retardern.

Brit.

/rᵻˈtɑːdə/, U.S.

/rəˈtɑrdər/,

/riˈtɑrdər/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: retard v., -er suffix¹.

Etymology: < retard v. + -er suffix¹. Compare retardant n.

1. A person who or thing which holds back, slows down, or delays something, esp. with regard to progress or development. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > [noun] > one who delays

tarrier1382

delayer1509

postponer1533

prolonger1548

proroguer1551

deferrer1552

waiter upon God1592

procrastinator1607

temporizer1609

protracter1611

protractor1611

retarder1644

cunctator1654

adjourner1738

postponator1775

putter-off1803

tomorrower1810

offput1856

shelver1881

staller1937

the world > movement > rate of motion > [noun] > decreasing rate of movement or progress > causing > one who or that which

slower1592

retarder1644

skid1841

slower-down1947

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [noun] > hindering or retarding > that which or one who

delayer?1518

hold-back1581

pullback1584

tarriance1598

tarrier1622

retarder1644

checker1845

drag1857

liability1938

1644 R. Baillie Let. 18 Feb. (1841) II. 139 The Independents..have been the retarders of the Assemblie, to the evident hazard of the Church's safetie.

1688 London Gaz. No. 2469/2 Who were retarders, or obstructers of the Designs of the Estates.

1714 Sure Way to Orthodoxy 29 The first and Principal Hinderer, and most general Retarder of the Noble Duty I have been treating of, is that false Notion of Constancy and Steadiness.

1760 S. Fielding Ophelia II. xliv. 172 Those..Sensations are great Retarders of a Lover's Progress.

1839 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 2 122/2 The sledge or retarder..is formed like a wedge.

1895 C. de Garmo Herbart & Herbartians iii. iii. 229 Those who should be the leaders, become the retarders of educational thought.

1905 Chambers's Jrnl. Mar. 237/2 The planting of trees, bushes, and sand-loving plants as retarders to sand-movement is of great effect.

2003 S. Plumply Argument & Song 282 In the prosody of the postmodern lyric sentence, the prose aspect is heightened as a continuer, the verse aspect lessened as a retarder.

2. Chemistry and Biology. A substance which slows down a reaction or process.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > [noun] > material for other specific purposes

screen cloth1603

wadding1627

heading1650

fusive1678

graving stuff1702

pounce1728

railing1740

retarder1753

seating1790

shelving1817

bending1823

shafting1825

wedging1825

rubber sheet1842

facing1843

piston packing1857

sheathing1859

screeding1864

paint1875

sleeving1923

landfill1969

presoak1969

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > retardation > retarder

retarder1753

1753 A. Addington Ess. Sea-scurvy 24 The antiseptic power of Salt-Water is so weak, that it is to be look'd upon rather as a Retarder of the Putrefaction of sound Humours, than as a Corrector or Sweetener of Humours already putrid.

1844 M. L. Shew & J. Shew Water-cure for Ladies v. 48 Salt..is certainly a preserver—an antiseptic,—a retarder of decomposition or putrefaction.

1858 Photogr. News 26 Nov. 143/1 Is no retarder used, in the form of either acetic, or citric acid, in any of the processes?

1890 I. B. Yeo Food in Health & Dis. 123 In small quantities [alcohol]..promotes appetite, but in large quantities it has the opposite effect, and is..a retarder of digestion.

1967 D. Margerison & G. C. East Introd. Polymer Chem. iv. 195 Those substances which affect the rate of the polymerization are termed inhibitors or retarders according to whether the rate is reduced to zero or to a finite value.

1971 P. Gresswell Environment 264 Weed-killers or growth retarders are needed that keep rank growth in check without eliminating all wild flowers.

2004 Toronto Star (Nexis) 10 Jan. m14 Acrylics dry quite rapidly..but you may want to get a bottle of retarder from the art or craft store to mix into the paint to slow things down.

a. A device or system used to slow down a vehicle; a brake; esp. (in later use) a device used in buses, lorries, and other large vehicles to supplement friction brakes (e.g. when moving downhill).

ΚΠ

1868 J. L. Bishop Hist. Amer. Manuf. 1608–1860 (ed. 3) II. 592 About 1834, he originated ‘the Brake’ or Retarder, which was first applied to stage coaches in crossing the Allegheny Mountains.

1907 Forum 38 355 Some form of retarder, such as a friction brake or hydraulic buffer.

1947 Pop. Mech. Jan. 121/1 When pressure on the accelerator is released, the retarder goes into action and holds the loaded tractor-trailer within the limits of the desired speed.

1987 Truck June 70/3 Work must be done in the field of retarders and brakes to handle the downhill part of the trip.

2001 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 24 Mar. 82 The two most common retarder types, in use today, are the coil-type electromagnetic and the fluid-type hydraulic retarders.

b. Railways. A mechanism of clamps or bars mounted beside the rails, esp. in a marshalling yard, to act as a brake on the wheels of moving freight wagons.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > rail travel > railway system or organization > [noun] > track > arrangement of rails acting as brake

retarder1923

1923 Brit. Patent 201,760 1/1 Fig. 1 is a plan view of the retarder as laid between the rails ready for use.

1937 W. G. Raymond Elem. Railroad Engin. (ed. 5) xiv. 186 The car retarder is a device to control the speed of a moving freight car.

1966 G. F. Allen Brit. Rail after Beeching viii. 248 Further B.R. applications of this ingenious device may be confined to the outer ends of reception sidings in existing yards already equipped with electronically-controlled, clamp-type retarders, to improve the speed control of shunted wagons after they have left the hump area.

1999 J. Welsh et al. Amer. Railroad iii. 65 The retarders..automatically kick in while the control tower operator(s) align the switches.

4. A device in a boiler that delays the escape of exhaust gases so that heat can be reclaimed from them.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > boiler > [noun] > parts of > other parts

saddle1688

float1753

fire door1765

mudhole1824

stay-bolt1839

water table1856

hydrostat1858

mud drum1864

vomit1880

hydrokineter1883

retarder1890

1890 J. Williams Forced Draught 13 in Trans. Inst. Marine Engin. 1889–90 1 With forced draught this current was much less, owing to the obstructions offered by the air-heating chamber in the uptake and the spiral retarders.

1898 W. S. Hutton Steam-boiler Constr. (ed. 3) vi. 455 The smoke-tubes of multitubular boilers are sometimes fitted with either retarders or radiators, with the object of increasing the efficiency of the heating-surface. A retarder usually consists of a flat strip of sheet-metal twisted spirally, to compel the fuel-gases to travel through the tubes in a spiral-form.

1903 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 24 Jan. 22625/1 The cylindrical boilers should be fitted with retarders in the tubes.

1953 J. N. Williams Boiler House Pract. vii. 152 Refractory cores or retarders were employed but with only partial success.

2006 F. Saxon Tolleys' Industr. & Commerc. Gas Installation Pract. (ed. 4) viii. 378 Baffles or ‘retarders’ are suspended in the tubes to assist heat transmission to the water.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	retarder
释义	retardern. Brit. /rᵻˈtɑːdə/, U.S. /rəˈtɑrdər/, /riˈtɑrdər/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: retard v., -er suffix¹. Etymology: < retard v. + -er suffix¹. Compare retardant n. 1. A person who or thing which holds back, slows down, or delays something, esp. with regard to progress or development. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > a suitable time or opportunity > untimeliness > delay or postponement > [noun] > one who delays tarrier1382 delayer1509 postponer1533 prolonger1548 proroguer1551 deferrer1552 waiter upon God1592 procrastinator1607 temporizer1609 protracter1611 protractor1611 retarder1644 cunctator1654 adjourner1738 postponator1775 putter-off1803 tomorrower1810 offput1856 shelver1881 staller1937 the world > movement > rate of motion > [noun] > decreasing rate of movement or progress > causing > one who or that which slower1592 retarder1644 skid1841 slower-down1947 the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > types or manners of hindrance > [noun] > hindering or retarding > that which or one who delayer?1518 hold-back1581 pullback1584 tarriance1598 tarrier1622 retarder1644 checker1845 drag1857 liability1938 1644 R. Baillie Let. 18 Feb. (1841) II. 139 The Independents..have been the retarders of the Assemblie, to the evident hazard of the Church's safetie. 1688 London Gaz. No. 2469/2 Who were retarders, or obstructers of the Designs of the Estates. 1714 Sure Way to Orthodoxy 29 The first and Principal Hinderer, and most general Retarder of the Noble Duty I have been treating of, is that false Notion of Constancy and Steadiness. 1760 S. Fielding Ophelia II. xliv. 172 Those..Sensations are great Retarders of a Lover's Progress. 1839 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 2 122/2 The sledge or retarder..is formed like a wedge. 1895 C. de Garmo Herbart & Herbartians iii. iii. 229 Those who should be the leaders, become the retarders of educational thought. 1905 Chambers's Jrnl. Mar. 237/2 The planting of trees, bushes, and sand-loving plants as retarders to sand-movement is of great effect. 2003 S. Plumply Argument & Song 282 In the prosody of the postmodern lyric sentence, the prose aspect is heightened as a continuer, the verse aspect lessened as a retarder. 2. Chemistry and Biology. A substance which slows down a reaction or process. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > [noun] > material for other specific purposes screen cloth1603 wadding1627 heading1650 fusive1678 graving stuff1702 pounce1728 railing1740 retarder1753 seating1790 shelving1817 bending1823 shafting1825 wedging1825 rubber sheet1842 facing1843 piston packing1857 sheathing1859 screeding1864 paint1875 sleeving1923 landfill1969 presoak1969 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > processes or substances affecting reactions > retardation > retarder retarder1753 1753 A. Addington Ess. Sea-scurvy 24 The antiseptic power of Salt-Water is so weak, that it is to be look'd upon rather as a Retarder of the Putrefaction of sound Humours, than as a Corrector or Sweetener of Humours already putrid. 1844 M. L. Shew & J. Shew Water-cure for Ladies v. 48 Salt..is certainly a preserver—an antiseptic,—a retarder of decomposition or putrefaction. 1858 Photogr. News 26 Nov. 143/1 Is no retarder used, in the form of either acetic, or citric acid, in any of the processes? 1890 I. B. Yeo Food in Health & Dis. 123 In small quantities [alcohol]..promotes appetite, but in large quantities it has the opposite effect, and is..a retarder of digestion. 1967 D. Margerison & G. C. East Introd. Polymer Chem. iv. 195 Those substances which affect the rate of the polymerization are termed inhibitors or retarders according to whether the rate is reduced to zero or to a finite value. 1971 P. Gresswell Environment 264 Weed-killers or growth retarders are needed that keep rank growth in check without eliminating all wild flowers. 2004 Toronto Star (Nexis) 10 Jan. m14 Acrylics dry quite rapidly..but you may want to get a bottle of retarder from the art or craft store to mix into the paint to slow things down. 3. a. A device or system used to slow down a vehicle; a brake; esp. (in later use) a device used in buses, lorries, and other large vehicles to supplement friction brakes (e.g. when moving downhill). ΚΠ 1868 J. L. Bishop Hist. Amer. Manuf. 1608–1860 (ed. 3) II. 592 About 1834, he originated ‘the Brake’ or Retarder, which was first applied to stage coaches in crossing the Allegheny Mountains. 1907 Forum 38 355 Some form of retarder, such as a friction brake or hydraulic buffer. 1947 Pop. Mech. Jan. 121/1 When pressure on the accelerator is released, the retarder goes into action and holds the loaded tractor-trailer within the limits of the desired speed. 1987 Truck June 70/3 Work must be done in the field of retarders and brakes to handle the downhill part of the trip. 2001 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 24 Mar. 82 The two most common retarder types, in use today, are the coil-type electromagnetic and the fluid-type hydraulic retarders. b. Railways. A mechanism of clamps or bars mounted beside the rails, esp. in a marshalling yard, to act as a brake on the wheels of moving freight wagons. ΘΚΠ society > travel > rail travel > railway system or organization > [noun] > track > arrangement of rails acting as brake retarder1923 1923 Brit. Patent 201,760 1/1 Fig. 1 is a plan view of the retarder as laid between the rails ready for use. 1937 W. G. Raymond Elem. Railroad Engin. (ed. 5) xiv. 186 The car retarder is a device to control the speed of a moving freight car. 1966 G. F. Allen Brit. Rail after Beeching viii. 248 Further B.R. applications of this ingenious device may be confined to the outer ends of reception sidings in existing yards already equipped with electronically-controlled, clamp-type retarders, to improve the speed control of shunted wagons after they have left the hump area. 1999 J. Welsh et al. Amer. Railroad iii. 65 The retarders..automatically kick in while the control tower operator(s) align the switches. 4. A device in a boiler that delays the escape of exhaust gases so that heat can be reclaimed from them. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > boiler > [noun] > parts of > other parts saddle1688 float1753 fire door1765 mudhole1824 stay-bolt1839 water table1856 hydrostat1858 mud drum1864 vomit1880 hydrokineter1883 retarder1890 1890 J. Williams Forced Draught 13 in Trans. Inst. Marine Engin. 1889–90 1 With forced draught this current was much less, owing to the obstructions offered by the air-heating chamber in the uptake and the spiral retarders. 1898 W. S. Hutton Steam-boiler Constr. (ed. 3) vi. 455 The smoke-tubes of multitubular boilers are sometimes fitted with either retarders or radiators, with the object of increasing the efficiency of the heating-surface. A retarder usually consists of a flat strip of sheet-metal twisted spirally, to compel the fuel-gases to travel through the tubes in a spiral-form. 1903 Sci. Amer. Suppl. 24 Jan. 22625/1 The cylindrical boilers should be fitted with retarders in the tubes. 1953 J. N. Williams Boiler House Pract. vii. 152 Refractory cores or retarders were employed but with only partial success. 2006 F. Saxon Tolleys' Industr. & Commerc. Gas Installation Pract. (ed. 4) viii. 378 Baffles or ‘retarders’ are suspended in the tubes to assist heat transmission to the water. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1644
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