† restiffadj.

Forms: late Middle English restyfe, late Middle English restyffe, late Middle English 1600s–1800s restif, late Middle English–1500s restyf, 1500s–1600s restife, 1500s–1600s restiffe, 1500s–1800s restiff.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French restif.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French restif (French rétif ) (of a horse) stubbornly standing still or moving backwards or sideways, refusing to advance (c1170 in Old French; c1100 in faire restif to force to stop, to conquer, overcome), (of a person) intractable, unruly, recalcitrant (c1176) < an unattested post-classical Latin form *restīvus < classical Latin restāre rest v.³ + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare later restive adj. Compare also later resty adj.²In sense 3 perhaps influenced by rest v.¹ 5c. In sense 1b perhaps influenced by or confused with restless adj. N.E.D. (1908) gives the pronunciation as (re·stif) /ˈrɛstɪf/.

Obsolete.

a. Of an animal, esp. a horse: stubbornly standing still or moving backwards or sideways; refusing to advance; (more generally) resisting control, unmanageable. Cf. restive adj. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > temperament > [adjective] > stubborn or restive

restiffc1390

restyc1465

stiff-necked1526

hard-headed?1532

restive1549

rusty1555

hard-mouthed1565

unwayed1607

haunty1657

nappy1924

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by speed or gait > [adjective] > refusing to go on

restiffc1390

jibbing1844

c1390 Ancrene Riwle (Vernon) (2000) 87 Lokeþ þat ȝe beo not þe hors. restif iliche. þat schuncheþ for a schadewe.

c1450 Bk. Marchalsi (Harl. 6398) (1973) f. 4^v (MED) He sholde wexe restyf ȝyf he were smetyn with-oute sporis, and caste be-hynde, and wexe euel entechyd.

?1561 T. Blundeville Newe Bk. Arte of Ryding iii. xi. sig. B.viii If he whilest you geue him his leasson chaunce to stoppe in dede, or mind to stoppe, and so to become restiffe: then immediatly all to rate him with a terrible voyce, beating him vpon the heade betwixte the eares.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 118^v To longe rest wyll cause them to bee restife, and to tyer sooner.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. i. 32 Like restife Horses, they went the worse for Beating.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 106 The pamper'd Colt... Impatient of the Lash, and restiff to the Rein.

1747 S. Richardson Clarissa I. xxvi. 167 Like a restiff horse, he pains one's hands..to rein him in.

1775 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 14 Mar. (1778) The bull, broke-in yesterday, had likewise become restiff.

1843 W. Wordsworth Prose Wks. (1876) III. 58 We were stopt by one of the horses proving restiff.

1869 Echo 11 Feb. 2/2 The animal appeared rather restif.

1881 Times 7 May 6/6 A timid, restiff, and nervous horse,..which swerved and threw the plaintiff off his box.

b. Of a person: stubbornly refusing to advance; resisting control, intractable, refractory, unmanageable. Also figurative and in extended use. Cf. restive adj. 1c.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > [adjective] > remaining in one place

stablea1400

dormantc1440

standing1469

remanent?a1475

ledger1547

fixed1559

restiff1578

statary1581

permanent1588

consistent1604

stationary1631

fundamental1633

resident1653

sedentary1667

statual1752

loco-restive1796

untransmigrated1821

stabile1896

static1910

sessile1917

society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant

unbuxoma1250

unbowsomec1290

sturdy13..

wildc1350

stubbornc1386

unbaina1400

stoutc1410

kimeta1450

staffish?a1513

untractable1538

intractable1545

sullen1577

restiff1578

indocile1603

resty1603

hot-mouthed1609

immorigerous1623

intractive1623

uncompliable1626

restivea1628

non-complying1649

uncompliant1659

incompliant1706

unobliging1707

recalcitrant1797

unbiddable1825

stocky1836

recalcitrary1861

calcitrant1866

non-cooperative1867

recalcitrating1870

ropeable1870

non-cooperating1895

bolshie1918

1578 T. P. Of Knowl. Warres i. x. f. 20 Hee had..runne his Armye on the rocke of ryott, restinge out of time, and waxinge restife by pleasures in Capua.

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) iii. f. 134 There are some such restife iades [Fr. des femmes hargneuses & retifues], that they will not at any time be commaunded.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1204 Epaminondas, who hath had better meanes of instruction and education to the attaining of vertue, than any other Bœotian whatsoever, is restiffe, dull, and backeward.

1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis xvii. 23 So James the drowsy Genius wakes Of Britain.., Restiff and slumbring on its Arms.

1729 J. Gay Polly i. viii. 15 But Husbands like Colts, are restif, and they require a long Time to break 'em.

1743 Hind & Panther iii, in Dryden's Orig. Poems I. 320 The way to win the restiff [ed. 1 reads restless] World to God.

1788 J. Wolcot Peter's Pension in Wks. (1797) I. 408 Your fav'rite minister, I'm told, runs restiff.

1823 W. Scott Peveril III. iv. 90 But how if the youth proved restiff?

1831 W. Godwin Thoughts Man 395 Restiff and uncomplying nature refuses to conform herself to his dicta.

1887 Times 26 Nov. 9/1 The ‘better men’ may be growing restiff again under the hopes deferred of the Parliamentary agitation.

2. Not moving forwards, stationary, still; (also) moving backwards. Cf. restive adj. 2.

ΚΠ

c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 60 (MED) Þei ben not so wise for to disseuere þe hert fro þe chaunge, for þei abide stil and restif [v.r. restyffe; Fr. restif].

?a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 608/1 Retrogradus, restyfe.

3. Of land: lying fallow. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > fallow

leac1330

fallow1377

restiff?1440

faugha1522

rested1600

resty1601

summer fallow1601

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) x. 73 (MED) First the ficche is sowen..ffarrage in restyf lond [L. loco restibili], ydonged eek, Is doon.

1720 J. Dart tr. Tibullus Wks. ii. iii. 123 How would I with a willing Hand Direct the Hoe, and turn the restiff Land!

4. Of a quality, characteristic, etc.: characterized by unwillingness, esp. to submit to authority; resisting control; obstinate. Cf. restive adj. 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant > of actions, conduct, or character

restya1586

rusty1625

restive1652

restiff1678

1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum ii. iii. 192 The Grand example indeed, that of our Blessed Saviour, which if it be but faithfully alledged, and Congruously applyed, must silence all dispute, and conquer the must restif reluctancy.

1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccccliv This Restiff Stubbornness is never to be Excus'd.

1712 L. Milbourne God & Caesar 19 Sovereign Princes are apt to be of a very restiff Temper, and know as little of any Authority their Subject have to call them to an Account, as they do of the Pope of Rome.

1827 D. Johnson Sketches Indian Field Sports (ed. 2) 162 An obstinate restiff disposition.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	restiff
释义	† restiffadj. Forms: late Middle English restyfe, late Middle English restyffe, late Middle English 1600s–1800s restif, late Middle English–1500s restyf, 1500s–1600s restife, 1500s–1600s restiffe, 1500s–1800s restiff. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French restif. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French restif (French rétif ) (of a horse) stubbornly standing still or moving backwards or sideways, refusing to advance (c1170 in Old French; c1100 in faire restif to force to stop, to conquer, overcome), (of a person) intractable, unruly, recalcitrant (c1176) < an unattested post-classical Latin form restīvus < classical Latin restāre* rest v.³ + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare later restive adj. Compare also later resty adj.²In sense 3 perhaps influenced by rest v.¹ 5c. In sense 1b perhaps influenced by or confused with restless adj. N.E.D. (1908) gives the pronunciation as (re·stif) /ˈrɛstɪf/. Obsolete. 1. a. Of an animal, esp. a horse: stubbornly standing still or moving backwards or sideways; refusing to advance; (more generally) resisting control, unmanageable. Cf. restive adj. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > temperament > [adjective] > stubborn or restive restiffc1390 restyc1465 stiff-necked1526 hard-headed?1532 restive1549 rusty1555 hard-mouthed1565 unwayed1607 haunty1657 nappy1924 the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by speed or gait > [adjective] > refusing to go on restiffc1390 jibbing1844 c1390 Ancrene Riwle (Vernon) (2000) 87 Lokeþ þat ȝe beo not þe hors. restif iliche. þat schuncheþ for a schadewe. c1450 Bk. Marchalsi (Harl. 6398) (1973) f. 4^v (MED) He sholde wexe restyf ȝyf he were smetyn with-oute sporis, and caste be-hynde, and wexe euel entechyd. ?1561 T. Blundeville Newe Bk. Arte of Ryding iii. xi. sig. B.viii If he whilest you geue him his leasson chaunce to stoppe in dede, or mind to stoppe, and so to become restiffe: then immediatly all to rate him with a terrible voyce, beating him vpon the heade betwixte the eares. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 118^v To longe rest wyll cause them to bee restife, and to tyer sooner. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. i. 32 Like restife Horses, they went the worse for Beating. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 106 The pamper'd Colt... Impatient of the Lash, and restiff to the Rein. View more context for this quotation 1747 S. Richardson Clarissa I. xxvi. 167 Like a restiff horse, he pains one's hands..to rein him in. 1775 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 14 Mar. (1778) The bull, broke-in yesterday, had likewise become restiff. 1843 W. Wordsworth Prose Wks. (1876) III. 58 We were stopt by one of the horses proving restiff. 1869 Echo 11 Feb. 2/2 The animal appeared rather restif. 1881 Times 7 May 6/6 A timid, restiff, and nervous horse,..which swerved and threw the plaintiff off his box. b. Of a person: stubbornly refusing to advance; resisting control, intractable, refractory, unmanageable. Also figurative and in extended use. Cf. restive adj. 1c. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > [adjective] > remaining in one place stablea1400 dormantc1440 standing1469 remanent?a1475 ledger1547 fixed1559 restiff1578 statary1581 permanent1588 consistent1604 stationary1631 fundamental1633 resident1653 sedentary1667 statual1752 loco-restive1796 untransmigrated1821 stabile1896 static1910 sessile1917 society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant unbuxoma1250 unbowsomec1290 sturdy13.. wildc1350 stubbornc1386 unbaina1400 stoutc1410 kimeta1450 staffish?a1513 untractable1538 intractable1545 sullen1577 restiff1578 indocile1603 resty1603 hot-mouthed1609 immorigerous1623 intractive1623 uncompliable1626 restivea1628 non-complying1649 uncompliant1659 incompliant1706 unobliging1707 recalcitrant1797 unbiddable1825 stocky1836 recalcitrary1861 calcitrant1866 non-cooperative1867 recalcitrating1870 ropeable1870 non-cooperating1895 bolshie1918 1578 T. P. Of Knowl. Warres i. x. f. 20 Hee had..runne his Armye on the rocke of ryott, restinge out of time, and waxinge restife by pleasures in Capua. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) iii. f. 134 There are some such restife iades [Fr. des femmes hargneuses & retifues], that they will not at any time be commaunded. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1204 Epaminondas, who hath had better meanes of instruction and education to the attaining of vertue, than any other Bœotian whatsoever, is restiffe, dull, and backeward. 1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis xvii. 23 So James the drowsy Genius wakes Of Britain.., Restiff and slumbring on its Arms. 1729 J. Gay Polly i. viii. 15 But Husbands like Colts, are restif, and they require a long Time to break 'em. 1743 Hind & Panther iii, in Dryden's Orig. Poems I. 320 The way to win the restiff [ed. 1 reads restless] World to God. 1788 J. Wolcot Peter's Pension in Wks. (1797) I. 408 Your fav'rite minister, I'm told, runs restiff. 1823 W. Scott Peveril III. iv. 90 But how if the youth proved restiff? 1831 W. Godwin Thoughts Man 395 Restiff and uncomplying nature refuses to conform herself to his dicta. 1887 Times 26 Nov. 9/1 The ‘better men’ may be growing restiff again under the hopes deferred of the Parliamentary agitation. 2. Not moving forwards, stationary, still; (also) moving backwards. Cf. restive adj. 2. ΚΠ c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 60 (MED) Þei ben not so wise for to disseuere þe hert fro þe chaunge, for þei abide stil and restif [v.r. restyffe; Fr. restif]. ?a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 608/1 Retrogradus, restyfe. 3. Of land: lying fallow. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > fallow leac1330 fallow1377 restiff?1440 faugha1522 rested1600 resty1601 summer fallow1601 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) x. 73 (MED) First the ficche is sowen..ffarrage in restyf lond [L. loco restibili], ydonged eek, Is doon. 1720 J. Dart tr. Tibullus Wks. ii. iii. 123 How would I with a willing Hand Direct the Hoe, and turn the restiff Land! 4. Of a quality, characteristic, etc.: characterized by unwillingness, esp. to submit to authority; resisting control; obstinate. Cf. restive adj. 4. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant > of actions, conduct, or character restya1586 rusty1625 restive1652 restiff1678 1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum ii. iii. 192 The Grand example indeed, that of our Blessed Saviour, which if it be but faithfully alledged, and Congruously applyed, must silence all dispute, and conquer the must restif reluctancy. 1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccccliv This Restiff Stubbornness is never to be Excus'd. 1712 L. Milbourne God & Caesar 19 Sovereign Princes are apt to be of a very restiff Temper, and know as little of any Authority their Subject have to call them to an Account, as they do of the Pope of Rome. 1827 D. Johnson Sketches Indian Field Sports (ed. 2) 162 An obstinate restiff disposition. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.c1390
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