reprisaln.

Brit.

/rᵻˈprʌɪzl/, U.S.

/rəˈpraɪz(ə)l/,

/riˈpraɪz(ə)l/

Forms: late Middle English represaile, late Middle English reprisail, late Middle English 1600s reprisale, 1500s repreysal (Scottish), 1500s reprisalle, 1500s reprisoll, 1500s–1600s represal, 1500s–1600s reprisall, 1500s–1600s reprizall, 1500s–1700s reprizal, 1500s– reprisal, 1600s reprizeal.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French reprisaile.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman reprisaile, reprisaill, reprisalle, represaile, Anglo-Norman and Middle French represaille, reprisaille seizure of property or persons of foreigners as compensation for loss sustained (1353 in Anglo-Norman), retaking, repossessing (early 15th cent.; French représailles , plural (rare in singular)), probably < post-classical Latin represalia , reprisalia , neuter plural (from 14th cent. in British and continental sources; also represalie , reprisalie , feminine plural (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources)) < reprisa (see reprise n.) + classical Latin -ālia -al suffix¹, although it is possible that, in spite of the apparent chronology, the Latin word may in fact be modelled on a form in one of the other Romance languages. Compare Catalan represalies (plural, 14th cent.), Spanish represalia (plural, 1405; also late 15th cent. as †represaria), Portuguese represália (a1560; 15th cent. as represarya, repressarias), Italian rappresaglia (a1348; 1275 as rapresaglia), and also Dutch represaille (1510; < French), German Repressalie (early 16th cent., usually in plural; < Latin).In letters of reprisal after Middle French and Anglo-Norman lettre de reprisalle (1402 in Anglo-Norman); compare post-classical Latin littere reprisaliarum (1496, 1546 in British sources); compare letters of marque and reprisal at marque n.¹ 2a.

I. Senses relating to retaliation.

a. The action, practice, or right of seizing by force foreign nationals or their goods, in retaliation for loss or injury caused by them or by their compatriots. Also in plural. Cf. marque n.¹ 1. Now historical.Reprisal implied the refusal of the offending nation to grant recompense for the loss or injury caused, but did not itself create a state of war between the two countries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution > reprisal

marque1419

reprisal1419

reprise1668

1419 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1834) II. 257 (MED) The Janneys desiren..the utterest value of theyr good..taken be us be vertue of marq and represaile.

1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §2. m. 24 It be not lawfull nor permitted to eny his subgetts..to make or commence any processe..by wey of reprisale..ayenst the merchauntez..of the Hanze..by pretence..that they any shippes or goodes..have taken.

1591 in K. R. Andrews Eng. Privateering Voy. to W. Indies (1959) 138 He hath served at sea with Reprisalls foure or fyve viadges..and by vertue of Reprisalls graunted unto him in sondry yeares.

1603 H. Chettle Englandes Mourning Garment sig. C4 If she would..restore the goods taken by reprisall from the Spaniards..why then she might haue peace.

1614 J. Selden Titles of Honor 210 The lawes of Marque or Reprisales.

1771 S. Johnson Falkland’s Islands 27 They will give commissions to privateers of every nation, who will prey upon our merchants without possibility of reprisal.

1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iv. 424 If justice is refused to us by the sovereign, we have a right to indemnification out of the property of his subjects. This is commonly called reprisals.

1901 H. Taylor Treat. Internat. Public Law iv. i. 442 A public debt is not the subject of reprisal; it is inviolable, and interest cannot be stopped on it as a means of redress.

1933 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 27 710 That last provision clearly recognizes reprisals as a legitimate peace-time measure for getting compensation.

1998 J. P. Van Niekirk Devel. Princ. Insurance Law in Netherlands I. vi. 394 The exercise of the right of reprisal through being granted individual permission to remedy a specific personal wrong committed by a foreigner at sea..was..distinguishable also from privateering.

b. An act or instance of seizing the subjects or property of a hostile nation in retaliation for loss or injury. Formerly also with †of. Now historical.With quot. 1614 at sense 1a cf. 1353 at the etymology.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > seizing > [noun] > by way of retaliation or recompense

reprisal1598

reprise1668

the mind > possession > taking > seizing > [noun] > by way of retaliation or recompense > instance of

reprisal1598

1598 R. Hakluyt tr. King Richard II in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 151 All arrestments, reprisals, and impignorations of whatsoeuer goods and marchandises in England and Prussia..are from henceforth quiet, free, and released.

1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. iv. 104 Sundry quarells and complaints arose betweene the English and the French, touching reprisalls of goods taken from each other by Pirates of either Nation.

1863 Sat. Rev. 13 June 745 The Admiral..was then instructed to put the necessary pressure on the Government by proceeding to reprisals. He accordingly detained five vessels.

1936 B. Tunstall Realities of Naval Hist. iii. 37 On reaching England Hawkins demanded that official reprisals should be undertaken against Spain.

2000 M. Byers tr. W. G. Grewe Epochs Internat. Law iv. vii. 525 Although the preferred object of reprisals remained the property of nationals of the targeted State, State property could also be the object of reprisals.

a. An act or instance of retaliation for any (alleged) loss or injury; (International Law) a measure, such as a boycott or embargo, taken by one state against another in retaliation for allegedly illegal or unjustified conduct.Military reprisals are now illegal under international law.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > attack > [noun] > counter-attack or retaliation

reprisal1641

counter-offensive1909

slap-back1931

massive retaliation1954

second strike1960

1641 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. F. Biondi Hist. Civil Warres Eng. I. iv. 79 Their insolencies causing reprisalls [It. represaglie], and those reprisalls incounters, so as the Warre was as easily kindled againe as are firebrands.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 185 If he falls by their hands, they are exposed in their turn to the danger of reprisals, the interest and principal of the bloody debt are accumulated.

1831 D. Brewster Life I. Newton xii. 203 He..deserved those severe reprisals which doubtless embittered the rest of his days.

1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People x. §4. 791 Lord Cornwallis..found more difficulty in checking the reprisals of his troops..than in stamping out the last embers of insurrection.

1920 J. W. Garner Internat. Law & World War II. xxii. 49 The alleged mistreatment of prisoners led to numerous reprisals and threats of reprisals by belligerents on each side.

1970 Daily Tel. 22 Jan. 18 It was activity by the fedayeen, not by regular Jordanian forces, in attacking Israeli settlements that triggered the reprisal.

2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 24 Feb. 29/3 He had been locked in a car with attack dogs, and dropped on his head from a garage roof as a gang reprisal against his mother.

b. The action or practice of retaliating for any loss or injury; revenge. Formerly also in plural (obsolete).

ΚΠ

1673 E. Ravenscroft Careless Lovers iii. 55 I do't by way of Reprizal; you have took one [mistress] from me, and I have got two from you.

1685 P. Rycaut Continuation 188 in tr. Platina Lives Popes The news of this Attempt allarm'd all the Protestant Cantons, who by way of Reprisals seized the first Priest they could meet, and confined him within their own Prison.

1710 London Gaz. No. 4726/1 The Garrison..was detained in Reprisals for the following Injuries.

1728 J. Swift & T. Sheridan Intelligencer (1729) No. 2. 14 He should..be thrown by Way of Reprisal under his own Horses Feet.

1786 Berwick Museum 2 173/1 They..levied war for the sake of pillaging, of reprisal, and retribution.

1839 G. P. R. James Louis XIV II. 92 A prompt and decided measure of reprisal immediately put a stop to this kind of slaughter in detail.

1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians lii Who might give me up to the Indians in reprisal for cruelties practised by our own people.

1901 Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. 33 23 Germany had seized a seaport by way of reprisal for the murder of two of her missionaries.

1950 S. J. Perelman Swiss Family Perelman v. 79 The bloodletting that was rife in the interior of Java, the daily ambush of Dutch convoys and the extinction of whole kampongs in reprisal.

2004 E. Conlon Blue Blood vi. 218 Reprisal by associates of the imprisoned cop-killers doesn't appear to have been considered as a theory.

II. Senses relating to taking, taking back, or returning more generally.

†3.

a. The taking of something as a prize or reward; an instance of this. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > sacking, raiding, or looting > [noun]

harryingc900

harrowingc1000

skeckinga1387

pillagea1393

skickinga1400

forayingc1400

hership1487

direption1528

sackc1550

sacking1560

sackage1577

saccaging1585

picory1591

reprisalc1595

boot-haling1598

booty-haling1611

rapture?1611

ravage1611

prize-taking1633

plunder1643

booting1651

hen roost1762

ravagement1766

raiding1785

loot1839

looting1842

c1595 Capt. Wyatt in G. F. Warner Voy. R. Dudley to W. Indies (1899) 6 Our Generall..plied..to the rock, wheare wee had the first chase that wee might justlie auer the reprisoll of.

1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. H4^v Whiles..there be any reprisalls of purses twixt this and Cole-brooke.

b. A prize, a reward. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > stolen goods > [noun] > spoil or plunder > taken in war or raid > article of

prizec1330

booty1542

prizal1590

reprisal1598

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iv. i. 119 I am on fire To heare this rich reprizal is so nigh, And yet not ours.

1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Ripresaglia, all maner of reprisals, prises, pillage, luggage.

†4. The taking back of something; regaining; recapture; (Law) the recaption of one's property (see recaption n. 3). Cf. reprise n. 6a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > taking > seizing > catching or capture > [noun] > again

reprinse1592

reprisal1612

recaption1655

recapture1676

1612 W. Shute tr. T. de Fougasses Gen. Hist. Venice ii. 63 The report of the reprisall of Zara auailed much to containe the other Cities in their dutie and fidelitie.

1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica 58 To whom our Nation in some measures stands indebted for the Reprizal of that Honour at Rio-Novo, which was so shamefully lost..in Hispaniola.

1726 J. M. tr. A. de La V. d'Orville de Vignacourt Tragical Hist. Chevalier de Vaudray ii. 130 The Enemy..open'd the Campaign with the Siege of St. Omer. The King, endeavouring to repair that Loss by the Reprizal of St. Valery, narrowly escaped [etc.].

1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 4 Recaption or Reprisal is another species of remedy by the mere act of the party injured.

1801 J. J. Moore Brit. Mariner's Vocab. (at cited word) Reprisal, is the retaking of a vessel soon after the first capture, or at least before she has arrived in any neutral or hostile port.

1866 H. B. Thomson Inst. Laws Ceylon I. x. 422 Recaption, or reprisal, is the recovery by the act of the party deprived of his moveable property, or of his wife, child, or servant.

5. A deduction, charge, or payment required to be made periodically, esp. out of a manor or estate. See reprise n. 2a. Now historical and rare.Frequently in above reprisals, beyond reprisals, etc., indicating an amount or value is stated after deduction of any such charges due.Used esp. in stating the yearly value of an estate.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > charges > [noun] > liability to pay > specific pecuniary liabilities

pensiona1387

rentcharge1394

reprise1427

quit-rent1454

rent seck1472

reprisal1622

1622 T. Powell Direct. Search of Rec. in Chancerie 45 What the cleare value of the Lands held is... What Reprisals, Perquisus, &c.

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 294 All such as had Lands worth 20 li. yeerly besides reprisals.

1663 J. Beale Let. 21 Jan. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1965) II. 10 Ye advantages from ye Society may in some things hereafter be soe greate, as to deserve a 10 lb or lesse to ye use of ye Foundation ultra reprisalls yearly.

1753 Act for vesting Certain Lands & Hereditam. of Valentine Knightley 5 Which said purchased Estate is of the yearly Value of Two hundred and Ninety Pounds, or thereabouts, beyond Reprisals.

1787 W. Hutchinson Hist. & Antiq. Durham II. 420 Thomas Stutvill..held a moiety of the vill of Kibblesworth..estimated at one hundred pounds value above reprisals.

1892 T. F. Kirby Ann. Winchester Coll. iii. 19 The annual value of this estate at the date of the purchase was only £26 13s. 4d. beyond reprisals.

1907 W. Wheater Knaresburgh & its Rulers 5 viii. 133 The Inquisition after the duke's death taken 22nd March, 1427, enumerates a free chapel and a Court Baron worth nothing yearly beyond reprisals.

6. Recompense or compensation; that which is given in compensation. Cf. reprise n. 5. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > make equal [verb (transitive)] > compensate or make up for > for an offence or loss

assythc1375

compense1393

countervail1393

recompense1430

reprisal1668

indemnify1693

1668 Ormonde MSS in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 60 An addresse from the Commissioners..concerning reprizeals.

1668 Earl of Clarendon Vindic. in Tracts (1727) 64 By increasing the stock for reprisals to such a degree, that all men's pretences might in some measure be provided for.

1704 J. Swift Disc. Mech. Operat. Spirit i, in Tale of Tub 286 Since That Arabian is known to have borrowed a Moiety of his Religious System from the Christian Faith; it is but just he should pay Reprisals.

1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. xi. 836 My Sire three hundred chosen Sheep obtain'd. (That large Reprizal he might justly claim, For prize defrauded, and insulted Fame.)

1878 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. Eng. 18th Cent. II. vi. 177 This restitution was to be postponed until reprisals had been made for the adventurers and soldiers who had got possession of their estates.

1916 R. Bagwell Ireland under Stuarts & during Interregnum III. li. 227 It was agreed that purchasers under the Settlement should have reprisals out of forfeited land.

7. Architecture. The foot of a mullion or window jamb, comprising a return (return n. 11b). Cf. reprise n. 4. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun]

member1679

reprisal1888

1888 C. C. Hodges Abbey of St. Andrew, Hexham 30 A reprise or reprisal is the foot of a window mullion or jamb, which is worked on the same stone as the sills.

1904 A. C. Passmore Handbk. Techn. Terms Archit. & Building at Stool Called ‘reprisal’ in Scotland. A small portion of the mullion or jamb of a window or other opening worked on the sill.

†III. Senses relating to repetition or recurrence; cf. reprise n. II.

8. A separate occasion of doing something. Apparently only in at —— reprisals. Cf. reprise n. 7a. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > spell or bout of action > a separate occasion of doing something

reprising1483

reprise1607

reprisal1759

1759 R. Jackson Hist. Rev. Pennsylvania 70 The whole of this Provincial Controversy, which, at several Reprisals, lasted till Gookin was superseded.

a1797 H. Walpole Mem. George II (1822) II. 250 Speaking to him at different reprisals with kindness, to mark his satisfaction.

1889 M. Thorpe tr. C. Schmidt Social Results Early Christianity (ed. 2) iii. 98 The emperors in several reprisals enrolled them in their armies.

Phrases

P1. letters (also commission) of reprisal(s): (originally) a licence granted by a monarch authorizing a subject to seize the subjects or property of a hostile nation in retaliation for loss or injury; (later) legal authority to fit out an armed vessel and use it in the capture of enemy merchant shipping and to commit acts which would otherwise have constituted piracy. See letter(s) of marque and reprisal at marque n.¹ 2a. Now historical.It remains possible under the United States Constitution for Congress to commission privateers by ‘letters of marque and reprisal’.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal document > types of legal or official document > [noun] > letter or letters patent > letters of reprisal or marque

letter of marque1443

letters (also commission) of reprisal(s)1473

letter (also script, writ) of mart1587

1447 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1447 §16. m. 3 Graunte to youre saide besechers, letters of marc and reprisail, so that it may be lefull unto thayme to take..shippes..of everych liegeman of the..duc [of Brittany]..and theym to holde..as their awne.]

1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §2. m. 24 All maner promisses..made..by reason or occasion of any such sentence, jugement, lettres of marque or reprisale..be voide.

1561 Proclam. Elizabeth I 21 July (single sheet) Vpon pretence of certayne olde letters of reprisalles, diuers lewde and disordered Englyshe men, are thought to resorte and accompany the sayde Scottyshmen vpon the Seas.

1591 Art. conc. Admiralty 21 July §56 All such that contrary to their Commissions of reprisall, haue caried any prizes by them taken into Barbary, Fraunce [etc.].

1619 Sir R. Naunton in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 88 They have bene forced to sue for lettres of reprisal, and have obteined leave under the Great Seale to repaire theyr losses from the subjects of those nacions by whom they were formerly spoiled.

1669 R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 456 Letters of reprisals against the Dutch..should be granted.

1680 London Gaz. No. 1573/4 A Vessel fitted out as a Privatier..boarded her and took her (pretending they had Letters of Reprizall).

1713 T. Brodrick Compl. Hist. Late War 444 That no Letters of this Kind be hereafter Granted..unless the Petition of him, who desires the Grant of Letters of Reprisal, be exhibited.

1784 G. Chalmers Opinions Interesting Subj. Public Law 159 Judgements against apparent right are considered by every law as sufficient causes for granting letters of reprizal.

1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 450 The king of Scotland..having granted letters of reprisal against the Portuguese to three brothers.

1861 H. WE. Halleck Internat. Law xii. 310 Letters of reprisal may, therefore, issue not only to a subject, by birth or naturalization, but also to a foreigner domiciled in the country.

1911 Amer. Hist. Rev. 16 560 An original commission of reprisal granted by the governor of St. Jago de Cuba, in accordance with the orders of the Queen of Spain.

1931 J. A. Williamson Short Hist. Brit. Expansion (Amer. ed.) ii. i. 43 Both governments also agreed to revoke all letters of reprisals for injuries on the sea.

2005 S. C. Neff Legal Inst. of War ii. 80 It was observed that letters of reprisal typically permitted property seizures only within the territorial jurisdiction of the issuing sovereign.

P2. to make reprisals phr. (also to make reprisal)

1. To seize the subjects or property of a hostile nation in retaliation for loss or injury. Also figurative and in extended use. Now historical and rare.

ΚΠ

1663 A. Cowley Adv. Five Hours in Verses Several Occasions 26 They all shall watch the Travels of your Pen, And Spain on you shall make Reprisals then.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant 277 When the Ambassadours of the Franks complain.., all the answer they have is, that they must make reprisal upon them.

a1740 J. Brereton Poems (1744) 124 This Nymph our Glory shall retrieve, Receive that Homage which we give, They us subdued by Arms and Arts; She'll make Reprisals on their Hearts.

1759 D. Hume Hist. Eng. under House of Tudor II. ii. 535 The Queen..gave all the English liberty to make reprizals on the subjects of Philip.

1777 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip II I. x. 277 Not receiving satisfaction, she proceeded to make reprisals, and seized effects, belonging to Spanish and Flemish merchants.

1819 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. App., in Wks. (1859) I. 117 Our first overt act of war was Mr. Henry's..making reprisal on the King's treasury at the seat of government, for the public powder taken away by his Governor.

1849 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. II. 55 In the winter, when the sea is making reprisals on the delta.

1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 279 As soon as England was able to protect her merchant-shipping and to make reprisals at sea, piracy declined.

1900 Eng. Hist. Rev. 15 273 It was no use making reprisals, as the Spaniards could always make good their own losses on the South Sea Company.

1966 R. Vaughan John the Fearless i. 21 A fleet, which for some time had been poised at Sandwich with the intention of making reprisals against Flemish shipping, was despatched.

2. To retaliate or take revenge for any loss or injury.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > take or execute revenge [verb (intransitive)] > retaliate > make reprisals

reprise1552

to make reprisals1673

1673 J. Dryden Assignation iv. i. 40 The Monastery has begun the War, in Sallying out upon the World, and therefore 'tis but just that the World should make Reprizals on the Monastery.

1687 F. Atterbury Answer Considerations Spirit Luther 35 His books had been solemnly burnt at Rome as Haeretical: some people, he found, were startled at it; so he was forc'd boldly to make reprisalls, and do an action in the same way.

1693 Oxford-act 6 Whate're we lose, we'll make Reprisal, Whoever gains not, you and I shall.

1710 Ld. Shaftesbury Soliloquy 112 In case of violence offer'd 'em..there are Hands ready prepar'd to make sufficient Reprisals.

1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xx. 131 He had studied this address, by way of making reprisals for my conduct at the ball.

1817 Blackwood's Mag. Oct. 77/1 Considering this transaction as unjust on the part of Montrose and his factor,..Rob watched his opportunity to make reprisal.

1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 169 Hamilcar was driven to make reprisals for the barbarities of the Libyans by throwing his prisoners to be trampled to death.

1919 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 142 The Allies started making reprisals by bombing German towns.

1959 T. P. Abernethy Western Lands & Amer. Revol. x. 139 A group of Connolly's friends..made reprisal by seizing three of the Westmoreland magistrates who had taken part in Connolly's capture.

2000 St. John's (Newfoundland) Telegram (Nexis) 28 July 26 Speight's supporters..have already begun making reprisals for the arrest Wednesday of Speight and hundreds of other rebels.

Compounds

General attributive as (sense 1) †reprisal goods, †reprisal office, reprisal system, etc.; (sense 2) reprisal attack, reprisal raid, etc.

ΚΠ

1595 Let. in P. McGrath Rec. Soc. Merchant Venturers Bristol vii. 98 By reason of the greate nombers of marriners that have of late byn maymed in her Maiesties services, and on those Reprisall voyadges.

1601 G. de Malynes Treat. Canker Englands Commonw. ii. 85 The ouerballancing before spoken of, which during the trade with Spaine..could not so sensibly be felt as it is now, not withstanding the great purchasses of reprisall goods.

1645 in Cal. State P., Dom., Chas. I 168 My said brother, who is collector for Reprisal goods.

1645 in Cal. State P., Dom., Chas. I 285 Prays that you will order her payment of this..out of the Reprisal office.

1703 London Gaz. No. 3924/4 The Reprisal Dispatch, Jacob Green late Master, from New-England.

1727 S. Forster Digest Laws rel. to Customs i. 57 Salvage Goods..are to pay Duty; and so did Prize-Goods during the War... So must Reprizal Goods.

1830 J. B. Gribble Memorials of Barnstaple 437 (heading) Reprisal ships... Several vessels under this specious title, belonged to this port, during the latter part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

1884 Times 7 Aug. 5/6 If the act be not repealed, and if the present reprisal measures be pushed, all the..most active principles of drugs will cease to exist as officinal preparations.

1911 Amer. Hist. Rev. 16 530 In the Indies the last vestige of justice in the reprisal system disappeared, and English and Dutch, French and Portuguese, peddled letters of marque freely to one another.

c1945 Hutchinson's Pict. Hist. War XII. 157/1 The vicious battering of the industrial and military bases of Germany provoked none of the great so-called ‘reprisal’ raids which characterised April and May.

1947 R. W. Cooper Nuremberg Trial 81 Everything was to be prepared to carry out reprisal attacks on London.

1991 T. Mo Redundancy of Courage (1992) viii. 85 Arsenio as much as Osvaldo did his best to ensure there were no reprisal killings of the disarmed and defenceless.

2005 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 99 763 Such measures were essential if the government was to forestall reprisal attacks against ethnic Hutu remaining in the country.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	reprisal
释义	reprisaln. Brit. /rᵻˈprʌɪzl/, U.S. /rəˈpraɪz(ə)l/, /riˈpraɪz(ə)l/ Forms: late Middle English represaile, late Middle English reprisail, late Middle English 1600s reprisale, 1500s repreysal (Scottish), 1500s reprisalle, 1500s reprisoll, 1500s–1600s represal, 1500s–1600s reprisall, 1500s–1600s reprizall, 1500s–1700s reprizal, 1500s– reprisal, 1600s reprizeal. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French reprisaile. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman reprisaile, reprisaill, reprisalle, represaile, Anglo-Norman and Middle French represaille, reprisaille seizure of property or persons of foreigners as compensation for loss sustained (1353 in Anglo-Norman), retaking, repossessing (early 15th cent.; French représailles , plural (rare in singular)), probably < post-classical Latin represalia , reprisalia , neuter plural (from 14th cent. in British and continental sources; also represalie , reprisalie , feminine plural (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources)) < reprisa (see reprise n.) + classical Latin -ālia -al suffix¹, although it is possible that, in spite of the apparent chronology, the Latin word may in fact be modelled on a form in one of the other Romance languages. Compare Catalan represalies (plural, 14th cent.), Spanish represalia (plural, 1405; also late 15th cent. as †represaria), Portuguese represália (a1560; 15th cent. as represarya, repressarias), Italian rappresaglia (a1348; 1275 as rapresaglia), and also Dutch represaille (1510; < French), German Repressalie (early 16th cent., usually in plural; < Latin).In letters of reprisal after Middle French and Anglo-Norman lettre de reprisalle (1402 in Anglo-Norman); compare post-classical Latin littere reprisaliarum (1496, 1546 in British sources); compare letters of marque and reprisal at marque n.¹ 2a. I. Senses relating to retaliation. 1. a. The action, practice, or right of seizing by force foreign nationals or their goods, in retaliation for loss or injury caused by them or by their compatriots. Also in plural. Cf. marque n.¹ 1. Now historical.Reprisal implied the refusal of the offending nation to grant recompense for the loss or injury caused, but did not itself create a state of war between the two countries. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > [noun] > retaliation or retribution > reprisal marque1419 reprisal1419 reprise1668 1419 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1834) II. 257 (MED) The Janneys desiren..the utterest value of theyr good..taken be us be vertue of marq and represaile. 1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §2. m. 24 It be not lawfull nor permitted to eny his subgetts..to make or commence any processe..by wey of reprisale..ayenst the merchauntez..of the Hanze..by pretence..that they any shippes or goodes..have taken. 1591 in K. R. Andrews Eng. Privateering Voy. to W. Indies (1959) 138 He hath served at sea with Reprisalls foure or fyve viadges..and by vertue of Reprisalls graunted unto him in sondry yeares. 1603 H. Chettle Englandes Mourning Garment sig. C4 If she would..restore the goods taken by reprisall from the Spaniards..why then she might haue peace. 1614 J. Selden Titles of Honor 210 The lawes of Marque or Reprisales. 1771 S. Johnson Falkland’s Islands 27 They will give commissions to privateers of every nation, who will prey upon our merchants without possibility of reprisal. 1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe III. iv. 424 If justice is refused to us by the sovereign, we have a right to indemnification out of the property of his subjects. This is commonly called reprisals. 1901 H. Taylor Treat. Internat. Public Law iv. i. 442 A public debt is not the subject of reprisal; it is inviolable, and interest cannot be stopped on it as a means of redress. 1933 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 27 710 That last provision clearly recognizes reprisals as a legitimate peace-time measure for getting compensation. 1998 J. P. Van Niekirk Devel. Princ. Insurance Law in Netherlands I. vi. 394 The exercise of the right of reprisal through being granted individual permission to remedy a specific personal wrong committed by a foreigner at sea..was..distinguishable also from privateering. b. An act or instance of seizing the subjects or property of a hostile nation in retaliation for loss or injury. Formerly also with †of. Now historical.With quot. 1614 at sense 1a cf. 1353 at the etymology. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > seizing > [noun] > by way of retaliation or recompense reprisal1598 reprise1668 the mind > possession > taking > seizing > [noun] > by way of retaliation or recompense > instance of reprisal1598 1598 R. Hakluyt tr. King Richard II in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 151 All arrestments, reprisals, and impignorations of whatsoeuer goods and marchandises in England and Prussia..are from henceforth quiet, free, and released. 1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. iv. 104 Sundry quarells and complaints arose betweene the English and the French, touching reprisalls of goods taken from each other by Pirates of either Nation. 1863 Sat. Rev. 13 June 745 The Admiral..was then instructed to put the necessary pressure on the Government by proceeding to reprisals. He accordingly detained five vessels. 1936 B. Tunstall Realities of Naval Hist. iii. 37 On reaching England Hawkins demanded that official reprisals should be undertaken against Spain. 2000 M. Byers tr. W. G. Grewe Epochs Internat. Law iv. vii. 525 Although the preferred object of reprisals remained the property of nationals of the targeted State, State property could also be the object of reprisals. 2. a. An act or instance of retaliation for any (alleged) loss or injury; (International Law) a measure, such as a boycott or embargo, taken by one state against another in retaliation for allegedly illegal or unjustified conduct.Military reprisals are now illegal under international law. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > attack > [noun] > counter-attack or retaliation reprisal1641 counter-offensive1909 slap-back1931 massive retaliation1954 second strike1960 1641 Earl of Monmouth tr. G. F. Biondi Hist. Civil Warres Eng. I. iv. 79 Their insolencies causing reprisalls [It. represaglie], and those reprisalls incounters, so as the Warre was as easily kindled againe as are firebrands. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 185 If he falls by their hands, they are exposed in their turn to the danger of reprisals, the interest and principal of the bloody debt are accumulated. 1831 D. Brewster Life I. Newton xii. 203 He..deserved those severe reprisals which doubtless embittered the rest of his days. 1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People x. §4. 791 Lord Cornwallis..found more difficulty in checking the reprisals of his troops..than in stamping out the last embers of insurrection. 1920 J. W. Garner Internat. Law & World War II. xxii. 49 The alleged mistreatment of prisoners led to numerous reprisals and threats of reprisals by belligerents on each side. 1970 Daily Tel. 22 Jan. 18 It was activity by the fedayeen, not by regular Jordanian forces, in attacking Israeli settlements that triggered the reprisal. 2004 Independent (Compact ed.) 24 Feb. 29/3 He had been locked in a car with attack dogs, and dropped on his head from a garage roof as a gang reprisal against his mother. b. The action or practice of retaliating for any loss or injury; revenge. Formerly also in plural (obsolete). ΚΠ 1673 E. Ravenscroft Careless Lovers iii. 55 I do't by way of Reprizal; you have took one [mistress] from me, and I have got two from you. 1685 P. Rycaut Continuation 188 in tr. Platina Lives Popes The news of this Attempt allarm'd all the Protestant Cantons, who by way of Reprisals seized the first Priest they could meet, and confined him within their own Prison. 1710 London Gaz. No. 4726/1 The Garrison..was detained in Reprisals for the following Injuries. 1728 J. Swift & T. Sheridan Intelligencer (1729) No. 2. 14 He should..be thrown by Way of Reprisal under his own Horses Feet. 1786 Berwick Museum 2 173/1 They..levied war for the sake of pillaging, of reprisal, and retribution. 1839 G. P. R. James Louis XIV II. 92 A prompt and decided measure of reprisal immediately put a stop to this kind of slaughter in detail. 1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians lii Who might give me up to the Indians in reprisal for cruelties practised by our own people. 1901 Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc. 33 23 Germany had seized a seaport by way of reprisal for the murder of two of her missionaries. 1950 S. J. Perelman Swiss Family Perelman v. 79 The bloodletting that was rife in the interior of Java, the daily ambush of Dutch convoys and the extinction of whole kampongs in reprisal. 2004 E. Conlon Blue Blood vi. 218 Reprisal by associates of the imprisoned cop-killers doesn't appear to have been considered as a theory. II. Senses relating to taking, taking back, or returning more generally. †3. a. The taking of something as a prize or reward; an instance of this. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > sacking, raiding, or looting > [noun] harryingc900 harrowingc1000 skeckinga1387 pillagea1393 skickinga1400 forayingc1400 hership1487 direption1528 sackc1550 sacking1560 sackage1577 saccaging1585 picory1591 reprisalc1595 boot-haling1598 booty-haling1611 rapture?1611 ravage1611 prize-taking1633 plunder1643 booting1651 hen roost1762 ravagement1766 raiding1785 loot1839 looting1842 c1595 Capt. Wyatt in G. F. Warner Voy. R. Dudley to W. Indies (1899) 6 Our Generall..plied..to the rock, wheare wee had the first chase that wee might justlie auer the reprisoll of. 1596 T. Nashe Haue with you to Saffron-Walden sig. H4^v Whiles..there be any reprisalls of purses twixt this and Cole-brooke. b. A prize, a reward. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > stolen goods > [noun] > spoil or plunder > taken in war or raid > article of prizec1330 booty1542 prizal1590 reprisal1598 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iv. i. 119 I am on fire To heare this rich reprizal is so nigh, And yet not ours. View more context for this quotation 1611 J. Florio Queen Anna's New World of Words Ripresaglia, all maner of reprisals, prises, pillage, luggage. †4. The taking back of something; regaining; recapture; (Law) the recaption of one's property (see recaption n. 3). Cf. reprise n. 6a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > seizing > catching or capture > [noun] > again reprinse1592 reprisal1612 recaption1655 recapture1676 1612 W. Shute tr. T. de Fougasses Gen. Hist. Venice ii. 63 The report of the reprisall of Zara auailed much to containe the other Cities in their dutie and fidelitie. 1661 E. Hickeringill Jamaica 58 To whom our Nation in some measures stands indebted for the Reprizal of that Honour at Rio-Novo, which was so shamefully lost..in Hispaniola. 1726 J. M. tr. A. de La V. d'Orville de Vignacourt Tragical Hist. Chevalier de Vaudray ii. 130 The Enemy..open'd the Campaign with the Siege of St. Omer. The King, endeavouring to repair that Loss by the Reprizal of St. Valery, narrowly escaped [etc.]. 1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 4 Recaption or Reprisal is another species of remedy by the mere act of the party injured. 1801 J. J. Moore Brit. Mariner's Vocab. (at cited word) Reprisal, is the retaking of a vessel soon after the first capture, or at least before she has arrived in any neutral or hostile port. 1866 H. B. Thomson Inst. Laws Ceylon I. x. 422 Recaption, or reprisal, is the recovery by the act of the party deprived of his moveable property, or of his wife, child, or servant. 5. A deduction, charge, or payment required to be made periodically, esp. out of a manor or estate. See reprise n. 2a. Now historical and rare.Frequently in above reprisals, beyond reprisals, etc., indicating an amount or value is stated after deduction of any such charges due.Used esp. in stating the yearly value of an estate. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > charges > [noun] > liability to pay > specific pecuniary liabilities pensiona1387 rentcharge1394 reprise1427 quit-rent1454 rent seck1472 reprisal1622 1622 T. Powell Direct. Search of Rec. in Chancerie 45 What the cleare value of the Lands held is... What Reprisals, Perquisus, &c. 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 294 All such as had Lands worth 20 li. yeerly besides reprisals. 1663 J. Beale Let. 21 Jan. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1965) II. 10 Ye advantages from ye Society may in some things hereafter be soe greate, as to deserve a 10 lb or lesse to ye use of ye Foundation ultra reprisalls yearly. 1753 Act for vesting Certain Lands & Hereditam. of Valentine Knightley 5 Which said purchased Estate is of the yearly Value of Two hundred and Ninety Pounds, or thereabouts, beyond Reprisals. 1787 W. Hutchinson Hist. & Antiq. Durham II. 420 Thomas Stutvill..held a moiety of the vill of Kibblesworth..estimated at one hundred pounds value above reprisals. 1892 T. F. Kirby Ann. Winchester Coll. iii. 19 The annual value of this estate at the date of the purchase was only £26 13s. 4d. beyond reprisals. 1907 W. Wheater Knaresburgh & its Rulers 5 viii. 133 The Inquisition after the duke's death taken 22nd March, 1427, enumerates a free chapel and a Court Baron worth nothing yearly beyond reprisals. 6. Recompense or compensation; that which is given in compensation. Cf. reprise n. 5. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > make equal [verb (transitive)] > compensate or make up for > for an offence or loss assythc1375 compense1393 countervail1393 recompense1430 reprisal1668 indemnify1693 1668 Ormonde MSS in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 60 An addresse from the Commissioners..concerning reprizeals. 1668 Earl of Clarendon Vindic. in Tracts (1727) 64 By increasing the stock for reprisals to such a degree, that all men's pretences might in some measure be provided for. 1704 J. Swift Disc. Mech. Operat. Spirit i, in Tale of Tub 286 Since That Arabian is known to have borrowed a Moiety of his Religious System from the Christian Faith; it is but just he should pay Reprisals. 1717 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad III. xi. 836 My Sire three hundred chosen Sheep obtain'd. (That large Reprizal he might justly claim, For prize defrauded, and insulted Fame.) 1878 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. Eng. 18th Cent. II. vi. 177 This restitution was to be postponed until reprisals had been made for the adventurers and soldiers who had got possession of their estates. 1916 R. Bagwell Ireland under Stuarts & during Interregnum III. li. 227 It was agreed that purchasers under the Settlement should have reprisals out of forfeited land. 7. Architecture. The foot of a mullion or window jamb, comprising a return (return n. 11b). Cf. reprise n. 4. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun] member1679 reprisal1888 1888 C. C. Hodges Abbey of St. Andrew, Hexham 30 A reprise or reprisal is the foot of a window mullion or jamb, which is worked on the same stone as the sills. 1904 A. C. Passmore Handbk. Techn. Terms Archit. & Building at Stool Called ‘reprisal’ in Scotland. A small portion of the mullion or jamb of a window or other opening worked on the sill. †III. Senses relating to repetition or recurrence; cf. reprise n. II. 8. A separate occasion of doing something. Apparently only in at —— reprisals. Cf. reprise n. 7a. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > [noun] > spell or bout of action > a separate occasion of doing something reprising1483 reprise1607 reprisal1759 1759 R. Jackson Hist. Rev. Pennsylvania 70 The whole of this Provincial Controversy, which, at several Reprisals, lasted till Gookin was superseded. a1797 H. Walpole Mem. George II (1822) II. 250 Speaking to him at different reprisals with kindness, to mark his satisfaction. 1889 M. Thorpe tr. C. Schmidt Social Results Early Christianity (ed. 2) iii. 98 The emperors in several reprisals enrolled them in their armies. Phrases P1. letters (also commission) of reprisal(s): (originally) a licence granted by a monarch authorizing a subject to seize the subjects or property of a hostile nation in retaliation for loss or injury; (later) legal authority to fit out an armed vessel and use it in the capture of enemy merchant shipping and to commit acts which would otherwise have constituted piracy. See letter(s) of marque and reprisal at marque n.¹ 2a. Now historical.It remains possible under the United States Constitution for Congress to commission privateers by ‘letters of marque and reprisal’. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal document > types of legal or official document > [noun] > letter or letters patent > letters of reprisal or marque letter of marque1443 letters (also commission) of reprisal(s)1473 letter (also script, writ) of mart1587 1447 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Feb. 1447 §16. m. 3 Graunte to youre saide besechers, letters of marc and reprisail, so that it may be lefull unto thayme to take..shippes..of everych liegeman of the..duc [of Brittany]..and theym to holde..as their awne.] 1473–4 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1472 2nd Roll §2. m. 24 All maner promisses..made..by reason or occasion of any such sentence, jugement, lettres of marque or reprisale..be voide. 1561 Proclam. Elizabeth I 21 July (single sheet) Vpon pretence of certayne olde letters of reprisalles, diuers lewde and disordered Englyshe men, are thought to resorte and accompany the sayde Scottyshmen vpon the Seas. 1591 Art. conc. Admiralty 21 July §56 All such that contrary to their Commissions of reprisall, haue caried any prizes by them taken into Barbary, Fraunce [etc.]. 1619 Sir R. Naunton in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 88 They have bene forced to sue for lettres of reprisal, and have obteined leave under the Great Seale to repaire theyr losses from the subjects of those nacions by whom they were formerly spoiled. 1669 R. Montagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 456 Letters of reprisals against the Dutch..should be granted. 1680 London Gaz. No. 1573/4 A Vessel fitted out as a Privatier..boarded her and took her (pretending they had Letters of Reprizall). 1713 T. Brodrick Compl. Hist. Late War 444 That no Letters of this Kind be hereafter Granted..unless the Petition of him, who desires the Grant of Letters of Reprisal, be exhibited. 1784 G. Chalmers Opinions Interesting Subj. Public Law 159 Judgements against apparent right are considered by every law as sufficient causes for granting letters of reprizal. 1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 450 The king of Scotland..having granted letters of reprisal against the Portuguese to three brothers. 1861 H. WE. Halleck Internat. Law xii. 310 Letters of reprisal may, therefore, issue not only to a subject, by birth or naturalization, but also to a foreigner domiciled in the country. 1911 Amer. Hist. Rev. 16 560 An original commission of reprisal granted by the governor of St. Jago de Cuba, in accordance with the orders of the Queen of Spain. 1931 J. A. Williamson Short Hist. Brit. Expansion (Amer. ed.) ii. i. 43 Both governments also agreed to revoke all letters of reprisals for injuries on the sea. 2005 S. C. Neff Legal Inst. of War ii. 80 It was observed that letters of reprisal typically permitted property seizures only within the territorial jurisdiction of the issuing sovereign. P2. to make reprisals phr. (also to make reprisal) 1. To seize the subjects or property of a hostile nation in retaliation for loss or injury. Also figurative and in extended use. Now historical and rare. ΚΠ 1663 A. Cowley Adv. Five Hours in Verses Several Occasions 26 They all shall watch the Travels of your Pen, And Spain on you shall make Reprisals then. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant 277 When the Ambassadours of the Franks complain.., all the answer they have is, that they must make reprisal upon them. a1740 J. Brereton Poems (1744) 124 This Nymph our Glory shall retrieve, Receive that Homage which we give, They us subdued by Arms and Arts; She'll make Reprisals on their Hearts. 1759 D. Hume Hist. Eng. under House of Tudor II. ii. 535 The Queen..gave all the English liberty to make reprizals on the subjects of Philip. 1777 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip II I. x. 277 Not receiving satisfaction, she proceeded to make reprisals, and seized effects, belonging to Spanish and Flemish merchants. 1819 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. App., in Wks. (1859) I. 117 Our first overt act of war was Mr. Henry's..making reprisal on the King's treasury at the seat of government, for the public powder taken away by his Governor. 1849 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. II. 55 In the winter, when the sea is making reprisals on the delta. 1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 279 As soon as England was able to protect her merchant-shipping and to make reprisals at sea, piracy declined. 1900 Eng. Hist. Rev. 15 273 It was no use making reprisals, as the Spaniards could always make good their own losses on the South Sea Company. 1966 R. Vaughan John the Fearless i. 21 A fleet, which for some time had been poised at Sandwich with the intention of making reprisals against Flemish shipping, was despatched. 2. To retaliate or take revenge for any loss or injury. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > revenge > take or execute revenge [verb (intransitive)] > retaliate > make reprisals reprise1552 to make reprisals1673 1673 J. Dryden Assignation iv. i. 40 The Monastery has begun the War, in Sallying out upon the World, and therefore 'tis but just that the World should make Reprizals on the Monastery. 1687 F. Atterbury Answer Considerations Spirit Luther 35 His books had been solemnly burnt at Rome as Haeretical: some people, he found, were startled at it; so he was forc'd boldly to make reprisalls, and do an action in the same way. 1693 Oxford-act 6 Whate're we lose, we'll make Reprisal, Whoever gains not, you and I shall. 1710 Ld. Shaftesbury Soliloquy 112 In case of violence offer'd 'em..there are Hands ready prepar'd to make sufficient Reprisals. 1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xx. 131 He had studied this address, by way of making reprisals for my conduct at the ball. 1817 Blackwood's Mag. Oct. 77/1 Considering this transaction as unjust on the part of Montrose and his factor,..Rob watched his opportunity to make reprisal. 1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 169 Hamilcar was driven to make reprisals for the barbarities of the Libyans by throwing his prisoners to be trampled to death. 1919 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 142 The Allies started making reprisals by bombing German towns. 1959 T. P. Abernethy Western Lands & Amer. Revol. x. 139 A group of Connolly's friends..made reprisal by seizing three of the Westmoreland magistrates who had taken part in Connolly's capture. 2000 St. John's (Newfoundland) Telegram (Nexis) 28 July 26 Speight's supporters..have already begun making reprisals for the arrest Wednesday of Speight and hundreds of other rebels. Compounds General attributive as (sense 1) †reprisal goods, †reprisal office, reprisal system, etc.; (sense 2) reprisal attack, reprisal raid, etc. ΚΠ 1595 Let. in P. McGrath Rec. Soc. Merchant Venturers Bristol vii. 98 By reason of the greate nombers of marriners that have of late byn maymed in her Maiesties services, and on those Reprisall voyadges. 1601 G. de Malynes Treat. Canker Englands Commonw. ii. 85 The ouerballancing before spoken of, which during the trade with Spaine..could not so sensibly be felt as it is now, not withstanding the great purchasses of reprisall goods. 1645 in Cal. State P., Dom., Chas. I 168 My said brother, who is collector for Reprisal goods. 1645 in Cal. State P., Dom., Chas. I 285 Prays that you will order her payment of this..out of the Reprisal office. 1703 London Gaz. No. 3924/4 The Reprisal Dispatch, Jacob Green late Master, from New-England. 1727 S. Forster Digest Laws rel. to Customs i. 57 Salvage Goods..are to pay Duty; and so did Prize-Goods during the War... So must Reprizal Goods. 1830 J. B. Gribble Memorials of Barnstaple 437 (heading) Reprisal ships... Several vessels under this specious title, belonged to this port, during the latter part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 1884 Times 7 Aug. 5/6 If the act be not repealed, and if the present reprisal measures be pushed, all the..most active principles of drugs will cease to exist as officinal preparations. 1911 Amer. Hist. Rev. 16 530 In the Indies the last vestige of justice in the reprisal system disappeared, and English and Dutch, French and Portuguese, peddled letters of marque freely to one another. c1945 Hutchinson's Pict. Hist. War XII. 157/1 The vicious battering of the industrial and military bases of Germany provoked none of the great so-called ‘reprisal’ raids which characterised April and May. 1947 R. W. Cooper Nuremberg Trial 81 Everything was to be prepared to carry out reprisal attacks on London. 1991 T. Mo Redundancy of Courage (1992) viii. 85 Arsenio as much as Osvaldo did his best to ensure there were no reprisal killings of the disarmed and defenceless. 2005 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 99 763 Such measures were essential if the government was to forestall reprisal attacks against ethnic Hutu remaining in the country. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † reprisalv. Forms: see reprisal n. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: reprisal n. Etymology: < reprisal n. Obsolete. rare. intransitive. To make reprisal. Also transitive: to make reprisal for (a loss). ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > seizing > seize [verb (intransitive)] > seize in retaliation or recompense reprisal1593 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 46 What is left for a man to doe,..but eyther to hang at Tyborne, or pillage and reprizall where he may. 1686 F. Spence tr. G. de Courtilz de Sandras Hist. Viscount de Turenne 288 He Chose rather to reprisal that Loss by the taking of Sainte Menchou. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online September 2018). < n.1419v.1593
随便看	θ124293 θ124294 θ124295 θ124296 θ124297 θ124298 θ124299 θ1243 θ12430 θ124300 θ124301 θ124302 θ124303 θ124304 θ124305 θ124306 θ124307 θ124308 θ124309 θ12431 θ124310 θ124311 θ124312 θ124313 θ124314

reprisaln.

Phrases

Compounds

† reprisalv.