Hist. i. 30 ‘We have to render what is required of us, sir,’ said the latter, continuing his duties.

1983 M. S. Peck People of Lie (1985) iii. 130 Two case vignettes follow in which it would have been impossible to render such assistance had the therapist not first recognized the face and spoken the name of evil.

2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 13 Aug. 28/1 He was rewarded with a knighthood for literary services rendered to the State.

12.

†a. transitive. To move or put (a thing) into a specified place. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > place or put in a position [verb (transitive)] > in a place intended or adapted to receive a thing

setc1275

seat1607

lodge1611

render1616

settlec1650

1616 B. Jonson Forrest iv. 32 What bird, or beast..That fled his cage,..wull Render his head in there againe?

b. transitive (reflexive). To present oneself; to take steps to arrive at a particular place; to appear, turn up. Frequently with at. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > presence > present oneself [verb (reflexive)]

presenta1393

representc1425

render1619

1619 in S. R. Gardiner Lett. Relations Eng. & Germany (1865) 1st Ser. 82 In regard of the great diligence he is to make to render himself in Germany with all speede possible.

1640 tr. G. S. du Verdier Love & Armes Greeke Princes i. 1 All those Princes..rendred themselves at the Tent of the Emperour Amadis of Greece.

1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. (ed. 2) II. 79 Rendring himself at the Garden-Gate, by Virtue of his Key, he open'd it.

1709 W. Nelson Rights Clergy Great Brit. 180 This Statute..only enforces a Defendant Excommunicated for one of those Causes to render himself under pain of these Forfeitures.

1754 B. Franklin Plan of Union in Polit., Misc. & Philos. Pieces (1779) 99 The most distant members..may probably render themselves at Philadelphia in fifteen to twenty-days.

1821 P. B. Shelley Let. 15 Aug. (1964) II. 335 The tocsin of the convent sounded, & it required all the efforts of the prioress to prevent the spouses of God from rendering themselves..to the accustomed signal.

1852 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 166 I rendered myself at Paddington station on Friday morning.

1896 H. Kern Man. Indian Buddhism ii. 34 In the ninth month she rendered herself at evening time to the place where the Master was in the act of preaching.

1907 Celtic Monthly Feb. 92/1 It was agreed between them that Sir Matthew..should render himself at Edinburgh, on a certain day, to negotiate his ransom.

†c. transitive. To present (a person) in a particular place. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > presence > be present at [verb (transitive)] > be in the presence of > bring (a person) into the presence of

presentc1300

representc1425

delivera1616

render1645

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ ii. xv. 23 Every Souldier..costing him nere upon a hundred crowns before he could be rendred in Flanders.

†d. intransitive. Of an attribute: to manifest itself; to be present. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > presence > be present [verb (intransitive)]

beeOE

rixle?c1225

to be therea1300

to stand toa1382

to stand bya1398

report1560

reside1620

to take place1622

render1874

feature1941

1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 374 I believe that some such quality as that which suggested the saying ‘tough as a boiled Owl’, renders in the whole order [of hawks].

13. Chiefly Nautical.

a. intransitive. Of a rope or cable: to pass through a sheave or other aperture, or round a post, pin, etc., esp. freely or without restriction. Cf. rendering n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [verb (intransitive)] > run freely (of a rope)

render1769

1769 [implied in: W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Rendering, as a sea-term,..is usually expressed of a complicated tackle, laniard, or lashing,..in contra-distinction to sticking or jamming. (at rendering n. 3)].

1797 M. Flinders Jrnl. 29 Sept. in Jrnl. Royal Austral. Hist. Soc. (1901) 29 271 The strap of the lower block not rendering round the anchors as the mast came perpendicular over them.

1826 Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Jan. 417 Fortunately, she paid sound off, the sails filled, the sheets and halyards which had been let go, rendered; the sails were quickly taken in.

1861 Hunt's Yachting Mag. Dec. 521 If then to this difficulty..there be added a stiff working gaff that jams on the mast, blocks through which the halyards wont render, [etc.].

1872 Times 24 Aug. 8/1 These pendants have frequently failed to render through the blocks, owing to the rope becoming swollen.

1907 Outing Aug. 630/2 The beauty of it [sc. the jam hitch] is that the rope renders freely one way—the way you are pulling—but will not give a hair the other.

1978 D. Pope Ramage & Rebels ii. 30 Sails slamming and flapping, ropes squealing as they rendered through blocks.

1992 T. Cunliffe Hand, Reef & Steer iv. 46 Don't be mean about drilling the holes. There are no sheaves in them, and you want the lanyards to render smoothly.

b. transitive. To pass (a rope or cable) through a sheave or other aperture, or round a post, pin, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific ways

windc1550

veer1590

veer1604

rousea1625

heave1626

overhaul1626

ease1627

pay1627

reeve1627

unbend1627

to come up1685

overhale1692

to pay away1769

surge1769

render1777

to pay out1793

to round down1793

to set upon ——1793

swig1794

veer1806

snake1815

to side out for a bend1831

rack1841

snub1841

1777 W. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Seamanship 174 The breechings not being seized, but rendered through the thimble at the breech, make both parts tight alike to bring the guns up in any direction they may be fired in.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 568 Any rope, hawser, or cable is ‘rendered’ by easing it round the bitts, particularly in riding with a strain to freshen the nip.

1928 F. P. Harlow Making of Sailor vi. 123 They rendered the rope under the pin while I pulled in the slack ready for another pull.

1996 G. Danton Theory & Pract. Seamanship (ed. 11) ii. 41 The cable is rendered as the vessel moves upwind or upstream so that the bow is not checked round.

†14. transitive. To infuse (a quality) into a thing. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > introduction or bringing in > introduce or bring something in [verb (transitive)] > infuse

sheda1325

bedew1340

distil1393

informa1398

transfusec1425

pourc1451

infudea1500

infuse1526

tan1530

colour1536

suck1549

imbrue1565

dewc1572

inspire1576

steep1603

infect1605

imbreathe1609

impregn1652

transfund1670

influence1691

bleed1866

render1885

taste1904

1885 R. Jefferies Open Air 243 I wonder the painters..do not sometimes take these scraps of earth and render into them the idea which fills a clod with beauty.

III. To return (something).

15.

a. transitive. To give in return.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > give in return

yield971

quita1400

gain-yield1435

render1477

answer1565

regive1575

return1584

to give backa1586

redound1597

retort1602

re-render1628

remete1647

1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 23 He salwed her, and she rendrid to him his salewe.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope v. iv Men ought not to rendre euylle for good.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xi. 49 In thy youth the scyence engendre That in thyne age it maye the worshyp rendre.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxj^v He sheweth himself ingrate and vngentle, and for kyndnes rendereth vnkyndnes.

1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 31 Scant sayd I theese speeches, when woords to me dolful he rendred.

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus (i. 8) 171 It is iust with God (saith Paul) to render tribulation to those that afflict his Saints.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1232 Can my ears unus'd Hear these dishonours, and not render death?

1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. ii. 423 'Till Helen's Woes at full reveng'd appear, And Troy's proud Matrons render Tear for Tear.

1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 959 Receiving benefits and rendering none.

1841 R. W. Emerson Ess. 1st Ser. iii. 93 Has a man gained any thing who has received a hundred favors and rendered none?

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues II. 12 Ought we to render evil for evil at all..?

1908 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 18 191 [Love] does not render like for like, nor wait for our deserving before it spends itself.

1977 M. A. Boden Artific. Intelligence & Nat. Man vii. 160 Primitive psychological beliefs about human beings' general desire to render tit for tat.

2003 Salon.com (Nexis) 4 Nov. What is Greek tragedy if not didactic, eager to render retribution to those who hubristically overstep natural boundaries?

b. transitive. spec. To give (thanks) in return, esp. for a deed or service done, or to a person.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > gratitude > give thanks [verb (intransitive)]

thankc950

to give thanks (thank, to do thank(s)1477

render1484

say1490

surrender1542

to return thanks?1570

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iii. i Al maner of folke ought to rendre and gyue thankynges..to theyr good doers.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxii. 218 I can not render thankes to your holynes for y^e good that ye haue done to vs.

1552 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16279) Morninge Prayer sig. .i^v To rendre thankes for the greate benefytes, that we haue receyued at his handes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. v. 25 Me thinkes I haue giuen him a penie, and he renders me the beggerly thankes.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 6 What thanks sufficient, or what recompence Equal have I to render thee.

1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 127 The rendering Thanks for the Victory.

1752 Mod. Story-teller II. 127 The Captain..rendered her great Thankfulness, and all due Acknowledgments for his good Entertainment.

1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington 48 Render thanks to the Giver.

1869 Manch. Weekly Times 26 June 5/4 A sermon to-day has impressed me with..the duty of rendering gratitude for obligations conferred.

1906 C. W. Beebe Bird Pref. p. ix To my wife, for constant and valuable help,..I render my sincere appreciation.

1952 E. B. White in Writings from New Yorker (1990) 92 We shall innocently assume that all is ahead, and render thanks..for the privilege of a walk-on part in the show.

2005 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 23 Aug. She rendered her thanks to the people of Koraput district for making it a success.

†c. transitive. To make appropriate return for; to requite. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1560 Bible (Geneva) Judges ix. 56 Thus God rendred [1611 King James rendred; 1885 R.V. requited] the wickednes of Abimelech..in slaying his seventy brethren.

†d. intransitive. To make return or remuneration. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1560 Bible (Geneva) Job xxxiv. 11 For he wil rendre [1611 King James render] vnto man according to his worke.

a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. 460 Rander, O Lord, to the wicked according to thair malice.

1616–17 in Misc. Sc. Hist. Soc. 10 115 Rander to our nighbours sevenfold..according to the reproach wherewith they have reproached thee, O Lord.

16.

a. transitive. To restore, return, give back. Also in early use: †to hand back (obsolete). Frequently with back, †again. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > giving back or restitution > give back or make restitution [verb (intransitive)]

restorec1325

to make restitutiona1400

restituec1400

render1513

restitute1657

to kick back1926

the mind > possession > giving > giving back or restitution > give back [verb (transitive)]

yieldc897

agiveOE

again-setOE

restorec1325

acquitc1330

to pay outa1382

refundc1386

to give againa1400

quita1400

restituec1400

reliver1426

surrend1450

redeliver1490

refer1496

render1513

rebail1539

re-present1564

regive1575

to give backa1586

to turn back1587

relate1590

turn1597

returna1632

to hand back1638

redonate1656

reappropriate1659

re-cede1684

revert1688

replace1776

restitute1885

to kick back1926

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 92 Rendryng..the gers pilis thar hycht Als far as catal..Had in thar pastur eyt and knyp away.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lix. 203 I render agayne to you all your londes.

1562 A. Scott Poems (1896) i. 146 Reddie ressauaris, bot to rander nocht.

1582 Bible (Rheims) Luke iv. 20 When he had folded the booke, he rendred it to the minister.

1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher King & No King iii. sig. G1 I beseech your Lordship to render me my knife againe.

1651 in H. Paton Rep. Laing MSS (1914) I. 263 Which in justice sould either be keeped or the castle rendred back again.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 749 Desirous to resigne, and render back All I receav'd.

1754 J. Edwards Careful Enq. Freedom of Will iii. i. 139 It is our Duty to recompense God's Goodness, and render again according to Benefits received.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. iii. 347 Then Troy shall render back what she detains.

1855 C. W. Webber Sam xviii. 103 He (Ignatius) had already done much for God's sake, and God now rendered it back to him with usury.

1879 R. T. Smith St. Basil viii. 99 The Lord..rendering back to man again the grace which he..had lost.

1936 H. M. Kallen Decline & Rise of Consumer iii. 103 If you..have a seat on a street-car and leave it for a moment, the chances are that your successor will render it back to you.

1976 Rev. Econ. Stud. 44 263 The tax..increases the burden on the rich and relieves it from the poor... Whatever is taken from the rich is rendered back to the poor.

2008 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 21 May (Living section) 1 Too many experts, think-tanks and urban planners have suggested over the past 2½ years that this neighborhood..should be given up for human habitation and rendered back to nature.

b. transitive. Law. Esp. of a cognizee: to yield or return property, esp. real property, to the cognizor, or occasionally to a third party, by means of a fine (fine n.¹ 9b). Frequently in to grant and render. Cf. render n.¹ 3a. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > transfer of property > types of transfer > [verb (transitive)] > make over as return in a fine

render1594

1594 W. West Symbolæogr.: 2nd Pt. §58 None can take by the first estate granted or rendred by a fine, but some of the parties named in the writ.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Lll1/2, at Render A fine is either single, by which nothing is graunted, or rendred backe againe by the Cognizee, to the Cognizour: or double.

1653 tr. J. Kitchin Courts Leet (ed. 2) 299 A Fine upon grant and render, by which the Conisee grants and renders to the Conisor, the Lands in taile.

1701 G. Booth Nature & Pract. Real Actions iv. ix. 249 A fine sur Grant & Render..is done by a fine sur cognizance de droit tantum..and then the cognizee (and at the same instant) grants and renders a rent out of the land or some other estate in the land, &c. to the cognizor.

1722 T. Wood Inst. Laws Eng. (ed. 2) ii. iii. 240 It is a single Fine..and works by Way of Release, a Fee-simple passing without the Word Heirs, and nothing being render'd back to the Cognizor.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. xxi. 354 The cognizee, after the right is acknowledged to be in him, grants back again, or renders to the cognizor..some other estate in the premises.

1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 207 They, by the same fine, granted and rendered the same lands to the use of the said J.S.

1905 F. W. Maitland tr. Year Bks. Edw. II III. 178 Walter by virtue of that writ granted and rendered the manor to John and Eleanor..by this fine, and John accepted the grant by fine.

1996 Cambr. Law Jrnl. 55 251 The effect of the fine was to grant and render the castle and honour of Cockermouth..to Henry Percy.

c. transitive. Chiefly poetic. To reflect back (a sound, image, etc.). Frequently with back. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (transitive)] > an image

reflect1582

reflex1590

render1598

glassa1628

redouble1728

image1792

mirror1820

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > resonance or sonority > resound [verb (transitive)] > reverberate or echo

answera1425

redoublea1542

rebound1555

return1557

reply1565

report1589

re-echo1595

repercuss?a1597

render1598

reverberate1603

respeak1604

reverb1608

retort1609

reword1609

revoice1610

refract1621

to give back1889

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. ii. 82 [They] rendred such aspect As cloudy men vse to their aduersaries.

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 25 The roches rings and rendirs me my cryis.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. iii. 117 Who..like a gate of steele: Fronting the Sunne, receiues and renders back His figure and his heate.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 124 Hollow Rocks that render back the Sound, And doubled Images of Voice rebound.

1797 N.-Y. Mag. Mar. 154 From hill to hill terrific strains rebound, And echoing Jersey renders back the sound.

1822 P. B. Shelley Lines: When Lamp is Shattered ii The heart's echoes render No song when the spirit is mute.

1891 E. A. Allen High-top Sweeting 110 Noontide's fervent heat Pervade the sandy street, And scorching pavements render back the glow.

1934 C. G. D. Roberts Iceberg 3 Onward I fared, My ice-blue pinnacles rendering back the sun In darts of sharp radiance.

1957 ‘H. MacDiarmid’ Battle Continues ii. 93 The poet who is a true poet, Campbell, Finds in the very life of the proletariat The flame which transforms him, and which..he renders back To the class which incarnates all poetry.

IV. To bring into a specified condition.

†17.

a. transitive. To bring (a person) into a specified condition; to cause (a person or thing) to be in a certain state. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring (a person or thing) into a state or condition

set971

haveOE

wendOE

to bring onc1230

teemc1275

putc1330

run1391

casta1400

laya1400

stead1488

constitute1490

render1490

takea1530

introduce1532

deduce1545

throw?1548

derive?c1550

turn1577

to work up1591

estate1605

arrive1607

state1607

enduea1616

assert1638

sublime1654

to run up1657

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos ix. 37 That it maye playse the..to rendre theym from theyr lacyuyte in-to..shamefaste chastyte.

1633 J. Ford Broken Heart iv. i. sig. G4 Quiet These vaine vnruly passions, which will render ye Into a madnesse.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 67 He is rendred into a capacity, 1. Of knowing Him: 2. Of knowing his Will.

1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 305 Homberg, whose great Capacity..has render'd him in mighty Esteem with all the Learned.

1810 S. Green Reformist I. 137 The visionary schemes of fanaticism rendered the thoughts of Percival in continual terror of all worldly pleasure.

b. transitive. To lead (a person) to a certain activity. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > operation upon something > have effect on [verb (transitive)] > make subject to an action or influence

obtain1425

subjecta1450

to put forth1482

to set out1579

expose1594

to lay (also leave) open1595

render1642

to get (also put, have, etc.) on the run1909

1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. xv. 312 [Queen Elizabeth] was a worthy Lady, her private virtues rendring her to the imitation, and her publick to the admiration of all.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Chesh. 180 His having a Princes mind imprison'd in a poor mans purse, rendred him to the contempt of such who were not ingenuous.

c. transitive. With under. To cause to bear a stigma. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > infamy or notoriety > make infamous [verb (transitive)] > brand with infamy

notec1425

notec1450

strike1597

embrand1604

stigmatize1619

brand1625

affix1641

render1647

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 91 Twelve men inquired of the fame and ground thereof, which if liked rendred the party under the spot of delinquency.

18.

a. transitive. With complement. To cause to be or become; to make (make v.¹ 34).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > cause to be or become

seta1000

workOE

makeOE

puta1382

turna1393

yieldc1430

breedc1460

rendera1522

devolve1533

cause1576

infer1667

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. xii. 73 Nawtes, quham the goddes Mynerve..rendryt had ful scharp and rype of wyt.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxcvij It was ones possessed of Englysh men, but it was rendred Frenche, in the tyme of Charles the first.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. ii. 88 These assume but valours excrement To render them redoubted.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 302 O ye Gods! Render me worthy of this Noble Wife.

1652 J. Howell tr. A. Giraffi Exact Hist. Late Revol. Naples (new ed.) ii. 85 The Spaniards also having rendred themselves masters of so many Posts.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1282 He..Thir Armories and Magazins contemns, Renders them useless.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 271 From a Salvage Prince [he] rendred himself a tame Follower of the Patriarch.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 2 The Desarts that have been render'd so famous by the Penance of Mary Magdalene.

1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind i. v. 89 They will endeavour..to render it useless by their Censures.

1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. lxvii. 305 He had a friend..whose advice rendered all their endeavours ineffectual.

1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 336 Cases, in which superadded words of limitation may controul the word heirs, so as to render them words of purchase.

1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. ii. 66 The total silence..rendered it probable, that the Burmas had not awaited the assault.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xix. 334 The absorbed heat is expended in rendering the substance viscous.

1886 R. C. Leslie Sea-painter's Log 120 The big hybrid screw liners had already rendered H.M.S. Queen an obsolete type.

1918 D. Haig Diary 1 June in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 417 I hoped to quicken up the training of the Americans, and to render 4 divisions fit for the line by the middle of June.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 1 July 45/1 Sewage effluent leaked into a well, grossly contaminating the water and rendering it undrinkable for 24 hours.

1988 J. Hamilton Idle Hill of Summer (1989) ix. 107 A style peculiar to the army which renders even the most simple statements almost unintelligible.

2006 Observer (Nexis) 12 Feb. (Sport section) 14 Advocaat had been rendered virtually impotent by the force of Martin O'Neill's work at Celtic.

†b. transitive. With as. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 51 The Tiler..renders the Noble mans roof, as a beggars Coate.

c. transitive. With to be.

ΚΠ

1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng Restored 15 So many segments..as are taken away, renders the figure inscribed to be a so many sided figure.

1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade (ed. 2) 137 By this means we render Foreign Colonies and Plantations, to be in effect the Colonies and Plantations of Great-Britain.

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 81 The great reformations introduced.., as well as the discoveries made, render former accounts to be but little depended on.

1870 Freemasons' Mag. & Masonic Mirror 24 Sept. 247/2 Three days' absence from school will render them to be liable to be expelled.

1912 Paper 12 Dec. 22/2 Its unequalled tenacity..and its leather-like quality and appearance rendering it to be employed for valuable purposes like diplomas and paper money.

2003 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 361 1021 The wide array of free microdesign variables..render the associated objective functions to be highly non-convex.

d. transitive. With into.

ΚΠ

1797 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. Sept. 243 To give such a description of the experiment of rendering water into gaz by electric discharges.

1828 J. Marshall Royal Naval Biogr. Suppl. ii. 360 They are rolled to the size required over a cylinder, and by a peculiar press and slight heat, are rendered into a compact pliable tube.

1878 F. A. Walker Money x. 181 The expense of rendering metals into coin has given rise to..[the question] of Seigniorage.

1914 J. Ward Hist. & Methods Anc. & Mod. Painting ix. 159 Wax colours, in a warm or heated state, are rendered into a fluid by the addition of a naphtha vehicle.

1991 R. J. Kaufman in J. Sjöblom Emulsions 208 PFCs could be rendered into a plasma compatible form by emulsification.

2000 R. Sterling World Food: Spain 123/1 A marzipan of sugar and ground almonds, rendered into scores of shapes such as..baskets, fish and even eels.

†19. transitive. To instil with (courage); to cause, produce (a feeling). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > quality of affecting the emotions > affect with emotion [verb (transitive)] > cause or give rise to an emotion

rearOE

arear?c1225

annoyc1300

movea1325

excite1393

raisea1400

lighta1413

stirc1430

provokec1450

provocate?a1475

rendera1522

to stir upc1530

excitate?1549

inspire1576

yield1576

to turn up1579

rouse1589

urge1594

incense1598

upraisea1600

upreara1600

irritate1612

awakena1616

recreate1643

pique1697

arouse1730

unlull1743

energize1753

evocate1827

evoke1856

vibe1977

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xiii. iii. 130 Quhou feill terys and wofull dolouris smart Sall thou, Turnus, rendir to Dawnus hart!

1654 E. Wolley tr. ‘G. de Scudéry’ Curia Politiæ 1 This action is of such an..extraordinary nature, as may render astonishment to the..most capeable understandings.

20. Frequently with down.

a. transitive. To melt down (fat) in order to clarify it. Also: to obtain or extract (fat) from meat, an animal, etc., by heating.In quot. 1688: to strain (tallow) in order to filter out impurities.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > liquid > making or becoming liquid > action or process of melting > melt [verb (transitive)] > fat, etc.

render1541

try1582

1541 [see rendered adj. 1a].

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 102/2 Render the Tallow, is to poure it through a Strainer, to keep the Dross from the pure Tallow.

1752 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifery (new ed.) 171 Render a little Sheep suet and pour over them.

1788 R. Briggs Eng. Art Cookery xvi. 398 Take two pounds of beef, mutton, or lamb suet shred fine,..put it over a slow fire, and render it, but not too much.

1807 Sporting Mag. Dec. 108/1 I have had ten pounds of solid fat from one bird of 50lbs. which, when rendered down, and well boiled in water, is equal to the finest butter.

1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 243 Hog's lard is rendered in exactly the same manner as mutton suet.

1862 P. L. Simmonds Waste Products 362 The fat is rendered out; the skins are sold to glovers.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 453 It is understood that twelve hours suffice to render the oil.

1905 W. Baucke Where White Man Treads 75 Two large try-pots of about 200 gallons capacity, in which the blubber was rendered down.

1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering, Processing & Preserv. of Meat xiv.294 Lift some of the cracklings from the fat and, if they are dry and crisp, the lard is rendered.

1980 Pacific Hist. Rev. 49 249 Using pure tallow, rendered from beef fat and molded in pans, to make a whiter soap.

2008 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 19 Mar. d2 Sauté the bacon in an oven-proof casserole dish..over medium heat to render the bacon fat.

b. transitive. To process (the carcass or remains of an animal) in order to obtain fat, animal feed, etc.

ΚΠ

1843 Colonial Observer (Sydney) 26 July 1199/1 Mr Wentworth has commenced sheep boiling on his estate... Such settlers as may choose to take advantage of the opportunity, may have their surplus stock rendered down.

1872 Bankers' Mag. Jan. 35 Sheep and cattle were rendered down for the sake of the tallow they produced.

1910 57th Ann. Rep. Secretary of Mass. Board Agric. 143 463 cattle and 1,612 swine were slaughtered... The others were rendered.

1977 Naples (Florida) Daily News 23 Jan. Cracklings, what's left of the hog's hide after it has been rendered down.

1996 New Statesman 20 Dec. 1 Discarded bits of cattle and sheep were ‘rendered’ down into cattle cake.

2004 T. Wheeler Falklands & S. Georgia 105/1 Penguins were rendered down to extract an oil used for lighting.

21.

a. transitive. Plastering. To cover (stonework, brickwork, etc.) with a first coating of plaster. Cf. render n.¹ 8a, rendering n. 6a.Two coat plasterwork is rendered and then set (set v.¹ 99), while in three coat work it is floated (float v. 16a) in between. Cf. render set n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > plaster > plaster with first coat

render1734

1734 Builder's Dict. II. at Pargeting Rendring the Insides of Walls, or doubling Partition walls, at 2d or 3d per yard.

1750 Wren's Parentalia 309 St. Andrew's Wardrobe Church..was..built of Brick, but finished or rendered over in imitation of Stone.

1756 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 530 For rendring the walls of the Stair-cases and ceilings of the same.

1826 J. Gwilt Rudim. Archit. Gloss. 223 at Rendered The first of three coat work upon lath, or on brickwork, which has been previously rendered.

1843 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 4 ii. 363 Of outside wall..208 square yards, which must be ‘rendered’ within if built with stone.

1847 A. C. Smeaton Builder's Pocket Man. (new ed.) 128 Rendering is the first coat upon a naked wall; thus we say, rendered and set... Render, float, and set, is three-coat work.

1906 F. T. Hodgson Mortars, Plasters, Stuccos (1916) 108 The hollow parts should be rendered or ‘dubbed out’, and the surface scratched before laying the floating coat.

1965 I. H. Seeley Building Quantities Explained ix. 142 (table) Render in cement & sand..& set with ⅛″ hardwall plaster.

2006 Times (Nexis) May 5 15 From this skeleton we each slowly rendered, boarded and plastered something that looked like a finished room.

b. transitive. To cover (stonework, brickwork, etc.) with cement or a similar material; spec. (in later use) to cover (an external wall) with render (render n.¹ 8b).

ΚΠ

1834 Archit. Mag. Mar. 170 Where soil is permitted to enter a drain, the drain should be rendered with cement half round the bottom inside.

1876 Sessional Papers (Royal Institute of Brit. Archit.) 242 It was said the walls did not require to be rendered with cement in order to keep the wet out, but was only done to give the work a smart appearance.

1958 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 48 141 The cellar of a Roman house with a long wall rendered in cement.

1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) x. 435/1 Commons are cheap general-purpose bricks used primarily for internal brickwork which is to be plastered, or rendered if used externally.

2004 Victorian July 28/2 Once a brick wall has been rendered it is nearly always impossible to uncover the original brickwork without doing so much damage to the surface of the bricks.

22. Computing.

a. transitive. To create a bitmap image of (a real or invented object or scene), often using a technique such as ray-tracing or radiosity; to generate (such an image) from higher-level data. Also in extended use.

ΚΠ

1986 Computer Vision, Graphics & Image Processing 33 4 The quantities i, q_i, and h_i are sufficient to render anti-aliased circles.

1992 Byte June 136/1 A high-end professional graphics package, RIO renders the scenes you draw using antialiasing, which reduces jagged edges.

1997 Computer Artist July 28/2 There are many different methods..that can be used to render an image. The most common ones are Phong, ray tracing, and..radiosity.

2000 Wired Feb. 148/2 The MEA records neural activity, then sends it to an SGI 540 workstation that renders the data into the neural seismograph.

2007 D. Sutton et al. State of Real 12 Cinema production allows for large amounts of time..to render images for computer-generated animation.

b. transitive. Of a web browser or other program: to convert (HTML text or similar) into a formatted web page suitable for viewing by a user.

ΚΠ

1994 Re: Copyright & WWW in comp.infosystems.www (Usenet newsgroup) 22 Mar. If the Mosaic team chose to write widgets to render HTML using anti-aliasing, that would be something.

1998 P. Gralla How Internet Wks. (ed. 4) xxviii. 165 A text link..is sometimes rendered in a different color from other text, depending on how your Web browser interprets the HTML codes.

2008 Sunday Times (Nexis) 7 Sept. (Features section) 2 Speedy to download and easy to install..it's quick to render web pages.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	render
释义	rendern.¹ Brit. /ˈrɛndə/, U.S. /ˈrɛndər/ Forms: Middle English rendre, 1500s– render, 1700s 1900s– rander (Scottish). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French rendre ; render v. Etymology: Partly < Anglo-Norman and Middle French rendre return, handing back (13th cent.), (in law) action or process of yielding or returning property, especially real property, by means of a fine, surrender (to legal authorities), payment, repetition, recitation (14th cent.), uses as noun of infinitive of rendre render v., and partly < render v. Compare rendering n., rendition n., and also rent n.¹ †1. A recitation of a piece of music. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > exercises or homework lesson?c1225 renderc1380 vulgars1520 practicec1541 theme1545 example1562 tax1564 repetition1579 exercise1612 praxis1612 recreation1633 pensum1667 vacation-exercisea1668 version1711 task1737 thesisa1774 dictation1789 challenging1825 holiday task1827 devoir1849 homework1852 vulgus1857 cram-book1858 rep1858 banco1862 prep1866 classwork1867 preparation1875 work card1878 vacation-task1904 c1380 in Speculum (1946) 21 196 (MED) Qwan i kan mi lesson mi Meyster wil i gon, þat heres me mi rendre. 2. The action or an act of giving, handing over, or surrendering something; (in later use) (Law) the delivery of a person into custody. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > relinquishing > [noun] > handing over or giving up to another liverya1325 liverancec1390 deliverancea1400 teachinga1400 overgiving1465 delivery1480 render1548 consignation1612 delivering1642 shift1826 handover1847 driveaway1917 society > armed hostility > defeat > [noun] > surrender deliverancea1387 appointmenta1513 composition1523 dedition1523 rendering1523 surrender?a1525 fall1535 render1548 rendry1600 rendition1601 capitulation1604 recapitulation1641 reddition1641 surrendering1648 capitulating1734 1548 E. Gest Treat. againste Masse sig. Ei^v I meane the applyall and render of the benefyghtes of Christis deth and resurrection. 1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets cxxv. sig. H3 Take thou my oblacion, poore but free, Which..knows no art, But mutuall render onely me for thee. View more context for this quotation 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xii. 580/2 Hee also tooke sundry places of speciall importance, some by render, some by assault. 1650 R. Stapleton tr. F. Strada De Bello Belgico viii. 2 The enemies conquest was followed with the present surrender of Middelburg... By which Render Mondragonio gained such honour as we seldome read parallelled. c1670 T. Hobbes Dial. Com. Laws (1681) 65 If any Man would render himself to the Judgment of the King, where the King hath committed all his power judicial to another, such a render should be to no effect. 1738 Cases King's Bench William III 559 A Render of Principal in Discharge of his Bail is not an Execution till Committitur enter'd. 1848 J. A. Strobhart Rep. Court of Appeals S. Carolina 2 446 The render of Bell in the Sheriff's office was insufficient [to make the Sheriff liable for him], unless the Sheriff expressly accepted the render. 1889 Canad. Law Times 218 9 R.S.O., 1877, c. 50, s. 40..provides for the render of the defendant to the sheriff of the county in which the action against such defendant has been brought. 1999 R. L. C. Jones in M. Keen Medieval Warfare viii. 171 The Norman Consuetudines et Justicie of 1091 legislated for..the Duke to enter or demand the render of all castles in his duchy. 3. a. Law. The action or process of yielding or returning property, esp. real property, by means of a fine (fine n.¹ 9b). Also: a conveyance of this nature. Frequently in grant and render. Cf. render v. 16b. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ society > law > transfer of property > types of transfer > [noun] > levying a fine > a fine fine1404 render1594 1581 tr. J. Kitchin Jurisdictions 153 Fine sur graunt & render, per que le conisee graunt & render al conisour les terres en taile.] 1594 W. West Symbolæogr.: 2nd Pt. §52 A Tenant for life may not without danger to lose his estate, be cognisor in a fine upon grant and render. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 353 Here it is proved by Littleton, that the grant and render..is not void. 1651 tr. J. Davies Perfect Abridgm. Rep. E. Cook ii. 41 A fine with grant and render implies a consideration in it selfe. 1701 G. Booth Nature & Pract. Real Actions iv. ix. 249 A fine sur Grant & Render..is done by a fine sur cognizance de droit tantum. 1724 Readings upon Statute Law III. 225 Fine and Render is a Conveyance at Common Law and the Render makes the Conusor a new Purchaser. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) A Fine..with Render, whereby something is render'd back again, by the Cognisee to the Cognisor. 1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 53 In a fine of this sort, the render must be made of the lands demanded in the original writ, or of something issuing out of those lands. 1879 A. J. Horwood tr. Year Bks. 34–5 Edw. I 272 Fines &c. one of which witnesses the render of the said hundred acres of wood..to the said Robert his brother. 1905 F. W. Maitland tr. Year Bks. Edw. II III. 178 The fine was levied..upon grant and render, and to such a fine a child of three years might be party. †b. Law. in render: yielded to a landlord. Cf. prender n. Frequently to lie in render. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tribute > [adverb] in render1607 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Lll1^v/1, at Render Also there be certaine things in a maner..that lie in Render, that is, must be deliuered or answered by the Tenent, as rents, reliefes, heriots, and other seruices. 1741 T. Robinson Common Law of Kent i. 3 All Socage Services whatever which lie in Render. 1742 C. Viner Gen. Abridgm. Law & Equity XIV. 136 If a Thing which lies in Render be granted to another and his Heirs annually, the Non-Payment of it in one Year shall not be any Discharge. 1825 H. Roscoe Treat. Law of Actions I. 65 The former writ was applicable to a disseisin of houses, land, rent, and other things which lay in render. 1878 J. Williams Seisin of Freehold App. 204 Heriot service is said to lie both in render and in prendre. It lies in render, for it is in fact rent which may be distrained for. c. Law. A payment in money, goods, or services made by a tenant to a landlord, esp. in return for the use of land or buildings. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun] servicec1300 servagec1400 servitudec1500 serviceage1601 reddendoa1630 render1647 boon1656 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] gavelc725 tacka1300 servicec1300 customc1390 servagec1400 taskc1400 homage1440 under-aid1579 reddendoa1630 workdaya1634 render1647 darg-days- 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 75 With a render of rent, which in those daies was of Corn or other Victuall. 1742 C. Viner Gen. Abridgm. Law & Equity XIII. 313 The render [of 3l] is not a Grant of a new Rent, but Confirmation of the old Rent. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 221 It is frequent in domesday-book, after specifying the rent due to the crown, to add likewise the quantity of gold or other renders reserved to the queen. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 290 This render..in socage..usually consists of money, though it may consist of services still, or of any other certain profit. 1828 J. Adams Treat. Law Distresses (ed. 2) vii. 113 Either by the render of a horse or twenty shillings rent. a1842 H. Petrie tr. Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1063 in J. A. Giles Venerable Bede's Eccl. Hist. Eng. & Anglo-Saxon Chron. (1847) 437 They swore..that they would..make such renders from the land as had been done before to any other king. 1897 F. W. Maitland Domesday Bk. & Beyond 169 Payments in money and renders in kind. 1927 Eng. Hist. Rev. 42 177 In one case in Worcester, the render of a manor was £83 and fifty sextars of honey, together with the pleas of free men. 1976 Anglo-Saxon Eng. 5 205 Some of the renders..[in the Domesday Book] can be reinterpreted... Many of them are multiples of sixteen pence and may therefore have been specified originally in oras. 2000 Anglo-Norman Stud. 22 82 [The vill of Southease] paid 38,500 herrings, which was almost as large as the render given by the port of Sandwich. †d. gen. The fact of performing a service. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > [noun] > act of performing useful service render1832 1832 J. Austin Province Jurispr. vi. 355 If each of us promise the other to render the other a service, but the render of either of the services is not made to depend on the render of the other. †4. A penalty for an offence or wrongdoing. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] > penalty finec1300 penalityc1429 penalty1459 law1470 amends1562 rendera1616 mulcta1625 poena1859 a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) v. v. 111 If of my Freedome 'tis the maine part, take No stricter render of me, then my All. View more context for this quotation †5. An account, description. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account talec1200 historyc1230 sawc1320 tellinga1325 treatisec1374 chroniclec1380 process?1387 legendc1390 prosec1390 pistlec1395 treatc1400 relationc1425 rehearsal?a1439 report?a1439 narrationc1449 recorda1450 count1477 redec1480 story1489 recount1490 deductiona1532 repetition1533 narrative1539 discourse1546 account1561 recital1561 enarrative1575 legendary1577 enarration1592 recite1594 repeat1609 texture1611 recitation1614 rendera1616 prospect1625 recitement1646 tell1743 diegesis1829 récit1915 narrative line1953 a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. iv. 11 Newnesse Of Clotens death..may driue vs to a render Where we haue liu'd. View more context for this quotation 6. The action or an act of rendering accounts or finances. Cf. render v. 8d. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > [noun] > rendering accounts of property or expenses reckoning1340 scoring1546 count-making1569 render1744 1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 183 At the young Lord's full Age, the Books themselves, in which stood every Farthing accountable in proper Place, were exhibited for a Render of his Accounts. 1841 W. Ashton Let. 27 Nov. in Accts. & Papers (House of Commons) (1842) 35 Corr. 10 The overseers' claim for a rate cannot be disputed... Such an objection, in the case of overseers, must be reserved for the render of their accounts. 1846 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 9 222 [The commission's] economy, efficiency, and annual render of accounts to the public at large, are advantages well worthy of general extension. 1929 W. E. Lunts in J. L. La Monte & C. H. Taylor Anniv. Ess. Mediaeval Hist. viii. 164 After the render of this account a determined effort was made to recover the arrears of the three tenths. 1963 Eng. Hist. Rev. 78 650 The render of accounts for earlier taxation and conciliar control over the current subsidy. 7. Scottish. Restraint, orderliness. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > calmness > self-possession or self-control > [noun] repressiona1413 governailc1425 willc1480 self-rule1532 coldness1548 stay1556 presentness of mind1598 coolness1607 cold blooda1609 temper1611 self-discipline1612 retention?1615 presence of mind?1624 self-governance1630 retentiveness1641 self-command1651 self-mastery1652 self-control1653 self-direction1653 self-restraint1656 self-possession1665 possessednessa1698 self-regulation1698 possession1703 retenue1747 sang-froid1750 self-collection1761 render1768 self-collectedness1805 self-repression1821 self-containedness1835 unimpulsiveness1860 cool-headedness1881 sophrosyne1889 cool1964 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 113 The squire ordain'd nae rander to be kept. 1944 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. at Rander He jist spent bawbees withoot rander. There was meat withoot ranner. 8. a. Plastering. The first coating of plaster applied to brickwork, stonework, etc.; a base coat of plaster. Also in extended use. Now usually in render coat. Cf. render v. 21a and rendering n. 6a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > [noun] > bricklaying and plastering > plastering > plastering with first coat > first coat first coat?1600 rendering1659 rough coat1791 render1833 scratch-coat1891 1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. 221 One hundred and fifty yards of render and set. 1858 Skyring's Builders' Prices 80 Rough render in cement and sand, per yard. 1899 Archit. Assoc. 1898–9 p. i (advt.) The finished face, whether of boards, tiles, stone, or cement, and the render coat of the soffit are not included. 1986 A. W. Epstein Tokalı Kilise App. 55 In the New Church the rock walls were then prepared with a render of intonaco..composed of lime charged with river sand and straw. 2007 J. Mortimore Plastering 193 The first undercoat is known as a render coat or scratch coat. b. Mortar, typically made of sand, cement, lime, and water, used to coat stonework, brickwork, etc., esp. on an external wall, so as to provide a decorative or weather-resistant finish; a coat of this. ΚΠ 1967 K. Gatz & G. Achterberg Colour & Archit. ii. 258/2 Too thin a layer of external render permits the outline of the masonry joints to show through. 1982 M. Lieff & H. R. Trechsel Moisture Migration in Buildings 129 The application of the cement-based render on the wall..shifted the rising damp and salt deposition to a higher level. 1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) ii. 47/2 Fill any major cracks with a render made of 1 part cement: 2 parts lime: 9 parts builder's sand, plus a little PVA bonding agent to help it adhere to the masonry. 2006 Archit. Sci. Rev. 49 231/2 They must have employed concrete and cement render on most of their exterior surfaces. 9. Computing. The action or an act of rendering (see render v. 22a) a scene or an object; an image so obtained. Frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1990 Amiga Computing Dec. 116/4 The wireframe preview mode allows you to take a quick look at the positions of your objects before you commit yourself to a full render. 1998 Business Wire (Nexis) 6 Apr. Version 4.5 will also add the ability to ‘suspend’ and ‘resume’ jobs, allowing a render job to be stopped and resumed at a later date. 2002 D. Rogers Animation: Master 2002 xii. 470 The settings for the camera allow us to change the quality of a render or to disable portions of the render, such as shadows. 2004 M. Loy DVD Studio Pro 3 xi. 279 To save this movie, you just add it to the render queue as usual. Compounds render farm n. Computing a group of networked computers for jointly processing a rendering job, used esp. in the production of computer-animated films. ΚΠ 1996 M2 PressWIRE (Nexis) 24 Jan. ICE's Desktop RealTime Engine offers an attractive alternative to networked ‘render farms’ that link dozens of workstations and/or PCs. 2003 M. Welsh et al. Running Linux (ed. 4) i. 8 The popular movies Titanic and The Matrix used ‘render farms’ of Linux machines to do much of the heavy lifting. 2008 Guardian (Nexis) 26 Jan. (Mag.) 84 M Dot Strange..linked together a few PCs to create a lo-fi equivalent of the render farms that Pixar uses to make its 3D blockbusters. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † rendern.² Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rend v.¹, -er suffix¹. Etymology: < rend v.¹ + -er suffix¹. Compare earlier renter n.² N.E.D. (1906) gives the pronunciation as (re·ndəɹ) /ˈrɛndə(r)/. Obsolete. rare after 17th cent. A person who rends or tears something. Cf. renter n.² ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > tearing or tearing apart > [noun] > one who or that which tears rentera1540 render?1575 ripper1611 tearer1633 abscissor1647 ?1575 tr. H. Niclaes Epistolæ xvi. vii. 331 A Father of all secreet or inward Wickednes, and a Render or Parter-asunder of all Concorde. 1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. O3, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Why do you thus vngratefully..become..wretched renders and tearers of your mothers bowels. 1634 J. Canne Necessitie of Separation ii. 85 The most part of Israel judged them to be renders of the unity of the Kirk. 1660 J. Gauden Mem. Bp. Brounrigg 240 Our renders will needs be our reformers and repairers. 1869 Arthur's Home Mag. Feb. 78/2 There had been adjunction, but no conjunction; and so death was only a separator, not a render of bonds woven into the very life. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2018). renderv. Brit. /ˈrɛndə/, U.S. /ˈrɛndər/ Forms: Middle English rendir, Middle English–1700s rendre, Middle English– render; English regional 1800s– rainder (Northumberland), 1800s– rendher (Yorkshire), 1800s– rinder (Derbyshire); Scottish pre-1700 randir, pre-1700 randre, pre-1700 randyr, pre-1700 rannder, pre-1700 raunder, pre-1700 rayndder, pre-1700 rendar, pre-1700 rendir, pre-1700 rendre, pre-1700 1700s– render, pre-1700 1800s rander. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French render, rendre. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman render, rendir, Anglo-Norman and Middle French rendre to give again, to give in return, to give in exchange, to give back, to produce, yield (10th cent. in Old French), to let go, give up, to surrender (c1100; 12th cent. in reflexive use, ‘to give up, surrender’), to pay (service) to (c1100), to bring or put (someone) into a particular state or condition, to make (c1100), to emit, give out, give off, to vomit, to bring up, to deliver, take, lead, to pay, pay off, to pay for, to pay (compensation) for (all 12th cent.), to repeat, report (c1200), to deliver or give up (a person) to a religious life (13th cent.), (in legal use) to surrender, transfer (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman), to pronounce (sentence, judgement, etc.) (c1320), to translate word for word, to represent, reproduce, portray (16th cent.) < post-classical Latin rendere (6th cent.), alteration (probably through association with prendere prend v.) of classical Latin reddere to give back, restore, to repay, to cause to reappear, to expel, throw up, to throw back (an image), reflect, to echo, to reproduce in speech, repeat, to utter in reply, to pay, discharge, to allot, appoint, to ascribe, attribute, to hand over, to surrender, to deliver, to give an account of, set forth, to give (judgements), to produce, yield, to bring forth, to bring about, to cause to be or become, in post-classical Latin also to recite from memory (4th cent.), to perform (7th cent.), to fulfil, carry out (8th cent.) < re- re- prefix + dare to give (see datum n.). Compare Catalan †rendre (13th cent.), Spanish rendir (12th cent.; in early use more commonly render ), Portuguese render (13th cent.), Italian rendere (13th cent.). Compare also ( < classical Latin reddere ) Old Occitan redre , retre , Catalan retre . Compare rend v.²The distinctive sense developments in senses 20 and 21 are not paralleled in French, and apparently show developments which occurred within English (as also does sense 22). With sense 20 compare also rend v.² 2. I. To express or represent. †1. transitive. To recite or repeat (something previously learned). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > memory > retention in the mind > memorization > memorize, learn by heart [verb (transitive)] record?c1225 renderc1380 to can by rotec1405 con?a1425 to con by heartc1449 can1496 to bear away1530 get1540 commend to memory1550 commit?1551 to con over1605 rotea1616 lodge1622 to get off by heart1709 memorize1834 rehearse1902 memorate1983 the mind > language > speech > speech-making > recitation > recite [verb (transitive)] sayOE record?c1225 reckonc1350 renderc1380 repeat1451 recite1481 to say over1560 bespout1575 decline1597 to call over1674 society > education > learning > study > [verb (transitive)] > recite lesson renderc1380 c1380 in Speculum (1946) 21 196 (MED) I donke vp-on dauid til mi tonge talmes; I ne rendrede nowt sithen men beren palmes. c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. 125 Þanne drouȝ I me among drapers my donet to lere... Among þer riche rayes I rendrit [v.r. lernde; c1400 B text rendred] a lessoun. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 4800 Myne herte foryetith therof right nought It is so writen in my thought And depe greven it is so tendir That all by herte I can it rendre And rede it over comunely. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 685/2 I rendre my lesson, as a chylde dothe. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Decantare,..to render or repete. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus i. f. 1^v My prayers to con..With orisounis..I randerit ouir to God Omnipotent. 1649 C. Hoole Easie Entrance Lat. Tongue sig. A6 Translate your lessons into English, and render them, when you com to repeat out of English into Latine. 2. a. transitive. To reproduce or express in another language; to translate. Also with in, into. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > explanation, exposition > translation > translate [verb (transitive)] setc888 wendeOE turnc1175 writec1275 drawa1325 translatea1375 expound1377 takea1382 interpret1382 transpose1390 remue?a1400 renderc1400 put?a1425 to draw outa1450 reducec1450 compile1483 redige?1517 make1529 traducea1533 traduct1534 converta1538 do1561 to set out1597 transcribe1639 throw1652 metaphrase1868 versionize1874 c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. ix. 82 Dobet..is ronne to religioun & haþ rendrit [v.rr. haþ Rendret; renderith; c1400 B text to rendre; c1400 C text rendreþ] þe bible. 1540 T. Wyatt Let. 3 Feb. (1963) 135 I can not rendre that terme in my tong to the french tong by eny other terme wiche I know also to discend owt off the latyn. 1610 T. Lorkin in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. III. 221 Two other houres he spends in French; one in reading, the other in rendring to his teacher some part of a Latine author by word of mouth. 1661 R. Boyle Some Consider. Style of Script. (1675) 10 A skilful interpreter may happily enough render into his own language a great part of what he translates. 1699 E. Lhuyd Let. 15 Dec. in R. T. Gunther Early Sci. Oxf. (1945) XIV. 419 These amulets [of the Druids]..may be rendered in English; Snake-buttons or Adderstones, Cock-knee-stones, toad-stones, Snail-stones, & Mole-stones. 1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 212 He..takes them from the Hebrew,..and not as the Septuagint has rendered it. 1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne i. 13 The oldest [edition] which remains was rendered into ‘beau langage’. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 267 In English we could commonly render one Greek heroic line in a line and a half of our common heroic metre. 1855 E. B. Pusey Doctr. Real Presence Note S. 338 I have rendered the whole [inscription] without doubt, as addressed to the Christian. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 3 The word has been rendered in different places either Temperance or Wisdom. 1923 D. A. Mackenzie Myths China & Japan x. 152 A better-known Japanese tree hero is Momotaro..whose name is usually rendered in English as ‘Little Peachling’. 1950 Sci. Monthly June 407/1 The translator has rendered the original message smoothly. 1984 E. Bourgoin Foreign Langs. & your Career (ed. 3) x. 79 The interpreter must..render it simultaneously or consecutively into the ‘target’ language. 2002 G. M. Eberhart Mysterious Creatures II. 568/2 The scholars responsible for the translation of the word re'em rendered it as monoceros in Greek. †b. transitive. To succeed in reading; to decipher, make out. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > reading > [verb (transitive)] > to decipher or interpret, read areadc885 unspell1665 reada1681 decipher1709 to make out1715 render1864 1864 E. Dickinson Lett. (1894) II. 311 Can you render my pencil? The physician has taken away my pen. 3. †a. transitive. With out: to relate, narrate. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > narrate, relate, or tell [verb (transitive)] singc900 reckonOE readOE tellOE showc1175 betellc1275 i-tellec1275 rehearsec1300 record1340 accounta1387 to chase forthc1386 retretec1400 reporta1402 count?a1425 recite1448 touch?a1450 repeat1451 deliverc1454 explikec1454 renderc1460 recount1477 to show forth1498 relate1530 to set forth1530 rechec1540 reaccount1561 recitate1568 history1600 recant1603 to run througha1616 enarrate1750 narrate1754 c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 450 (MED) Kit be-gan to rendir out al thing as it was, The wowing of þe Pardonere. b. transitive. To represent or reproduce, esp. artistically; to depict, portray. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > [verb (transitive)] depaint?c1225 paintc1275 figurec1380 resemblea1393 portraya1398 represent?a1425 impicture1523 portrait1548 shadow1553 to paint forth1558 storize1590 personate1591 limn1593 propound1594 model1604 table1607 semble1610 rendera1616 to paint out1633 person1644 present1649 to figure out1657 historize1668 to fancy out1669 to take off1680 figurate1698 refer1700 display1726 depicture1739 depict1817 actualize1848 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > represent in art [verb (transitive)] workOE shapea1375 express1382 marka1393 resemblea1393 portraya1398 devisea1400 makea1400 represent?a1425 counterfeitc1440 to set on write1486 porturea1500 emporturea1529 story1532 portrait1548 show1565 decipher1567 portraiture1581 to set forth1585 emblazea1592 stell1598 defigure1599 infigure1606 effigiate1608 deportract1611 deportray1611 rendera1616 image1624 configure1630 exiconize1641 effigies1652 to take off1680 mimic1770 paraphrase1961 a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. i. 45 List his discourse of Warre; and you shall heare A fearefull Battaile rendred you in Musique. View more context for this quotation 1780 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) IV. v. 90 Devoid of imagination,..he could render nothing but what he saw before his eyes. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in Idylls of King 188 The strange-statued gate Where Arthur's wars were render'd mystically. 1870 F. M. Müller Sci. Relig. (1873) 276 A name that should approximately or metaphorically render at least one of its most prominent features. 1885 Truth 28 May 848/2 The spray is rendered with much lightness and delicacy. 1935 Burlington Mag. Mar. 110/1 As regards the ideoplastic character of pre-Greek art..the artist renders what he knows about the object rather than what he sees. 1962 Jrnl. Egyptian Archaeol. 49 6 The hands in particular are beautifully rendered. 1978 I. Murdoch Sea 126 Hartley and Fitch were sitting stiff and upright, like a married pair rendered by a primitive painter. 2002 Time Out 2 Jan. 78/4 The story of the warlord Washizu..is magnificently rendered as something verging on psychological horror. c. transitive. To play or perform (music). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > perform (music) [verb (transitive)] present1573 module1610 rendera1676 execute1826 a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 66 As the Organ or Pipe renders the Tune which it understands not. 1772 W. Jones Ess. Imit. Arts in Poems 208 Some intervals, which cannot easily be rendered on our instruments. 1867 E. A. Freeman Let. 26 Apr. (1895) I. 381 The [church] services were magnificently done—‘rendered’ I suppose I should say. 1893 Daily News 25 May 5/3 The band and muffled drums rendering the Dead March in ‘Saul’. 1920 Glasgow Herald 10 Aug. 6 The Greeks went into battle to the soft strains of solemn music rendered on flutes and recorders. 1970 J. Glassco Mem. Montparnasse xv. 137 She played the simple refrain, slowly and clearly, underlining the melody with broad sweeping chords, then rendered the swift little verse in dance rhythm. 2005 Time Out N.Y. 15 Dec. 198/1 What's even more amazing about this quartet..is its ability to render tunes by Youssou N'Dour..in a funky style with nary a hand-drummer in sight. d. transitive. To create or complete (a painting, sculpture, or other artwork). ΚΠ 1904 R. Sturgis Appreciation of Sculpt. v. 59 A sculptor of our own time would be obliged to study the fashion plates that he might render the portrait of a man twenty years dead without committing some disagreeable solecism. 1959 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 21 Apr. 14/6 He turned painter to render a ‘Portrait of a Basketball Player’. 1981 Jrnl. Aesthetic Educ. 15 114 Edwards posits the necessity of a ‘cognitive shift’ from the L-mode to the R-mode of perception in order to render a drawing accurately. 1992 Canad. Gardening May 27/2 She'd been..commissioned to render a portrait of someone's house. 2001 Leonardo 34 31/1 A project that was undertaken to study the physiological and psychological functions of a leading British portrait artist..as he rendered a drawing. †4. With complement. a. transitive. To describe as being of a certain character or in a certain condition. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > description or act of describing > describe [verb (transitive)] > describe the character of represent1513 relate1582 personate1591 endorse1596 rendera1616 worda1616 character1618 person1644 exponec1650 characterize1653 a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iv. iii. 123 O I haue heard him speake of that same brother, And he did render him the most vnnaturall That liu'd amongst men. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. iii. 226 There is a remedie..To cure the desperate languishings whereof The King is render'd lost. View more context for this quotation 1641 ‘Smectymnuus’ Vindic. Answer Hvmble Remonstr. To Rdr. sig. a2^v He endeavours to render us to the Reader as destitute of all learning. 1705 in Mem. Hist. Soc. Pennsylvania (1872) X. 81 He has taken the liberty to render thy keeping a coach..to be not at all with the appearance of a Quaker. 1726 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) III. 255 That to do right is not so difficult a Task as some would render it. b. transitive. To show or demonstrate (a person) to be of a certain character. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > prove, demonstrate [verb (transitive)] i-sothea925 soothec950 fanda1000 kitheOE betell1048 showc1175 prove?c1225 treousec1275 stablisha1325 approve1340 verifyc1386 justifya1393 tryc1412 answer?a1425 appreve?c1450 to make gooda1470 convictc1475 averifyc1503 arguea1513 find1512 pree1515 comprobate1531 demonstrate1538 conclude1549 convince1555 argument1558 evict1571 avoucha1593 evidencea1601 remonstrate1601 clear1605 attaint1609 monstrate1609 evince1610 evince1611 improve1613 remonstrance1621 to make out1653 ascertain1670 to bring off1674 to make (something) to through1675 render1678 substantiatea1691 establisha1704 to bring out1727 realize1763 validate1775 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 205 Thou..hast such an opinion of thy self, and of what thou doest, as plainly renders thee to be one that did never see a necessity [etc.] . View more context for this quotation II. To give or deliver, to present or perform, and related senses. †5. transitive. To deliver or give up (a person) to a religious life. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 1253 (MED) Sche schal be rendred forth with hire. a1450 (?1420) J. Lydgate Temple of Glas (Tanner) (1891) 201 (MED) I herd oþir crie..That..Yrendred [v.r. Irenderede] were into religioun Or þei hade yeris of discresioun. 6. a. transitive. To give up or relinquish (something owned or in one's control). Also: to surrender (one's life, soul, etc.). Frequently with up. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > relinquishing > relinquish or give up [verb (transitive)] forsakec893 forlet971 to reach upOE agiveOE yield?c1225 uptake1297 up-yield1297 yield1297 deliverc1300 to-yielda1375 overgivec1384 grant1390 forbeara1400 livera1400 forgoc1400 upgive1415 permit1429 quit1429 renderc1436 relinquish1479 abandonc1485 to hold up?1499 enlibertyc1500 surrender1509 cess1523 relent1528 to cast up?1529 resignate1531 uprender1551 demit1563 disclaim1567 to fling up1587 to give up1589 quittance1592 vail1593 enfeoff1598 revoke1599 to give off1613 disownc1620 succumb1632 abdicate1633 delinquish1645 discount1648 to pass away1650 to turn off1667 choke1747 to jack up1870 chuck up (the sponge)1878 chuckc1879 unget1893 sling1902 to jack in1948 punt1966 to-leave- c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 129 (MED) Everech son of a burgeys who is herre to his father, after the deth of his father, come into ful court..and render to the baillives of the toun the swerd with which his father was sworen to meyntenyn the fredom of the toun as is fytting. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxvii. f. cxxxvi^v Accordynge to his othe he shulde render the Lande, or delyuer it vnto the possessyon of Willm. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxii. 258 The frenche kynge..shall rendre and delyuer to the sayde kynge of Englande..the honours, regalities, obeisaunce, homages [etc.]. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 13069 Then prinses..Saydon Orestes be right shuld render his londes And be exiled. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 162 My Spreit I rander in thy handis, Eternal God of veritie. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 185 Ile make her render vp her Page, to mee. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iv. xv. 33 She rendred life Thy name so buried in her. View more context for this quotation 1673 S'too him Bayes 29 I render my cause, as the sword-men would have it. 1706 N. Rowe Ulysses iv. i I have learnt to hold My Life from none, but from the Gods who gave it, Nor mean to render it on any Terms. 1795 Monthly Rev. June 176 And now my child, the Sorceress said, Lord Wolfwold's father's grave To me shall render up the dead. 1820 P. B. Shelley Ode to Liberty xiv, in Prometheus Unbound 218 Tomb of Arminius! render up thy dead. 1868 ‘G. Eliot’ Spanish Gypsy v. 350 Her Queen Mounted the steps again and took her place, Which Juan rendered silently. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 216 To this royal or political art all the arts..seemed to render up the supremacy. 1917 E. F. Wood Note-bk. of Intelligence Officer xiv. 213 The other passing soldier..had in rude epitaph recorded his own tribute to one, who had just rendered up his life for our common cause. 1985 P. Conrad Cassell's Hist. Eng. Lit. (2006) ii. 26 He wants to keep it [sc. Excalibur] for the human world rather than render it up to its unseen maker. 1997 D. E. Quellar & T. F. Madden Fourth Crusade (ed. 2) iii. 27 They went forth in joyous procession to welcome him and rendered the city into his hands. b. transitive. To surrender (a town, stronghold, etc.) to the enemy. Also with up. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defeat > suffer defeat [verb (transitive)] > surrender (a town, etc.) yield1297 ayield1450 render1481 surrender1509 capitulate1610 to lay down (one's) arms1659 to ground arms1855 1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) cxliii. 214 They alle shold..bere with them suche goodes as they had, and rendre and gyue ouer the dongeon. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxxiiii There was a mutteryng that the toune of Caleys should be rendred into the Frenche kinges handes. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia ii. sig. Pvii^v If they know that anye cytezeins counselled to yelde and rendre vp the citie. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xc When the towne was ones rendred, the byshop of Rome Clement, chopped of the heades of certen of the Senatours. a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. x. 32 To Cæsar will I render My Legions and my Horse. View more context for this quotation 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 96 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors After he had held out six dayes, he was forc't to render it and himself up at mercy. 1759 Hist. War in Ann. Reg. 42/2 The capital of French America was rendered to the English, after a most severe campaign. 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto VIII lxxxvii. 154 The city's taken, but not rendered! 1865 R. C. Trench Gustavus Adolphus ii. 79 In the city rendered by compact, and not taken by storm. 1969 S. Alexander tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Italy xviii. 390 The Duke of Ferrara..was threatening to destroy the already mature grain harvest, and on the 6th of June forced them to render up the city to him. 2005 K. van Orden tr. P. de L'Estoile in Music, Discipline, & Arms Early Mod. France iv. 181 Amiens was rendered to the King, who retook it not by craftiness, but by the most memorable effort. c. transitive (reflexive). To give oneself up; to surrender. Also with up. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defeat > suffer defeat [verb (reflexive)] > surrender yield1297 render1494 surrender1585 the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > absence of resistance > offer no resistance [verb (reflexive)] > give in ayielda1000 yield1297 bandona1400 submita1450 renounce?1531 render1604 exhibit1628 1494 Loutfut MS f. 17, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Rander Erar desirand to de na to be vanceuste or rendre him til his enemys. 1550 T. Nicolls tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War i. i. p. xvi The other[s], which were most poore, and were not able to assure them selues wyth walles, dyd rendre themselues to be theyr subiectes by theyr owne wylle. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) xiv. 89 Sa mony castellis and tounis quhilkis hed randrit them be trason to annibal. 1588 Narr. Def. Berghen 16 Sept. in Ancaster MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1907) 202 As..was confessed by one Edward Flud who had served under Sir William Stanley and now rendred him self. 1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 4 My houre is almost come When I to sulphrous and tormenting flames Must render vp my selfe. View more context for this quotation a1671 T. Fairfax Short Mem. (1699) 33 I thought it not fit now..to bid the rest to render themselves to me. 1702 London Gaz. No. 3885/1 Such Seamen..who..shall Render themselves.., shall not be Prosecuted before a Court Marshal. 1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 179 Those that are in default till the Exigent in Treason, tho' they render themselves to Justice, forfeit their Chattels. 1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 21 Then said the Pacha, ‘Slaves, Render yourselves—they have abandoned you.’ 1863 A. E. Challice Heroes Time Louis XVI II. 247 Upon the 18th at noon the capitulation was signed. Lord Cornwallis and his army rendered themselves prisoners of War. 1917 Jrnl. Amer. Inst. Criminal Law & Criminol. 8 44 One of the missing appellees..also came in and rendered himself to the Marshal, joining his fate with that of those who were already in Court. 1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xix. 295 She believed that love was everything. Man must render himself up to her. He must be quaffed to the dregs by her. 2000 W. C. Dilley tr. A. Daniel in Disputatio 4 9 My heart doesn't demand a thing From her, and doesn't stray from her; But freely I render myself to her. †d. intransitive in same sense. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defeat > be defeated [verb (intransitive)] > surrender to cry (or say) creanta1250 to yield oneself creanta1250 to do (also put) oneself in (also to) a person's mercya1325 yieldc1330 recray1340 summisec1450 render1523 amain1540 surrender1560 to throw down one's arms (also weapons, etc.)1593 articulate1595 to yield (also bow oneself) to (also upon) mercy1595 to give grass1597 capitulate1601 to cry cravena1634 to lower or strike one's flag1644 bail1840 hands-up1879 kamerad1914 1523 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VI. 213 They renderyd be such appoinctement, that they went in ther schyrtes with stykkes in ther handes. 1589 True Coppie Disc. Late Voy. Spaine & Portingale (1881) 85 Upon the first Fire thereof he rendered, and compounded to goe away with his baggage and Armes. 1614 W. Lithgow Most Delectable Disc. Peregrination sig. E The..passengers, gaue counsell, rather to render, then fight. 1688 T. Shadwell Squire of Alsatia iv. i. 60 I am ready to render on discretion. 7. a. transitive. To hand over or deliver (a person or thing). Formerly also: †to grant (a request) (obsolete). Also in extended use. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > relinquishing > relinquish or give up [verb (transitive)] > hand over to another i-taechec888 outreacheOE sellc950 beteacha1000 areachc1000 turnc1175 handsellc1225 betakec1250 deliverc1300 beken1330 yielda1382 disposec1384 resigna1387 livera1400 to turn overa1425 deputea1440 overgive1444 quit?c1450 surrend1450 surrender1466 renderc1480 to give over1483 despose1485 refer1547 to pass over1560 to set over1585 behight1590 tip1610 consign1632 delegate1633 skink1637 to hand over1644 delate1651 to turn off1667 to turn in1822 c1480 (a1400) St. Theodora 406 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 110 Þat scho mycht þare resawit be, & tak þe habyt, &..rendryt be to þame as bruthyre. 1557 W. Baldwin & T. Palfreyman Treat. Morall Philos. (new ed.) iv. ix. f. 123^v By pacience we are rendred vnto god, and proued amongest men. a1589 A. Jenkinson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1599) I. 324 Two other princes,..in danger of their subiects through ciuil discord, came and rendred themselues at seueral times vnto the said Emperor. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. iv. 49 Take this same letter, and..see thou render this into my cosin hands. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) i. x. 34 The Treasure in this field atchieued..We render you the Tenth. View more context for this quotation ?1624 G. Chapman tr. Hymn to Apollo in tr. Crowne Homers Wks. 23 Erect A Phane to him, to render the effect Of mens demands to them, before they fall. 1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) ii. 49 These stairs render you vp at the great Hall. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 368 It shall be my task To render thee the Parthian at dispose. View more context for this quotation 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 450 The contract of sale shall not bind him so as that he shall render the price. 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xl. 101 Organs that secrete the gastric juice and render it to the stomach. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Enid in Idylls of King 25 Affirming that his father left him gold,..which was not render'd to him. 1910 I. H. Gillmore Phoebe & Ernest vii. 199 No immediate word came from him, and she rested serene... But three days later the mail rendered her this terse message. 2007 N. Gingrich & W. R. Forstchen Pearl Harbor x. 248 ‘We could blow superstructure away, but to render a fatal blow...’ His voice trailed off. †b. intransitive. To bestow a kiss. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iv. vi. 37 In kissing do you render or receiue. Patr. Both take and giue. View more context for this quotation 8. a. transitive. To present (a report, narrative, answer, etc.); to put forward for consideration, scrutiny, or approval. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > intimation or making known > intimate or make known (something) [verb (transitive)] speakc825 areadc885 meldeOE sayOE yknowa1225 warnc1275 bekena1300 wraya1300 signifyc1325 declarec1340 to speak outc1384 discuss1389 notifyc1390 bida1400 advertise1447 notice1447 detectc1465 render1481 minister1536 to set outa1540 summonc1540 intimate1548 acquaint1609 phrase1614 voice1629 denote1660 unlade1717 apprise1817 aira1902 1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde i. v. 22 And there eche rendred his reson of that he had found and lerned. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Ceremonies f. xxxv^v Here be certayne causes rendered, why some of the accustomed Ceremonies be put awaye. a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl.* (1899) II. 58 I ame wnprovydit to rander ane accompt of my doctrene. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iv. i. 333 I will challenge him..by this hand, Claudio shal render me a deere account. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. iii. 49 Moe reasons for this action At our more leysure, shall I render you. View more context for this quotation 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxiii. 205 There can be rendred no one generall answer for them all. 1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. ii. §14 To see how well he acquits himself in rendring an account of the Origine of the Universe. 1725 N. Chapman Let. 23 Oct. in I. Newton Corr. (1977) VII. 335 I came to town on Purpose to pay my duty to you to Render an Account of my Conduct and Circumstances. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1753 I. 138 [Johnson] When I shall render up, at the last day, an account of the talent committed to me. 1795 Ld. Nelson in Dispatches & Lett. (1845) II. 76 It is with the greatest pain I have to render so long a list of killed and wounded. 1838–9 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 48 At the head of each gang [of negroes] is a driver,..who renders an account of each individual slave and his work every evening to the overseer. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Morte d'Arthur in Poems (new ed.) II. 7 Thou hast betray'd thy nature and thy name, Not rendering true answer, as beseem'd Thy fëalty. 1894 Jrnl. Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. 50 69 Rev. H. T. Owen rendered a description of extensive excavations that have been effected under his direction. 1911 7th Biennial Rep. Indiana Labor Comm. 1909–10 40 The said Labor Commission have considered all the evidence obtained from both sides of the contest and render the following finding. 1965 C. Norberg-Schulz Intentions in Archit. (1974) Introd. 23 To render an account of why a building ‘looks’ as it does, we should first have to describe it in an accurate and illuminating way. 1992 Atlantic Jan. 22/3 The client's record-keeping is so inadequate that the auditor cannot even render an opinion. b. transitive. Law. Of a judge, jury, etc.: to deliver formally (a judgment or verdict). Also in extended use. Now chiefly U.S. ΚΠ 1594 W. Clerke Triall of Bastardie iii. 31 The Ordinarie is he..To whom is power giuen, and auctoritie from the law, or from the Prince, to render iudgment. 1642 J. Selden Priviledges Baronage i. iv. 77 Nothing now remaineth to doe, but to render Iudgement. 1774 G. Washington Let. 11 July in Papers (1995) Colonial Ser. X. 112 We have also resolvd that no judgments should be rendered for Debts, if the Congress should enter into a Measure of Non-exportation. 1819 J. Marshall Writings upon Federal Constit. (1839) 189 The superior court of judicature of New Hampshire rendered a judgement upon this verdict. 1860 N. Hawthorne Marble Faun II. xvii. 190 Might we not render some such verdict as this? 1901 Northeastern Reporter 60 636/1 The jury rendered a verdict for the whole amount specified in the policy as the risk upon the building. 1926 Publisher's Weekly 10 July 121/2 It is always wise to mark books with their prices..because the individual then enjoys greater independence in rendering decisions. 1959 E. Collier Three against Wilderness 228 The scats were carefully examined for the evidence I must have before rendering verdict. 1991 VFW Mag. Nov. 10/2 The early decisions rendered by the Court of Veterans Appeals..established mandatory guidelines BVA must follow to review cases on appeal. †c. transitive. To declare, state. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > state or declare [verb (transitive)] speakc900 sayOE sayOE tell?a1160 to put forth?c1225 posea1325 allegec1330 declarec1330 exponec1380 to bring fortha1382 expounda1382 terminec1384 allaya1387 express1386 proport1387 purport1389 cough1393 generalize?a1425 deliverc1454 expremec1470 to show forth1498 promisea1500 term1546 to set forward1560 attribute1563 to throw out1573 quote1575 dictate1599 rendera1616 preport1616 enunciate1623 remonstrate1625 state1642 pronunciate1652 annunciate1763 present1779 enounce1805 report1842 constate1865 lodge1885 outen1951 a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) v. 135 My boone is that this Gentleman may render Of whom he had this Ring. View more context for this quotation d. transitive. To provide or submit (an account of financial transactions or a statement of money held, spent, or due). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > charges > [verb (transitive)] > demand payment > send bill or account render1712 to send up1836 1712 A. Boyer Hist. Reign Queen Anne: Year the Tenth App. 48 It is in the Power of every Accomptant so far to Render an Account of what Money has been issued to him, as to prepare and lay his Accompts before the Auditors. 1794 Hist. Reign George III III. 423 The statement of the finances thus rendered by the chancellor of the exchequer, was strongly controverted by Mr. Sheridan. 1861 Army Regulations 154 Every officer having public money to account for, and failing to render his account thereof quarter-yearly,..will be promptly dismissed. 1910 A. Fieldhouse Business Methods 115 It is customary for the Creditor..to send to the Debtor..a statement, which is an account, rendered at certain periods. 1950 D. Cooper Operation Heartbreak i. 14 Neither Willie nor the lawyers looked at the accounts she rendered. 2002 Courier Mail (Queensland) (Nexis) 10 Aug. 32 We..rendered an account at a substantially reduced rate, given the clients' circumstances. †9. a. transitive. To emit, give out, discharge; spec. to shed (tears). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > let or send out [verb (transitive)] > emit send971 stretchc1275 casta1300 sheda1325 manda1350 to throw outa1413 yielda1450 devoida1475 render1481 reflair1509 sup out1513 to give out1530 utter1536 spout1568 to give fortha1586 to let fly1590 to put out1614 eject1616 evacuate1622 ejaculate1625 emit1626 fling1637 outsend1647 exert1660 extramit1668 exclude1677 emane1708 extromita1711 evolve1772 emanate1797 discharge1833 exsert1835 to give off1840 1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) clxxii. 254 Without the toun..ben founden somme fontaynes, but they be but fewe and they rendre but lytil water. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lxxxix. 121 Her holy body rendrid holy oyle. c1500 Melusine (1895) 317 They al lamented..& rendred teerys in habundance. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid ix. x. 65 Quhayr as the quhissyll rendris soundis seyr. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 102 Although it were a male, yet it did render his vrine backward. 1659 J. Leak tr. I. de Caus New Inventions Water-works 16 A Vessell..to receive the Water..and to render it by the Pipe 7. 1730 S. Gale Tour through England in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica No. 2 (1781) i. 7 The whole of cedar, which renders a fine fragrancy. b. transitive. To give birth to (offspring). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animal body > general parts > sexual organs and reproduction > [verb (transitive)] > give birth to bearOE whelpc1175 kindle?c1225 hatcha1350 yeana1387 calvea1425 producea1513 dam1577 cast1587 rewhelp1605 render1607 store1611 drop1662 warp1738 kit1758 kitten1824 throw1824 cub1864 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 22 In the twelfe month after their copulation, they render their foles. 10. a. transitive. To pay as a tax, rent, or tribute. Also figurative and occasionally intransitive. Cf. render n.¹ 3c. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tribute > pay tribute [verb (transitive)] lastc1275 render1526 tribute1570 rent1613 1526 W. Tyndale Prol. Matt. in Wks. (1573) 35/1 The husband-men..would not render to the Lorde of the fruit in due tyme, and therfore [the vineyard] was taken from them. 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus i. i. 160 My tributarie teares, I render for my brethrens obsequies. View more context for this quotation 1611 Bible (King James) Mark xii. 17 Render to Cesar the things that are Cesars. View more context for this quotation 1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. v. §434. 187 If the tenant had beene by fealtie and a horse to be rendred yearely. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Other [things] which lie in Render, that is, must be render'd or answer'd by the Tenant; as Rents, Reliefs, Heriots, and other Services. 1747 Abridgm. Hist. Eng. I. vii. 156 When aid was collected, if it could not..be rendered by the Tenant to his Lord, it might be paid to the King. 1809 W. Bawdwen tr. Domesday Bk. 317 It is soke, and it is waste, and it renders a pair of spurs. 1845 Aberdeen Jrnl. 19 Feb. If we could take all farm produce into account, and render for rent a certain portion of that produce..it would come near the required mark. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. §1. 158 The successors..swore to observe the old fealty and render the old tribute to the English Crown. 1911 D. M. Barringer & J. S. Adams Law Mines & Mining in U.S. II. iii. 158 A lessee for oil and gas purposes..was bound to render to the lessor one-fourth of the product. 1963 Yale Law Jrnl. 72 1528 Men..have described to me how the king would reward them..with gifts of other products which they lacked and which had been rendered in tribute by others. 1990 G. R. Elton Stud. Tudor & Stuart Politics & Govt. (2002) IV. 70 His vassals..are bound to render a sum called the relief upon inheriting their lands. b. transitive. To bring in or yield (a revenue). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (transitive)] > bring in (a revenue) raise1389 levy1469 to pull in?1529 to fetch again1535 to bring in?1548 yield1573 produce1585 answer1596 in1609 render1687 net1758 rent1775 realize1777 earn1847 recoup1868 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 16 The Jesuites have a Garden, full of Fruit-trees of all sorts, which render them a considerable Revenue yearly. a1740 J. Comyns Digest Laws Eng. (1766) IV. 87 Things Real, which render an annual Revenue, shall be rated as well as Land: As Shops, and Sheds. 1880 E. Brewer tr. G. F. Kolb Condition of Nations 170 In 1874 the pearl fishery rendered a revenue, clear of all expense, of £7,000, and that of 1877 realized a sum of £28,000. 1992 H. Jabr in E. Playfair Internat. Law & Admin. Occupied Territories xii. 385 Collection of the import duties in both the West Bank and Gaza renders about $50 million in revenue a year. 11. a. transitive. To show, pay, or give (homage, allegiance, or some other thing due to or rightfully claimed by the recipient). Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > give as due or fitting doOE yieldc1000 pay1340 attribute1523 render1567 1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. f. 99 Thou sayest that if I rendre obedience vnto thee, thou wilt doe me greate honor. a1586 A. Arbuthnot in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 441 Rander till thai maker gloir. 1588 J. Craig in Catholic Tractates (S.T.S.) 249 The honour of God to whilkes al christien men ar oblesed..to rander obedience. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing v. iii. 33 And Hymen now with luckier issue speeds, Then this for whom we rendred vp this woe. View more context for this quotation 1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 123 Fealty and homage;..which he hath ever since the time of Francis the first, denied to render. 1649 E. Reynolds Israels Prayer (new ed.) v. 8 Our mouthes wide opened in rendring honour unto him. 1740 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) VII. 132 The extreme ingratitude the Athenians discovered..was no less criminal and extravagant, than the immoderate acknowledgment they had rendered to their new master. 1786 S. Stennett Disc. Parable of Sower i. 35 And his subjects, who render chearful allegiance to him, he..enriches with the best and noblest blessings. 1810 F. Plowden Hist. Ireland (1812) I. i. 162 The very next day Dermod Mac Carthy presented him the keys of his capital city of Cork, and rendered him homage as monarch of Ireland. 1853 C. Brontë Villette I. xvi. 311 There were personal attentions to be rendered. 1908 J. Curtin Mongols in Russia xvi. 368 Kazan rendered homage to the Grand Prince's leader by giving him two thousand rubles. 1949 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 43 613 All belief-systems require that love, faith, and obedience be rendered to the ruler. 1998 A. Jackson & all these Roads be Luminous 48 Regretting the tiny kindness rendered to the huge spirit. b. transitive. To perform or carry out (a service, duty, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > do [verb (transitive)] > a service, honour, etc. render1591 the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > be useful to [verb (transitive)] > perform (a useful service) representa1500 render1591 present1604 1591 R. Robinson tr. V. Strigel Proc. Harmonie King Davids Harpe 93 It is a worke of righteousnes, wherin a man bindeth himselfe to render acceptable duties towards God. a1645 W. Browne tr. M. Le Roy Hist. Polexander (1647) i. iii. 85 If by chance she be fallen into the hands of Bajazet, you will render a signall service to my Princesse to restore her. 1693 S. Pepys Let. 3 Oct. in I. Newton Corr. (1961) III. 283 Make the same scrupleless use of me in whatever relation you can think me capable of rendering you any service. 1734 J. Stacie tr. Abbé de Parthenay Hist. Poland I. i. 95 No Person shall be qualified for the Administration of the King's Houshold, who has not rendered great Services to the Crown. 1794 Freemasons' Mag. Oct. 266 He rendered no small assistance to the people during his Stay in the island. 1821 S. Kelly Fatalists V. ii. 44 She felt desirous, from principle alone, to render the duty of a wife in its fullest extent. 1847 F. Marryat Children of New Forest II. iii. 66 I feel indebted to you for the service you have rendered me. 1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope iii. 78 Two friends who were to render him some undefined assistance. 1909 Chatterbox 37/1 It would be difficult to make a complete list of the services which it is continually rendering. 1959 I. Compton-Burnett Heritage & its Hist. i. 30 ‘We have to render what is required of us, sir,’ said the latter, continuing his duties. 1983 M. S. Peck People of Lie (1985) iii. 130 Two case vignettes follow in which it would have been impossible to render such assistance had the therapist not first recognized the face and spoken the name of evil. 2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 13 Aug. 28/1 He was rewarded with a knighthood for literary services rendered to the State. 12. †a. transitive. To move or put (a thing) into a specified place. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > place or put in a position [verb (transitive)] > in a place intended or adapted to receive a thing setc1275 seat1607 lodge1611 render1616 settlec1650 1616 B. Jonson Forrest iv. 32 What bird, or beast..That fled his cage,..wull Render his head in there againe? b. transitive (reflexive). To present oneself; to take steps to arrive at a particular place; to appear, turn up. Frequently with at. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > presence > present oneself [verb (reflexive)] presenta1393 representc1425 render1619 1619 in S. R. Gardiner Lett. Relations Eng. & Germany (1865) 1st Ser. 82 In regard of the great diligence he is to make to render himself in Germany with all speede possible. 1640 tr. G. S. du Verdier Love & Armes Greeke Princes i. 1 All those Princes..rendred themselves at the Tent of the Emperour Amadis of Greece. 1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. (ed. 2) II. 79 Rendring himself at the Garden-Gate, by Virtue of his Key, he open'd it. 1709 W. Nelson Rights Clergy Great Brit. 180 This Statute..only enforces a Defendant Excommunicated for one of those Causes to render himself under pain of these Forfeitures. 1754 B. Franklin Plan of Union in Polit., Misc. & Philos. Pieces (1779) 99 The most distant members..may probably render themselves at Philadelphia in fifteen to twenty-days. 1821 P. B. Shelley Let. 15 Aug. (1964) II. 335 The tocsin of the convent sounded, & it required all the efforts of the prioress to prevent the spouses of God from rendering themselves..to the accustomed signal. 1852 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 166 I rendered myself at Paddington station on Friday morning. 1896 H. Kern Man. Indian Buddhism ii. 34 In the ninth month she rendered herself at evening time to the place where the Master was in the act of preaching. 1907 Celtic Monthly Feb. 92/1 It was agreed between them that Sir Matthew..should render himself at Edinburgh, on a certain day, to negotiate his ransom. †c. transitive. To present (a person) in a particular place. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > presence > be present at [verb (transitive)] > be in the presence of > bring (a person) into the presence of presentc1300 representc1425 delivera1616 render1645 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ ii. xv. 23 Every Souldier..costing him nere upon a hundred crowns before he could be rendred in Flanders. †d. intransitive. Of an attribute: to manifest itself; to be present. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > presence > be present [verb (intransitive)] beeOE rixle?c1225 to be therea1300 to stand toa1382 to stand bya1398 report1560 reside1620 to take place1622 render1874 feature1941 1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 374 I believe that some such quality as that which suggested the saying ‘tough as a boiled Owl’, renders in the whole order [of hawks]. 13. Chiefly Nautical. a. intransitive. Of a rope or cable: to pass through a sheave or other aperture, or round a post, pin, etc., esp. freely or without restriction. Cf. rendering n. 3. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [verb (intransitive)] > run freely (of a rope) render1769 1769 [implied in: W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine Rendering, as a sea-term,..is usually expressed of a complicated tackle, laniard, or lashing,..in contra-distinction to sticking or jamming. (at rendering n. 3)]. 1797 M. Flinders Jrnl. 29 Sept. in Jrnl. Royal Austral. Hist. Soc. (1901) 29 271 The strap of the lower block not rendering round the anchors as the mast came perpendicular over them. 1826 Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Jan. 417 Fortunately, she paid sound off, the sails filled, the sheets and halyards which had been let go, rendered; the sails were quickly taken in. 1861 Hunt's Yachting Mag. Dec. 521 If then to this difficulty..there be added a stiff working gaff that jams on the mast, blocks through which the halyards wont render, [etc.]. 1872 Times 24 Aug. 8/1 These pendants have frequently failed to render through the blocks, owing to the rope becoming swollen. 1907 Outing Aug. 630/2 The beauty of it [sc. the jam hitch] is that the rope renders freely one way—the way you are pulling—but will not give a hair the other. 1978 D. Pope Ramage & Rebels ii. 30 Sails slamming and flapping, ropes squealing as they rendered through blocks. 1992 T. Cunliffe Hand, Reef & Steer iv. 46 Don't be mean about drilling the holes. There are no sheaves in them, and you want the lanyards to render smoothly. b. transitive. To pass (a rope or cable) through a sheave or other aperture, or round a post, pin, etc. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > other nautical operations > [verb (transitive)] > work ropes or cables in specific ways windc1550 veer1590 veer1604 rousea1625 heave1626 overhaul1626 ease1627 pay1627 reeve1627 unbend1627 to come up1685 overhale1692 to pay away1769 surge1769 render1777 to pay out1793 to round down1793 to set upon ——1793 swig1794 veer1806 snake1815 to side out for a bend1831 rack1841 snub1841 1777 W. Hutchinson Treat. Pract. Seamanship 174 The breechings not being seized, but rendered through the thimble at the breech, make both parts tight alike to bring the guns up in any direction they may be fired in. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 568 Any rope, hawser, or cable is ‘rendered’ by easing it round the bitts, particularly in riding with a strain to freshen the nip. 1928 F. P. Harlow Making of Sailor vi. 123 They rendered the rope under the pin while I pulled in the slack ready for another pull. 1996 G. Danton Theory & Pract. Seamanship (ed. 11) ii. 41 The cable is rendered as the vessel moves upwind or upstream so that the bow is not checked round. †14. transitive. To infuse (a quality) into a thing. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > introduction or bringing in > introduce or bring something in [verb (transitive)] > infuse sheda1325 bedew1340 distil1393 informa1398 transfusec1425 pourc1451 infudea1500 infuse1526 tan1530 colour1536 suck1549 imbrue1565 dewc1572 inspire1576 steep1603 infect1605 imbreathe1609 impregn1652 transfund1670 influence1691 bleed1866 render1885 taste1904 1885 R. Jefferies Open Air 243 I wonder the painters..do not sometimes take these scraps of earth and render into them the idea which fills a clod with beauty. III. To return (something). 15. a. transitive. To give in return. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > give [verb (transitive)] > give in return yield971 quita1400 gain-yield1435 render1477 answer1565 regive1575 return1584 to give backa1586 redound1597 retort1602 re-render1628 remete1647 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 23 He salwed her, and she rendrid to him his salewe. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope v. iv Men ought not to rendre euylle for good. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xi. 49 In thy youth the scyence engendre That in thyne age it maye the worshyp rendre. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxj^v He sheweth himself ingrate and vngentle, and for kyndnes rendereth vnkyndnes. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 31 Scant sayd I theese speeches, when woords to me dolful he rendred. 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus (i. 8) 171 It is iust with God (saith Paul) to render tribulation to those that afflict his Saints. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1232 Can my ears unus'd Hear these dishonours, and not render death? View more context for this quotation 1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. ii. 423 'Till Helen's Woes at full reveng'd appear, And Troy's proud Matrons render Tear for Tear. 1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 959 Receiving benefits and rendering none. 1841 R. W. Emerson Ess. 1st Ser. iii. 93 Has a man gained any thing who has received a hundred favors and rendered none? 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues II. 12 Ought we to render evil for evil at all..? 1908 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 18 191 [Love] does not render like for like, nor wait for our deserving before it spends itself. 1977 M. A. Boden Artific. Intelligence & Nat. Man vii. 160 Primitive psychological beliefs about human beings' general desire to render tit for tat. 2003 Salon.com (Nexis) 4 Nov. What is Greek tragedy if not didactic, eager to render retribution to those who hubristically overstep natural boundaries? b. transitive. spec. To give (thanks) in return, esp. for a deed or service done, or to a person. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > gratitude > give thanks [verb (intransitive)] thankc950 to give thanks (thank, to do thank(s)1477 render1484 say1490 surrender1542 to return thanks?1570 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope iii. i Al maner of folke ought to rendre and gyue thankynges..to theyr good doers. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxii. 218 I can not render thankes to your holynes for y^e good that ye haue done to vs. 1552 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16279) Morninge Prayer sig. .i^v To rendre thankes for the greate benefytes, that we haue receyued at his handes. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. v. 25 Me thinkes I haue giuen him a penie, and he renders me the beggerly thankes. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost viii. 6 What thanks sufficient, or what recompence Equal have I to render thee. View more context for this quotation 1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 127 The rendering Thanks for the Victory. 1752 Mod. Story-teller II. 127 The Captain..rendered her great Thankfulness, and all due Acknowledgments for his good Entertainment. 1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington 48 Render thanks to the Giver. 1869 Manch. Weekly Times 26 June 5/4 A sermon to-day has impressed me with..the duty of rendering gratitude for obligations conferred. 1906 C. W. Beebe Bird Pref. p. ix To my wife, for constant and valuable help,..I render my sincere appreciation. 1952 E. B. White in Writings from New Yorker (1990) 92 We shall innocently assume that all is ahead, and render thanks..for the privilege of a walk-on part in the show. 2005 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 23 Aug. She rendered her thanks to the people of Koraput district for making it a success. †c. transitive. To make appropriate return for; to requite. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1560 Bible (Geneva) Judges ix. 56 Thus God rendred [1611 King James rendred; 1885 R.V. requited] the wickednes of Abimelech..in slaying his seventy brethren. †d. intransitive. To make return or remuneration. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1560 Bible (Geneva) Job xxxiv. 11 For he wil rendre [1611 King James render] vnto man according to his worke. a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1846) I. 460 Rander, O Lord, to the wicked according to thair malice. 1616–17 in Misc. Sc. Hist. Soc. 10 115 Rander to our nighbours sevenfold..according to the reproach wherewith they have reproached thee, O Lord. 16. a. transitive. To restore, return, give back. Also in early use: †to hand back (obsolete). Frequently with back, †again. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > giving back or restitution > give back or make restitution [verb (intransitive)] restorec1325 to make restitutiona1400 restituec1400 render1513 restitute1657 to kick back1926 the mind > possession > giving > giving back or restitution > give back [verb (transitive)] yieldc897 agiveOE again-setOE restorec1325 acquitc1330 to pay outa1382 refundc1386 to give againa1400 quita1400 restituec1400 reliver1426 surrend1450 redeliver1490 refer1496 render1513 rebail1539 re-present1564 regive1575 to give backa1586 to turn back1587 relate1590 turn1597 returna1632 to hand back1638 redonate1656 reappropriate1659 re-cede1684 revert1688 replace1776 restitute1885 to kick back1926 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid xii. Prol. 92 Rendryng..the gers pilis thar hycht Als far as catal..Had in thar pastur eyt and knyp away. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lix. 203 I render agayne to you all your londes. 1562 A. Scott Poems (1896) i. 146 Reddie ressauaris, bot to rander nocht. 1582 Bible (Rheims) Luke iv. 20 When he had folded the booke, he rendred it to the minister. 1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher King & No King iii. sig. G1 I beseech your Lordship to render me my knife againe. 1651 in H. Paton Rep. Laing MSS (1914) I. 263 Which in justice sould either be keeped or the castle rendred back again. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 749 Desirous to resigne, and render back All I receav'd. View more context for this quotation 1754 J. Edwards Careful Enq. Freedom of Will iii. i. 139 It is our Duty to recompense God's Goodness, and render again according to Benefits received. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. iii. 347 Then Troy shall render back what she detains. 1855 C. W. Webber Sam xviii. 103 He (Ignatius) had already done much for God's sake, and God now rendered it back to him with usury. 1879 R. T. Smith St. Basil viii. 99 The Lord..rendering back to man again the grace which he..had lost. 1936 H. M. Kallen Decline & Rise of Consumer iii. 103 If you..have a seat on a street-car and leave it for a moment, the chances are that your successor will render it back to you. 1976 Rev. Econ. Stud. 44 263 The tax..increases the burden on the rich and relieves it from the poor... Whatever is taken from the rich is rendered back to the poor. 2008 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 21 May (Living section) 1 Too many experts, think-tanks and urban planners have suggested over the past 2½ years that this neighborhood..should be given up for human habitation and rendered back to nature. b. transitive. Law. Esp. of a cognizee: to yield or return property, esp. real property, to the cognizor, or occasionally to a third party, by means of a fine (fine n.¹ 9b). Frequently in to grant and render. Cf. render n.¹ 3a. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > law > transfer of property > types of transfer > [verb (transitive)] > make over as return in a fine render1594 1594 W. West Symbolæogr.: 2nd Pt. §58 None can take by the first estate granted or rendred by a fine, but some of the parties named in the writ. 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Lll1/2, at Render A fine is either single, by which nothing is graunted, or rendred backe againe by the Cognizee, to the Cognizour: or double. 1653 tr. J. Kitchin Courts Leet (ed. 2) 299 A Fine upon grant and render, by which the Conisee grants and renders to the Conisor, the Lands in taile. 1701 G. Booth Nature & Pract. Real Actions iv. ix. 249 A fine sur Grant & Render..is done by a fine sur cognizance de droit tantum..and then the cognizee (and at the same instant) grants and renders a rent out of the land or some other estate in the land, &c. to the cognizor. 1722 T. Wood Inst. Laws Eng. (ed. 2) ii. iii. 240 It is a single Fine..and works by Way of Release, a Fee-simple passing without the Word Heirs, and nothing being render'd back to the Cognizor. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. xxi. 354 The cognizee, after the right is acknowledged to be in him, grants back again, or renders to the cognizor..some other estate in the premises. 1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 207 They, by the same fine, granted and rendered the same lands to the use of the said J.S. 1905 F. W. Maitland tr. Year Bks. Edw. II III. 178 Walter by virtue of that writ granted and rendered the manor to John and Eleanor..by this fine, and John accepted the grant by fine. 1996 Cambr. Law Jrnl. 55 251 The effect of the fine was to grant and render the castle and honour of Cockermouth..to Henry Percy. c. transitive. Chiefly poetic. To reflect back (a sound, image, etc.). Frequently with back. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > reflection > [verb (transitive)] > an image reflect1582 reflex1590 render1598 glassa1628 redouble1728 image1792 mirror1820 the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > resonance or sonority > resound [verb (transitive)] > reverberate or echo answera1425 redoublea1542 rebound1555 return1557 reply1565 report1589 re-echo1595 repercuss?a1597 render1598 reverberate1603 respeak1604 reverb1608 retort1609 reword1609 revoice1610 refract1621 to give back1889 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. ii. 82 [They] rendred such aspect As cloudy men vse to their aduersaries. View more context for this quotation c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 25 The roches rings and rendirs me my cryis. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. iii. 117 Who..like a gate of steele: Fronting the Sunne, receiues and renders back His figure and his heate. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 124 Hollow Rocks that render back the Sound, And doubled Images of Voice rebound. View more context for this quotation 1797 N.-Y. Mag. Mar. 154 From hill to hill terrific strains rebound, And echoing Jersey renders back the sound. 1822 P. B. Shelley Lines: When Lamp is Shattered ii The heart's echoes render No song when the spirit is mute. 1891 E. A. Allen High-top Sweeting 110 Noontide's fervent heat Pervade the sandy street, And scorching pavements render back the glow. 1934 C. G. D. Roberts Iceberg 3 Onward I fared, My ice-blue pinnacles rendering back the sun In darts of sharp radiance. 1957 ‘H. MacDiarmid’ Battle Continues ii. 93 The poet who is a true poet, Campbell, Finds in the very life of the proletariat The flame which transforms him, and which..he renders back To the class which incarnates all poetry. IV. To bring into a specified condition. †17. a. transitive. To bring (a person) into a specified condition; to cause (a person or thing) to be in a certain state. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring (a person or thing) into a state or condition set971 haveOE wendOE to bring onc1230 teemc1275 putc1330 run1391 casta1400 laya1400 stead1488 constitute1490 render1490 takea1530 introduce1532 deduce1545 throw?1548 derive?c1550 turn1577 to work up1591 estate1605 arrive1607 state1607 enduea1616 assert1638 sublime1654 to run up1657 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos ix. 37 That it maye playse the..to rendre theym from theyr lacyuyte in-to..shamefaste chastyte. 1633 J. Ford Broken Heart iv. i. sig. G4 Quiet These vaine vnruly passions, which will render ye Into a madnesse. a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 67 He is rendred into a capacity, 1. Of knowing Him: 2. Of knowing his Will. 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 305 Homberg, whose great Capacity..has render'd him in mighty Esteem with all the Learned. 1810 S. Green Reformist I. 137 The visionary schemes of fanaticism rendered the thoughts of Percival in continual terror of all worldly pleasure. b. transitive. To lead (a person) to a certain activity. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > operation upon something > have effect on [verb (transitive)] > make subject to an action or influence obtain1425 subjecta1450 to put forth1482 to set out1579 expose1594 to lay (also leave) open1595 render1642 to get (also put, have, etc.) on the run1909 1642 T. Fuller Holy State iv. xv. 312 [Queen Elizabeth] was a worthy Lady, her private virtues rendring her to the imitation, and her publick to the admiration of all. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Chesh. 180 His having a Princes mind imprison'd in a poor mans purse, rendred him to the contempt of such who were not ingenuous. c. transitive. With under. To cause to bear a stigma. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > infamy or notoriety > make infamous [verb (transitive)] > brand with infamy notec1425 notec1450 strike1597 embrand1604 stigmatize1619 brand1625 affix1641 render1647 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 91 Twelve men inquired of the fame and ground thereof, which if liked rendred the party under the spot of delinquency. 18. a. transitive. With complement. To cause to be or become; to make (make v.¹ 34). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > cause to be or become seta1000 workOE makeOE puta1382 turna1393 yieldc1430 breedc1460 rendera1522 devolve1533 cause1576 infer1667 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. xii. 73 Nawtes, quham the goddes Mynerve..rendryt had ful scharp and rype of wyt. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxcvij It was ones possessed of Englysh men, but it was rendred Frenche, in the tyme of Charles the first. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. ii. 88 These assume but valours excrement To render them redoubted. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) ii. i. 302 O ye Gods! Render me worthy of this Noble Wife. View more context for this quotation 1652 J. Howell tr. A. Giraffi Exact Hist. Late Revol. Naples (new ed.) ii. 85 The Spaniards also having rendred themselves masters of so many Posts. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1282 He..Thir Armories and Magazins contemns, Renders them useless. View more context for this quotation 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 271 From a Salvage Prince [he] rendred himself a tame Follower of the Patriarch. 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 2 The Desarts that have been render'd so famous by the Penance of Mary Magdalene. 1741 I. Watts Improvem. Mind i. v. 89 They will endeavour..to render it useless by their Censures. 1771 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) II. lxvii. 305 He had a friend..whose advice rendered all their endeavours ineffectual. 1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 336 Cases, in which superadded words of limitation may controul the word heirs, so as to render them words of purchase. 1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. ii. 66 The total silence..rendered it probable, that the Burmas had not awaited the assault. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xix. 334 The absorbed heat is expended in rendering the substance viscous. 1886 R. C. Leslie Sea-painter's Log 120 The big hybrid screw liners had already rendered H.M.S. Queen an obsolete type. 1918 D. Haig Diary 1 June in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 417 I hoped to quicken up the training of the Americans, and to render 4 divisions fit for the line by the middle of June. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 1 July 45/1 Sewage effluent leaked into a well, grossly contaminating the water and rendering it undrinkable for 24 hours. 1988 J. Hamilton Idle Hill of Summer (1989) ix. 107 A style peculiar to the army which renders even the most simple statements almost unintelligible. 2006 Observer (Nexis) 12 Feb. (Sport section) 14 Advocaat had been rendered virtually impotent by the force of Martin O'Neill's work at Celtic. †b. transitive. With as. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 51 The Tiler..renders the Noble mans roof, as a beggars Coate. c. transitive. With to be. ΚΠ 1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng Restored 15 So many segments..as are taken away, renders the figure inscribed to be a so many sided figure. 1719 W. Wood Surv. Trade (ed. 2) 137 By this means we render Foreign Colonies and Plantations, to be in effect the Colonies and Plantations of Great-Britain. 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 81 The great reformations introduced.., as well as the discoveries made, render former accounts to be but little depended on. 1870 Freemasons' Mag. & Masonic Mirror 24 Sept. 247/2 Three days' absence from school will render them to be liable to be expelled. 1912 Paper 12 Dec. 22/2 Its unequalled tenacity..and its leather-like quality and appearance rendering it to be employed for valuable purposes like diplomas and paper money. 2003 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 361 1021 The wide array of free microdesign variables..render the associated objective functions to be highly non-convex. d. transitive. With into. ΚΠ 1797 Jrnl. Nat. Philos. Sept. 243 To give such a description of the experiment of rendering water into gaz by electric discharges. 1828 J. Marshall Royal Naval Biogr. Suppl. ii. 360 They are rolled to the size required over a cylinder, and by a peculiar press and slight heat, are rendered into a compact pliable tube. 1878 F. A. Walker Money x. 181 The expense of rendering metals into coin has given rise to..[the question] of Seigniorage. 1914 J. Ward Hist. & Methods Anc. & Mod. Painting ix. 159 Wax colours, in a warm or heated state, are rendered into a fluid by the addition of a naphtha vehicle. 1991 R. J. Kaufman in J. Sjöblom Emulsions 208 PFCs could be rendered into a plasma compatible form by emulsification. 2000 R. Sterling World Food: Spain 123/1 A marzipan of sugar and ground almonds, rendered into scores of shapes such as..baskets, fish and even eels. †19. transitive. To instil with (courage); to cause, produce (a feeling). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > quality of affecting the emotions > affect with emotion [verb (transitive)] > cause or give rise to an emotion rearOE arear?c1225 annoyc1300 movea1325 excite1393 raisea1400 lighta1413 stirc1430 provokec1450 provocate?a1475 rendera1522 to stir upc1530 excitate?1549 inspire1576 yield1576 to turn up1579 rouse1589 urge1594 incense1598 upraisea1600 upreara1600 irritate1612 awakena1616 recreate1643 pique1697 arouse1730 unlull1743 energize1753 evocate1827 evoke1856 vibe1977 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xiii. iii. 130 Quhou feill terys and wofull dolouris smart Sall thou, Turnus, rendir to Dawnus hart! 1654 E. Wolley tr. ‘G. de Scudéry’ Curia Politiæ 1 This action is of such an..extraordinary nature, as may render astonishment to the..most capeable understandings. 20. Frequently with down. a. transitive. To melt down (fat) in order to clarify it. Also: to obtain or extract (fat) from meat, an animal, etc., by heating.In quot. 1688: to strain (tallow) in order to filter out impurities. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > liquid > making or becoming liquid > action or process of melting > melt [verb (transitive)] > fat, etc. render1541 try1582 1541 [see rendered adj. 1a]. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 102/2 Render the Tallow, is to poure it through a Strainer, to keep the Dross from the pure Tallow. 1752 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifery (new ed.) 171 Render a little Sheep suet and pour over them. 1788 R. Briggs Eng. Art Cookery xvi. 398 Take two pounds of beef, mutton, or lamb suet shred fine,..put it over a slow fire, and render it, but not too much. 1807 Sporting Mag. Dec. 108/1 I have had ten pounds of solid fat from one bird of 50lbs. which, when rendered down, and well boiled in water, is equal to the finest butter. 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 243 Hog's lard is rendered in exactly the same manner as mutton suet. 1862 P. L. Simmonds Waste Products 362 The fat is rendered out; the skins are sold to glovers. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 453 It is understood that twelve hours suffice to render the oil. 1905 W. Baucke Where White Man Treads 75 Two large try-pots of about 200 gallons capacity, in which the blubber was rendered down. 1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering, Processing & Preserv. of Meat xiv.294 Lift some of the cracklings from the fat and, if they are dry and crisp, the lard is rendered. 1980 Pacific Hist. Rev. 49 249 Using pure tallow, rendered from beef fat and molded in pans, to make a whiter soap. 2008 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 19 Mar. d2 Sauté the bacon in an oven-proof casserole dish..over medium heat to render the bacon fat. b. transitive. To process (the carcass or remains of an animal) in order to obtain fat, animal feed, etc. ΚΠ 1843 Colonial Observer (Sydney) 26 July 1199/1 Mr Wentworth has commenced sheep boiling on his estate... Such settlers as may choose to take advantage of the opportunity, may have their surplus stock rendered down. 1872 Bankers' Mag. Jan. 35 Sheep and cattle were rendered down for the sake of the tallow they produced. 1910 57th Ann. Rep. Secretary of Mass. Board Agric. 143 463 cattle and 1,612 swine were slaughtered... The others were rendered. 1977 Naples (Florida) Daily News 23 Jan. Cracklings, what's left of the hog's hide after it has been rendered down. 1996 New Statesman 20 Dec. 1 Discarded bits of cattle and sheep were ‘rendered’ down into cattle cake. 2004 T. Wheeler Falklands & S. Georgia 105/1 Penguins were rendered down to extract an oil used for lighting. 21. a. transitive. Plastering. To cover (stonework, brickwork, etc.) with a first coating of plaster. Cf. render n.¹ 8a, rendering n. 6a.Two coat plasterwork is rendered and then set (set v.¹ 99), while in three coat work it is floated (float v. 16a) in between. Cf. render set n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > plaster > plaster with first coat render1734 1734 Builder's Dict. II. at Pargeting Rendring the Insides of Walls, or doubling Partition walls, at 2d or 3d per yard. 1750 Wren's Parentalia 309 St. Andrew's Wardrobe Church..was..built of Brick, but finished or rendered over in imitation of Stone. 1756 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 530 For rendring the walls of the Stair-cases and ceilings of the same. 1826 J. Gwilt Rudim. Archit. Gloss. 223 at Rendered The first of three coat work upon lath, or on brickwork, which has been previously rendered. 1843 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 4 ii. 363 Of outside wall..208 square yards, which must be ‘rendered’ within if built with stone. 1847 A. C. Smeaton Builder's Pocket Man. (new ed.) 128 Rendering is the first coat upon a naked wall; thus we say, rendered and set... Render, float, and set, is three-coat work. 1906 F. T. Hodgson Mortars, Plasters, Stuccos (1916) 108 The hollow parts should be rendered or ‘dubbed out’, and the surface scratched before laying the floating coat. 1965 I. H. Seeley Building Quantities Explained ix. 142 (table) Render in cement & sand..& set with ⅛″ hardwall plaster. 2006 Times (Nexis) May 5 15 From this skeleton we each slowly rendered, boarded and plastered something that looked like a finished room. b. transitive. To cover (stonework, brickwork, etc.) with cement or a similar material; spec. (in later use) to cover (an external wall) with render (render n.¹ 8b). ΚΠ 1834 Archit. Mag. Mar. 170 Where soil is permitted to enter a drain, the drain should be rendered with cement half round the bottom inside. 1876 Sessional Papers (Royal Institute of Brit. Archit.) 242 It was said the walls did not require to be rendered with cement in order to keep the wet out, but was only done to give the work a smart appearance. 1958 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 48 141 The cellar of a Roman house with a long wall rendered in cement. 1993 Collins Compl. DIY Man. (new ed.) x. 435/1 Commons are cheap general-purpose bricks used primarily for internal brickwork which is to be plastered, or rendered if used externally. 2004 Victorian July 28/2 Once a brick wall has been rendered it is nearly always impossible to uncover the original brickwork without doing so much damage to the surface of the bricks. 22. Computing. a. transitive. To create a bitmap image of (a real or invented object or scene), often using a technique such as ray-tracing or radiosity; to generate (such an image) from higher-level data. Also in extended use. ΚΠ 1986 Computer Vision, Graphics & Image Processing 33 4 The quantities i, q_i, and h_i are sufficient to render anti-aliased circles. 1992 Byte June 136/1 A high-end professional graphics package, RIO renders the scenes you draw using antialiasing, which reduces jagged edges. 1997 Computer Artist July 28/2 There are many different methods..that can be used to render an image. The most common ones are Phong, ray tracing, and..radiosity. 2000 Wired Feb. 148/2 The MEA records neural activity, then sends it to an SGI 540 workstation that renders the data into the neural seismograph. 2007 D. Sutton et al. State of Real 12 Cinema production allows for large amounts of time..to render images for computer-generated animation. b. transitive. Of a web browser or other program: to convert (HTML text or similar) into a formatted web page suitable for viewing by a user. ΚΠ 1994 Re: Copyright & WWW in comp.infosystems.www (Usenet newsgroup) 22 Mar. If the Mosaic team chose to write widgets to render HTML using anti-aliasing, that would be something. 1998 P. Gralla How Internet Wks. (ed. 4) xxviii. 165 A text link..is sometimes rendered in a different color from other text, depending on how your Web browser interprets the HTML codes. 2008 Sunday Times (Nexis) 7 Sept. (Features section) 2 Speedy to download and easy to install..it's quick to render web pages. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1380n.²?1575v.c1380
随便看	banter bantered banteree banterer banterers bantering banteringly banterings banters bantery banting bantingism bantingize bantings bantling bantlings bants bantu bantu education bantuized bantus bantustan banxring banxrings banzai

rendern.1

Compounds

† rendern.2

renderv.

rendern.¹

† rendern.²