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单词 respond
释义

respondn.

Brit. /rᵻˈspɒnd/, U.S. /rəˈspɑnd/, /riˈspɑnd/
Forms: Middle English–1500s responde, Middle English– respond.
Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from French. Probably partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: French respond , respons ; respond v.
Etymology: Probably partly < Anglo-Norman respunt (also respon , respun ) and Middle French respond (compare also Old French responde ), variants of respons, respuns response n., and partly (in later use) < respond v. Compare earlier response n., and also respoun n.With sense 2 compare slightly earlier respoun n. 3 and discussion at that entry.
1.
a. Christian Church. Cf. responsory n. 1.
(a) A liturgical chant traditionally consisting of a series of versicles and responses, sung by a cantor and choir alternately; spec. one occurring at intervals during a lesson.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > church music > hymn > kinds of hymn > anthem > [noun] > responsory
responda1387
responsec1410
respouna1425
responsory?a1475
responsary?1567
responsive?1789
society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > religious or devotional > [noun] > responsory
responda1387
responsec1410
respouna1425
responsory?a1475
anthem1555
responsary?1567
responsive?1789
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 39 He made in preysinge of oure lady þe respondes [?a1475 anon. tr. responsoryes; L. responsoria] ‘Stirps Iesse’ and ‘Solem iusticie’.
c1431 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 16 To go on procession to the tombe..syngyng a Respond of Seynte Stephen with the prose therto.
c1450 (c1420) J. Page Siege of Rouen (Galba) 422 His chapell mette hym at the dore..and went before hym alle in fere, and songe a responde full glorious.
a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. cciii. f. cxiiii He made dyuers Impnes Sequenses, and R [e] spondes.
1547 Injunct. Edward VI in E. Cardwell Documentary Ann. Church Eng. (1839) I. 14 When ix lessons should be read in the church, three of them shall be omitted, and left out with the responds.
c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) 377 A ribaut..þat can nouȝt wel reden His rewle ne his respondes but be pure rote.
1662 Bk. Common Prayer Conc. Service Ch. ⁋2 This godly..Order of the ancient Fathers hath been so altered..by planting in uncertain stories, and Legends, with multitude of Responds, Verses, vain Repetitions [etc.].
1720 C. Wheatly Rational Illustr. Bk. Common Prayer (ed. 3) iii. 142 A Respond is a short Anthem, interrupting the middle of a Chapter, which is not to proceed till the Anthem is done. The long Responses are us'd at the close of the Lessons.
1855 F. Procter Hist. Bk. Common Prayer 167 (margin) The Respond and Anthem.
1888 Tablet 9 June 932 Consecutive readings of Holy Scripture, instead of fractional portions interrupted by incongruous responds.
1933 Music & Lett. 14 63 The same method is adopted whether it is a piece of a Gradual or a piece of an Alleluia-verse, or whether it is a piece taken out of a Respond.
1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. v. 307 The whole thing is..enhanced by the ethereal quality of the five-part sections and the majestic conclusion of the respond itself.
(b) A response to a versicle. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > parts of service > response > [noun]
answer1440
R1497
responda1555
response1578
interlocution1597
responsory1621
responsora1649
antiphona1652
responsala1652
cathisma1850
responsor1944
a1555 J. Bradford Hurte of hering Masse (?1561) sig. Diiij The clarke answering in the name of al, et cum spiritu tuo, and other respondes.
1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection iv. 635 The seruice in those two places and churches..was common to Priest and people, and parted betweene them, by verses and respondes.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage viii. vii. 773 The King and his Magician stand neerest the tree and begin, all the people following with their Responds.
1627 J. Cosin Corr. (1869) I. 111 Doth he begin with the Lord's Prayer; orderly proceeding with the Verses and Responds, so that the Clark and people may answere him?
1659 H. L'Estrange Alliance Divine Offices 76 These versicles with their Responds are pure Canonical Scripture.
a1746 J. Lewis in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) II. 173 The Versicles, Responds, and little Chapters, he omitted, as making the service too tedious.
1861 J. Tulloch Eng. Puritanism 289 They went to church, and would answer the parson in responds.
1868 E. M. Goulburn Thoughts Personal Relig. (new ed.) ii. x. 139 The audible respond is valuable.
1902 A. Machen Hieroglyphics 115 The note of the vast, interminable argument of the schools, and for a respond, the clear, enchanted voice of Plato.
1942 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 73 185 Generally the two parts [of the verse] are employed as Versicle and Respond.
2000 J. Higgitt Murthly Hours 315 The Murthly versicle and respond are also used in the De Brailes Hours.
b. gen. An answer, a response. Also as a mass noun. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response
answerOE
response?a1400
replication1414
recorda1450
responsal?a1475
responsion?a1475
repliquec1475
responsivec1487
replyal1548
replica?1552
reply1560
avoure1596
interlocution1597
respond1600
responsum1610
returna1616
respondency1617
reasona1635
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxxviii. xiii. 990 The priests and prophets there, deliver the responds and answeres of the Oracle in verses.
1675 J. Smith Christian Relig. Appeal ii. 45 The same Platonick introduceth Apollo, giving Responds against the hair.
a1774 G. Ridley Melampus (1781) 41 I'd follow willing without rude respond Thy gentle consels.
1833 J. Galt Stories of Study III. 102 To this, Geordie made a respond, by telling us that Mr. Logathety was a dealer in oils and olives.
1868 J. K. Hunter Retrospect Artist's Life xxvi. 248 A grand respond to my appeal.
1937 Z. N. Hurston Their Eyes were watching God v. 68 If all them dat's goin-tuh cut de monkey is done cut it and through wid, we'll thank Brother Starks fuh a respond.
2. Architecture. A pilaster, half-pier, or corbel attached to a wall and supporting or appearing to support an arch, esp. at the end of an arcade.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > pillar > [noun] > others
respoun1428
respond1448
twisted pillar1717
drum1805
responder1822
bundle pillar1842
Osiride pillar1850
trumeau1890
1448 Will of Henry VI in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 355 The yle..fro respond to respond xv fete.
1448 Will of Henry VI in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 354 (MED) The same Quere shal conteyne in brede from side to side within the respondes xxxij fete.
1822 E. J. Willson Gloss. Gothic Archit. 11 in A. Pugin Specimens Gothic Archit. (1823) II. Respond, Responder, Respound, a half column or pilaster attached to a wall, and responding to another, or to a pillar opposite to it.
1844 Guide Archit. Antiq. in Neighbourhood of Oxf. II. 64 There is a plain piscina in the splay of the east respond.
1851 T. H. Turner Some Acct. Domest. Archit. I. ii. 29 There are no responds, the arches at the ends springing from corbels.
1881 E. A. Freeman Sketch Subj. Lands Venice 208 The four responds have the four evangelistic symbols.
1927 Times 21 May 9/5 The four responds or half columns at the east and west end of the nave will represent the four cardinal virtues.
1936 A. W. Clapham Romanesque Archit. W. Europe i. 17 They form a continuous band or string-course at S. Pedro de la Nave and are repeated on the deep abaci of the responds.
1990 Anglo-Norman Stud. 12 215 Whichever group of buildings Dunstan achieved, it had doorways and openings, and there is a candidate for a respond from such a doorway.
3. A part in singing. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > types of song > [noun] > part-song > a part in
respond1601
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 286 Of late we haue known many of them taught..to sing..and keepe their responds in course after others, in good consent and harmony.

Compounds

respond corbel n. Architecture a corbel supporting an arch.
ΚΠ
1847 J. Hadfield Ecclesiastical, Castellated & Domest. Archit. Eng. 5 The respond-corbel at the west end of the north side.
1900 E. S. Prior Hist. Gothic Art Eng. v. 271 At Carlisle is a fine respond-corbel, with triple capital below.
2002 D. Verey & A. Brooks Gloucestershire 2 (Buildings of Eng. Ser.) (ed. 3) 522 The two-bay arcade to their n chapel has in addition foliate respond corbels.
respond shaft n. Architecture a shaft (shaft n.2 5a) attached to a wall to support an arch.
ΚΠ
1848 B. Webb Sketches Continental Ecclesiol. x. 470 Along the outer walls is a stone seat, on which are stilted the respond-shafts of the vaulting.
1886 R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. II. 119 The respond-shafts and wall-ribs still adhere..to the sides of that noble quadrangle.
1994 Art Bull. 76 26/2 The insertion was made in order not to ignore the first respond shaft east of the crossing.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

respondv.

Brit. /rᵻˈspɒnd/, U.S. /rəˈspɑnd/, /riˈspɑnd/
Forms: 1500s responde, 1500s– respond.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respondre; Latin respondēre.
Etymology: < Middle French respondre (French répondre , †respondre ; in Anglo-Norman also respundre , responder , respounder , respoundre , responer ) to reply, to say (something) in response (10th cent. in Old French), to resound (12th cent.), to oppose (something to something else) as contrast or defence (12th cent.), to explain, justify (12th cent.), to guarantee, promise, stand surety (12th cent.), to say or sing a liturgical response (12th cent.), to say or sing (a liturgical response) (13th cent.), to correspond to, be in conformity with (late 12th or early 13th cent.) and its etymon classical Latin respondēre to speak in answer to a question, to answer in writing, reply, to give a formal or official reply, to answer a charge, speak in defence, to reply to an argument, to answer a summons to appear, present oneself, to make a return, give a yield, to react, to be suitable or satisfactory, to reward the efforts (of), to be consistent (with), conform (to), to show oneself worthy (of), to correspond, be a match, in post-classical Latin also to make a response, to sing in a responsorial manner (from 13th cent. in British sources) < re- re- prefix + spondēre spond v. Compare Old Occitan respondre (c1200), Catalan respondre (12th cent.), Spanish responder (12th cent.), Portuguese responder (12th cent.), Italian rispondere , †respondere (late 13th cent.). Compare earlier respound v., which shows earlier borrowing of the same word from Anglo-Norman and Old French.
1.
a. transitive. To give as an answer or reply. Chiefly with that-clause or direct speech as object. Also figurative.
ΚΠ
a1538 W. Holme Fall & Euill Successe Rebellion (1572) sig. G.j To them I respond and their naughtie semitie, That Counsell had not the spirite of veritie.
1650 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Ternary of Paradoxes (new ed.) 46 I respond, that there is a plurality and variety of Magnetisms.
1683 E. Hooker in J. Pordage Theologia Mystica Pref. Epist. 35 Hee responded, let everi man hold what opinion hee thinketh good, and prais what pleaceth him.
1731 I. Thomson Coll. of Poems i. vii. 36 All Nature..Repeated not one Echoe of it's own But catching at the soft dejected Song, Responds aloud these Words of Sponsa's Tongue.
1793 ‘Mr. Shandy’ Sentimental Journey I. 24 The landlord responded nothing either good or bad.
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian xiv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) IV. 375 I have only to respond, that I teach the French as well as the Classical tongues, at the easy rate of five shillings per quarter.
1881 S. P. McLean Cape Cod Folks (ed. 8) xviii. 295 ‘Grists on 'em, this year!’ he said. ‘Heaps!’ Aunt Patty responded.
1921 Southwestern Hist. Q. 24 228 Four days later Palmerston responded that Great Britain was willing to enter into negotiation for a treaty of commerce and navigation between Great Britain and Texas.
1942 Gen 1 May 42/1 ‘What's the buzz, Stripey?’.. ‘Dunno,’ curtly responded the Bosun's Mate.
1985 J. Wimber & K. Springer Power Evangelism ii. 37 I told him what had happened the night before, and he responded that it was from God.
2006 B. Horeck Minnow Trap iii. 62 ‘I'm not so sure about that,’ responded Sarah.
b. intransitive. To answer in speech or writing; to reply. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [verb (intransitive)]
andwurdec885
answerOE
respoundc1300
replyc1405
replique1477
reanswer1526
respond1639
revert1973
1639 L. Lawrence tr. San Pedro de Diego Small Treat. betwixt Arnalte & Lucenda 62 Also to regard..if she should respond whether it were Suddaine or doubtfull, utter'd with a feare.
1699 W. Russel True Narr. Portsmouth Disputation 32 Now Mr. Williams had told him before, that he did not understand Greek; and so he made bold to vapour with it, when he was Responding to him.
1719 D. Waterland Vindic. Christ's Divinity 7 Your Business was not to oppose, but to respond.
a1734 Oldisworth in S. Johnson Lives Eng. Poets (1779) I. 504 [On Smith] I remember him in the divinity school responding and disputing with a perspicuous energy.
1816 P. B. Shelley Dæmon of World in Alastor 85 When west winds sigh and evening waves respond In whispers from the shore.
1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 24 Mine is but man's truest answer—how Were it did God respond?
1902 Amer. Hist. Rev. 7 471 The King responded favorably, promising all he could possibly grant, saving the regality of his crown.
1952 T. Armstrong Adam Brunskill ix. 309 Adam's temper was wearing thin, but, restraining the impulse to respond just as curtly, he obeyed the order.
1991 M. E. Wertsch Military Brats xi. 366 When her father posed an unavoidably direct question..she would respond in oddly stilted complete sentences.
2. Christian Church.
a. transitive. To say or sing as a response to a versicle. In later use only with direct speech as object.
ΚΠ
c1555 Proper New Boke Armony of Byrdes sig. B.ii Therfore wyll I..fyrst begyn In praisyng to him This song. Te deum laudamus... Than all the rest..With her dyd respond This glorious song. Te dominum confitemur.
1814 W. Smith Reasonableness of setting forth Most Worthy Praise Almighty God iii. 24 To what purpose does the minister pray before the doxology..and the people respond, ‘And our mouth shall show forth thy praise’?
1839 K. H. Digby Mores Catholici IX. 197 Between each exclamation the choir responds, ‘Christus vincit.’
1920 C. W. Leadbeater Sci. of Sacraments ii. 42 The priest then sings the versicle: ‘O Lord, open Thou our lips,’ and the choir responds: ‘And our mouth shall shew forth Thy praise.’
2003 C. L. Webber Welcome to Sunday v. 68 The priest begins by greeting the congregation with the words, ‘Blessed be God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit,’ to which the congregation responds, ‘And blessed be his kingdom, now and for ever. Amen.’
b. intransitive. To say or sing a response to a versicle.
ΚΠ
1682 H. Care Hist. Popery IV. 48 Mr. Pelling..teaches his Flock to respond in reading the Psalms.
1704 Cocker's Eng. Dict. Respond, to answer to every other verse in the Psalms of the Common-Prayer.
1707 Acct. Charity-schools (ed. 6) 14 The Children are brought regularly to Church, where they Respond at Morning and Evening Prayer.
1832 W. Palmer Origines Liturg. II. 21 A long litany, in which the deacon directed the people to pray for many different objects and the people responded.
1894 R. B. Daniel Chapters in Church Music ii. 38 In our churches the people's part..is printed, and none who can read can plead inability to respond.
1957 F. L. Cross Oxf. Dict. Christian Church 437/2 It consists of short petitions said by the deacon to which choir or congregation respond with Kyrie Eleison.
1978 W. F. Buckley Stained Glass Epil. 229 The Dies Irae begun, the monks, seated in the choir stalls beyond the rood screen..responded in the Gregorian mode.
2003 O. McBride in Benedictine Handbk. (2004) iii. 133 It can..be used in communal recitation, with one or more people acting as leader for the versicles, antiphons and prayers, and all responding.
3.
a. intransitive. To correspond to something. Also with †upon.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > be similar [verb (intransitive)] > correspond
answer?c1225
to run together?c1225
agreea1525
correspond1529
respond1563
quadrate1610
analogize1646
homologize1733
begin1862
1563 G. Hay Confut. Abbote of Crosraguels Masse f. 34 The essentiall rewarde of the Eternall lyfe, which respondeth and followeth vpon euerie mans owen work.
1591 F. Sparry tr. C. de Cattan Geomancie i. xxviii. 41 The principall pointes..do diuide the Zodiacke into foure partes or quarters, responding to the foure parts and seasons of the yeare.
1650 W. Charleton tr. J. B. van Helmont Deliramenta Catarrhi 51 The quantity of aer inspired must in exact proportion respond to the measure of the midrifes expansion or relaxation.
1664 J. Birchensha tr. J. H. Alsted Templum Musicum v. 42 Mostart rejecteth..the seven Voices of latter Musicians, because they do not respond to the seven Letters or Keyes.
1838 J. Britton Dict. Archit. & Archæol. 393 A half column, or a pilaster attached to a wall..and responding, or corresponding, to another on the opposite side of the building, was called a respond.
1860 J. Cochran Revelation of John vi. 102 Another great warlike invasion, which must be of such a character that it responds to the imagery of the Sixth Trumpet.
1910 A. E. Waite Key to Tarot ii. 84 These pictures respond to the divinatory meanings, which have been drawn from many sources.
2000 M. W. Jones Princ. Rom. Archit. (new ed.) vi. 117 The decoration..is arranged so that only the central axis of the group responds to the pattern of the relief panels below.
b. transitive. Bookkeeping. To provide with a corresponding entry. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)] > enter in an account > other book-keeping procedures
control1422
avouch1539
allocate1551
respond1588
score1592
carry1652
post1707
to carry forward1721
off-reckon1721
O. Ni.a1726
to carry over1745
rule1845
to write down1876
to close off188.
qualify1884
accrue1915
net1947
gross1954
strip1980
1588 H. Oldcastle & J. Mellis Briefe Instr. Accompts sig. Dviij That each parcell both in your Debitor and Creditor be orderly noted and responded in your Journall.
c. transitive. To correspond to (something); to reciprocate; to repeat. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > correlate [verb (transitive)] > reciprocate
countervail1583
repay?1586
equalize1598
respond1600
equal1697
mutualize1812
1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne x. xl. 187 His great deedes respond his speeches great.
1642 J. March Argument Militia 4 The King..should not be denied the means, by which he may respond that great confidence placed in him.
1796 M. Mitchell Poems 83 Some solace would it yet have been..To sigh to passing winds without a fear, And hear his name responded with a tear.
1804 ‘Gabrielli’ Something Odd! III. 99 The sweet smiles she bestowed on him, were now responded by each countenance.
1848 E. H. Bickersteth Poems & Songs 205 The echoing walls respond the senseless sound Prolonging clamour with repeated bound.
1903 J. W. L. Jones Sociality & Sympathy iv. 54 Having learned to respond the series..makes it more easy to learn to repeat verbally.
4.
a. intransitive. To act in response (to); to react.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > in return
respond1600
react?1608
retroact1797
the world > action or operation > doing > act or do [verb (intransitive)] > react
respond1600
react1913
1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne viii. xxiv. 320 The humaine voices sung a triple hie, To which respond the birdes, the streames, the winde.
1654 J. Goodwin Peace Protected 78 Had the Trustees of the people in Parliament been responding, or faithfull to their trust, had they interrupted, opposed, or dissolved such a Government?
1727 W. Broome Poems 97 To every Theme responds thy various Lay.
1791 A. Radcliffe Romance of Forest I. i. 34 Her mind responded but too easily to the apprehension of new misfortunes.
1855 Harper's Mag. July 226/1 The French batteries on my left responded with equal noise and flash.
1870 Daily News 15 Oct. 7/4 The ‘call’ for engines was rapidly responded to, no fewer than eight steamers being soon present.
1920 C. Kellogg Bobbins of Belgium ix. 221 Liedekirke..was merely responding to popular demand.
1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 29 July 252/2 The news of a link between smoking and cancer..came as a real shock to the tobacco industry of Britain, which responded by giving some money to the Medical Research Council.
2009 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 67/3 For Obama, responding to these problems will require breaking deep national addictions.
b. intransitive. To react to a stimulus or other input, change, etc.; (Medicine) to react, esp. favourably, to a treatment, to show a (favourable) response to treatment.
ΚΠ
1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 181/2 The infusion of tobacco, and hydrocyanic acid, appear to destroy completely the sensibility of the heart, so that it no longer responds to the stimulus of the blood.
1844 Lancet 23 Dec. 403/1 The successful cases that may have responded to the plan of treatment he so ably advocates.
1872 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (ed. 6) ix. 221 A defect in the retina, which renders that organ unable to respond to different kinds of luminous vibrations.
1876 Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Engineers 5 514 We wish to construct a receiver to respond to a tone made by 128 vibrations per second.
1910 J. Erskine-Murray Wireless Telephones vii. 51 An electric circuit will respond most readily to impulses which come timed to its own natural rate of vibration.
1931 Biol. Rev. 6 473 Characteristically marine forms such as..the polychaete Nereis cultrifera only respond to lowered external salinity by passive swelling till their blood is isotonic with the medium.
1984 S. Lipton in A. V. Holden & W. Winlow Neurobiol. of Pain xxi. 297 The drug..was originally used in a dose of 250 mg.., and about 20% of patients did not respond.
2005 Daily Tel. 2 Mar. 16/2 Dr Sneddon showed that fish..have nociceptors that respond to chemicals, heat and pressure.
5. U.S. Law.
a. transitive. To satisfy the terms of (a judgment); to pay (damages). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > suit or be suitable for [verb (transitive)] > be adequate for the case or conditions
fulfila1425
serve1445
satisfy1526
answer1581
fit1603
respond1677
meet1785
implement1857
to fill the bill1882
1677 in Rec. Court Assistants, Mass. (1901) I. 117 Wm. Long..was Attached and bound ouer in one hundred twenty & sixe pounds to respond the decree & Judgment of this Court.
1789 Perpetual Laws Commonw. Mass. iv. 205 He shall recognize to the party injured to respond the treble damages as aforesaid.
1832 B. L. Oliver Rights Amer. Citizen 276 The insolent recklessness of consequences, which is sometimes seen to accompany the consciousness of being able to respond large damages without difficulty.
1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The prisoner was held to respond the judgment of the court.
b. intransitive. To satisfy the terms of a judgment, esp. by paying damages. Chiefly in to respond in damages.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > virtue > righteousness or rectitude > reform, amendment, or correction > atonement > atone [verb (intransitive)]
abyelOE
amendc1330
to make or do asseth1340
to make a seth(e1387
make amends and sethec1420
satisfyc1425
byec1440
to do or make greec1492
syth1513
reconcile1539
respond1789
repair1886
1789 E. Kirby Rep. Superior Court Connecticut 67 The defendant who procured it, with a wicked intention, was guilty of a trespass, and must be liable to respond in damages.
1834 D. Graham Ess. New Trials xii. 454 The parties provide a penalty, not as liquidated damages, but denoting the extent to which they are, in any event, to respond in damages.
1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The defendant is held to respond in damages.
1902 F. R. Mechem Cases Law of Damages (ed. 3) xi. 481/2 The carrier is to respond, in case of breach, for special and exceptional damages.
1999 D. I. Small et al. Going to Trial (new ed.) viii. 129 Company liable for excess for failure to settle..where individual defendant unable to respond in damages.
6. intransitive and transitive. Bridge. To make (a particular bid) in reply to a partner's opening or subsequent bid.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > bridge > [verb (transitive)] > actions or tactics > bid > types of bid
double1894
redouble1894
respond1901
overbid1908
underbid1908
to take out of ——1909
rebid1914
rescue1921
jump1927
overcall1927
pre-empt1928
cue-bid1932
psych1937
1901 C. J. Melrose Bridge Whist 42 A call for trumps made and responded to promptly may prove the means of winning the rubber.
1935 Times 25 Sept. 10/4 Schenken bid one heart, to which his partner responded two diamonds.
1939 N. de V. Hart Bridge Players' Bedside Bk. xii. 57 North responded to the Forcing Two in Diamonds with Two Hearts.
1967 M. Kenyon Whole Hog xx. 195 You could have responded to my three clubs, you could have said something.
2004 Bridge Mag. Mar. 8/2 Partner opened a weak no-trump and I responded Two Clubs Stayman.

Phrases

to respond in kind: to react to another person's behaviour towards oneself with behaviour of the same type. Cf. kind n. Phrases 1c(c)(ii).
ΚΠ
1840 ‘D. I. Moriarty’ Innisfoyle Abbey I. vii. 115 James deemed it due to his own reputation for gallantry, to respond in kind to his interesting assailant's artillery.
1873 Harper's Mag. June 57/2 Falcon observed Staines, saw at once he was a gentleman, and touched his hat to him, to which Christopher responded in kind.
1920 L. C. Andrews Manpower 158 He has..learned..that men respond in kind to the treatment they receive.
1960 Jrnl. Relig. 40 63/1 If Jesus loves us freely and spontaneously as a human being, and we respond to him in kind, what does God have to do with this interchange?
2001 Independent 1 Feb. i. 13/4 He said that to be called ‘big nose’ was a frequent and normal thing at Tullett & Tokyo and that Mr Weinberger had responded in kind.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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英语词典包含1132095条英英释义在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

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