retrogressiveadj.n.

Brit.

/ˌrɛtrə(ʊ)ˈɡrɛsɪv/, U.S.

/ˌrɛtrəˈɡrɛsɪv/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin retrōgress- , retrōgradī , -ive suffix.

Etymology: < classical Latin retrōgress-, past participial stem of retrōgradī retrograde v. + -ive suffix, after progressive adj. and retrogression n. Compare earlier retrograde adj., regressive adj. N.E.D. (1908) also gives the pronunciation (ritro-) /riːtrəʊ-/ for the first element.

A. adj.

a. Retrograde, regressive; tending or inclined to return to an inferior or less developed (former) state or condition; declining, deteriorating. Also: backward-looking, reactionary. Frequently opposed to progressive adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [adjective]

retrograde?1518

retrogradousa1660

retrogressive1688

retrocessive1816

regressive1835

1688 W. Smith Future World ii. ii. 130 Whether, as he grows older, he doth not rather go backward than forward in the field of Learning; and..whether he finds not apparently that he is upon the retrogressive and losing point.

1769 J. Hall-Stevenson Lyric Consol. 71 Those unrelenting sinners..who never deviate into the right way, but act uniformly in all circumstances and relations with retrogressive decision.

1793 G. L. Schoen Innovation 26 Philosophers..Who, wrapt in retrogressive systems, burn Experience, morals, order, God to spurn.

1802 J. Pinkerton Mod. Geogr. I. Pref. 6 It is a lamentable circumstance that geography is at times retrogressive in some points, while it advances in others.

1891 Sat. Rev. 18 July 82/2 Spain,..with the exception of Turkey, is the most obstinately retrogressive of European countries.

1946 J. Stone Province & Function of Law xv. §6. 362 Retrogressive civilizations, that is, civilizations which have moved in time from a higher to a lower level of powers over internal and external nature.

1985 W. E. Westman Ecol., Impact Assessm., & Environm. Planning xii. 497 The study of retrogressive changes in grassland communities under grazing pressure.

2002 F. Coomans in A. Chapman & S. Russell Core Obligations vi. 239 The adoption of any deliberately retrogressive measure that reduces the extent to which a right is guaranteed amounts to a violation of such a right.

b. Medicine. = degenerative adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [adjective] > alteration of tissue

retrogressive1846

1846 Dublin Q. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 1 416 At the cessation of menstruation..we find remarkable retrogressive changes taking place in the ovaries.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 893 Retrogressive changes may occur, as in true gummatous formations.

1970 Brain Res. 19 189 Transitional forms suggested that at least some of the dense bodies represented retrogressive changes in mitochondria.

2008 Pathol. Res. & Pract. 204 392/2 The distinction between HEV [= hemorrhagic endovasculitis] as a simple retrogressive change after fetal death and HEV directly incriminated by fetal death due to the cessation of fetal circulation.

c. Biology. Characterized by development of features characteristic of a simpler organism or of an earlier evolutionary stage; regressive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective] > processes or types of evolution

high?1548

recapitulative1836

retrogressive1853

transmutational1861

ontogenetic1869

convergent1871

phylogenetic1876

correlative1877

ontogenic1878

phylogenetical1879

phytogenetic1882

monotypic1888

phytogenetical1888

polytypic1888

ontogenal1890

phylogenal1890

recapitulatory1890

tachygenetic1893

ontogenetical1894

anagenetic1896

orthogenic1896

orthogenetic1899

macroevolutionary1937

microevolutionary1937

proterogenetic1938

speciational1944

parapatric1953

cladogenetic1957

allochronic1960

stasigenetic1965

stasipatric1967

speciating1970

punctuational1976

tachygenic-

1853 Sci. Mem.: Nat. Hist. 229 In truth, the retrogressive metamorphosis of particular organs is spoken of, under the supposition that there is a progressive development for every organ, from the Monad to Man.

1859 J. D. Hooker On Flora Austral. p. xxiv Are such groups of simply-constructed species created by retrogressive variation of the higher, or did the higher proceed from them by progressive variation?

1893 Monist 3 637 The process of evolution may be either progressive (Anagenesis) or retrogressive (Catagenesis).

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xvi. 420 In the course of the retrogressive metamorphosis [in ascidians] the nervous system is generally reduced to a single ganglion situated above the pharynx.

2002 Integrative & Compar. Biol. 42 757/2 Some of the changes represent increases in brain differentiation, some have to be considered decreases or retrogressive evolution.

d. Geology. = retrograde adj. 3f.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > metamorphism > [adjective]

metamorphic1833

thermo-metamorphic1889

post-metamorphic1900

potassic1902

sodic1902

katamorphic1904

symphrattic1904

retrogressive1930

retrograde1932

Scourian1950

1930 51st Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 21 Mrs. E. B. Knopf..submitted a paper entitled ‘Retrogressive metamorphism and phyllonitization’ to the American Journal of Science.

1948 Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. 30 299 Retrogressive metamorphism, or diaphthoresis, is the mineralogical adjustment of relatively high-grade metamorphic rocks to temperatures lower than those of their initial metamorphism.

1979 R. Anderton et al. Dynamic Stratigr. Brit. Isles ii. 17/1 The intensity of the Laxfordian deformation appears to be related to the retrogressive metamorphism.

2006 Precambrian Res. 145 1 Retrogressive metamorphism, decompression and exhumation occurred over a ∼45 Ma period.

2. Moving or directed backwards in space or time.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective] > moving backwards

retrograde1564

apostatical1620

retrogressive1755

backing1862

retreative1898

1755 Prospect from Forborough-hill 51 The crowd with retrogressive tread.

1768 W. Kenrick Poems 254 Like crabs, with retrogressive feet, Such temporizing bards retreat.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. II. xiv. 10 At every step he pauses and half recedes, and from the retrogressive movement collects the force which again carries him onward.

1868 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 10) II. ii. xxvi. 35 In addition to the retrogressive excavation of the head of the ravine caused by the torrent..the steep boundary precipices are also undergoing constant waste.

1907 M. Meyer & R. M. Ogden tr. A. von Hildebrand Probl. of Form in Painting & Sculpt. 71 The retrogressive movement into depth [in a painting] begins with the central part as being close at hand and proceeds by stretching backwards to either side.

1988 S. H. Braund Beyond Anger iii. 76 The exempla are taken from the Late Republic, then the Early Republic and then the end of the Regal Period. This retrogressive sequence in fact embraces more than the epilogue.

2004 S. Sadie Billboard Encycl. Classical Music 368/1 He [sc. Stravinsky] disconcerted his admirers by..departing in an apparently retrogressive direction: the music of Pulcinella (1920) consisted of arrangements of music by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–36) or his contemporaries.

3. Working back in investigation or reasoning.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [adjective] > working back

retrogressive1817

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. II. xxii. 141 When the successive acts of attention have been completed, there is a retrogressive effort of mind to behold it as a whole.

1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism vi. 283 Our retrogressive enquiry.

1871 J. S. Blackie Four Phases Morals i. 75 The slow retrogressive process of induction.

1914 Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 14 36 His method of explanation is a retrogressive analysis. Diagnosis, not prognosis is his art.

1984 B. K. Roberts in M. Reed Discovering Past Landscapes vii. 244 There is always a need to use post-medieval documentary sources and landscapes to create a framework for retrogressive analysis.

2003 M. Rockman in M. Rockman & J. Steele Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes i. 14 The retrogressive form of the landscape approach is practicable primarily in situations of multiple documented civilizations.

B. n.

†1. An animal considered to possess retrogressive characteristics. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1835 J. F. Cooper Monikins I. xi. 163 The only disputed point among us is, whether they are all of the same genus, forming varieties or species, or whether they are to be divided into the three great families of the improvables, the unimprovables, and the retrogressives.

2. A person who favours retrogression; a reactionary.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > [noun] > person

degenerate1555

iron man?1617

retrograde1633

retrogressive1847

1847 Common School Jrnl. (Boston) 1 Mar. 66 The Retrogressives look out of the back side of their head. Their natural, but now perverted instinct of advancement, urges them backwards, at it does other people forwards.

1852 U.S. Democratic Rev. Aug. 153/1 That school of impedimentalists, or retrogressives, whose policy the Whigs—as far as they have any political principles—reflect.

1906 C. Jeppe Kaleidoscopic Transvaal xxi. 180 He served the Retrogressives amongst the Boers, for whom intellectually he harboured the greatest contempt.

1996 Brit. Educ. Res. Jrnl. 22 66 There tended to be an ongoing struggle between female ‘progressives’ and male ‘retrogressives’.

Derivatives

retroˈgressively adv.

ΚΠ

1763 Dispute S. Carolina 21 The existence of the representatives of the people..would depend on the preceding election-act, or acts..and so if these also were repealed, retrogressively upon the next.

1855 in Notes & Queries (1985) Sept. 354/1 The series of successive representations may be taken retrogressively as well as progressively.

1894 Philos. Trans. 1893 (Royal Soc.) B. 184 143 In Bagarius we again meet with an example of the effects of degeneration in retrogressively modifying the structure of the air-bladder.

2005 Jrnl. Volcanol. & Geothermal Res. 139 250/1 Some of the major failures..occurred retrogressively, a style not considered in the single-event planar failures described above.

retroˈgressivism n. the holding of retrogressive attitudes; the tendency towards or favouring of retrogression.

ΚΠ

1871 Bibliotheca Sacra July 420 The stupid retrogressivism of England, led by Percival and Liverpool, and followed by the English middle classes as a mass.

1893 Fortn. Rev. Feb. 277 His peculiar type of Retrogressivism (it would be flattery to call it Conservatism).

2000 Africa News (Nexis) 14 May Why is it that Nigeria is still operating at the level of retrogressivism in spite of her abundant human and material resources?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	retrogressive
释义	retrogressiveadj.n. Brit. /ˌrɛtrə(ʊ)ˈɡrɛsɪv/, U.S. /ˌrɛtrəˈɡrɛsɪv/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin retrōgress- , retrōgradī , -ive suffix. Etymology: < classical Latin retrōgress-, past participial stem of retrōgradī retrograde v. + -ive suffix, after progressive adj. and retrogression n. Compare earlier retrograde adj., regressive adj. N.E.D. (1908) also gives the pronunciation (ritro-) /riːtrəʊ-/ for the first element. A. adj. 1. a. Retrograde, regressive; tending or inclined to return to an inferior or less developed (former) state or condition; declining, deteriorating. Also: backward-looking, reactionary. Frequently opposed to progressive adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > relapse > [adjective] retrograde?1518 retrogradousa1660 retrogressive1688 retrocessive1816 regressive1835 1688 W. Smith Future World ii. ii. 130 Whether, as he grows older, he doth not rather go backward than forward in the field of Learning; and..whether he finds not apparently that he is upon the retrogressive and losing point. 1769 J. Hall-Stevenson Lyric Consol. 71 Those unrelenting sinners..who never deviate into the right way, but act uniformly in all circumstances and relations with retrogressive decision. 1793 G. L. Schoen Innovation 26 Philosophers..Who, wrapt in retrogressive systems, burn Experience, morals, order, God to spurn. 1802 J. Pinkerton Mod. Geogr. I. Pref. 6 It is a lamentable circumstance that geography is at times retrogressive in some points, while it advances in others. 1891 Sat. Rev. 18 July 82/2 Spain,..with the exception of Turkey, is the most obstinately retrogressive of European countries. 1946 J. Stone Province & Function of Law xv. §6. 362 Retrogressive civilizations, that is, civilizations which have moved in time from a higher to a lower level of powers over internal and external nature. 1985 W. E. Westman Ecol., Impact Assessm., & Environm. Planning xii. 497 The study of retrogressive changes in grassland communities under grazing pressure. 2002 F. Coomans in A. Chapman & S. Russell Core Obligations vi. 239 The adoption of any deliberately retrogressive measure that reduces the extent to which a right is guaranteed amounts to a violation of such a right. b. Medicine. = degenerative adj. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [adjective] > alteration of tissue retrogressive1846 1846 Dublin Q. Jrnl. Med. Sci. 1 416 At the cessation of menstruation..we find remarkable retrogressive changes taking place in the ovaries. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 893 Retrogressive changes may occur, as in true gummatous formations. 1970 Brain Res. 19 189 Transitional forms suggested that at least some of the dense bodies represented retrogressive changes in mitochondria. 2008 Pathol. Res. & Pract. 204 392/2 The distinction between HEV [= hemorrhagic endovasculitis] as a simple retrogressive change after fetal death and HEV directly incriminated by fetal death due to the cessation of fetal circulation. c. Biology. Characterized by development of features characteristic of a simpler organism or of an earlier evolutionary stage; regressive. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective] > processes or types of evolution high?1548 recapitulative1836 retrogressive1853 transmutational1861 ontogenetic1869 convergent1871 phylogenetic1876 correlative1877 ontogenic1878 phylogenetical1879 phytogenetic1882 monotypic1888 phytogenetical1888 polytypic1888 ontogenal1890 phylogenal1890 recapitulatory1890 tachygenetic1893 ontogenetical1894 anagenetic1896 orthogenic1896 orthogenetic1899 macroevolutionary1937 microevolutionary1937 proterogenetic1938 speciational1944 parapatric1953 cladogenetic1957 allochronic1960 stasigenetic1965 stasipatric1967 speciating1970 punctuational1976 tachygenic- 1853 Sci. Mem.: Nat. Hist. 229 In truth, the retrogressive metamorphosis of particular organs is spoken of, under the supposition that there is a progressive development for every organ, from the Monad to Man. 1859 J. D. Hooker On Flora Austral. p. xxiv Are such groups of simply-constructed species created by retrogressive variation of the higher, or did the higher proceed from them by progressive variation? 1893 Monist 3 637 The process of evolution may be either progressive (Anagenesis) or retrogressive (Catagenesis). a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xvi. 420 In the course of the retrogressive metamorphosis [in ascidians] the nervous system is generally reduced to a single ganglion situated above the pharynx. 2002 Integrative & Compar. Biol. 42 757/2 Some of the changes represent increases in brain differentiation, some have to be considered decreases or retrogressive evolution. d. Geology. = retrograde adj. 3f. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > metamorphism > [adjective] metamorphic1833 thermo-metamorphic1889 post-metamorphic1900 potassic1902 sodic1902 katamorphic1904 symphrattic1904 retrogressive1930 retrograde1932 Scourian1950 1930 51st Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 21 Mrs. E. B. Knopf..submitted a paper entitled ‘Retrogressive metamorphism and phyllonitization’ to the American Journal of Science. 1948 Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. 30 299 Retrogressive metamorphism, or diaphthoresis, is the mineralogical adjustment of relatively high-grade metamorphic rocks to temperatures lower than those of their initial metamorphism. 1979 R. Anderton et al. Dynamic Stratigr. Brit. Isles ii. 17/1 The intensity of the Laxfordian deformation appears to be related to the retrogressive metamorphism. 2006 Precambrian Res. 145 1 Retrogressive metamorphism, decompression and exhumation occurred over a ∼45 Ma period. 2. Moving or directed backwards in space or time. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [adjective] > moving backwards retrograde1564 apostatical1620 retrogressive1755 backing1862 retreative1898 1755 Prospect from Forborough-hill 51 The crowd with retrogressive tread. 1768 W. Kenrick Poems 254 Like crabs, with retrogressive feet, Such temporizing bards retreat. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. II. xiv. 10 At every step he pauses and half recedes, and from the retrogressive movement collects the force which again carries him onward. 1868 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. (ed. 10) II. ii. xxvi. 35 In addition to the retrogressive excavation of the head of the ravine caused by the torrent..the steep boundary precipices are also undergoing constant waste. 1907 M. Meyer & R. M. Ogden tr. A. von Hildebrand Probl. of Form in Painting & Sculpt. 71 The retrogressive movement into depth [in a painting] begins with the central part as being close at hand and proceeds by stretching backwards to either side. 1988 S. H. Braund Beyond Anger iii. 76 The exempla are taken from the Late Republic, then the Early Republic and then the end of the Regal Period. This retrogressive sequence in fact embraces more than the epilogue. 2004 S. Sadie Billboard Encycl. Classical Music 368/1 He [sc. Stravinsky] disconcerted his admirers by..departing in an apparently retrogressive direction: the music of Pulcinella (1920) consisted of arrangements of music by Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–36) or his contemporaries. 3. Working back in investigation or reasoning. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [adjective] > working back retrogressive1817 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. II. xxii. 141 When the successive acts of attention have been completed, there is a retrogressive effort of mind to behold it as a whole. 1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism vi. 283 Our retrogressive enquiry. 1871 J. S. Blackie Four Phases Morals i. 75 The slow retrogressive process of induction. 1914 Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 14 36 His method of explanation is a retrogressive analysis. Diagnosis, not prognosis is his art. 1984 B. K. Roberts in M. Reed Discovering Past Landscapes vii. 244 There is always a need to use post-medieval documentary sources and landscapes to create a framework for retrogressive analysis. 2003 M. Rockman in M. Rockman & J. Steele Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes i. 14 The retrogressive form of the landscape approach is practicable primarily in situations of multiple documented civilizations. B. n. †1. An animal considered to possess retrogressive characteristics. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1835 J. F. Cooper Monikins I. xi. 163 The only disputed point among us is, whether they are all of the same genus, forming varieties or species, or whether they are to be divided into the three great families of the improvables, the unimprovables, and the retrogressives. 2. A person who favours retrogression; a reactionary. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > [noun] > person degenerate1555 iron man?1617 retrograde1633 retrogressive1847 1847 Common School Jrnl. (Boston) 1 Mar. 66 The Retrogressives look out of the back side of their head. Their natural, but now perverted instinct of advancement, urges them backwards, at it does other people forwards. 1852 U.S. Democratic Rev. Aug. 153/1 That school of impedimentalists, or retrogressives, whose policy the Whigs—as far as they have any political principles—reflect. 1906 C. Jeppe Kaleidoscopic Transvaal xxi. 180 He served the Retrogressives amongst the Boers, for whom intellectually he harboured the greatest contempt. 1996 Brit. Educ. Res. Jrnl. 22 66 There tended to be an ongoing struggle between female ‘progressives’ and male ‘retrogressives’. Derivatives retroˈgressively adv. ΚΠ 1763 Dispute S. Carolina 21 The existence of the representatives of the people..would depend on the preceding election-act, or acts..and so if these also were repealed, retrogressively upon the next. 1855 in Notes & Queries (1985) Sept. 354/1 The series of successive representations may be taken retrogressively as well as progressively. 1894 Philos. Trans. 1893 (Royal Soc.) B. 184 143 In Bagarius we again meet with an example of the effects of degeneration in retrogressively modifying the structure of the air-bladder. 2005 Jrnl. Volcanol. & Geothermal Res. 139 250/1 Some of the major failures..occurred retrogressively, a style not considered in the single-event planar failures described above. retroˈgressivism n. the holding of retrogressive attitudes; the tendency towards or favouring of retrogression. ΚΠ 1871 Bibliotheca Sacra July 420 The stupid retrogressivism of England, led by Percival and Liverpool, and followed by the English middle classes as a mass. 1893 Fortn. Rev. Feb. 277 His peculiar type of Retrogressivism (it would be flattery to call it Conservatism). 2000 Africa News (Nexis) 14 May Why is it that Nigeria is still operating at the level of retrogressivism in spite of her abundant human and material resources? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1688
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