† retundv.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin retundere.

Etymology: < classical Latin retundere to dull or blunt (the edge of a weapon), to repress, quell, to weaken, impair, in post-classical Latin also to refute (late 2nd or early 3rd cent. in Tertullian) < re- re- prefix + tundere tund v.

Obsolete.

1. transitive. Chiefly Medicine. To weaken (a harmful physical quality or agent); to diminish the strength or effect of.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > make less forceful or vigorous

extenuate1561

quay1590

retund1604

lower1666

weaken1683

subdue1723

feeble1831

soft-pedal1898

1604 F. Herring Modest Def. Caueat 25 The correcting of poisons, but onely of Medicines offending in quality,..whose offensiue quality being retunded, they are vsed without danger, and to the benefit and comfort of mankind.

1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxi. x. 783 Such..medicines as are fit to draw out, and retund the venome.

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Physical Inst. i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. F3^v Watry humidity doth much retund..the strength.

1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 790 It needs no other Medicin to be mixed with it to retund its ill quality.

1710 T. Fuller Pharmacopœia Extemporanea 308 The Pectoral Decoction..retunds the Acrimony of the Blood.

1769 B. Alexander tr. G. B. Morgagni Seats & Causes Dis. I. i. iii. 57 There is still one more contrivance added to retund the impetus of the blood.

1812 Eclectic Repertory & Analyt. Rev. July 426 A variety of other symptoms from the same cause, may be removed by the evacuation of the offending matter, or by retunding and neutralizing its acrimony.

a. transitive. To repress; to beat down.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)] > check (in) a course of action > specific something noxious or destructive

stay1563

retund1643

1643 M. Newcomen Craft Churches Adversaries 12 God could..retund even the Devills own malice.

a1677 I. Barrow Serm. Several Occasions (1683) II. 499 Hence..we see how we may retund the importunity of the Macedonians.

1719 C. Mather Desiderius 18 If a Thought of any thing that may appear Considerable in him, do at any time arise in his mind, Let him immediately retund it with some Thought that shall carry a Self-Abasement with it.

b. transitive. To refute; to disprove.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)]

answerOE

bitavelena1225

allayc1275

confoundc1384

concludea1400

conclusea1400

forblenda1400

gainsaya1400

rejag1402

to bear downc1405

redarguea1425

repugn?a1425

reverse?c1430

improvec1443

reprovea1513

dissolve1529

revince1529

convince1530

confute1533

refel1534

refute1545

void1570

evict1583

infringe1590

reprehend1597

revert1598

evince1608

repel1613

to take off1618

unbubblea1640

invalid1643

invalidate1649

remove1652

retund1653

effronta1657

dispute1659

unreason1661

have1680

demolish1691

to blow sky-high1819

1653 T. Gataker Vindic. Annot. Jer. 10.2 41 Mentioned onely to retund a litle this mans insolent vauntings.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 627 This Ignorant and Conceited Confidence of both, may be retunded and confuted from hence.

1742 R. North & M. North Life F. North 9 Calumny, which riseth after a Man's Death..needs most a Friend to retund it.

3. transitive. To drive or force back; to repel.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > cause to move back [verb (transitive)] > force backwards

frontc1400

disadvancea1413

rechasea1533

retrude1598

recompel1624

retund1647

1647 J. Hare St. Edwards Ghost 10 The same manhood wherewith in ancient times their Ancestors retunded that Scythick invasion of the Huns.

1654 R. Vilvain tr. Enchiridium Epigr. v. ix. 94 Jordan and Ouse two Rivers were retunded Whos waters som space stood on both parts sundred.

1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. xxii. 309 Like the Beams of the Sun, that retunded from this Body are received by another, and nothing is lost.

1709 R. Bulkeley in A. Whitro Warnings of Eternal Spirit Pref. 47 All the fiery Darts..which the Shield of Faith will effectually retund, and drive back.

1709 G. Berkeley Ess. New Theory of Vision §69. 75 Vapours and Exhalations fitted to retund and intercept the Rays of Light.

4. transitive. To dull or blunt (the edge of a weapon). Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > bluntness > make blunt [verb (transitive)]

blunta1398

dullc1440

rebate1468

obtusec1487

bate1535

abate1548

turn1560

unedgea1625

retund1691

dead1719

1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 161 To quench and dissipate the force of any stroke that shall be dealt it, and retund the edge of any Weapon.

1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi ii. App. 40/2 None of all these things could retund the Edge of his Expectations to find the Wreck.

1724 W. Warburton Misc. Transl. 15 For how..was thy Sword employed,..in whose Quarrel was its Edge retunded?

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc vii. 594 How then might shield, or breast-plate, or close mail Retund its edge?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online September 2020).

单词	retund
释义	† retundv. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin retundere. Etymology: < classical Latin retundere to dull or blunt (the edge of a weapon), to repress, quell, to weaken, impair, in post-classical Latin also to refute (late 2nd or early 3rd cent. in Tertullian) < re- re- prefix + tundere tund v. Obsolete. 1. transitive. Chiefly Medicine. To weaken (a harmful physical quality or agent); to diminish the strength or effect of. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > make less forceful or vigorous extenuate1561 quay1590 retund1604 lower1666 weaken1683 subdue1723 feeble1831 soft-pedal1898 1604 F. Herring Modest Def. Caueat 25 The correcting of poisons, but onely of Medicines offending in quality,..whose offensiue quality being retunded, they are vsed without danger, and to the benefit and comfort of mankind. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré Chirurg. Wks. xxi. x. 783 Such..medicines as are fit to draw out, and retund the venome. 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Physical Inst. i, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. F3^v Watry humidity doth much retund..the strength. 1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 790 It needs no other Medicin to be mixed with it to retund its ill quality. 1710 T. Fuller Pharmacopœia Extemporanea 308 The Pectoral Decoction..retunds the Acrimony of the Blood. 1769 B. Alexander tr. G. B. Morgagni Seats & Causes Dis. I. i. iii. 57 There is still one more contrivance added to retund the impetus of the blood. 1812 Eclectic Repertory & Analyt. Rev. July 426 A variety of other symptoms from the same cause, may be removed by the evacuation of the offending matter, or by retunding and neutralizing its acrimony. 2. a. transitive. To repress; to beat down. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > hinder completely or prevent [verb (transitive)] > check (in) a course of action > specific something noxious or destructive stay1563 retund1643 1643 M. Newcomen Craft Churches Adversaries 12 God could..retund even the Devills own malice. a1677 I. Barrow Serm. Several Occasions (1683) II. 499 Hence..we see how we may retund the importunity of the Macedonians. 1719 C. Mather Desiderius 18 If a Thought of any thing that may appear Considerable in him, do at any time arise in his mind, Let him immediately retund it with some Thought that shall carry a Self-Abasement with it. b. transitive. To refute; to disprove. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > refute, disprove [verb (transitive)] answerOE bitavelena1225 allayc1275 confoundc1384 concludea1400 conclusea1400 forblenda1400 gainsaya1400 rejag1402 to bear downc1405 redarguea1425 repugn?a1425 reverse?c1430 improvec1443 reprovea1513 dissolve1529 revince1529 convince1530 confute1533 refel1534 refute1545 void1570 evict1583 infringe1590 reprehend1597 revert1598 evince1608 repel1613 to take off1618 unbubblea1640 invalid1643 invalidate1649 remove1652 retund1653 effronta1657 dispute1659 unreason1661 have1680 demolish1691 to blow sky-high1819 1653 T. Gataker Vindic. Annot. Jer. 10.2 41 Mentioned onely to retund a litle this mans insolent vauntings. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 627 This Ignorant and Conceited Confidence of both, may be retunded and confuted from hence. 1742 R. North & M. North Life F. North 9 Calumny, which riseth after a Man's Death..needs most a Friend to retund it. 3. transitive. To drive or force back; to repel. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > cause to move back [verb (transitive)] > force backwards frontc1400 disadvancea1413 rechasea1533 retrude1598 recompel1624 retund1647 1647 J. Hare St. Edwards Ghost 10 The same manhood wherewith in ancient times their Ancestors retunded that Scythick invasion of the Huns. 1654 R. Vilvain tr. Enchiridium Epigr. v. ix. 94 Jordan and Ouse two Rivers were retunded Whos waters som space stood on both parts sundred. 1668 H. More Divine Dialogues ii. xxii. 309 Like the Beams of the Sun, that retunded from this Body are received by another, and nothing is lost. 1709 R. Bulkeley in A. Whitro Warnings of Eternal Spirit Pref. 47 All the fiery Darts..which the Shield of Faith will effectually retund, and drive back. 1709 G. Berkeley Ess. New Theory of Vision §69. 75 Vapours and Exhalations fitted to retund and intercept the Rays of Light. 4. transitive. To dull or blunt (the edge of a weapon). Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > bluntness > make blunt [verb (transitive)] blunta1398 dullc1440 rebate1468 obtusec1487 bate1535 abate1548 turn1560 unedgea1625 retund1691 dead1719 1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 161 To quench and dissipate the force of any stroke that shall be dealt it, and retund the edge of any Weapon. 1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi ii. App. 40/2 None of all these things could retund the Edge of his Expectations to find the Wreck. 1724 W. Warburton Misc. Transl. 15 For how..was thy Sword employed,..in whose Quarrel was its Edge retunded? 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc vii. 594 How then might shield, or breast-plate, or close mail Retund its edge? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online September 2020). < v.1604
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