roninn.

Brit.

/ˈrəʊnɪn/, U.S.

/ˈroʊnən/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, ronins.

Forms:

α. 1800s loneen, 1800s– lonin, 1800s– loonin (now historical), 1900s loo-nin (historical).

β. 1800s ronian, 1800s ronyin, 1800s– ro-nin, 1800s– ronin, 1800s– roonin, 1900s ronine.

Also with capital initial.

Origin: A borrowing from Japanese. Etymon: Japanese rōnin.

Etymology: < Japanese rōnin (early 14th cent.; earlier as raunin in sense ‘migrant peasant’ (late 8th cent.); 1603 as Rǒnin , glossed ‘exile’, in Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam) < a Middle Chinese compound with the sense ‘vagabond’, literally ‘wave-person’ (6th cent.); compare Japanese rō- wave, wandering like a wave ( < Middle Chinese) and -nin person (variant of -jin : see nikkeijin n.).The α. forms represent a variant perception of the Japanese phoneme, which does not have a direct equivalent in English; compare:1870 A. M. Frere Antipodes 453 I could not learn whether the name Roönin or Loönin (it is the same word..) originated on this occasion. The forms ronyin and ronian at β. forms reflect the palatal quality of the medial -n- in the Japanese word. With the latter form compare also -ian suffix.

1. In feudal Japan: a samurai without a lord or master, esp. one who lives as a mercenary warrior; a wandering samurai, an outlaw. Also figurative.A warrior might become a ronin after the death or fall of his master, or as a result of personal disgrace or the withdrawal of favour.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > outlawry > [noun] > outlaw

outlawOE

friendless manOE

wolf's-head?c1300

waithmanc1425

banished man1495

broken man1528

proscript1576

horner1590

outlawed1644

caput lupinum1837

ronin1858

society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > candidates

examinee1503

examinate1577

examinant1584

candidate1691

hoi polloi1837

ronin1858

finalist1959

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > exclusion from society > [noun] > rendering outcast > outcast > outlaw

flemeOE

outlawOE

wolf's-head?c1300

waithmanc1425

caput lupinum1837

ronin1858

owl-hoot1934

α.

1858 T. Harris Diary 25 Jan. (1930) 510 They supposed that the acts of three or four thousand loneen would keep them away from Yedo.

1863 R. Fortune Yedo & Peking xv. 241 We were startled by the intelligence that H. B. M. Legation at Yedo had been attacked the night before by a band of loönins.

1870 A. Adams Trav. Naturalist in Japan in S. S. Thurin 19th-cent. Travels 2003 267 As far as I could understand what I saw on the stage, two hired assassins or lonins entered, disguised, and stole the child of some great Daimio.

1910 F. W. Bussell Roman Empire II. 62 The armed households of the great, and masterless retainers (as in Japan, the lonin or ownerless yaconin) caused disturbance on the countryside.

1964 J. C. van der Corput & R. A. Wilson tr. H. Heusken Japan Jrnl. 1855–61 [28 Jan. 1858] Mr. Harris requests as a favor the pardon of the three loo-nins who have planned to harm him.

β. 1863 R. H. Pruyn Let. 12 June in Papers rel. to Foreign Affairs (1864) II. 1014 Nearly 500 ronins (two-sworded men without means of support) were at that time assembled at a place known to the government for such purpose [sc. to attack the legation.]1871 A. B. Mitford Tales Old Japan I. 18 Then the Rônins lost patience.1876 W. E. Griffis Mikado's Empire i. xxvii. 278 When too deeply in debt, or having committed a crime, they left their homes and the service of their masters, and roamed at large. Such men were called rōnins, or ‘wave-men’.1899 R. Kipling From Sea to Sea I. xxi. 415 And now let us go to the tomb of the Forty-Seven Ronins.1934 U. Close Challenge 294 Kagawa, the Christian communist, is a ronin of righteousness, and commands universal respect even among his bitterest opponents, because he dares to be different.1947 R. Benedict Chrysanthemum & Sword vii. 138 The huge invincible ronin (a lordless samurai who lives by his own wits), the hero Benkei.1951 Educ. Theatre Jrnl. 3 48/1 A conventional tower symbolic of the puppet-playing Ronin of seventeenth century Osaka.1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VIII. 663/1 Ronin, in Japan, masterless samurai (warrior aristocrats) of the Kamakura (1192–1333) and Tokugawa (1603–1876) periods who were often vagrant and disruptive and sometimes actively rebellious.1992 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 14 June 23/2 ‘I became something of a ronin on that trip’, Jun says, ‘a rootless person in limbo’.2004 On Edge June 36/1 Miyamoto Musashi was born around 1584 and became a Ronin, a wandering swordsman, during the early Japanese feudal period.2005 Time Out N.Y. 18 Aug. 85/3 The actor′s first appearance as a down-and-out ronin in Okamoto′s Kill! (1968), chasing a chicken through a guest town's barren streets.

2. In extended use: a Japanese student who has failed, and is studying to retake, a university entrance examination.

ΚΠ

1960 America 16 Jan. 454/1 Most of the boys who failed the entrance examination became ronin and are waiting to try again next year.

1967 D. Riesman & E. T. Riesman Conversations in Japan 17 Many had been ronin (the name given those who try again and again over a period of years to pass the exams), and finally when they made it were exhausted.

1970 Observer 8 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 32/2 High school students who fail the university exam and are waiting to try again are called ronin.

1996 R. R. Locke Collapse of Amer. Managem. Mystique iii. 139 Because of the importance attending a ‘university of fame’ had for a person's career, university entrance examinations spawned a special group of students called ronins.

2002 M. Dean Japanese Legal Syst. (ed. 2) v. 297 Many of those who fail remain as ronin for a year or more.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ronin
释义	roninn. Brit. /ˈrəʊnɪn/, U.S. /ˈroʊnən/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, ronins. Forms: α. 1800s loneen, 1800s– lonin, 1800s– loonin (now historical), 1900s loo-nin (historical). β. 1800s ronian, 1800s ronyin, 1800s– ro-nin, 1800s– ronin, 1800s– roonin, 1900s ronine. Also with capital initial. Origin: A borrowing from Japanese. Etymon: Japanese rōnin. Etymology: < Japanese rōnin (early 14th cent.; earlier as raunin in sense ‘migrant peasant’ (late 8th cent.); 1603 as Rǒnin , glossed ‘exile’, in Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam) < a Middle Chinese compound with the sense ‘vagabond’, literally ‘wave-person’ (6th cent.); compare Japanese rō- wave, wandering like a wave ( < Middle Chinese) and -nin person (variant of -jin : see nikkeijin n.).The α. forms represent a variant perception of the Japanese phoneme, which does not have a direct equivalent in English; compare:1870 A. M. Frere Antipodes 453 I could not learn whether the name Roönin or Loönin (it is the same word..) originated on this occasion. The forms ronyin and ronian at β. forms reflect the palatal quality of the medial -n- in the Japanese word. With the latter form compare also -ian suffix. 1. In feudal Japan: a samurai without a lord or master, esp. one who lives as a mercenary warrior; a wandering samurai, an outlaw. Also figurative.A warrior might become a ronin after the death or fall of his master, or as a result of personal disgrace or the withdrawal of favour. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > outlawry > [noun] > outlaw outlawOE friendless manOE wolf's-head?c1300 waithmanc1425 banished man1495 broken man1528 proscript1576 horner1590 outlawed1644 caput lupinum1837 ronin1858 society > education > educational administration > examination > [noun] > candidates examinee1503 examinate1577 examinant1584 candidate1691 hoi polloi1837 ronin1858 finalist1959 society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > exclusion from society > [noun] > rendering outcast > outcast > outlaw flemeOE outlawOE wolf's-head?c1300 waithmanc1425 caput lupinum1837 ronin1858 owl-hoot1934 α. 1858 T. Harris Diary 25 Jan. (1930) 510 They supposed that the acts of three or four thousand loneen would keep them away from Yedo. 1863 R. Fortune Yedo & Peking xv. 241 We were startled by the intelligence that H. B. M. Legation at Yedo had been attacked the night before by a band of loönins. 1870 A. Adams Trav. Naturalist in Japan in S. S. Thurin 19th-cent. Travels 2003 267 As far as I could understand what I saw on the stage, two hired assassins or lonins entered, disguised, and stole the child of some great Daimio. 1910 F. W. Bussell Roman Empire II. 62 The armed households of the great, and masterless retainers (as in Japan, the lonin or ownerless yaconin) caused disturbance on the countryside. 1964 J. C. van der Corput & R. A. Wilson tr. H. Heusken Japan Jrnl. 1855–61 [28 Jan. 1858] Mr. Harris requests as a favor the pardon of the three loo-nins who have planned to harm him. β. 1863 R. H. Pruyn Let. 12 June in Papers rel. to Foreign Affairs (1864) II. 1014 Nearly 500 ronins (two-sworded men without means of support) were at that time assembled at a place known to the government for such purpose [sc. to attack the legation.]1871 A. B. Mitford Tales Old Japan I. 18 Then the Rônins lost patience.1876 W. E. Griffis Mikado's Empire i. xxvii. 278 When too deeply in debt, or having committed a crime, they left their homes and the service of their masters, and roamed at large. Such men were called rōnins, or ‘wave-men’.1899 R. Kipling From Sea to Sea I. xxi. 415 And now let us go to the tomb of the Forty-Seven Ronins.1934 U. Close Challenge 294 Kagawa, the Christian communist, is a ronin of righteousness, and commands universal respect even among his bitterest opponents, because he dares to be different.1947 R. Benedict Chrysanthemum & Sword vii. 138 The huge invincible ronin (a lordless samurai who lives by his own wits), the hero Benkei.1951 Educ. Theatre Jrnl. 3 48/1 A conventional tower symbolic of the puppet-playing Ronin of seventeenth century Osaka.1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VIII. 663/1 Ronin, in Japan, masterless samurai (warrior aristocrats) of the Kamakura (1192–1333) and Tokugawa (1603–1876) periods who were often vagrant and disruptive and sometimes actively rebellious.1992 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 14 June 23/2 ‘I became something of a ronin on that trip’, Jun says, ‘a rootless person in limbo’.2004 On Edge June 36/1 Miyamoto Musashi was born around 1584 and became a Ronin, a wandering swordsman, during the early Japanese feudal period.2005 Time Out N.Y. 18 Aug. 85/3 The actor′s first appearance as a down-and-out ronin in Okamoto′s Kill! (1968), chasing a chicken through a guest town's barren streets. 2. In extended use: a Japanese student who has failed, and is studying to retake, a university entrance examination. ΚΠ 1960 America 16 Jan. 454/1 Most of the boys who failed the entrance examination became ronin and are waiting to try again next year. 1967 D. Riesman & E. T. Riesman Conversations in Japan 17 Many had been ronin (the name given those who try again and again over a period of years to pass the exams), and finally when they made it were exhausted. 1970 Observer 8 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 32/2 High school students who fail the university exam and are waiting to try again are called ronin. 1996 R. R. Locke Collapse of Amer. Managem. Mystique iii. 139 Because of the importance attending a ‘university of fame’ had for a person's career, university entrance examinations spawned a special group of students called ronins. 2002 M. Dean Japanese Legal Syst. (ed. 2) v. 297 Many of those who fail remain as ronin for a year or more. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1858
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