retractionn.

Brit.

/rᵻˈtrakʃn/, U.S.

/rəˈtrækʃ(ə)n/,

/riˈtrækʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English retraccion, Middle English retraccioun, Middle English– retraction, 1500s retractioun (Scottish).

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin retractiōn-, retractiō.

Etymology: In branch II. (and probably also in branch I.) < classical Latin retractiōn-, retractiō extension inwards, in post-classical Latin also hesitation, refusal (4th cent.), subtraction (6th cent.), gainsaying (8th cent. in a British source), withdrawal (9th cent.), action of pulling back a retractile part or organ into the body (1363 in Chauliac), action of drawing (a sword) (c1442 in a British source), re-examination, reconsideration (a1465 in a British source), reversal of a decision (a1465, 1494 in British sources), (in plural, retractiones ) title of a work by St Augustine (a1559 in a British source) < retract- , past participial stem of retrahere retract v.¹ + -iō -ion suffix¹. In early use in branch I. perhaps irregularly from or after classical Latin retractatiōn- , retractatio reconsideration, action of taking back one's words, etc., especially in the title of St Augustine's Retractationes (see retractation n.); in later use in this branch probably after retract v.² Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French retraction, retractioun, restracion act of withdrawing oneself, act of retiring (13th cent. in Old French in an isolated attestation; subsequently from late 14th cent.), action of drawing (a part of the body) back or in, contraction (1362–5), taking away, removal (1394 in Anglo-Norman), action by which property is recovered from someone who has acquired it (1573; French rétraction), Spanish retracción removal, reduction (1599 or earlier), Portuguese retração taking away, reduction, contraction (17th cent.), Italian ritrazione withdrawal, retirement (14th cent.).This word serves as a noun corresponding to two etymologically distinct but ultimately related verbs; senses in branch I. (involving the idea of cancellation) correspond to those of retract v.², while those in branch II. (involving the idea of pulling back) correspond to those of retract v.¹ On the relationship between the two verbs, see further discussion at retract v.² With senses at branch I. compare French rétraction in sense ‘action of withdrawing a statement, retractation’ in Cotgrave (1611), probably arising either by association with rétractation in this sense (see retractation n.), or after English retraction (see sense 1). Compare also later retractation n. and Romance parallels given at that entry. Perhaps compare also (ultimately < classical Latin trahere) Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French retraction reproach (late 12th cent. as retractiun, retracion).

I. Withdrawal, cancellation.

a. The action of withdrawing a statement, accusation, etc., which is now admitted to be erroneous or unjustified; disavowal; recantation; an instance of this; a statement making such a withdrawal. Cf. retractation n. 2b.In quot. c1405 possibly with allusion to sense 2 (cf. quot. 1483 at that sense).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > denial or contradiction > [noun] > withdrawal or recantation of statement or opinion

retractionc1405

retractation1547

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > recantation or retraction

renayinga1400

retractionc1405

revocationa1428

recanting1534

recantation?1544

retractation1547

retract1553

renegation1581

reneging1632

revoking1646

unsaying1647

misowning1661

unwishing1699

unswearinga1822

withdrawal1836

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Ellesmere) (1877) §1085 Crist haue mercy on me and foryeue me my giltes, and namely of my translacions and enditynges of worldly vanitees, the whiche I reuoke in my retraccions.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Recantynge or retraction, Palinodia, retractatio.

1607 T. Dekker & G. Wilkins Iests to make you Merie sig. H3^v He will waite [perh. read write] Palinodes Recantations, and Retractions, yea he will presently eate his owne words.

1671 R. Fleming Fulfilling Script. (ed. 2) App. 544 Hath not the greatest reproacher sometime been forced to give in his retraction?

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 31. ⁋16 Such as have adopted his errors should know his retraction.

1775 C. Johnston Pilgrim 4 Nor would I to save the imaginary shame of retraction erase a charge, which I thought just when I made it.

a1821 J. Keats Otho iv. ii, in R. M. Milnes Life, Lett. & Lit. Remains Keats (1848) II. 181 Unless Retraction follow close upon the heels Of that late stounding insult!

1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians xlii I, of course, will make no retraction or apology.

a1871 A. De Morgan Budget of Paradoxes (1872) 344 The authorship should be denied or a proper retraction made.

1919 O. A. Wall Sex & Sex Worship 338 A priest read to him a revocation and retraction of his hellish errors.

1968 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 7 Dec. 1103/2 The best way of dealing with a fraud which has got into print is by a published retraction of the original paper.

2005 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 26 Dec. c1/1 Celebrity-obsessed magazine publishes a salacious scoop about starlet, starlet denies, demands retraction and then sues.

b. The action or fact of revoking or rescinding a decision, decree, etc.; annulment, cancellation.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > [noun]

revoking1395

revocationc1400

cassationc1425

annulling1449

reclamationa1475

annulmenta1492

retractation1531

disannulling1533

abrogation1535

cancellation1535

retraction1536

extinguishment1537

undoing1540

abrenunciation1557

revocating1570

reversement1572

revokement1573

annihilation1579

revocatory1579

annullity1586

retroversion1587

rescission1594

recall1597

recision1606

disannulment1611

repeal1612

rasurea1616

cancelment1621

retractinga1624

cancelling1631

extinction1651

circumduction1726

cassing1844

recallment1845

cancel1884

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun]

reversec1487

retraction1536

relent1580

declension1597

relentance1629

resentment1646

intercision1647

relenting1694

back-down1862

backing-down1883

back-pedalling1950

step-down1973

1536 in G. P. McNeill Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1897) XVI. 539 The samin salbe of nane availe..and speciale cause for retractioun thairof.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 115/2 The Imperial proclamations..contayning the retraction or countermaund of those thinges whiche agaynst the Christians were before decreed.

1641 in W. Urwick Nonconf. Worcester 35 His consent obtained to a retraction of the petition.

1792 B. Hobhouse Treat. Heresy 31 This judgment may be annulled by retraction within forty days after the publication.

1828 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 38 574 There is even a canon forbidding the retraction of anything that has once been decreed against any heresy whatsoever.

1879 H. James Confidence II. xxiii. 69 Bernard..understood this to be a retraction of the request she had made of him at Baden.

1937 G. Slaughter Amazing Frederic x. 114 They could not wait for the Pope's blessing and his retraction of the ban.

1992 Atlantic Sept. 90/2 In 1941..Catholics again forced the retraction of a crucifix decree..by using various forms of noncooperation and public protest.

c. Withdrawal from an undertaking, promise, etc.; a refusal to carry something through. Cf. retractation n. 2c.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > withdrawal from an engagement or promise

retraction1550

resiling1644

retractation1654

resilience1656

backing-out1819

pull-out1825

back-out1829

resilement1830

1550 tr. St. Augustine Woorke conc. Adulterous Mariages xxii. sig. E.v These constitucions of y^e Lord must be obserued without any breach or retraction [L. retractatione].

1633 A. Munday et al. Stow's Surv. of London (new ed.) 381/1 Hee would..have made a retraction of his promise, and a demurre of the intended exercise.

1642 Ordin. & Declar. Lord's Day 7 This doubtfull retraction in the Captaine animated one Iohn Keeve a Cooke to be forward in this designe.

1666 W. Spurstowe Spiritual Chymist (1668) 104 A Covenant of Marriage..requires Performances, not retractions.

1756 World 29 Jan. 969 He thought the retraction of an error a deviation from honour.

1798 A. Musgrave Solemn Injunction III. ii. 30 Miss Bertram's retraction of a promise so lately made, and avowal of her partiality for Lord Movelle.

1818 H. T. Colebrooke Treat. Obligations & Contracts 43 So long as matters remain entire, there is room for after thought and retraction.

1847 W. E. Aytoun in Tales from Blackwood IV. 38 He would even go the length of treating his victim..until the fatal mandate was given, and retraction utterly impossible.

1921 Smart Set June 18/1 Under this unwavering gaze she saw no chance of retraction and withdrawal. She had to go on.

1990 Independent 12 Mar. 16 [They] had to withdraw plans to launch a new brand of cigarettes—a retraction which led some..analysts to conclude that it is no longer possible to introduce a new cigarette.

2. = retractation n. 1. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > other books > [noun] > theology books

the four books (or the Book) of the Sentence(sa1387

retractationc1450

retraction1483

dunce1530

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cccxl^v/2 Whanne he [sc. Bede] fete this, He reuoked hit in his retractions [Fr. retractacions].

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. a*iiii^v Saynt Austen, spekyng of the mortificacion of the senses in his boke of Retractions.

1617 R. Fenton Serm. in Treat. Church Rome 97 S. Augustine..doth retract that point in his booke of Retractions.

1768 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 5) I. Pref. p. xv St. Austin, in his Retractions [1734 (ed. 1) retractations], repents his having lavished so many encomiums on Plato.

1836 Biblical Repertory Oct. 591 Of the works of Augustine, his ‘Confessions’ and his ‘Retractions’, do him most honour.

1909 Catholic World Aug. 588 Dr. Grafton quotes St. Augustine as saying, in his Retractions, that ‘Christ was the rock’.

2004 A. Smith Philos. Late Antiq. viii. 115 Augustine in his Retractions explicitly rejected his earlier acceptance of the doctrine.

II. Drawing or pulling back.

a. Chiefly Zoology. The action of pulling back a retractile part or organ into the body; the fact of being retracted into the body; the ability to be retracted.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > [noun] > retraction

retraction?a1425

the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > [noun] > retraction or involution

retraction?a1425

involution1851

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 137^v (MED) Spasme is retraccioun [?c1425 Paris wiþdrawynge; L. retractio] & curuacioun of þe tonge to his bigynnyng, bi which þe acte of it is letted.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 155 To assist the protrusion, and retraction of their hornes.

1753 J. Hill Inspector II. 224 Those who have observed the motions of protrusion and retraction in what are called the horns of a snail, may form some idea of that of these delicate bodies.

1821 W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Amer. (new ed.) I. 23 They open in the evening, just after sunset, by a..retraction of the calix leaves.

1881 Nature 11 Aug. 338/2 The most peculiar..of all the chamæleon's actions—the emission and retraction of its tongue.

1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 241 The part of the pallial muscles which serve for the retraction of the siphons.

2000 Paleobiology 26 Suppl. 334/2 The origin of the [turtles'] shell set up the selective pressures and morphological opportunity for the development of neck retraction.

b. gen. The action of drawing or pulling something back or in; the fact or condition of being drawn in or contracted; power to pull something back.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > fact or condition of drawing or pulling back

retrahing1497

retraction1528

retiring1548

withdrawing1748

the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > [noun] > pulling > pulling back

retrahing1497

retraction1528

retracting1603

revulsion1609

pullback1671

1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. C.iii. Of the whiche fyllynge [of the joints and veins with wind] commethe retraction and wrynkelynge together of the veynes.

?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. O.i^v The weaknesse of the retraction and great strengthe of attractyon in the reynes.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 451 The sayde herbes..bring to the sicke..intolerable Crampes and retractions of sinewes.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 40 Sleep is nothing else but a retraction or calling backe of the heate to the heart from the other partes.

1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. iv. xxv. 304 The Impulsion into the Nerves, and Retraction again of Animal Spirits.

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique Strabism..consists in the Retraction of the Eye towards one side.

1754 S. Mihles tr. A. von Haller Physiol. I. xiii. 327 Wherefore the motion of every muscle lies in a retraction of the fibres within themselves.

1807 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 17 213 A universal rigidity of the dorsal muscles..with a strong retraction of the head, assuming the marks of a true opisthotonos.

1862 H. W. Fuller On Dis. Chest 11 Retraction or falling in of the chest may be either general or local.

1946 Rubber in Engin. (H.M.S.O.) iv. 69 The stress–strain curve for rubber on retraction does not follow the same course as during extension, but forms a hysteresis loop.

1974 Brain Res. 80 366 After retraction of the eyelids, the birds were fitted with a contact lens and refracted with a slit retinoscope to a distance of 77 cm.

2009 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 27 Mar. a16 The authors suggest that the retraction of the foreskin during intercourse exposes the penis to infection.

c. figurative. A mental or spiritual influence or operation conceived of as pulling inwards or backwards.

ΚΠ

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Mddx. 183 There is a Spirit of Retraction of one to his native Country.

1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais Pantagruel's Voy.: 4th Bk. Wks. iv. lxvi. 265 I feel a pressing retraction in my Soul, which like a Voice admonishes me not to land there.

1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man II. 354 The same cause producing voluntary impulses outward, or voluntary retraction from without.

1901 C. R. Corson tr. P. Janet Mental State Hystericals ii. iv. 431 In artificial somnambulisms this retraction of the mind manifests itself by a curious characteristic.

1985 E. Scarry Body in Pain (1987) iv. 243 At no point does Marx ever imagine that the culture would be better served by the retraction of the impulse toward material making.

†d. A retreat, a withdrawal. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > retiring, withdrawing, or retreating

recoilc1330

retreata1393

subtraction?a1425

back-drawing1535

retirement1536

retiring1548

retraict1550

recess1561

retire1570

retiral1611

subducing1633

retiration1637

withdrawment1640

retirance1662

retreating1664

retraction1684

retreatment1721

withdrawal1824

back-pedalling1950

1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 20 They make him do and undo, go forward and backwards by such countermarches and retractions.

e. Phonetics. The drawing back of the tongue in the articulation of speech sounds; articulation of a sound effected by doing this. Cf. retract v.¹ 7.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > speech sound by place or organ > [noun] > lingual > by parts of tongue > articulation of

precession1843

inverted1879

fronting1886

retraction1890

retroflexion1932

dorsality1951

1890 H. Sweet Primer Spoken Eng. 4 Each of the vowels formed by the different combinations of retraction and height is either narrow or wide.

1895 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence (ed. 2) ii. 18 We distinguish three horizontal positions, or degrees of retraction of the tongue.

1927 Year's Work Eng. Stud. 1925 40 The third point deals chiefly with the phenomena of secondary retraction.

1977 Archivum Linguisticum 8 76 The only major objection to it must be that there are no other cases in Old English of non-velarized l preventing fronting or causing retraction.

1993 Eng. Today Jan. 29/2 Following closely upon RP norms, except for minor variations in pronunciation like some vowel retraction before /l/ words like cold.

†4. Subtraction; detraction. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > deduction > [noun]

defalking1475

deduction1496

defeasance1516

detraction1528

subtraction1534

subduction1555

abating1557

ademption1590

subtracting1611

defalcation1624

retractiona1636

abate1646

deducing1651

dockage1886

a1636 H. Lynde Case for Spectacles (1638) 128 As you have purged many places, so likewise you have forged and falsified others by addition or retraction.

1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. B^v Without retraction from the honour of so great a Princesse.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	retraction
释义	retractionn. Brit. /rᵻˈtrakʃn/, U.S. /rəˈtrækʃ(ə)n/, /riˈtrækʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English retraccion, Middle English retraccioun, Middle English– retraction, 1500s retractioun (Scottish). Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin retractiōn-, retractiō. Etymology: In branch II. (and probably also in branch I.) < classical Latin retractiōn-, retractiō extension inwards, in post-classical Latin also hesitation, refusal (4th cent.), subtraction (6th cent.), gainsaying (8th cent. in a British source), withdrawal (9th cent.), action of pulling back a retractile part or organ into the body (1363 in Chauliac), action of drawing (a sword) (c1442 in a British source), re-examination, reconsideration (a1465 in a British source), reversal of a decision (a1465, 1494 in British sources), (in plural, retractiones ) title of a work by St Augustine (a1559 in a British source) < retract- , past participial stem of retrahere retract v.¹ + -iō -ion suffix¹. In early use in branch I. perhaps irregularly from or after classical Latin retractatiōn- , retractatio reconsideration, action of taking back one's words, etc., especially in the title of St Augustine's Retractationes (see retractation n.); in later use in this branch probably after retract v.² Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French retraction, retractioun, restracion act of withdrawing oneself, act of retiring (13th cent. in Old French in an isolated attestation; subsequently from late 14th cent.), action of drawing (a part of the body) back or in, contraction (1362–5), taking away, removal (1394 in Anglo-Norman), action by which property is recovered from someone who has acquired it (1573; French rétraction), Spanish retracción removal, reduction (1599 or earlier), Portuguese retração taking away, reduction, contraction (17th cent.), Italian ritrazione withdrawal, retirement (14th cent.).This word serves as a noun corresponding to two etymologically distinct but ultimately related verbs; senses in branch I. (involving the idea of cancellation) correspond to those of retract v.², while those in branch II. (involving the idea of pulling back) correspond to those of retract v.¹ On the relationship between the two verbs, see further discussion at retract v.² With senses at branch I. compare French rétraction in sense ‘action of withdrawing a statement, retractation’ in Cotgrave (1611), probably arising either by association with rétractation in this sense (see retractation n.), or after English retraction (see sense 1). Compare also later retractation n. and Romance parallels given at that entry. Perhaps compare also (ultimately < classical Latin trahere) Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French retraction reproach (late 12th cent. as retractiun, retracion). I. Withdrawal, cancellation. 1. a. The action of withdrawing a statement, accusation, etc., which is now admitted to be erroneous or unjustified; disavowal; recantation; an instance of this; a statement making such a withdrawal. Cf. retractation n. 2b.In quot. c1405 possibly with allusion to sense 2 (cf. quot. 1483 at that sense). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > denial or contradiction > [noun] > withdrawal or recantation of statement or opinion retractionc1405 retractation1547 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > recantation or retraction renayinga1400 retractionc1405 revocationa1428 recanting1534 recantation?1544 retractation1547 retract1553 renegation1581 reneging1632 revoking1646 unsaying1647 misowning1661 unwishing1699 unswearinga1822 withdrawal1836 c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Ellesmere) (1877) §1085 Crist haue mercy on me and foryeue me my giltes, and namely of my translacions and enditynges of worldly vanitees, the whiche I reuoke in my retraccions. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Recantynge or retraction, Palinodia, retractatio. 1607 T. Dekker & G. Wilkins Iests to make you Merie sig. H3^v He will waite [perh. read write] Palinodes Recantations, and Retractions, yea he will presently eate his owne words. 1671 R. Fleming Fulfilling Script. (ed. 2) App. 544 Hath not the greatest reproacher sometime been forced to give in his retraction? 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 31. ⁋16 Such as have adopted his errors should know his retraction. 1775 C. Johnston Pilgrim 4 Nor would I to save the imaginary shame of retraction erase a charge, which I thought just when I made it. a1821 J. Keats Otho iv. ii, in R. M. Milnes Life, Lett. & Lit. Remains Keats (1848) II. 181 Unless Retraction follow close upon the heels Of that late stounding insult! 1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians xlii I, of course, will make no retraction or apology. a1871 A. De Morgan Budget of Paradoxes (1872) 344 The authorship should be denied or a proper retraction made. 1919 O. A. Wall Sex & Sex Worship 338 A priest read to him a revocation and retraction of his hellish errors. 1968 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 7 Dec. 1103/2 The best way of dealing with a fraud which has got into print is by a published retraction of the original paper. 2005 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 26 Dec. c1/1 Celebrity-obsessed magazine publishes a salacious scoop about starlet, starlet denies, demands retraction and then sues. b. The action or fact of revoking or rescinding a decision, decree, etc.; annulment, cancellation. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > memory > effacement, obliteration > cancellation, revocation > [noun] revoking1395 revocationc1400 cassationc1425 annulling1449 reclamationa1475 annulmenta1492 retractation1531 disannulling1533 abrogation1535 cancellation1535 retraction1536 extinguishment1537 undoing1540 abrenunciation1557 revocating1570 reversement1572 revokement1573 annihilation1579 revocatory1579 annullity1586 retroversion1587 rescission1594 recall1597 recision1606 disannulment1611 repeal1612 rasurea1616 cancelment1621 retractinga1624 cancelling1631 extinction1651 circumduction1726 cassing1844 recallment1845 cancel1884 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] reversec1487 retraction1536 relent1580 declension1597 relentance1629 resentment1646 intercision1647 relenting1694 back-down1862 backing-down1883 back-pedalling1950 step-down1973 1536 in G. P. McNeill Exchequer Rolls Scotl. (1897) XVI. 539 The samin salbe of nane availe..and speciale cause for retractioun thairof. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 115/2 The Imperial proclamations..contayning the retraction or countermaund of those thinges whiche agaynst the Christians were before decreed. 1641 in W. Urwick Nonconf. Worcester 35 His consent obtained to a retraction of the petition. 1792 B. Hobhouse Treat. Heresy 31 This judgment may be annulled by retraction within forty days after the publication. 1828 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 38 574 There is even a canon forbidding the retraction of anything that has once been decreed against any heresy whatsoever. 1879 H. James Confidence II. xxiii. 69 Bernard..understood this to be a retraction of the request she had made of him at Baden. 1937 G. Slaughter Amazing Frederic x. 114 They could not wait for the Pope's blessing and his retraction of the ban. 1992 Atlantic Sept. 90/2 In 1941..Catholics again forced the retraction of a crucifix decree..by using various forms of noncooperation and public protest. c. Withdrawal from an undertaking, promise, etc.; a refusal to carry something through. Cf. retractation n. 2c. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > withdrawal from an engagement or promise retraction1550 resiling1644 retractation1654 resilience1656 backing-out1819 pull-out1825 back-out1829 resilement1830 1550 tr. St. Augustine Woorke conc. Adulterous Mariages xxii. sig. E.v These constitucions of y^e Lord must be obserued without any breach or retraction [L. retractatione]. 1633 A. Munday et al. Stow's Surv. of London (new ed.) 381/1 Hee would..have made a retraction of his promise, and a demurre of the intended exercise. 1642 Ordin. & Declar. Lord's Day 7 This doubtfull retraction in the Captaine animated one Iohn Keeve a Cooke to be forward in this designe. 1666 W. Spurstowe Spiritual Chymist (1668) 104 A Covenant of Marriage..requires Performances, not retractions. 1756 World 29 Jan. 969 He thought the retraction of an error a deviation from honour. 1798 A. Musgrave Solemn Injunction III. ii. 30 Miss Bertram's retraction of a promise so lately made, and avowal of her partiality for Lord Movelle. 1818 H. T. Colebrooke Treat. Obligations & Contracts 43 So long as matters remain entire, there is room for after thought and retraction. 1847 W. E. Aytoun in Tales from Blackwood IV. 38 He would even go the length of treating his victim..until the fatal mandate was given, and retraction utterly impossible. 1921 Smart Set June 18/1 Under this unwavering gaze she saw no chance of retraction and withdrawal. She had to go on. 1990 Independent 12 Mar. 16 [They] had to withdraw plans to launch a new brand of cigarettes—a retraction which led some..analysts to conclude that it is no longer possible to introduce a new cigarette. 2. = retractation n. 1. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > other books > [noun] > theology books the four books (or the Book) of the Sentence(sa1387 retractationc1450 retraction1483 dunce1530 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. cccxl^v/2 Whanne he [sc. Bede] fete this, He reuoked hit in his retractions [Fr. retractacions]. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. aiiii^v Saynt Austen, spekyng of the mortificacion of the senses in his boke of Retractions. 1617 R. Fenton Serm.* in Treat. Church Rome 97 S. Augustine..doth retract that point in his booke of Retractions. 1768 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 5) I. Pref. p. xv St. Austin, in his Retractions [1734 (ed. 1) retractations], repents his having lavished so many encomiums on Plato. 1836 Biblical Repertory Oct. 591 Of the works of Augustine, his ‘Confessions’ and his ‘Retractions’, do him most honour. 1909 Catholic World Aug. 588 Dr. Grafton quotes St. Augustine as saying, in his Retractions, that ‘Christ was the rock’. 2004 A. Smith Philos. Late Antiq. viii. 115 Augustine in his Retractions explicitly rejected his earlier acceptance of the doctrine. II. Drawing or pulling back. 3. a. Chiefly Zoology. The action of pulling back a retractile part or organ into the body; the fact of being retracted into the body; the ability to be retracted. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > growth, movement, or curvature of parts > [noun] > retraction retraction?a1425 the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > [noun] > retraction or involution retraction?a1425 involution1851 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 137^v (MED) Spasme is retraccioun [?c1425 Paris wiþdrawynge; L. retractio] & curuacioun of þe tonge to his bigynnyng, bi which þe acte of it is letted. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 155 To assist the protrusion, and retraction of their hornes. 1753 J. Hill Inspector II. 224 Those who have observed the motions of protrusion and retraction in what are called the horns of a snail, may form some idea of that of these delicate bodies. 1821 W. P. C. Barton Flora N. Amer. (new ed.) I. 23 They open in the evening, just after sunset, by a..retraction of the calix leaves. 1881 Nature 11 Aug. 338/2 The most peculiar..of all the chamæleon's actions—the emission and retraction of its tongue. 1946 H. Woods Palæontol. Invertebr. (ed. 8) 241 The part of the pallial muscles which serve for the retraction of the siphons. 2000 Paleobiology 26 Suppl. 334/2 The origin of the [turtles'] shell set up the selective pressures and morphological opportunity for the development of neck retraction. b. gen. The action of drawing or pulling something back or in; the fact or condition of being drawn in or contracted; power to pull something back. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > fact or condition of drawing or pulling back retrahing1497 retraction1528 retiring1548 withdrawing1748 the world > movement > impelling or driving > pushing and pulling > [noun] > pulling > pulling back retrahing1497 retraction1528 retracting1603 revulsion1609 pullback1671 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. C.iii. Of the whiche fyllynge [of the joints and veins with wind] commethe retraction and wrynkelynge together of the veynes. ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. O.i^v The weaknesse of the retraction and great strengthe of attractyon in the reynes. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 451 The sayde herbes..bring to the sicke..intolerable Crampes and retractions of sinewes. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 40 Sleep is nothing else but a retraction or calling backe of the heate to the heart from the other partes. 1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. iv. xxv. 304 The Impulsion into the Nerves, and Retraction again of Animal Spirits. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique Strabism..consists in the Retraction of the Eye towards one side. 1754 S. Mihles tr. A. von Haller Physiol. I. xiii. 327 Wherefore the motion of every muscle lies in a retraction of the fibres within themselves. 1807 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 17 213 A universal rigidity of the dorsal muscles..with a strong retraction of the head, assuming the marks of a true opisthotonos. 1862 H. W. Fuller On Dis. Chest 11 Retraction or falling in of the chest may be either general or local. 1946 Rubber in Engin. (H.M.S.O.) iv. 69 The stress–strain curve for rubber on retraction does not follow the same course as during extension, but forms a hysteresis loop. 1974 Brain Res. 80 366 After retraction of the eyelids, the birds were fitted with a contact lens and refracted with a slit retinoscope to a distance of 77 cm. 2009 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 27 Mar. a16 The authors suggest that the retraction of the foreskin during intercourse exposes the penis to infection. c. figurative. A mental or spiritual influence or operation conceived of as pulling inwards or backwards. ΚΠ a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Mddx. 183 There is a Spirit of Retraction of one to his native Country. 1694 P. A. Motteux tr. F. Rabelais Pantagruel's Voy.: 4th Bk. Wks. iv. lxvi. 265 I feel a pressing retraction in my Soul, which like a Voice admonishes me not to land there. 1831 T. Hope Ess. Origin Man II. 354 The same cause producing voluntary impulses outward, or voluntary retraction from without. 1901 C. R. Corson tr. P. Janet Mental State Hystericals ii. iv. 431 In artificial somnambulisms this retraction of the mind manifests itself by a curious characteristic. 1985 E. Scarry Body in Pain (1987) iv. 243 At no point does Marx ever imagine that the culture would be better served by the retraction of the impulse toward material making. †d. A retreat, a withdrawal. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > retiring, withdrawing, or retreating recoilc1330 retreata1393 subtraction?a1425 back-drawing1535 retirement1536 retiring1548 retraict1550 recess1561 retire1570 retiral1611 subducing1633 retiration1637 withdrawment1640 retirance1662 retreating1664 retraction1684 retreatment1721 withdrawal1824 back-pedalling1950 1684 T. Burnet Theory of Earth i. 20 They make him do and undo, go forward and backwards by such countermarches and retractions. e. Phonetics. The drawing back of the tongue in the articulation of speech sounds; articulation of a sound effected by doing this. Cf. retract v.¹ 7. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > speech sound by place or organ > [noun] > lingual > by parts of tongue > articulation of precession1843 inverted1879 fronting1886 retraction1890 retroflexion1932 dorsality1951 1890 H. Sweet Primer Spoken Eng. 4 Each of the vowels formed by the different combinations of retraction and height is either narrow or wide. 1895 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence (ed. 2) ii. 18 We distinguish three horizontal positions, or degrees of retraction of the tongue. 1927 Year's Work Eng. Stud. 1925 40 The third point deals chiefly with the phenomena of secondary retraction. 1977 Archivum Linguisticum 8 76 The only major objection to it must be that there are no other cases in Old English of non-velarized l preventing fronting or causing retraction. 1993 Eng. Today Jan. 29/2 Following closely upon RP norms, except for minor variations in pronunciation like some vowel retraction before /l/ words like cold. †4. Subtraction; detraction. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > deduction > [noun] defalking1475 deduction1496 defeasance1516 detraction1528 subtraction1534 subduction1555 abating1557 ademption1590 subtracting1611 defalcation1624 retractiona1636 abate1646 deducing1651 dockage1886 a1636 H. Lynde Case for Spectacles (1638) 128 As you have purged many places, so likewise you have forged and falsified others by addition or retraction. 1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. B^v Without retraction from the honour of so great a Princesse. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1405
随便看	θ228519 θ22852 θ228520 θ228521 θ228522 θ228523 θ228524 θ228525 θ228526 θ228527 θ228528 θ228529 θ22853 θ228530 θ228531 θ228532 θ228533 θ228534 θ228535 θ228536 θ228537 θ228538 θ228539 θ22854 θ228540