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单词 rhine
释义

Rhinen.1

Brit. /rʌɪn/, U.S. /raɪn/
Forms: Middle English Reyn, Middle English Ruyne, Middle English Ryne, 1700s Rhyne, 1700s– Rhine, 1800s Rhein.
Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Rhine.
Etymology: < the name of the river Rhine, a major river of western Europe, which rises in the Alps and flows through or beside parts of Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, France, and the Netherlands before flowing into the North Sea. Forms of the name in the languages of countries along its route include German Rhein (Old High German Rīn , Hrīn , Middle High German Rīn ), French Rhin (Anglo-Norman and Old French Rin , Middle French Rhin , Rin ), Dutch Rijn (Middle Dutch Rijn , Rīn ); compare also classical Latin Rhēnus (also Rhēnum ; apparently < Celtic; the orthographic influence of the Latin form is reflected by spellings with Rh- in German and French as well as English). The river name probably ultimately shows a formation < the same Indo-European base as run v. In its Germanic form it is frequently assumed to be an early borrowing from Celtic, but this theory poses phonological difficulties with regard to the stem vowel (see discussion by S. Zimmer in J. Hoops's Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde (ed. 2, 2003) XXIV. 525). There are numerous names of other smaller rivers in western Europe which are very similar in form and probably show the same origin.Rhine occurs as a place name in English contexts from Old English onwards (in various forms, including Old English Rin , Middle English and early modern English Rine , Ryne , early modern English Rhin , Rhine , Rhyne ; also Middle English and early modern English Rhenus , Renus , Rene , Middle English Reyn , Ruyn , early modern English Rhene ). With Rhine wine at Compounds 1 compare Anglo-Norman vyn de Ryne and Middle French vin de Rin (c1400), Middle French, French vin du Rhin (15th cent.), post-classical Latin vinum del Ryne (1359 in a British source).
Wine made from grapes growing in the Rhine valley.In modern use absol. of Rhine wine at Compounds 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > German wines > [noun] > Rhine wine
Rhinea1399
Rhine wine1495
Rhenish1603
a1399 in W. G. Benham Oath Bk. Colchester (1907) 7 (MED) Potts de Ryne, c, j d.
c1440 Sir Degrevant (Thornton) (1949) 1430 Euer scho drewe þam þe wyne, Bathe þe roche and þe ryne [v.r. reyn], And of þe gude maluesyne Filled scho þam þare.
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn (1887) 280 Spycys & eke wyne Went round aboute, þe gascoyn & eke the ruyne.
1836 C. Crowninshield Diary 26 May (1956) 252 The father disappeared just before tea to drink a bottle of Rhine in a Wirtshaus.
1861 Baedeker's Handbk. Travellers Rhine p. xxiii The readiest solution we can offer the traveller..is to recommend him, should the table-wine not prove sufficiently palatable, to order a bottle of Rhine or Moselle at a thaler.
1902 N. W. Stephenson Beautiful Mrs. Moulton xiv. 112 On a pleasant afternoon, he would sit at a window, with his long glass of Rhine and seltzer at his elbow.
1990 R. S. Wheeler Yellowstone xvi. 158 He sucked greedily on the bottle of Rhine in his hand.

Compounds

C1. attributive. Designating wines made from grapes growing in the Rhine valley. Chiefly in Rhine wine. Cf. Rhenish adj.
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the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > German wines > [noun] > Rhine wine
Rhinea1399
Rhine wine1495
Rhenish1603
1495 A. Halyburton Ledger (1867) 22 A stek off Ryne vyne.
1775 tr. Valuable Secrets Arts & Trades 249 You can make hypocras with either of the following liquors; viz. Spanish wine; Muscat, Rhyne-wine.
1785 A. Duncan Med. Comm. 9 295 He has used it with advantage in hydropic cases, even to half an ounce a-day, dissolved in a pint of Rhine wine.
1825 T. A. Boswell Jrnl. Exile II. xv. 48 I used to drink to their healths when I was there, in bright bumpers of Rhein wine.
1843 Penny Cycl. XXVII. 455/2 We find the most renowned of the Rhine-wines produced between 50° and 51°.
1866 Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 235/2 The red Rhine-wines..are not nearly so much prized as the white.
1954 Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 153/1 The white wines from Alsace and the Moselles and Hocks (or Rhine wines) of Germany are well worth trying.
1986 Gourmet June 44/2 A Palatinate Riesling, for instance, has a flavor that is more earthy, complex, and diffuse than that of other Rhine Rieslings.
2004 Tin House 6 208/2 Apollinaire's short list included: vermouth, beer, Rhine wines, absinthe.
C2.
Rhine daughter n. [after German Rheintochter: see Rhine maiden n.] = Rhine maiden n.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > musician > singer > opera-singer > [noun] > singer of specific part
Rhine daughter1876
1876 Times 26 Aug. 4/1 The remaining characters—the Rhine-daughters accepted..—Wagner must have occasionally been at no small pains to fill up as he desired.
1922 T. S. Eliot Waste Land 59 The Song of the (three) Thames-daughters begins here... V. Götterdämmerung, III, i: the Rhinedaughters.
1994 S. Williams R. Wagner & Festival Theatre vii. 130 Among the most novel of the stage effects was the use of swimming machines for the Rhine Daughters and of projections in the scene beneath the Rhine.
Rhine maiden n. each of three water maidens who are guardians of the Rheingold in Wagner's cycle of operas Der Ring des Nibelungen (first performed 1869–74) ( quot. 1854 probably represents an independent use, probably with allusion to the legend of the Lorelei or other traditions of water spirits in the Rhine); (allusively) a young woman, esp. one from Germany, who has the blonde hair and strong physique with which the three maidens are usually portrayed. [With reference to Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen after German Rheintochter, lit. ‘Rhine daughter’; Wagner drew his inspiration for these mythological characters chiefly from water spirits encountered by the principal characters in the epic poem the Nibelungenlied.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > whiteness or fairness > [noun] > person
fair1771
blonde1822
Rhine maiden1965
1854 Times 17 June 13/1 Popular vocal duets, by the Author and Composer of ‘What are the Wild Waves saying?’—The Changes of the Bells—The Depths of the Ocean—The Rhine Maidens—[etc.]
1899 G. Bell Let. 16 Aug. (1927) I. 51 We saw all the properties, and all the mechanism of the Rhine maidens.
1940 W. Faulkner Hamlet iv. i. 276 To those below what Brunhilde, what Rhinemaiden on what spurious river-rock of papier mâché.
1965 V. Canning Whip Hand xiii. 148 The blond Siegfried type..and Katerina and Lottie, a couple of hand-picked Rhine-maidens.
1966 B. Took & M. Feldman in B. Took & M. Coward Best of ‘Round The Horne’ (2000) 87/2 The barmaid, a buxom Rhinemaiden, brought me a beer stein and plonked it down on the beer-steined table cloth.
2004 Daily Tel. 20 Dec. 19/5 In providing his Rhinemaidens with blue pubic wigs one can but marvel at director Keith Warner's patient experimentation.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

rhinen.2

Brit. /rʌɪn/, U.S. /raɪn/
Forms: 1600s–1800s rine, 1600s– rhine, 1600s–1800s ryne, 1800s rhyne.
Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Reinhanf.
Etymology: < rein- in German Reinhanf, literally ‘clean hemp’, but in forms in rh- (and probably also in other forms) apprehended as showing the name of the river Rhine (German Rhein : see Rhine n.1); the same association is reflected in German by the spelling Rheinhanf.
Now historical.
More fully rhine hemp. A high quality hemp from eastern Europe. Frequently with distinguishing word indicating the place of origin, as Riga rhine.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > plants, grasses, or reeds > [noun] > vegetable fibre > hemp > types of
fimble hemp1484
carl hemp?1523
henequen1555
steel hemp1604
Rusband1633
Riga rhine1639
Russia hemp1663
pass-hemp1742
chucking1785
Manila1826
sisal1827
sisal hemp1828
moorva1855
outshot1858
pass1858
carl doddie1868
outshots1880
1639 W. Davenant Salmacida Spolia sig. C2 Powder of Menippus tree, & the Rine of Hemp to consolate those who have lost their money.
1641 S. Smith Herring-bvsse Trade 13 The best Rine and Rusband are these, Hempe brought in by the Eastland Merchants from the parts of Leiffeland and Prussia.
1709 London Gaz. No. 4598/4 Two Ships lading of..Russia Rhine Hemp.
1765 Museum Rusticum 4 xxiii. 108 I have seen very good hemp, the growth of that country [sc. North America], not inferior to the best Riga ryne.
1794 D. Steel Elements & Pract. Rigging & Seamanship I. 94 Bolt Rope should be well made, of fine yarn, spun from the best Riga rhine hemp well topt.
1812 J. Smyth Pract. of Customs ii. 95 Riga Hemp..is distinguished by the Trade by the names of Rhyne, Outshot, Pass, and Codilla Hemp.
1855 A. H. Hassall Food & its Adulterations 17 Dutch Flax, Bombay Flax, Polish Ryne Hemp.., Bombay Hemp, [etc.].
1882 D. Kemp Man. Yacht & Boat Sailing (ed. 3) 509/1 Bolt Rope.—The rope sewn around the edges of sails. It is made of the very best Riga Rhine hemp, dressed with Stockholm tar.
1912 C. E. Chadman Cycl. Law VIII. 29 The sale was of ten tons of sound merchantable hemp, and the buyer to purchase Riga Rhine hemp, a better article, the mistake having been made by the broker in describing the hemp to the buyer.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

rhinen.3

Brit. /riːn/, U.S. /rin/
Forms: 1600s royne, 1700s– rhine, 1800s– rhyne, 1800s rhoyne.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: rean n., rune n.1
Etymology: Origin uncertain, as is the quality of the stem vowel. The forms rhine , rhyne perhaps simply show a spelling variant of rean n.; F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. (1886) 624 comments that ‘the wide open drains are all written rhine and pronounced ree·n’, and a similar comment occurs in G. E. Dartnell and E. H. Goddard Gloss. Words Wilts. (1893) 132, and in other later sources. However, this would not account for the forms royne , rhoyne . Perhaps a variant of rune n.1 (compare rune n.1 3), although this would also make the development of the vowel difficult to account for.For a suggestion that the forms in rh- reflect attempts to render aspirated r see Somerset & Dorset Notes & Queries 35 (2004) 376–7.
English regional (chiefly south-western).
A large open ditch or drain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > ditching or drainage > [noun] > ditch
dikec893
gripa1000
ditch1045
fosselOE
water-furrowlOE
sow1316
furrowc1330
rick1332
sewer1402
gripplec1440
soughc1440
grindle1463
sheugh1513
syre1513
rain?1523
trench1523
slough1532
drain1552
fowsie?1553
thorougha1555
rean1591
potting1592
trink1592
syver1606
graft1644
work1649
by-ditch1650
water fence1651
master drain1652
rode1662
pudge1671
gripe1673
sulcus1676
rhine1698
rilling1725
mine1743
foot trench1765
through1777
trench drain1779
trenchlet1782
sunk fence1786
float1790
foot drain1795
tail-drain1805
flow-dike1812
groopa1825
holla1825
thorough drain1824
yawner1832
acequia madre1835
drove1844
leader1844
furrow-drain1858
1698–9 Act 10 Will. III c. 26 The present Roynes and Water Courses are not sufficient to Drain the same [sc. Sedgemoor].
1714 J. Fortescue-Aland Note in Fortescue's Governance of Eng. 104 In Somersetshire they call the Streams and Rivulets between their Moors, which on Floods rise high, Rhines to this Day.
1800 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 90 548 So much..is this flat cut up with rhynes and ditches, that [etc.].
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 608 But between them and the enemy lay three broad rhines filled with water and soft mud.
1886 Weston-super-Mare Gaz. 27 Nov. One of the footpaths in the parish of Brent Knoll was reported to have fallen into the rhyne.
1912 J. W. White Flora of Bristol 16 The rhines and hollows left by the turf-cutters support some rich and important plant associations.
1980 M. Shoard Theft of Countryside ii. ix. 89 One [area]..was ‘natural’, consisting of rough meadows used as summer pasture and drained by rhynes, whereas the other..was pump-drained.
2001 BBC Wildlife Sept. 64/2 Spring came late to the levels, waiting while winter drained into the peat, ten thousand years deep, where willows keep their roots and brace the banks of rhines.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

> see also

also refers to : -rhinecomb. form
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n.1a1399n.21639n.31698
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