| 释义 |
rindn.1 Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Dutch rinda (Middle Dutch rinde , early modern Dutch rinne , rin ; also in Middle Dutch as run , runne , runde (Dutch run ) and rende (Dutch regional renne , ren )), Old Saxon rinda (Middle Low German rinde ), Old High German rinta (Middle High German rinde , rinte ; German Rinde ), Old Danish rind (Danish rind ), probably < the same Germanic base as rend v.1, ultimately < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit rándhra- crack, fissure.In senses 4b and 5 perhaps partly resulting from association with rime, variant of rim n.2 and rim n.1 respectively. In sense 6 apparently after Italian cartoccio volute (16th cent. in this sense: see cartouche n.). In Old English usually a strong feminine (rind); a weak feminine by-form (rinde) is also attested. I. Concrete uses. the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > wood > [noun] > bark α. eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius (Otho) (2009) I. xxi. 480 Eall se dæl se ðe þæs treowes on twelf monðum gewexð, þæt he onginð of þæm wyrtrumum and swa upwea[r]des grewð oð ðone stemn and siððan a[nd]lang þæs piðan and andlang þære rinde [o]ð ðone helm. eOE (Royal) (1865) i. xlv. 114 Wið nædran slite gif he beget & yt rinde, sio þe cymð of neorxna wonge, ne dereð him nan atter. OE 1175 Ða wearð beam monig blodigum tearum birunnen under rindum, reade ond þicce. ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 119 Þeos..haueð ipiled Mi figer irent alþe rinde þer of. c1275 (?c1250) (Calig.) (1935) 602 (MED) Ac wat etestu..Bute atter-coppe..An wormes, ȝif þu miȝte finde Among þe uolde of harde rinde? c1330 in T. Wright (1839) 333 And bringe rotes and rindes [a1400 Peterhouse rynds] bret ful a male. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 303 Iacob took grene ȝerdes..and pyled of þe rynde in som place of þe ȝerdes. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 427 (MED) He haþ made heres blakke with..þe ryndes of a plomme tree soden to þe thikkenesse of hony. c1450 (Coventry) (1973) 2018 (MED) Alle the canelle that men sene Is of the rynde of thoo treene. c1500 King & Hermit in M. M. Furrow (1985) 252 (MED) I won here in wyldernes With rotys and ryndes among wyld bestes. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria iii. xi. f. 161v The leaues wherof are made of the inner ryndes or barkes of trees. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens 167 The roote is..couered with a thinne..barke or rinde. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault iii. lxiii. 576 All aromatical rindes or woods, as cinnamom. 1638 R. Brathwait (new ed.) iv. sig. Dd2 Osyers freshly showing With soft mossie rinde or'e-growing. 1689 H. Pitman 20 We thought it time to..stop the Leaks of our Boat, and to raise a Deck over her with Rinds of Trees. 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville 83 Lines made of the Rinds of Lime-Tree. 1725 J. Swift Riddle in (1735) II. 397 Depriv'd of Root, and Branch, and Rind, Yet Flow'rs I bear of evry Kind. 1789 G. White 2 The most lovely of all forest trees, whether we consider it's [sc. a beech tree's] smooth rind or bark, it's glossy foliage, or graceful pendulous boughs. a1845 R. H. Barham Poplar in (1847) 3rd Ser. 351 Here stands the Poplar..On whose tender rind..We carved her initials. 1857 A. Henfrey 530 The rind of the Monocotyledonous stem, totally different from true bark, is generally little developed. 1861 R. Bentley i. iii. 90 The whole is covered externally by a fibrous and cellular layer, called the false bark or rind. 1930 31 May 350/1 All that the natives needed to do was cut a long gash in the rind of the tree and let the latex ooze out. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) II. 1197 The country lad strips the rind from a mountain ash to make a whistle. 1936 N. Smith 17 [The fish] would be made up in twenty-quintal piles, and well covered with rinds on top and tarpaulins round the napes to keep it thoroughly dry. 1958 M. A. Ormsby i. 44 Birch rind, still preferred to the fine Coast cedar for canoe construction, was shipped all the way from Montreal to London and round the Horn. 1999 D. Morrissey (2001) ix. 88 With waddles of birch rind and bark, and a few splits of wood, I got a fire going. 2. the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > [noun] > a coat or covering layer OE Ælfric (Cambr. Gg.3.28) viii. 70 We hedað þæra crumena ðæs hlafes, and ða Iudeiscan gnagað þa rinde. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 217 Þey alle oþere þat beeþ i-made haue schilles, ryndes [?a1475 anon. tr. barke; L. cortices], skynnes, wolle, heer, bristles, feþeres, wynges oþer scales. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 161 Þanne þou schalt leie in the wounde..oile of rosis til al þe rynde of þe brennyng falle awei [L. ad casum escare]. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 173v (MED) Medicyne cicatriȝatiue & sigillatif..is þat þat drieþ þe superficite of a wounde so þat þer be made a corke, i. bark or rinde, vpon it. ?c1475 (BL Add. 15562) f. 104v A Rynde of A negge. ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI sig. X.iiv Take the horne of a gote and burne it..and ye rind that ryseth therof at that tyme take and stampe it. 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus i. ii. 30 Those humours so riped, drawyng vp to the rinde of the earth. 1600 W. Cornwallis I. i. sig. B7 The lapidary is not sory when he hath gotten the rinde, or barke of a Iewell from what is precious. 1778 W. Pryce 78 The inside of those Fissures are commonly glidered or coated with a hard, crystalline, earthy substance or rind. 1794 R. Kirwan (ed. 2) I. 225 Surface..covered with a greyish white rind. 1811 J. Parkins 27 Scrape off the thin rind of the quill. 1822 J. M. Good IV. 598 Simple Fish-skin. The incrustation forming a harsh papulated or warty rind. 1849 (31st Congress, 1st Sess.) No. 5. ii. 609 The rock is ‘rind’, and can probably be penetrated to the depth of two or three hundred feet before striking a greenstone vein. 1857 D. Livingstone xxvii. 542 Large rounded masses of granite, containing black mica... The outer rind of it inclines to peel off. 1881 St. G. Mivart 23 The central part of the hair, or pith, is less dense than its rind, or cortical substance. 1914 46 300 The brown protective rock rind generally known as ‘desert varnish’. 1974 4 Oct. 428/2 The ganglia have a cell rind formed by nerve cell perikarya. 1999 C. Zimmer iv. 108 A growing amphibian embryo lies inside a porous membrane that in turn is coated in a thick rind of jelly. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > rind of cheese 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach iii. f. 148 Let it [sc. cheese] be rubbed ouer with Meale of vndryed Barley..and after, the outer rynde scraped of. 1588 B. Dowe Dairie Bk. Good Huswiues sig. B, in T. Kyd tr. T. Tasso (new ed.) The moystest part of the Cheese will be neere the rinde, or vtter part thereof. 1669 W. Aglionby xxiii. 329 Here [i.e. Edam] is made the best Holland Cheese with red Rinde, so much sought after by all Nations. 1683 J. Pettus tr. L. Ercker ii. xx. 155 in i Take Milldust, 4 Loths, Bole Armoniak, one Loth, white dryed Cheese without Crust or rind, two Loths, and of Sanguis Draconis, one Loth. 1700 45 Take ½ a Pound of Old Cheshire-Cheese, pair of the Rine, and throw it away. 1747 (Royal Soc.) 44 5 In eight Days it dried away to an hard cheesy Substance, and in fourteen Days became quite dry, like the Rind of Gloucester Cheese. 1790 S. Deane 49/1 The nitre not only gives a reddish cast to the rind of the cheese, but makes it more tender. 1825 T. Hook 2nd Ser. III. 195 ‘How's your throat, child?’.. ‘Oh, quite well, Pa,..it was a bit of the rind of the cheese that stuck.’ 1866 15 Mar. 85/1 The hoop is slipped off and a thin rind from the upper side of the cheese trimmed off with a sharp knife. 1922 39 419 The bird fed heartily on such fare as baked beans, cheese-rind, cooked carrots and parsnips, bread and spoilt grapes. 1959 P. D. Cummins tr. D. Dolci (U.S. ed.) 63 They save up scraps of ham, chicken wings picked clean, slivers of pork skin, cheese rinds, the heel of a salami, and so on. 2004 (Nexis) 18 Nov. 39 Soft rinds like those on brie are generally eaten; tough or waxy rinds should be trimmed off. the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > [noun] > parts of > skin or roughening of skin α. eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory (Hatton) (1871) xv. 95 Sua se æppel bið betogen mid anfealdre rinde, & ðeah monig corn oninnan him hæfð, sua sio halige cirice unrim folces befehð mid anfealde geleafan. eOE (Royal) (1865) ii. xvi. 194 Wyrc him þonne wyrtdrenc of finoles wyrttruman rinde. ?a1200 ( tr. Pseudo-Apuleius (Harl. 6258B) cixx. 161 Syle drincan on rinde [OE Hatton rinde] þas æpples þe man malum granatum nemneð. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 229v In euery grayne is boþe piþþe and rynde. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. c. 991 Þe rynde of þe roote ysode and ydronke laxeþ þe wombe. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 181 Frote it wiþ ryndis [L. corticibus] of an oynoun. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 391 (MED) Take picche and wexe and terbentyne and þe ryndes of notes ybroken..and sethe hem. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in f. 100 Waische þe place with white wyn medlid wiþ hony in whiche þat ben soden inne balaustie gallis and þe ryndis of pomegarndis. 1541 T. Elyot (new ed.) ii. 23 The ryndes [of oranges] taken in a littell quantitee, doo comfort the stomacke. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 146 Cayro is the caske or rind of a nut they have in the India called Caco. 1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 39 in Lettinge the cloues & riendes [of oranges and lemons] remaine in oile. 1667 J. Milton iv. 249 Others whose fruit burnisht with Golden Rinde Hung amiable. View more context for this quotation 1676 J. Worlidge 160 One of the most solid Apples that grows, of a tough rind. 1727 A. Hamilton I. xxiv. 296 Of the Rind of the Nut they make Cayar. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter iii. ii. 310 The fruit..is covered with a rough rind. 1764 E. Moxon (new ed.) 163 Take three or four seville oranges,..and boil the rinds. 1830 M. Donovan I. viii. 301 Those [apples] whose flesh and rind are green are very inferior. 1831 G. Clarke I. ix. 322 Like the section of a horse-chestnut, showing a small portion of the nut where the rind is partially split. 1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato II. 605 The fruits having a hard rind. 1907 T. R. Sim 274 Fruit size of an orange, or larger, with rind green when young, yellow when ripe. 1910 VI. 631/1 The external husk or rind [of the coconut] yields the coir fibre, with which are fabricated ropes, cordage, brushes, &c. 1951 J. Kerouac (2007) 194 We had a watermelon; we ate it on the spot and threw the rinds on the old man's dirt sidewalk. 2003 Summer 153/1 Use 11 oz (350 g) regular chocolate with the addition of some grated orange rind. 4. the world > life > the body > skin > [noun] a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 642 His sheld to-dasshed was..In which men myghte many an arwe fynde That þrilled hadde horn and nerf and rynde. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil ix. vii. 99 With the dynt the rynde is revin sua, Hys hart pipis the scharp hed persyt in tua. ?1536 R. Copland sig. A.iiiv Scabby & scuruy, pocke eaten flesh and rynde. 1828 W. Carr (ed. 2) Rine, the skin, or thin membrane under the skin. 1868 J. C. Atkinson App. 607 Rind, the inner or true skin in opposition to the cuticle or scarf-skin. 1886 W. H. Long 58 I het my lig agen that skote jest now, and I zee it took a bit o' the rine off. 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey 246/1 Rind, Skin; even of people. the world > life > the body > internal organs > cavities occupied by internal organs > [noun] > abdomen > membranes of the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > [noun] > membranes > pia mater 1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius 32/1 The inner rine of the belly, which is ioyned to the cawll, and wherewith all the entrailes are couered. 1598 J. Florio at Omento The rinde or thin skin inwrapping the braine. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin (new ed.) iii. iii. 135 I am of Opinion that in the Brain, properly so called, or the Rinde, is contained Animal Spirit for Sense. 1684 tr. S. Blankaart 251 Rhegma is a Breaking or Bursting of any part, as of a Bone, the inner Rine of the Belly, the Eye, &c. 1739 42 Its Force..extends the Rind of the lower Belly outwards. 1859 C. D. Meigs (ed. 4) xliv. 658 Bright's disease in its first stage is neither more nor less than engorgement of the rind of the kidney. 1863 J. Gamgee II. xiv. 230 The pony had been kicked during the night, and the ‘rind’ of his belly was broken. 1920 A. Keith xxi. 230 Such a manifestation is always accompanied by a profuse overgrowth of the rind of the adrenal glands. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) I. xxi. 749 The cortex or rind of the mammalian fore-brain or cerebrum shows a great advance on that of birds and reptiles. 1997 13 June 9/7 Earlier finds include..differences in the thin rind on the surface of the brain responsible for higher intellectual abilities. 2002 H. U. Kauczor in U. J. Schoepf vi. 90/1 Regarding pulmonary physiology the categorization of the pulmonary core (medulla) and rind (cortex) is also useful. the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > pork > [noun] > bacon > rind 1607 E. Topsell 690 To rub the tongue with the inner side of the rines of Bacon. 1689 W. Salmon tr. Y. van Diemerbroeck ii. 22 Rind of Pork or Bacon if the Pits be rub'd therewith, smooth the Skin and fill up the Pits. 1767 A. Shackleford p. vii The surest mark of old pork, is the thickness and stubborness of the rind. 1793 tr. Menon 16 The Peasant's Pot a la Couine is made in the same manner, except that instead of the bacon you make use of the rind. 1837 1 June 7/5 The poor country labourers are very often betting of him for pot liquor.., for cold potatoes, and even for the rind or peeling of bacon. 1866 ‘M. Twain’ in Dec. 111/1 We have only left a lower end of a ham-bone, with some of the outer rind and skin on. 1916 17 68 It is recommended that strips of tough meat, bacon rinds, bones, bread crusts, etc., be given the child to chew. 1946 E. Weeks (1955) iv. xxvi. 168 I have seen one of these steel rods bring in thirty tinker mackerel by trolling pork rind through the schools over which the terns work so beautifully. 1973 L. Russell viii. 89 The mixture was flavoured with pork dripping and topped off with pieces of fried-out pork rind. 2007 (Nexis) 2 June 8 Cut the rind from the gammon and cut the meat into small dice. the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [noun] the world > animals > mammals > order Cetacea (whales) > [noun] > large member of (whale) > parts of > blubber or flesh 1667 J. Milton i. 206 The Pilot..With fixed Anchor in his skaly rind Moors by his side. View more context for this quotation 1730 T. Boreman i. 66 Its [sc. the crocodile's] body is rough, being covered all over with a certain bark, or rind, so thick, firm, and strong that it will not yield..to a cart wheel, when the Cart is loaded. 1784 J. Cook & J. King II. iv. iii. 260 The porpoise..the flesh and rind of which they cut in large pieces, dry them as they do herrings, and eat them. 1839 July 71 The sword..shivered like glass against the ‘scaly rind’ of this accursed creature. 1870 E. P. Wright tr. L. Figuier 59 To separate the oil from this enormous greasy rind. 1986 I. Wedde (1988) 62 The third whale's rind feeds down into the blubber-room. 1848 II. 609 The rock is ‘rind’, and can probably be penetrated to depth of two or three hundred feet before striking a greenstone vein. the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > [noun] the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > [noun] > land-boundary > of a region or territory society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > part of country or district > [noun] > border district(s) > border(s) 1530 c. 11 The sayde Dykes, or..any other banke, beyng parcele of the rynde & uttermost parte of the sayde contrey of Marshe lande. 1552 R. Huloet Rynde of a countrey, fines. 1584 R. Scot xii. xvii. 262 Sticke a paire of sheeres in the rind of a siue. 1608 E. Topsell 216 Vppon the ridge of his backe..and vnderneath vppon the ryne or brimme of his belly, are certaine haires growing. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > capital > parts of 1728 E. Chambers at Capital The middle Part is called a Rind, or Bark, from its suppos'd Resemblance to the Bark of a Tree laid on a Vase. ?1730 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti II. vii. viii. f. 33/2 The breadth of the rind [It. cartoccio] which is to terminate in the Scroll must..be equal to the Abacus. This rind must fall down on each side winding round like a Snail-shell. 1768 (new ed.) ii. xiii. 182 The abacus of the Ionic capital consists of an ogee and fillet: the rind is hollow under this, and presses upon the ovolo or quarter-round. 1826 J. Gwilt v. 189 The Ionic Capital consists of three principal parts: an abacus composed of an ogee and fillet, a rind which forms the scrolls, and an ovolo and astragal at bottom. the world > plants > particular plants > fungi > [noun] > parts of 1788 J. Bolton I. p. vii. Lycoperdon (Puff-ball). A Fungus, roundish, consisting of a bark or rind, which breaks generally in the summit, and discharges an impalpable dust or farina. 1839 XIII. 211 The Geasters, or starry puff-balls, are much less common; instead of bursting irregularly at the apex when ripe, their outer rind separates into a definite number of lobes. 1875 M. C. Cooke ii. 47 The rind..is an entangled uninterrupted tissue of fungus filaments, which gradually obtain very solid, hard cartilaginous coats. 1927 H. Gwynne-Vaughan & B. F. Barnes 1 The hyphae..may give rise to root-like strands known as rhizomorphs, or to a compact resting body, the sclerotium, the outer cells of which are modified to form a rind, protecting the inner regions from desiccation. 1951 J. A. Macdonald ii. 14 In a few cases the mycelial cord is surrounded with a dark rind similar to that which surrounds a sclerotium. 1974 52 1128/2 About 5½ days after inoculation, a definite organization of mycelia to form the rind was observed. 2003 W. C. Roody vii. 437 Earthballs are similar to puffballs but have a hard, firm flesh when young and a thick outer rind. II. Abstract and figurative uses. the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > [noun] > the outside or exterior > external aspect as opposed to internal α. eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory (Hatton) (1871) ix. 55 Ðeahtigað on hiera modes rinde monig god weorc to wyrcanne, ac on ðam piðan bið oðer gehyded. 1340 (1866) 99 Vor zuyche..ne couþe bote þe rynde [c1450 Bk. Vices & Virtues schelle] wyþoute, þet is, þe lettre. 1551 T. Wilson sig. Oiiijv The Gospell resteth..not in the outwarde rynde, but in the very hart. 1591 J. Harington Briefe Apol. Poetrie in tr. L. Ariosto sig. ¶iiij For the litterall sence (as it were the vtmost barke or ryne). 1618 E. Elton xiv. 292 They rest in the outward rind and barke of the Law. 1646 J. Hall 57 Histories for the most part pick but at the Rind of businesse. 1704 J. Swift i. 46 Many Readers..who will by no means be persuaded to inspect beyond the Surface and the Rind of Things. 1758 J. Armstrong 53 A bearish Figure is almost certainly the Rhind or Husk of a rude rough Soul. 1813 S. T. Coleridge ii. ii. 29 You are no dullard, But one that strips the outward rind of things! 1841 R. W. Emerson 1st Ser. (Boston ed.) ix. 227 With each divine impulse the mind rends the thin rinds of the visible and finite. 1957 28 447 Cole..combined Emerson's regard for the pulsing life which underlay the rind of things with Hawthorne's knowledge of evil. 2004 L. Panizza tr. A. Tarabotti ii. 108 Under the outer rind of fiction, the ancients disguised an inner core of truth. the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [noun] a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve (Harl. 4866) (1897) 3576 (MED) God took vppon him humble buxumnesse Whan he him wrappid in our mortell rynde. 1600 R. Cawdrey 420 The..Iewes, did seeme to haue eyes, but in deed they were blinde, and Idle and emptie skins, and rindes without sight. 1637 J. Milton 23 Thou canst not touch the freedome of my mind.., Although this corporall rind Thou hast immanacl'd. 1766 Sept. 487 Besides the total alteration I had observed in consequence of the small-pox, I had been witness to the fatal effects of disordered senses upon the ‘corporal rind’. 1824 W. S. Rose tr. L. Ariosto II. lxi. 23 Forbid not of the noblest souls the birth..Sprung from thy stock, and clothed in corporal rind. 1854 R. G. MacGregor tr. Petrarch in 202 Alas! why left me in this mortal rind That first of peace, of sin that latest day? 1905 W. Campbell 286 My world-worn spirit drinks thy calm delight, And, chrysalis-like, lets slip its earthly rind. 1995 R. Ducornet i. 13 If the soul disembarks at death, why must the corporal rind stay behind to corrupt the earth? the mind > emotion > pride > impudence > [noun] 1901 G. Ade in 8 Sept. 21/6 Do you have the immortal Rind to say that a galvanized Bun and one little Oasis of Ham are worth ten cents? 1915 P. G. Wodehouse v. 154 You have the immortal rind to suppose that I will stand being nagged and bullied. 1977 1 July 791/1 The Björn Borg Story (I'm glad they didn't have the rind to use the word ‘Life’). 2005 P. Green tr. Catullus 189 That guest of yours from some seaside snooze-pit,..Who's now your darling, whom you've the rind to value Over us? Compounds 1893 (Royal Gardens, Kew) 350 We saw plants selected for sowing that had the rind fungus on many of them. 1928 F. S. Earle v. 154 Canes attacked by this fungus are also soon invaded by the rind fungus, Melanconium, with its conspicuous black pustules which completely mask the Coletotrichum. 1984 I. Stone (2001) viii. 300 The spectacular success of agaul was later to be dampened by the repeated appearance of the rind fungus. 1794 D. Steel I. 8 Rind-gall, a damage the tree received when young. 1869 W. J. M. Rankine App. 66 ‘Rind-galls’, or wounds in a layer of the wood, which have been covered and concealed by the growth of subsequent layers over them. 1970 E. Joyce ix. 118/1 Rind galls, etc. Patches of ingrowing bark, probably caused by exterior damage to the growing tree. the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > place where graft inserted 1907 12 Sept. 258/2 He considered the four best methods..would be the whip, tongue, wedge and rind grafts. 1951 (Royal Hort. Soc.) II. 918/1 All those [branches and spurs] left are grafted by whip-and-tongue or rind-grafts according to size. the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > other methods of grafting 1722 R. Bradley II. 321 They graffed the Wallnut between the Bark and Wood, which I suppose is your Rind-graffing. 1881 XII. 236/2 Crown-grafting or rind-grafting..is preferable to cleft-grafting, inasmuch as it leaves no open spaces in the wood. 1969 35 144/2 An attempt was made to try ‘rind grafting’ on the species at breast height..under field conditions. 2007 D. Squire (2008) 40 Crown grafting, also known as rind grafting, is the main form of topworking. 1670 J. Smith 89 From the Remainder of the Chesnut..may be chosen 63600 Rods for bark or ryne hoops. 1717 W. Sutherland 261 Coolers with Rind Hoops 8 Inches deep and 40 Inches over. 1795 (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) VII. i. 3 Rind-hoops for barrels and for rigging of ships. 1882 11 Jan. 1/1 Firkin, kilderkin, and hogshead staves; rolled and hooped iron, rind hoops, and other goods necessary to carry on the trade of a Cooper. the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Piciformes > [noun] > family Picidae > genus Picus (woodpecker) 1848 A. B. Evans 75 Roin-tabberer,..i.e. the ‘rind-tabberer’, or tapper, viz. the woodpecker. 1862 C. A. Johns Index 621 Rind-tabberer, the Green Woodpecker. 1890 1 158 (table) Green woodpecker. Roin (rind) tabberer, Rainbird or Woodspite. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). rindn.2 Origin: Either (i) a word inherited from Germanic. Or (ii) a borrowing from Dutch. Or (iii) a borrowing from Middle Low German. Etymons: Dutch rijn, rīne; Middle Low German rīn, rīne. Etymology: Either cognate with or borrowed < Middle Dutch rijn, masculine (Dutch rijn ), rīne, feminine (Dutch regional (West Flemish) rijne ) or Middle Low German rīn, masculine (German regional (Low German: East Friesland) rīn ), rīne, feminine; further etymology unknown. Compare post-classical Latin reyna , rina , rinus , ryinus , rynia (from 1276 in British sources). These forms appear to prove that the final d in the β. forms is excrescent (compare pound v.1 and see discussion of γ. forms at that entry). Compare mill-rind n. Now chiefly historical. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > milling or grinding > [noun] > corn-mill > millstone > upper > support 1318 in P. D. A. Harvey (1976) 319 Custus Molendinorum..In ferro empto pro vno nouo rine inde faciendo vna cum veteri rine vj d. ?c1343 in J. T. Fowler (1899) II. 543 2 Ryndes fac. de proprio ferro. 1453–4 in J. T. Fowler (1898) I. 191 Pro renovacione de le spyndellez et rynd. 1472 in J. C. Hodgson (1921) 6 (MED) Expensis..super..emendacione fusilli et le rynde et le tryndyll eiusdem molendini. 1552 Dundee Burgh Court Bks. II. f. 187v, in at Rind Sen the pwynding of the rynd of the common myln. 1598 V. 495 [They] brak his said myln,..tuke away with thame the spyndill, rynd and trymmill brodis of the said miln. 1639 T. Fuller v. xxiv. 271 [Cross] Molinée, because like to the rind of a mill. 1764 J. Ferguson 47 The top part of the spindle..goes into a square hole in a strong iron cross..called the rynd. 1835 A. Cregeen 165/1 Taill, the rynd that bears the millstone. 1888 10 54 The spindle being either of the same piece as the ‘rine’ or keyed into it. 1901 J. T. Fowler in III. 897 (Gloss.) The term Brandret was applied to the ink or rind of a millstone. 1937 11 138 An iron bridge, called in English the rynd, was placed across the narrowest part of the opening between the two hollow cones [i.e. millstones], and rested on the top of the spindle. 1995 E. W. MacKie in M. J. Green (1996) x. xxxiv. 663 The spindle slots into the bridge or rind fixed across the bottom of the hole of the upper stone. 2006 A. Lucas i. 29 A vertical shaft..was fastened to the upper millstone with an iron sleeve or rynd. Compounds1417 in J. T. Fowler (1898) I. 226 In j pari molarum..cum hopys et ryndspindellis. 1616–19 in J. Imrie & J. G. Dunbar (1982) II. 73 For sex lather quhengis to the rind spindell. 1958 89 263 The stones [of the quern] contained no lead, but the holes showed slight traces..and the rind socket very slight traces of lead. 1987 56 352 Parsons identified [the stone] as a top stone from its smooth concave grinding face and the remains of rynd cavities. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rindn.3 Brit.  /rʌɪnd/, U.S. /raɪnd/, Scottish English /rʌind/, /rɪnd/, /rind/Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: Probably < early Scandinavian (compare Icelandic rindi , Norwegian regional rind , rinde ridge, bank: see rand n.1).E. Ekwall saw the word as a native element underlying several Old English place names (see E. Ekwall Conc. Dict. Eng. Place-names (ed. 3, 1947) at Randwick, and compare A. H. Smith Eng. Place-name Elements (1956) II. 83–4). However, all of the examples admit of alternative explanations, and the existence of an Old English place-name element rind is not generally accepted. Now Scottish. the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > ridge > [noun] > ridge of earth c1440 (?a1400) 921 (MED) Than they roode by þat ryuerer..Þare þe ryndez ouerrechez with reall bowghez. c1440 (?a1400) 1884 Thane relyez þe renkes..For to ryotte þe wode..Ransakes the ryndez alle. c1440 (?a1400) 3363 (MED) Than raykes cho with roo..To þe ryndes of þe wode. the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > broken land > arable or ploughed land > land missed in ploughing 1730 in (1966) 10 33 James Meek shue 2 Riges in the rindes and two riges ends. 1825 J. Mitchell 473/1 These rigs or dales were divided from each other by narrow or broad slips of uncultivated grass land, called rinds or baulks. 1898 T. Mair vi. 420 The boundaries were defined by certain poles and Rhinds or roadways through the moss. 1931 H. W. Duncan in VII. 449/2 Rind, [Aberdeenshire] the edge or top of a peat bank. 2005 A. Smith (SCOTS) Knott girse came tae the tap an, jist like the peats were easy lifted wi the three taed fork. They were pit in ower a bogie an teen tae moss rhind. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rindn.4Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rime n.1 Etymology: Probably a variant (with excrescent d) of rime n.1For similar variation compare English regional hind (recorded in Eng. Dial. Dict. from Durham and Yorkshire from the second half of the 19th cent. in the sense ‘hoar frost’), variant of hime (recorded in Eng. Dial. Dict. from Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Derbyshire from the late 18th cent. in the sense ‘hoar frost when it hangs on the trees, rime’), and compare also rinder n.3 Chiefly Scottish and English regional ( northern). the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [noun] > freezing or frosty weather > frost > hoar frost α. 1575 G. Gascoigne xiii. 31 Whereas the ryndes, the water droppes, and other coldnesse doth fall vpon him continually. 1648 H. Hexham Rijm, a Rind, or a small Frost. 1852 R. S. Surtees lix. 333 I should say it isn't a frost,—at least, not a frost to 'urt; there may be a little rind on the ground and a little rawness in the hair. 1864 Doubleday in J. Crawhall 299 'Mang the lang grass..The rind clings white and pearly. 1894 (at cited word) There's a heavy (or, thick) rind on. 1933 H. Orton 5 Typical examples [of [ɑi]] are: [krɑibl], curry favour; [rɑind], hoar-frost; [etc.]. 1977 J. Y. Mather & H. H. Speitel II. 178 Hoar frost, [Moray, Ayr, Midlothian, East Lothian, Berwick, Roxburgh] rind, [Stirling] rynd, [East Lothian] riend. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rindv.1Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rind n.1 Etymology: < rind n.1 Compare earlier unrind v.Compare Old English berindan to strip the rind or bark from, peel (see rend v.1). the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > uncovering > uncover or remove covering from [verb (transitive)] > strip or make bare > strip of outer layer > strip of skin, husk, or bark a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxx. 37 Iacob takyng greene pople ȝerdeȝ..& aparty vnryndide [a1425 Corpus Oxf., E.V. vnryendide; a1425 L.V. dide awei the rynde of; L. decorticavit] hem.] a1425 (Stonyhurst) f. 18 Cortico, to rynde or barke. a1450 in R. L. Greene (1935) 257 They xuldyn hym rynde cote and hood, And make hym bare for to fle. 1623 E. Wynne in R. Whitbourne 110 There haue bin rinded this yere not so few as 50000 trees. 1698–9 (1810) 27 That no Person..shall..rind any of the trees there standing or growing. 1717 G. Jacob vi. 107 To keep Cattle from rinding Trees, paint them with a Paint made of Man's Dung, Pidgeon's Dung, and Hens Dung. 1775 G. Cartwright 30 June (1792) II. 84 Some of the people were cutting wood for a salmon-house, and others rinding. 1793 J. Reeves i. 8 No person was to set fire to the woods, or rind the trees, except for cook-rooms. 1829 14 149/2 All the birch trees in the vicinity of the lake had been rinded. 1852 G. Bancroft II. xvi. 361 Bearing long..staves, white from being freshly rinded. 1872 II. viii. 133 The man..drew his master's attention to the fact that several plants had been ‘rinded’, the bark being recently cut through just above the ground. 1905 3 272 The bark..is stripped off by methods very similar to those employed in rinding an oak to obtain the bark for tanning. 1971 in (1982) 412/1 She went in the wood to rind birch rinds (inner bark) for tanning sealskins. 1994 S. Ryan Introd. 29 Other trees were rinded to provide water-tight bark for roofing material for the buildings. 2006 37 18/2 (caption) Two residents of Tilting rinding wood with axes. the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > injure [verb (transitive)] > chafe or excoriate 1893 Sept. 872/1 Tom Walker used to rub his bleeding fingers in the dust after being rinded by David Harris. 1963 in (1982) 412/1 You're going to rind over your leg. 1973 G. Pinsent 9 I knew goddam well he should have wrapped the rope around his hands before his famous flight. ‘Dey're all rined out! Dey're all rined out!’ was what I thought he kept saying. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > prepare meat [verb (intransitive)] > do butchering the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > dress animals for food [verb (transitive)] > insert fat bacon > remove bacon skin 1918 251 627 The idea of slicing and rinding at the same time and by the same movement. 1962 14 Jan. 30/3 Rind the bacon rashers and peel the bananas. 1999 (Nexis) 21 Sept. 2 100g (4oz) belly pork, rinded and sliced. 2001 (Nexis) 10 Nov. 7 Organic smoked streaky bacon cut into thin strips and rinded. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rindv.2Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: rend v.2 Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps a variant of rend v.2, although this is only attested later in the relevant sense (see rend v.2 2), and presents phonological problems. Perhaps resulting from association with rin, variant of run v. (compare run v. 47). Compare later randing n.1 Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records the word as still in use in various parts of Scotland in 1968. Scottish and English regional (chiefly northern). society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > melt 1526 (1814) II. 315/1 That na maner of mane fleschar nor vtheris..tak vpoune hand to rynd melt nor barell talch. c1580 ( in J. D. Marwick (1869) I. 107 It is..forbidden that any maner of persoun melt or rynde thair tawlche in fore housis on the hie gaitt. 1607 in D. Masson (1887) 1st Ser. VIII. 1 For getting knawledge of the talloun ryndet within this burgh. 1706 Mare of Collingtoun in J. Watson i. 60 First shear it small, and rind it sine, Into a Kettle clean and fine. 1736 Session Papers in (1968) VII. 449/3 The Candlemakers pay one and the same Price for all the Tallow they Rynd. 1844 H. Stephens II. 106 As long as it [sc. suet] is fresh it should be rynded or rendered, as it is termed. 1864 W. D. Latto xvi. 195 Sic a day o' heat too! Like to rhynde the very creesh aff my banes! 1948 14 May Potties for rinnin' doon the suet for skirlie. 1988 G. Lamb Rind, to melt down (suet etc). 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey 246/1 I'll rind yon beef fat an' we'll ev drippin' toast fer us tea. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † rindv.3Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rind n.4 Etymology: < rind n.4Very much earlier currency in transitive use (in sense ‘to cover with rime’) has sometimes been implicitly assumed by editors of the following passage in Beowulf:OE Beowulf (2008) 1363 Nis þæt feor heonon milgemearces þæt se mere stanðeð [read standeð]; ofer þæm hongiað hrinde bearwas, wudu wyrtum fæst wæter oferhelmað.Old English hrinde , a hapax legomenon, has been explained as a syncopated form of the masculine nominative plural of a past participial adjective *hrinded , from an unattested weak verb *hrindan to cover with rime, i.e. an antecedent of rind v.3, which is usually cited in support; however, the apparent early modern English origin of this verb (and its immediate etymon rind n.4, a probable variant of rime n.1 with excrescent d) makes this highly unlikely. An alternative (and more attractive) explanation of Old English hrinde is as an adjective in sense ‘projecting forward, overhanging’ or ‘overgrowing, luxuriant’ ( < the same Germanic base as Old English hrindan, Old Icelandic hrinda, both in sense ‘to thrust, push’, probably ultimately < an ablaut variant (e-grade) of the same Indo-European base (with nasal infix) as ancient Greek κροτεῖν to beat, strike, knock); compare H. Middendorff Altenglisches Flurnamenbuch (1902) 76–7. Obsolete. rare. the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [verb (intransitive)] > form hoar frost 1648 H. Hexham Rijpen, to Rinde, as upon trees frozen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2021). <  n.1eOE n.21318n.3c1440n.41575v.1a1425v.21526 v.31648 |