replicationn.
/ˌrɛplᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌrɛpləˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ I. Senses relating to repetition or reproduction.
1. † a. The action or an act of repetition or recapitulation; an instance of this. Obsolete.† b. Logic. = reduplication n. 4. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > repetition > [noun]
replication?c1400
repetition?a1425
repeatingc1443
renovelling1483
regressiona1500
iteration1530
repeat1556
ingemination1576
iteratinga1593
iterancea1616
redoublinga1665
restatement1790
troll1790
repeatal1822
catching up1847
rewording1849
re-enunciation1855
iterancy1889
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > melody or succession of sounds > [noun] > melodic progression > repetition of note
replication1683
repetition1728
?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. xii. l. 2984 Ne fooldest þou nat to gidre by replicacioun [Fr. replicacion] of wordes a maner wondirful cercle or envirounynge of symplicite deuyne.
c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 342 Þat broþere..ȝafe him to meditacione of þe passione of owre lorde Jhesu &..was..helede by continuele replicacione þer-of.
1594 R. Carew tr. J. Huarte Exam. Mens Wits x. 131 What the things be..we haue heretofore made mention: now we will return to a replication of them.
1595 A. Hartwell tr. G. T. Minadoi Hist. Warres Turkes & Persians 3 We shall auoide the inserting of any superfluous replication in the contexture of this our history.
1610 Roome for Messe of Knaues (title page) A Replication, or a Recapitulation of foure Harlets.
1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 642 Those seven Notes are the Basis of all Musical Composition. The Number Eight is a beginning again, or a replication or repetition of the same.
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the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > term of a proposition > [noun] > use of same term twice
reduplication1620
replication1728
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Replication, Replicatio, in logic, the assuming or using the same Term twice in the same Proposition. In like Sense they say Reduplication.
c. Chiefly Science. Repetition of an experiment or trial so as to corroborate its results; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > repeating > [noun] > repetition of an experiment
replication1914
the world > matter > chemistry > experiments > [noun] > repetition of
replication1914
replicate1916
1914 H. H. Love in Bull. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Station No. 343. 374 In the early work of the testing there was no uniform method of replication.
1953 New Biol. 14 85 More than one sample must always be taken in order to discover the natural variation between individual samples. This is termed ‘replication’.
1991 European Sociol. Rev. 7 255/2 Originally, this analytical scheme was designed as an exact replication of the earlier studies on occupational prestige in Poland.
1997 N. Rose in R. Porter Rewriting Self 229 The whole apparatus of scientificity—experiments, proofs, statistical tests of significance, replications and so forth.
2. Repetition of a sound by echo; reverberation, echoing; an echo. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > resonance or sonority > [noun] > reverberation or echo
echo1340
repercussion1554
rebound1567
reverberation1569
reverberating1576
answer1609
re-echoing1611
re-echo1613
replicationa1616
back-echo1626
echoinga1649
reboation1648
redounda1665
aftersound1807
verberation1825
reverb1875
anacampsis1879
liveness1931
post-echo1956
a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 46 Tyber trembled vnderneath her bankes To heare the replication of your sounds, Made in her Concaue Shores. View more context for this quotation
1635 R. Brathwait tr. M. Silesio Arcadian Princesse i. 19 With a Stentors voyce, they re-eccho their vouchers and double vouchers in a clamorous Replication.
1770 R. Glover Leonidas (ed. 5) I. vi. 205 The ecchoes sigh'd In lulling replication.
1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 250 With replication loud, Leapt the blithe echo from the rocky shore.
1859 F. W. Farrar Julian Home xvi. 206 Heavens! what a melody of replications!
1900 G. H. Temple Epic of Columbus' Bell & Other Poems 19 Solemn as the replication Of a fun'ral knell.
3.
a. The action or process of reproducing something; an instance of this; a copy, a reproduction.
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the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > an imitation
resemblant1484
patterna1500
counterfeiture1548
counterfeit1587
idol1590
reduplication1592
copy1596
module1608
imitationa1616
mockage1615
echo1622
conduplicationa1631
transcript1646
ectype1647
mime1650
duplicating1659
mimicry1688
replication1692
shadow1693
reproduction1701
mimication?1715
repetition1774
replicate1821
autotype1829
replica1841
re-creation1915
retake1922
mock-up1957
reprise1961
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > [noun] > action of repeating in a copy or making a copy
replication1692
reproducing1705
multiplication1715
reproduction1793
re-creation1915
1692 J. Ray Misc. Disc. xii. 209 Every thing that resembles and comes near it, and is as it were a replication of it.
1859 F. W. Farrar Julian Home vi. 70 The notes..mainly consisted of replications of Mr. Grayson's placid physiognomy.
1882 W. Sharp D. G. Rossetti iii. 179 More fitting for its water-colour stage than for replication in a large oil-painting.
1909–10 Hist. Coll. Michigan Pioneer & Hist. Soc. 37 652 Their home is a model Christian household, a replication of the father's happy home in years gone by.
1951 V. E. Cosslett Pract. Electron Microsc. ix. 223 Most materials for replication are initially either too rough or too smooth for the purpose.
1975 New Yorker 3 Mar. 96/3 The real triumph of ‘Female Friends’ is the gritty replication of the gross texture of everyday life, placed in perspective and made universal.
2004 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Oct. 224/2 The result audiences will see on-screen is not a photo-real replication of Hanks or his child stand-in.
b. Biology. The process by which genetic material or a living organism gives rise to a copy of itself.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [noun] > changes or actions of genes or chromosomes > replication
replication1945
1945 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 32 240 Figure 1C assumes that each virus particle is produced by replication of the last particle formed.
1955 Sci. Amer. Oct. 70/1 Sometimes, because of a mistake in some step of the replication process, a daughter cell gets a gene carrying a garbled message; that is, it does not bear precisely the same information as its original counterpart.
1972 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 181 29 Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs in sections arranged in tandem.
1996 Independent 2 May i. 3/4 In some forms known as ribozymes, it [sc. RNA] can splice itself, thus promoting its own replication—a vital step in the development of life.
2001 High Plains Jrnl. 16 Apr. a2/1 Rotaviral diarrhea results from replication of the virus in villus enterocytes of the small intestine.
II. Senses relating to replying.
4. † a. The action or an act of replying, esp. in disagreement or defence; the giving of a rejoinder or retort; (also) argument, protest. Obsolete. without (any) replication: without reply being allowed; without protest or opposition.† c. An answer to a charge. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun]
swarec1175
responsec1300
answeringc1330
respoun?a1400
replicationc1405
resolutiona1500
replyal1548
replying1548
reply1577
respondence1590
interlocution1597
reanswer1599
responsure1600
answerage1642
the mind > will > necessity > necessity [phrase] > inevitability
without (any) replicationc1405
(just) one of those things1922
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1846 My wil is this, for plat conclusion, With outen any replicacion [v.r. repplicacion].
a1450 (c1435) J. Lydgate Life SS. Edmund & Fremund (Harl.) 883 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 412 (MED) By a maner replicacioun, Ech onto other gan crye in ther walkyng.
?c1500 Mary Magdalene (Digby) 203 Thow þes sottes a-ȝens me make replycacyon, I woll suffer non to spryng of þat kenred.
1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 478/1 To minystre mayster Tyndall so muche pleasaunte matter of replicacyon.
1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China 88 The sentence pronounced against them..is foorthwith executed without any replication or appellation.
1637 R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose Christian Offices i. 11 To open my mouth by way of replication.
1652 J. Wright tr. J.-P. Camus Nature's Paradox x. 238 The pitiful Prisoner suffered herself to bee bound..without the least Replication.
1729 J. Gay Polly ii. vi. 38 Such raillery as this, my dear, requires replication.
1784 R. Bage Barham Downs I. 97 But, vanity apart, I am most happy in a promptitude of replication.
1815 Zeluca III. 265 This is retort, and replication about a phrase—a word—a nothing.
1852 G. Bancroft Hist. Amer. Revol. I. vii. 181 The ‘political adventurer’..excelled in quick and concise replication.
b. An instance of this; a reply, a retort; an answer to or argument against a statement made by another. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response
answerOE
response?a1400
replication1414
recorda1450
responsal?a1475
responsion?a1475
repliquec1475
responsivec1487
replyal1548
replica?1552
reply1560
avoure1596
interlocution1597
respond1600
responsum1610
returna1616
respondency1617
reasona1635
1414 Petition in Rotuli Parl. (1767–77) IV. 57/1 I myghte have answered in lawe to all manere of persones, that ony Replicacions wolden have maked aȝeyns [MS azeyns] ony Article of my billes.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 76 (MED) Vlixes..þis relik..vsurpeth, be maner of avaunt..But I wil make a replicacioun, Þat þis relik is nat to hym mete.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 10584 (MED) I se ful wel That thy name ys ek Resoun. But a replicacioun I wyl make vp-on thy name.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. cci. [cxcvii.] 616 There was no man spake a worde nor made no replycacion.
1535 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) I. 416 Your Discrete answers and replicacions made in that behalf.
1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie xvi. 94 A man of hasty disposition..will make reply..before the tale be halfe told, whereby he faileth in his replication.
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. iii. iv. §3. 45 With which taxation inflamed, hee vsed this replication.
1673 J. Bunyan Differences Judgm. 6 Finding yours (if I mistake not) far short of a candid Replication.
1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. liv. 284 The Peasants made solid Replications to the Complaints of the Portugueze.
1798 I. Allen Nat. & Polit. Hist. Vermont 164 The replication to the foregoing observations was, that the territory of Vermont should be a colony under the Crown.
1830 G. P. R. James Darnley III. x. 234 An angry replication trembled on the lip of the English captain.
1867 E. M. Pierce Cottage Cycl. Hist. & Biogr. 564/1 He..went on with much animation of tone and gesture, till he had finished his replication.
1927 H. T. Lowe-Porter tr. T. Mann Magic Mountain II. vi. 506 The listeners heaved each a deep sigh—they had been holding their breaths during Herr Settembrini's great replication.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response > in defence > in response to a charge
answerOE
replication1587
back-racket1608
countercharge1706
1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 150/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II Upon the replication of the vicount..knights were appointed to examine all such witnesses.
1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 92 A Judge suffered death for passing sentence upon the Coroners onely record, unto which a replication is allowed.
5. † b. gen. A reply to an answer. Obsolete.
a. Law (now historical). In traditional English pleadings: a claimant's answer to a defendant's plea (plea n. 4b). Cf. reply n. 2b.The traditional forms of pleading at common law (see note at surrejoinder n.) were effectively abolished in England and Wales by the Civil Procedure Rules 1998; see note at rejoinder n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > subsequent replies on either side
replication1425
rejoinder1447
rebutter1540
surrejoinder1542
triplication1583
quadruplication1593
duply1609
duplication1622
quadruply1624
quintuplyc1638
re-rejoinder1702
rebuttal1792
quintuplication1860
1425 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Apr. 1425 §12. m. 2 He was commaunded to yeve in his replications in writyng..into þis riall court.
1453 Duke of Norfolk's Petition in Paston Lett. (1904) II. 290 Y have replyed yn such wyse that y trowe..that there shall no vayllable thyng be seyd to the contrarie of my seyd replicacion.
1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xi. f. 13 Howe the declaracion, the answere, replicacion, & rejoyndre shulde be made:..I remyt yt to men of lawe.
1591 J. Harington tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso xiv. lxxiii. 108 Her lap was full of writs and of citations,..Of bills, of answers, and of replications.
c1613 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 101 The replycacion of Margaret Scargill to the answere of William Scargill.
a1625 H. Finch Law (1636) 279 Against the plea that the parties to the fine had nothing &c. it is no good replication, that the parties were seised.
1682 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) I. 201 The atturney generall some time since putt in a replication to the plea of the citty of London in defence of their charter.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. 310 The plaintiff..may in his replication, after an evasive plea by the defendant, reduce that general wrong to a more particular certainty.
1808 W. Selwyn Abridgem. Law Nisi Prius II. xix. 715 By the replication it appeared, that the defendant was not charged as a rightful but as wrongful executor.
1865 F. M. Nichols tr. Britton II. 141 Let the objection of bastardy be then determined upon replication.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 833/2 Replication by the plaintiff to the plea. In this pleading the plaintiff usually took issue upon the statements in the defence.
1961 L. F. Sturge Basic Rules Supreme Court xxiii. 62 The modern practice is to head the pleading ‘Reply and Defence to Counterclaim’ and to head each part respectively ‘Reply’ (meaning the equivalent of the common law replication) and ‘Defence to Counterclaim’.
1995 Medievalia & Humanistica New Ser. No. 22. 132 (note) The stages in a complete initial pleading were: declaration (plaintiff), plea (defendant), replication (plaintiff), rejoinder (defendant), [etc.].
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response > to an answer
replication1461
rejoinder?1552
reply1562
counter-answer1581
surreply1605
1461–2 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1461 §13. m. 4 The answeres þerunto yeven, and the replicacions to the same made.
1603 G. de Malynes Englands View (title page) With a replication vnto the answer of Maister Iohn Bodine.
1642 in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 610 The Petition of the Lords and Commons..together with his Majesty's Answer thereunto, and a Replication of the said Lords and Commons to the said Answer.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. v. xx. 309 Those Arguments, Answers, Defences, and Replications which the Press groans under.
1769 Life & Polit. Writings J. Wilkes 60 Unhapily for the ministry, they thought proper to reply to it, and that in very bitter terms; this provoked replication on replication.
1881 Fraser's Mag. Nov. 657 The answer appeared to me one to which no replication could be made.
c. Roman Law. A plea made by a claimant in answer to a defendant's exception (exception n. 4).
ΚΠ
1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 329 It becomes necessary to introduce yet another clause..for the pursuer's benefit, which is called a replication.
1926 J. Declareuil Rome Law-giver i. ii. 83 A maxim which has continued in use until our own time summed up this obligation: reus in exceptione actor fit, the name of exception (exceptio) having been given to this additional part of the formula. The plaintiff could meet it with a replication.
6. The action of folding up or back; the result of this; a fold. Obsolete.In quot. ?c1400 at sense 1a in figurative context.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > folding or folded condition > [noun] > action of folding
reduplication?a1425
foldingc1440
pranking1440
replication1538
convolution1597
rolling1601
fold1609
doubling1634
foldure1823
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Replicatio, a replycation or vnfoldynge of a thynge.
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man iv. f. 45 Sometyme by extension..otherwhiles by replication and enfoldyng therof..the eyes may both open and shut.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 470 As if you should lay many fishers Nets one aboue another; wherein this is admirable, that the replications of one are tyed to the replications of another so that you cannot separate the Nets asunder.
1653 W. Harvey Anat. Exercitations vii. 37 Below the Liver is the gisard put, under which lye the replications of the intestines, having very many slender membranes interposed.
1750 tr. Mem. Royal Acad. Surg. Paris II. xii. 261 The new anus..was exactly closed up by three replications of the internal membrane of the rectum.
1857 M. Faraday Exper. Res. liii. 399 It..may consist of an infinity of parts resulting from replications.
Compounds
replication origin n. Biology a specific site on a chromosome where initiator proteins can bind to allow DNA replication to begin.
ΚΠ
1963 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 49 813 The marker transfer is not regular, except that the markers close to the replication origin of the chromosome are transferred early.
1989 E. Lawrence Guide Mod. Biol. ii. 29 Replication of DNA always starts at a special site (or sites) termed replication origins.
2007 D. O. Morgan Cell Cycle iv. 62 Eukaryotic replication origins are defined by a poorly understood combination of DNA sequence, chromatin structure and other factors.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.?c1400