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单词 restiff
释义

restiffadj.

Forms: late Middle English restyfe, late Middle English restyffe, late Middle English 1600s–1800s restif, late Middle English–1500s restyf, 1500s–1600s restife, 1500s–1600s restiffe, 1500s–1800s restiff.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French restif.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French restif (French rétif ) (of a horse) stubbornly standing still or moving backwards or sideways, refusing to advance (c1170 in Old French; c1100 in faire restif to force to stop, to conquer, overcome), (of a person) intractable, unruly, recalcitrant (c1176) < an unattested post-classical Latin form *restīvus < classical Latin restāre rest v.3 + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare later restive adj. Compare also later resty adj.2In sense 3 perhaps influenced by rest v.1 5c. In sense 1b perhaps influenced by or confused with restless adj. N.E.D. (1908) gives the pronunciation as (re·stif) /ˈrɛstɪf/.
Obsolete.
1.
a. Of an animal, esp. a horse: stubbornly standing still or moving backwards or sideways; refusing to advance; (more generally) resisting control, unmanageable. Cf. restive adj. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > temperament > [adjective] > stubborn or restive
restiffc1390
restyc1465
stiff-necked1526
hard-headed?1532
restive1549
rusty1555
hard-mouthed1565
unwayed1607
haunty1657
nappy1924
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by speed or gait > [adjective] > refusing to go on
restiffc1390
jibbing1844
c1390 Ancrene Riwle (Vernon) (2000) 87 Lokeþ þat ȝe beo not þe hors. restif iliche. þat schuncheþ for a schadewe.
c1450 Bk. Marchalsi (Harl. 6398) (1973) f. 4v (MED) He sholde wexe restyf ȝyf he were smetyn with-oute sporis, and caste be-hynde, and wexe euel entechyd.
?1561 T. Blundeville Newe Bk. Arte of Ryding iii. xi. sig. B.viii If he whilest you geue him his leasson chaunce to stoppe in dede, or mind to stoppe, and so to become restiffe: then immediatly all to rate him with a terrible voyce, beating him vpon the heade betwixte the eares.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 118v To longe rest wyll cause them to bee restife, and to tyer sooner.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. i. 32 Like restife Horses, they went the worse for Beating.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 106 The pamper'd Colt... Impatient of the Lash, and restiff to the Rein. View more context for this quotation
1747 S. Richardson Clarissa I. xxvi. 167 Like a restiff horse, he pains one's hands..to rein him in.
1775 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 14 Mar. (1778) The bull, broke-in yesterday, had likewise become restiff.
1843 W. Wordsworth Prose Wks. (1876) III. 58 We were stopt by one of the horses proving restiff.
1869 Echo 11 Feb. 2/2 The animal appeared rather restif.
1881 Times 7 May 6/6 A timid, restiff, and nervous horse,..which swerved and threw the plaintiff off his box.
b. Of a person: stubbornly refusing to advance; resisting control, intractable, refractory, unmanageable. Also figurative and in extended use. Cf. restive adj. 1c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > absence of movement > [adjective] > remaining in one place
stablea1400
dormantc1440
standing1469
remanent?a1475
ledger1547
fixed1559
restiff1578
statary1581
permanent1588
consistent1604
stationary1631
fundamental1633
resident1653
sedentary1667
statual1752
loco-restive1796
untransmigrated1821
stabile1896
static1910
sessile1917
society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant
unbuxoma1250
unbowsomec1290
sturdy13..
wildc1350
stubbornc1386
unbaina1400
stoutc1410
kimeta1450
staffish?a1513
untractable1538
intractable1545
sullen1577
restiff1578
indocile1603
resty1603
hot-mouthed1609
immorigerous1623
intractive1623
uncompliable1626
restivea1628
non-complying1649
uncompliant1659
incompliant1706
unobliging1707
recalcitrant1797
unbiddable1825
stocky1836
recalcitrary1861
calcitrant1866
non-cooperative1867
recalcitrating1870
ropeable1870
non-cooperating1895
bolshie1918
1578 T. P. Of Knowl. Warres i. x. f. 20 Hee had..runne his Armye on the rocke of ryott, restinge out of time, and waxinge restife by pleasures in Capua.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) iii. f. 134 There are some such restife iades [Fr. des femmes hargneuses & retifues], that they will not at any time be commaunded.
1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1204 Epaminondas, who hath had better meanes of instruction and education to the attaining of vertue, than any other Bœotian whatsoever, is restiffe, dull, and backeward.
1685 J. Dryden Threnodia Augustalis xvii. 23 So James the drowsy Genius wakes Of Britain.., Restiff and slumbring on its Arms.
1729 J. Gay Polly i. viii. 15 But Husbands like Colts, are restif, and they require a long Time to break 'em.
1743 Hind & Panther iii, in Dryden's Orig. Poems I. 320 The way to win the restiff [ed. 1 reads restless] World to God.
1788 J. Wolcot Peter's Pension in Wks. (1797) I. 408 Your fav'rite minister, I'm told, runs restiff.
1823 W. Scott Peveril III. iv. 90 But how if the youth proved restiff?
1831 W. Godwin Thoughts Man 395 Restiff and uncomplying nature refuses to conform herself to his dicta.
1887 Times 26 Nov. 9/1 The ‘better men’ may be growing restiff again under the hopes deferred of the Parliamentary agitation.
2. Not moving forwards, stationary, still; (also) moving backwards. Cf. restive adj. 2.
ΚΠ
c1425 Edward, Duke of York Master of Game (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 60 (MED) Þei ben not so wise for to disseuere þe hert fro þe chaunge, for þei abide stil and restif [v.r. restyffe; Fr. restif].
?a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 608/1 Retrogradus, restyfe.
3. Of land: lying fallow. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [adjective] > fallow
leac1330
fallow1377
restiff?1440
faugha1522
rested1600
resty1601
summer fallow1601
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) x. 73 (MED) First the ficche is sowen..ffarrage in restyf lond [L. loco restibili], ydonged eek, Is doon.
1720 J. Dart tr. Tibullus Wks. ii. iii. 123 How would I with a willing Hand Direct the Hoe, and turn the restiff Land!
4. Of a quality, characteristic, etc.: characterized by unwillingness, esp. to submit to authority; resisting control; obstinate. Cf. restive adj. 4.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > [adjective] > intractable or recalcitrant > of actions, conduct, or character
restya1586
rusty1625
restive1652
restiff1678
1678 V. Alsop Melius Inquirendum ii. iii. 192 The Grand example indeed, that of our Blessed Saviour, which if it be but faithfully alledged, and Congruously applyed, must silence all dispute, and conquer the must restif reluctancy.
1692 R. L'Estrange Fables ccccliv This Restiff Stubbornness is never to be Excus'd.
1712 L. Milbourne God & Caesar 19 Sovereign Princes are apt to be of a very restiff Temper, and know as little of any Authority their Subject have to call them to an Account, as they do of the Pope of Rome.
1827 D. Johnson Sketches Indian Field Sports (ed. 2) 162 An obstinate restiff disposition.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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adj.c1390
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