roughern.1
/ˈrʌfə/, U.S. /ˈrəfər/ 1.
a. A person who dresses or heckles flax. Now historical.
ΚΠ
1727 in F. G. Emmison Wills at Chelmsford (1969) III. 262 Pope, Tho., sen., rougher, Bocking.
1840 Sessional Papers House of Lords XXXVII. ii. 453 The millman has 1l. a week, and the roughers from 15s. to 23s.
1885 L. C. Marshall Pract. Flax Spinner viii. 65 A rougher is paid one penny per pound ‘made work’ for taking about sixty per cent. of very rough ‘longs’ out of it.
1986 C. D. Greaves Life & Times J. Connolly xvi. 298 Connolly and Ellen Gordon spoke by invitation at a meeting of the flax roughers.
2001 J. Magee Barney 101 Skilled adult men's wages were twenty-one shillings for sorters and fifteen shillings for roughers.
b. Textiles. A board studded with steel spikes or teeth for combing and straightening flax; = ruffer n.2 Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > treating or processing flax, hemp, or jute > [noun] > heckling > implement for
hatchelc1300
hecklea1425
hacklec1485
hetch1598
flax-comb1611
hack1658
gill1819
flax-hackle1825
rougher1828
ruffer1853
1828 Amer. Farmer 10 9/3 100lbs. of raw flax, hackled on a rougher and cleaner.
1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 665/1 The heckler..dashes the fibre into the teeth or needles of the rougher or ‘ruffer’ heckle. The rougher is a board plated with tin [etc.].
1946 Z. Bendure & G. Pfeiffer America's Fabrics 121 The scutcher dashes the ends against a board (a rougher) covered with steel spikes.
2.
a. A tool or machine used for roughly shaping something as a preparatory operation in a factory, steel mill, etc.
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society > occupation and work > equipment > shaping tools or equipment > [noun] > other general shaping equipment
runner1769
mandrel1790
swage1812
rounder1846
crimper1855
rougher1867
1867 Daily Cleveland (Ohio) Herald 30 Apr. These strips..are taken into another room, and, by machines called ‘roughers’, are turned into cylindrical blocks of the proper length for a spool.
1895 Electr. Engineer 13 Mar. 242/1 A little 6-horse Edison motor is busily turning the whole of the machinery for finishing the glass for various purposes. At one end is a ‘rougher’, bevelling the glass with sand.
1912 Machinery June 755/1 Two of these tools are used, one as a rougher and the other as a finisher.
2009 Q. Yu in V. B. Ginzburg Flat-rolled Steel Processes xi. 128/1 There are four configurations of Steckel mills in operation: single stand, twin stand, single finishing stand, and three finishing stands with one rougher.
b. A person who makes or works something in the rough; one who carries out the preparatory operations of a process in a factory, steel mill, etc. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > [noun] > maker or manufacturer > doing specific part of process
finisher1691
rougher1874
maker1892
1874 Cleveland (Ohio) Daily Herald 5 Sept. 6/1 Wanted—Iron Workers—Three roughers for merchant bar mill at Wyandotte.
1879 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 12 Aug. These pieces..are..given to the ‘roughers’, who..bore a hole in the center,..and then cut off the length required for a spool.
1887 E. L. Wilson Quarter Cent. Photogr. v. 35 When the glass [for a lens] is handed to the rougher it is round in shape.
1893 Labour Commission Gloss. Roughers, the workers in the iron industry employed at the ‘rolls’.
1922 C. R. Walker Steel v. 63 He was a rougher in a Pittsburgh mill.
2001 Technol. & Cult. 42 14 Puddlers, rollers, roughers, and heaters..received weekly pay ranging from $84 to $122.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
roughern.2
/ˈrʌfə/, U.S. /ˈrəfər/ Weaving.
Usually in plural. A piece of cloth taken from the loom, in the rough state before finishing.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > treated or processed in specific way > [noun] > other
wet cloth1435
balk1841
kamptulicon1844
rougher1876
batch1911
Beaverette1922
tie-dye1926
permanent press1944
foamback1961
1876 T. C. Archer Wool & Applications in Brit. Manufacturing Industries V. 38 When woollen cloth comes from the loom, it has a very coarse appearance..being in this state technically called ‘roughers’.
1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 661/2 Woollen cloth from the loom, called ‘roughers’, has an irregular, slack aspect.
1895 Amer. Textile Gloss. in Bull. National Assoc. Wool Manufacturers 25 73 Rougher,..a piece of woolen cloth as taken from the loom, previous to its preparation for fulling by the operation called perching.
1959 S. S. Marks Fairchild's Dict. Textiles 466 Roughers, a term sometimes applied to wool fabrics in the loom state because of the coarse, rough appearance that they often have.
1970 Vogue Sewing Bk. 71/2 Roughers, woolen cloth as it comes off the loom, before fulling or finishing.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
roughern.3
/ˈrʌfə/, U.S. /ˈrəfər/ colloquial and rare.
= rough-rider n. Cf. rough n.1 8.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > mounted soldier > irregular
silladar1802
sowar1802
rough1853
rough-rider1877
rougher1901
1901 Daily Express 28 Aug. 6/6 Lord Maitland..served at the Cape as adjutant of the prototype ‘Roughers’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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