单词 | respond |
释义 | respondn. 1. a. Christian Church. Cf. responsory n. 1. (a) A liturgical chant traditionally consisting of a series of versicles and responses, sung by a cantor and choir alternately; spec. one occurring at intervals during a lesson. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > kinds of hymn > anthem > [noun] > responsory responda1387 responsec1410 respouna1425 responsory?a1475 responsary?1567 responsive?1789 society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > responsory responda1387 responsec1410 respouna1425 responsory?a1475 anthem1555 responsary?1567 responsive?1789 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 39 He made in preysinge of oure lady þe respondes [?a1475 anon. tr. responsoryes; L. responsoria] ‘Stirps Iesse’ and ‘Solem iusticie’. c1431 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 16 To go on procession to the tombe..syngyng a Respond of Seynte Stephen with the prose therto. c1450 (c1420) J. Page Siege of Rouen (Galba) 422 His chapell mette hym at the dore..and went before hym alle in fere, and songe a responde full glorious. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cciii. f. cxiiii He made dyuers Impnes Sequenses, and R [e] spondes. 1547 Injunct. Edward VI in E. Cardwell Documentary Ann. Church Eng. (1839) I. 14 When ix lessons should be read in the church, three of them shall be omitted, and left out with the responds. c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) 377 A ribaut..þat can nouȝt wel reden His rewle ne his respondes but be pure rote. 1662 Bk. Common Prayer Conc. Service Ch. ⁋2 This godly..Order of the ancient Fathers hath been so altered..by planting in uncertain stories, and Legends, with multitude of Responds, Verses, vain Repetitions [etc.]. 1720 C. Wheatly Rational Illustr. Bk. Common Prayer (ed. 3) iii. 142 A Respond is a short Anthem, interrupting the middle of a Chapter, which is not to proceed till the Anthem is done. The long Responses are us'd at the close of the Lessons. 1855 F. Procter Hist. Bk. Common Prayer 167 (margin) The Respond and Anthem. 1888 Tablet 9 June 932 Consecutive readings of Holy Scripture, instead of fractional portions interrupted by incongruous responds. 1933 Music & Lett. 14 63 The same method is adopted whether it is a piece of a Gradual or a piece of an Alleluia-verse, or whether it is a piece taken out of a Respond. 1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. v. 307 The whole thing is..enhanced by the ethereal quality of the five-part sections and the majestic conclusion of the respond itself. (b) A response to a versicle. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > parts of service > response > [noun] answer1440 R1497 responda1555 response1578 interlocution1597 responsory1621 responsora1649 antiphona1652 responsala1652 cathisma1850 responsor1944 a1555 J. Bradford Hurte of hering Masse (?1561) sig. Diiij The clarke answering in the name of al, et cum spiritu tuo, and other respondes. 1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection iv. 635 The seruice in those two places and churches..was common to Priest and people, and parted betweene them, by verses and respondes. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage viii. vii. 773 The King and his Magician stand neerest the tree and begin, all the people following with their Responds. 1627 J. Cosin Corr. (1869) I. 111 Doth he begin with the Lord's Prayer; orderly proceeding with the Verses and Responds, so that the Clark and people may answere him? 1659 H. L'Estrange Alliance Divine Offices 76 These versicles with their Responds are pure Canonical Scripture. a1746 J. Lewis in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) II. 173 The Versicles, Responds, and little Chapters, he omitted, as making the service too tedious. 1861 J. Tulloch Eng. Puritanism 289 They went to church, and would answer the parson in responds. 1868 E. M. Goulburn Thoughts Personal Relig. (new ed.) ii. x. 139 The audible respond is valuable. 1902 A. Machen Hieroglyphics 115 The note of the vast, interminable argument of the schools, and for a respond, the clear, enchanted voice of Plato. 1942 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 73 185 Generally the two parts [of the verse] are employed as Versicle and Respond. 2000 J. Higgitt Murthly Hours 315 The Murthly versicle and respond are also used in the De Brailes Hours. b. gen. An answer, a response. Also as a mass noun. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response answerOE response?a1400 replication1414 recorda1450 responsal?a1475 responsion?a1475 repliquec1475 responsivec1487 replyal1548 replica?1552 reply1560 avoure1596 interlocution1597 respond1600 responsum1610 returna1616 respondency1617 reasona1635 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxxviii. xiii. 990 The priests and prophets there, deliver the responds and answeres of the Oracle in verses. 1675 J. Smith Christian Relig. Appeal ii. 45 The same Platonick introduceth Apollo, giving Responds against the hair. a1774 G. Ridley Melampus (1781) 41 I'd follow willing without rude respond Thy gentle consels. 1833 J. Galt Stories of Study III. 102 To this, Geordie made a respond, by telling us that Mr. Logathety was a dealer in oils and olives. 1868 J. K. Hunter Retrospect Artist's Life xxvi. 248 A grand respond to my appeal. 1937 Z. N. Hurston Their Eyes were watching God v. 68 If all them dat's goin-tuh cut de monkey is done cut it and through wid, we'll thank Brother Starks fuh a respond. 2. Architecture. A pilaster, half-pier, or corbel attached to a wall and supporting or appearing to support an arch, esp. at the end of an arcade. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > pillar > [noun] > others respoun1428 respond1448 twisted pillar1717 drum1805 responder1822 bundle pillar1842 Osiride pillar1850 trumeau1890 1448 Will of Henry VI in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 355 The yle..fro respond to respond xv fete. 1448 Will of Henry VI in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 354 (MED) The same Quere shal conteyne in brede from side to side within the respondes xxxij fete. 1822 E. J. Willson Gloss. Gothic Archit. 11 in A. Pugin Specimens Gothic Archit. (1823) II. Respond, Responder, Respound, a half column or pilaster attached to a wall, and responding to another, or to a pillar opposite to it. 1844 Guide Archit. Antiq. in Neighbourhood of Oxf. II. 64 There is a plain piscina in the splay of the east respond. 1851 T. H. Turner Some Acct. Domest. Archit. I. ii. 29 There are no responds, the arches at the ends springing from corbels. 1881 E. A. Freeman Sketch Subj. Lands Venice 208 The four responds have the four evangelistic symbols. 1927 Times 21 May 9/5 The four responds or half columns at the east and west end of the nave will represent the four cardinal virtues. 1936 A. W. Clapham Romanesque Archit. W. Europe i. 17 They form a continuous band or string-course at S. Pedro de la Nave and are repeated on the deep abaci of the responds. 1990 Anglo-Norman Stud. 12 215 Whichever group of buildings Dunstan achieved, it had doorways and openings, and there is a candidate for a respond from such a doorway. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > types of song > [noun] > part-song > a part in respond1601 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 286 Of late we haue known many of them taught..to sing..and keepe their responds in course after others, in good consent and harmony. Compounds respond corbel n. Architecture a corbel supporting an arch. ΚΠ 1847 J. Hadfield Ecclesiastical, Castellated & Domest. Archit. Eng. 5 The respond-corbel at the west end of the north side. 1900 E. S. Prior Hist. Gothic Art Eng. v. 271 At Carlisle is a fine respond-corbel, with triple capital below. 2002 D. Verey & A. Brooks Gloucestershire 2 (Buildings of Eng. Ser.) (ed. 3) 522 The two-bay arcade to their n chapel has in addition foliate respond corbels. respond shaft n. Architecture a shaft (shaft n.2 5a) attached to a wall to support an arch. ΚΠ 1848 B. Webb Sketches Continental Ecclesiol. x. 470 Along the outer walls is a stone seat, on which are stilted the respond-shafts of the vaulting. 1886 R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. II. 119 The respond-shafts and wall-ribs still adhere..to the sides of that noble quadrangle. 1994 Art Bull. 76 26/2 The insertion was made in order not to ignore the first respond shaft east of the crossing. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). respondv. 1. a. transitive. To give as an answer or reply. Chiefly with that-clause or direct speech as object. Also figurative. ΚΠ a1538 W. Holme Fall & Euill Successe Rebellion (1572) sig. G.j To them I respond and their naughtie semitie, That Counsell had not the spirite of veritie. 1650 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes (new ed.) 46 I respond, that there is a plurality and variety of Magnetisms. 1683 E. Hooker in J. Pordage Theologia Mystica Pref. Epist. 35 Hee responded, let everi man hold what opinion hee thinketh good, and prais what pleaceth him. 1731 I. Thomson Coll. of Poems i. vii. 36 All Nature..Repeated not one Echoe of it's own But catching at the soft dejected Song, Responds aloud these Words of Sponsa's Tongue. 1793 ‘Mr. Shandy’ Sentimental Journey I. 24 The landlord responded nothing either good or bad. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xiv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) IV. 375 I have only to respond, that I teach the French as well as the Classical tongues, at the easy rate of five shillings per quarter. 1881 S. P. McLean Cape Cod Folks (ed. 8) xviii. 295 ‘Grists on 'em, this year!’ he said. ‘Heaps!’ Aunt Patty responded. 1921 Southwestern Hist. Q. 24 228 Four days later Palmerston responded that Great Britain was willing to enter into negotiation for a treaty of commerce and navigation between Great Britain and Texas. 1942 Gen 1 May 42/1 ‘What's the buzz, Stripey?’.. ‘Dunno,’ curtly responded the Bosun's Mate. 1985 J. Wimber & K. Springer Power Evangelism ii. 37 I told him what had happened the night before, and he responded that it was from God. 2006 B. Horeck Minnow Trap iii. 62 ‘I'm not so sure about that,’ responded Sarah. b. intransitive. To answer in speech or writing; to reply. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [verb (intransitive)] andwurdec885 answerOE respoundc1300 replyc1405 replique1477 reanswer1526 respond1639 revert1973 1639 L. Lawrence tr. San Pedro de Diego Small Treat. betwixt Arnalte & Lucenda 62 Also to regard..if she should respond whether it were Suddaine or doubtfull, utter'd with a feare. 1699 W. Russel True Narr. Portsmouth Disputation 32 Now Mr. Williams had told him before, that he did not understand Greek; and so he made bold to vapour with it, when he was Responding to him. 1719 D. Waterland Vindic. Christ's Divinity 7 Your Business was not to oppose, but to respond. a1734 Oldisworth in S. Johnson Lives Eng. Poets (1779) I. 504 [On Smith] I remember him in the divinity school responding and disputing with a perspicuous energy. 1816 P. B. Shelley Dæmon of World in Alastor 85 When west winds sigh and evening waves respond In whispers from the shore. 1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 24 Mine is but man's truest answer—how Were it did God respond? 1902 Amer. Hist. Rev. 7 471 The King responded favorably, promising all he could possibly grant, saving the regality of his crown. 1952 T. Armstrong Adam Brunskill ix. 309 Adam's temper was wearing thin, but, restraining the impulse to respond just as curtly, he obeyed the order. 1991 M. E. Wertsch Military Brats xi. 366 When her father posed an unavoidably direct question..she would respond in oddly stilted complete sentences. 2. Christian Church. a. transitive. To say or sing as a response to a versicle. In later use only with direct speech as object. ΚΠ c1555 Proper New Boke Armony of Byrdes sig. B.ii Therfore wyll I..fyrst begyn In praisyng to him This song. Te deum laudamus... Than all the rest..With her dyd respond This glorious song. Te dominum confitemur. 1814 W. Smith Reasonableness of setting forth Most Worthy Praise Almighty God iii. 24 To what purpose does the minister pray before the doxology..and the people respond, ‘And our mouth shall show forth thy praise’? 1839 K. H. Digby Mores Catholici IX. 197 Between each exclamation the choir responds, ‘Christus vincit.’ 1920 C. W. Leadbeater Sci. of Sacraments ii. 42 The priest then sings the versicle: ‘O Lord, open Thou our lips,’ and the choir responds: ‘And our mouth shall shew forth Thy praise.’ 2003 C. L. Webber Welcome to Sunday v. 68 The priest begins by greeting the congregation with the words, ‘Blessed be God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit,’ to which the congregation responds, ‘And blessed be his kingdom, now and for ever. Amen.’ b. intransitive. To say or sing a response to a versicle. ΚΠ 1682 H. Care Hist. Popery IV. 48 Mr. Pelling..teaches his Flock to respond in reading the Psalms. 1704 Cocker's Eng. Dict. Respond, to answer to every other verse in the Psalms of the Common-Prayer. 1707 Acct. Charity-schools (ed. 6) 14 The Children are brought regularly to Church, where they Respond at Morning and Evening Prayer. 1832 W. Palmer Origines Liturg. II. 21 A long litany, in which the deacon directed the people to pray for many different objects and the people responded. 1894 R. B. Daniel Chapters in Church Music ii. 38 In our churches the people's part..is printed, and none who can read can plead inability to respond. 1957 F. L. Cross Oxf. Dict. Christian Church 437/2 It consists of short petitions said by the deacon to which choir or congregation respond with Kyrie Eleison. 1978 W. F. Buckley Stained Glass Epil. 229 The Dies Irae begun, the monks, seated in the choir stalls beyond the rood screen..responded in the Gregorian mode. 2003 O. McBride in Benedictine Handbk. (2004) iii. 133 It can..be used in communal recitation, with one or more people acting as leader for the versicles, antiphons and prayers, and all responding. 3. a. intransitive. To correspond to something. Also with †upon. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > be similar [verb (intransitive)] > correspond answer?c1225 to run together?c1225 agreea1525 correspond1529 respond1563 quadrate1610 analogize1646 homologize1733 begin1862 1563 G. Hay Confut. Abbote of Crosraguels Masse f. 34 The essentiall rewarde of the Eternall lyfe, which respondeth and followeth vpon euerie mans owen work. 1591 F. Sparry tr. C. de Cattan Geomancie i. xxviii. 41 The principall pointes..do diuide the Zodiacke into foure partes or quarters, responding to the foure parts and seasons of the yeare. 1650 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Deliramenta Catarrhi 51 The quantity of aer inspired must in exact proportion respond to the measure of the midrifes expansion or relaxation. 1664 J. Birchensha tr. J. H. Alsted Templum Musicum v. 42 Mostart rejecteth..the seven Voices of latter Musicians, because they do not respond to the seven Letters or Keyes. 1838 J. Britton Dict. Archit. & Archæol. 393 A half column, or a pilaster attached to a wall..and responding, or corresponding, to another on the opposite side of the building, was called a respond. 1860 J. Cochran Revelation of John vi. 102 Another great warlike invasion, which must be of such a character that it responds to the imagery of the Sixth Trumpet. 1910 A. E. Waite Key to Tarot ii. 84 These pictures respond to the divinatory meanings, which have been drawn from many sources. 2000 M. W. Jones Princ. Rom. Archit. (new ed.) vi. 117 The decoration..is arranged so that only the central axis of the group responds to the pattern of the relief panels below. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)] > enter in an account > other book-keeping procedures control1422 avouch1539 allocate1551 respond1588 score1592 carry1652 post1707 to carry forward1721 off-reckon1721 O. Ni.a1726 to carry over1745 rule1845 to write down1876 to close off188. qualify1884 accrue1915 net1947 gross1954 strip1980 1588 H. Oldcastle & J. Mellis Briefe Instr. Accompts sig. Dviij That each parcell both in your Debitor and Creditor be orderly noted and responded in your Journall. c. transitive. To correspond to (something); to reciprocate; to repeat. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > correlate [verb (transitive)] > reciprocate countervail1583 repay?1586 equalize1598 respond1600 equal1697 mutualize1812 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne x. xl. 187 His great deedes respond his speeches great. 1642 J. March Argument Militia 4 The King..should not be denied the means, by which he may respond that great confidence placed in him. 1796 M. Mitchell Poems 83 Some solace would it yet have been..To sigh to passing winds without a fear, And hear his name responded with a tear. 1804 ‘Gabrielli’ Something Odd! III. 99 The sweet smiles she bestowed on him, were now responded by each countenance. 1848 E. H. Bickersteth Poems & Songs 205 The echoing walls respond the senseless sound Prolonging clamour with repeated bound. 1903 J. W. L. Jones Sociality & Sympathy iv. 54 Having learned to respond the series..makes it more easy to learn to repeat verbally. 4. a. intransitive. To act in response (to); to react. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > in return respond1600 react?1608 retroact1797 the world > action or operation > doing > act or do [verb (intransitive)] > react respond1600 react1913 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne viii. xxiv. 320 The humaine voices sung a triple hie, To which respond the birdes, the streames, the winde. 1654 J. Goodwin Peace Protected 78 Had the Trustees of the people in Parliament been responding, or faithfull to their trust, had they interrupted, opposed, or dissolved such a Government? 1727 W. Broome Poems 97 To every Theme responds thy various Lay. 1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. i. 34 Her mind responded but too easily to the apprehension of new misfortunes. 1855 Harper's Mag. July 226/1 The French batteries on my left responded with equal noise and flash. 1870 Daily News 15 Oct. 7/4 The ‘call’ for engines was rapidly responded to, no fewer than eight steamers being soon present. 1920 C. Kellogg Bobbins of Belgium ix. 221 Liedekirke..was merely responding to popular demand. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 29 July 252/2 The news of a link between smoking and cancer..came as a real shock to the tobacco industry of Britain, which responded by giving some money to the Medical Research Council. 2009 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 67/3 For Obama, responding to these problems will require breaking deep national addictions. b. intransitive. To react to a stimulus or other input, change, etc.; (Medicine) to react, esp. favourably, to a treatment, to show a (favourable) response to treatment. ΚΠ 1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 181/2 The infusion of tobacco, and hydrocyanic acid, appear to destroy completely the sensibility of the heart, so that it no longer responds to the stimulus of the blood. 1844 Lancet 23 Dec. 403/1 The successful cases that may have responded to the plan of treatment he so ably advocates. 1872 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (ed. 6) ix. 221 A defect in the retina, which renders that organ unable to respond to different kinds of luminous vibrations. 1876 Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Engineers 5 514 We wish to construct a receiver to respond to a tone made by 128 vibrations per second. 1910 J. Erskine-Murray Wireless Telephones vii. 51 An electric circuit will respond most readily to impulses which come timed to its own natural rate of vibration. 1931 Biol. Rev. 6 473 Characteristically marine forms such as..the polychaete Nereis cultrifera only respond to lowered external salinity by passive swelling till their blood is isotonic with the medium. 1984 S. Lipton in A. V. Holden & W. Winlow Neurobiol. of Pain xxi. 297 The drug..was originally used in a dose of 250 mg.., and about 20% of patients did not respond. 2005 Daily Tel. 2 Mar. 16/2 Dr Sneddon showed that fish..have nociceptors that respond to chemicals, heat and pressure. 5. U.S. Law. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > suit or be suitable for [verb (transitive)] > be adequate for the case or conditions fulfila1425 serve1445 satisfy1526 answer1581 fit1603 respond1677 meet1785 implement1857 to fill the bill1882 1677 in Rec. Court Assistants, Mass. (1901) I. 117 Wm. Long..was Attached and bound ouer in one hundred twenty & sixe pounds to respond the decree & Judgment of this Court. 1789 Perpetual Laws Commonw. Mass. iv. 205 He shall recognize to the party injured to respond the treble damages as aforesaid. 1832 B. L. Oliver Rights Amer. Citizen 276 The insolent recklessness of consequences, which is sometimes seen to accompany the consciousness of being able to respond large damages without difficulty. 1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The prisoner was held to respond the judgment of the court. b. intransitive. To satisfy the terms of a judgment, esp. by paying damages. Chiefly in to respond in damages. ΘΚΠ society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > atonement > atone [verb (intransitive)] abyelOE amendc1330 to make or do asseth1340 to make a seth(e1387 make amends and sethec1420 satisfyc1425 byec1440 to do or make greec1492 syth1513 reconcile1539 respond1789 repair1886 1789 E. Kirby Rep. Superior Court Connecticut 67 The defendant who procured it, with a wicked intention, was guilty of a trespass, and must be liable to respond in damages. 1834 D. Graham Ess. New Trials xii. 454 The parties provide a penalty, not as liquidated damages, but denoting the extent to which they are, in any event, to respond in damages. 1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The defendant is held to respond in damages. 1902 F. R. Mechem Cases Law of Damages (ed. 3) xi. 481/2 The carrier is to respond, in case of breach, for special and exceptional damages. 1999 D. I. Small et al. Going to Trial (new ed.) viii. 129 Company liable for excess for failure to settle..where individual defendant unable to respond in damages. 6. intransitive and transitive. Bridge. To make (a particular bid) in reply to a partner's opening or subsequent bid. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [verb (transitive)] > actions or tactics > bid > types of bid double1894 redouble1894 respond1901 overbid1908 underbid1908 to take out of ——1909 rebid1914 rescue1921 jump1927 overcall1927 pre-empt1928 cue-bid1932 psych1937 1901 C. J. Melrose Bridge Whist 42 A call for trumps made and responded to promptly may prove the means of winning the rubber. 1935 Times 25 Sept. 10/4 Schenken bid one heart, to which his partner responded two diamonds. 1939 N. de V. Hart Bridge Players' Bedside Bk. xii. 57 North responded to the Forcing Two in Diamonds with Two Hearts. 1967 M. Kenyon Whole Hog xx. 195 You could have responded to my three clubs, you could have said something. 2004 Bridge Mag. Mar. 8/2 Partner opened a weak no-trump and I responded Two Clubs Stayman. Phrases to respond in kind: to react to another person's behaviour towards oneself with behaviour of the same type. Cf. kind n. Phrases 1c(c)(ii). ΚΠ 1840 ‘D. I. Moriarty’ Innisfoyle Abbey I. vii. 115 James deemed it due to his own reputation for gallantry, to respond in kind to his interesting assailant's artillery. 1873 Harper's Mag. June 57/2 Falcon observed Staines, saw at once he was a gentleman, and touched his hat to him, to which Christopher responded in kind. 1920 L. C. Andrews Manpower 158 He has..learned..that men respond in kind to the treatment they receive. 1960 Jrnl. Relig. 40 63/1 If Jesus loves us freely and spontaneously as a human being, and we respond to him in kind, what does God have to do with this interchange? 2001 Independent 1 Feb. i. 13/4 He said that to be called ‘big nose’ was a frequent and normal thing at Tullett & Tokyo and that Mr Weinberger had responded in kind. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1387v.a1538 |
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