roughlyadv.

Brit.

/ˈrʌfli/, U.S.

/ˈrəfli/

Forms: see rough adj. and -ly suffix².

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rough adj., -ly suffix².

Etymology: < rough adj. + -ly suffix². Compare rough adv. and earlier row adv.

†1. Powerfully, efficaciously. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > power > [adverb]

mightilyeOE

mightfullya1398

roughlya1398

virtuouslya1398

strenghfullya1400

puissantlyc1460

potentially1549

potently1558

powerfully1589

powerably1593

powerlikea1628

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 257 Ius of pom garnet and oþer suche worchiþ wel more and rowliche [L. efficacius] in nyh places þan in ferre, and so wol abate þe hete of þe stomak or of þe membres and places þat beþ nyh þerto.

2. In a rough, ungentle, or violent manner; with roughness or aggression.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb]

strongeOE

hotOE

unsoftOE

snellya1000

stitha1000

stronglyOE

woodlyc1000

hatelyOE

unridelyc1175

wood1297

mainlyc1300

dreec1330

spackly?c1335

brothelyc1340

bremelya1375

fiercelya1375

violentlya1387

throlyc1390

roughlya1400

snarplya1400

unrekenlya1400

dreichlyc1400

ranklyc1400

witherlyc1400

maliciouslya1450

fervently1480

roidlyc1480

thrafully1535

vehement?1541

toughly1589

sickerly1596

vengeously1599

virulently1599

rageously1600

ragefullya1631

churlishly1657

improbously1657

rampantly1698

fierce1771

savagerous1832

fulgurantly1873

franticly1883

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adverb] > roughly or violently

unbesorrowlya1225

foulc1275

rowc1325

boistouslyc1386

rabbishlya1387

renishlyc1400

boistlyc1460

rudec1460

harshlyc1480

boisterly1520

roughly1560

rapfully1582

boisterouslya1586

thuggishly1887

a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Roughlie Kinric sal rohly rise Igain kinric.

c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) ii. A. l. 1633 (MED) Som seme gentile and easie as a whelpe That within the Cheyne woll roughlie growne and berke.

a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Fii I rushe at them rughly and make them ly full lowe.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccclxv He dealeth so sharply & roughly with him.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. iv. 110 The Fiend is rough, and will not be roughly vs'd.

1656 R. Sanderson 20 Serm. viii. 162 God in his dispensations commonly..dealeth roughliest with us at the first.

1680 E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 219 The K. received them but ruffly.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 427. ⁋1 One whose own Character has been very roughly treated.

1778 F. Burney Evelina III. xxi. 237 Shaking him roughly by the hand.

1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxiv. 305 When it appeared that the ambassadors had received no instructions on this head, they were roughly dismissed.

1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 87 Give me the calm of Tempe where no wind Blows on the vine-stocks roughly.

1937 W. Lewis Revenge for Love v. ii. 239 With the flat of his hand..Jack pushed him roughly back.

1969 B. Head When Rain Clouds Gather xii. 174 She..pulled the little girl about roughly as she dressed her for school.

2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Feb. 53/3 He would take her very quickly and roughly because he knew that she had no joy in their union.

3. Without care, skill, or finish; in a crude or imperfect manner.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adverb] > roughly or rudely

rawlyc1454

rowly1562

roughly1565

rudely1658

1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid Fyrst Fower Bks. Metamorphosis i. f. 6^v Lyke too marble images, new drawen and rowghly wrought.

1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue iii. 120 The Surueyor and his Clarke may enter them roughly in a booke, and afterward inroll them faire in a booke of Parchment for Continuance.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 10 The Miracles of S. Nicholas, painted according to the mode of the Country, very roughly; and without proportion.

1772 P. Stockdale tr. F. Leisner in tr. L. Bos Antiq. Greece 286 Gerrae..likewise served to fill the ditches. But for this use they were more roughly wrought.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. vi. 165 Whose walls were roughly painted with subjects..tending to inspire melancholy awe.

1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama ii. 15 It was an idol roughly hewn of wood.

1852 C. Tomlinson Cycl. Useful Arts (1854) II. 271/1 The man then gets out a mass of rock and dresses it roughly into a cylinder.

1904 G. A. Mitchell Brickwork & Masonry v. 133 Stones roughly squared and hammer or axe faced.

1927 P. Green In Abraham's Bosom ii, in Field God & Abraham's Bosom 48 The room is roughly built of framed material and unceiled.

2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) ii. 99 The most incomplete statues are nothing more than a block of stone roughly carved out of the rock with the eventual face upwards.

4. Without strict accuracy or precision; in an approximate or general way.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > closeness to accuracy > [adverb]

much1560

nearly1594

muchwhat1619

nigh about1632

closely1682

roughly1768

close1833

approximatively1835

proximately1839

in the rough1841

approximately1845

along1852

nearbouta1857

in a sort of (sorta) way1868

in the (right) ballpark1945

grosso modo1952

1768 in Naut. Almanac for 1769 165 He has nothing to do but set his Quadrant to the Distance computed roughly from the Ephemeris.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 420 (note) King..roughly estimated the common people of England at 880,000 families.

1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 81 Now 700l. is to 50,000,000l. roughly, as seven pence to two thousand pounds.

1893 Earl of Dunmore Pamirs I. 36 The Vedas.., which date back, roughly speaking, some 3000 years.

1912 C. J. Davies Fancy Mice (ed. 5) v. 39 Fancy mice may be roughly classified as follows:..1. Agouti (wild colour), carries three pigments, black, chocolate, and yellow.

1950 H. Gibbs Twilight 56 He showed acumen by calling a kgotla (assembly) of the tribe, numbering roughly 500,000.

2001 Denver Post 18 Feb. d3/3 Also, did I mention that my car, which used to be spotless, now contains roughly 250 million free-range Cheerios?

Compounds

Modifying past participles in adjectives, as roughly-built, roughly-drawn, roughly-finished, etc.

ΚΠ

1803 Monthly Mag. Sept. 190/2 It was a roughly-finished implement, but promises..to be improved into a valuable tool.

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. l. 546 Roughly-powdered camphor.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. ix. 95 Rude, roughly-nurtured men.

1913 N.Y. Times 25 May c5/6 ‘I will never touch another drop of drink as long as I live,’ declared a burly, roughly-clad laborer.

1923 J. Hornell Indian Boat Designs 142 The Arab sambuk, a roughly built two-masted decked coaster.

1955 J. Boswell Dim Horizons 45 Small paddocks were fenced, first the crude ‘dog-leg’ of roughly-split light posts..and later barbed wire.

1973 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 103 Suppl. 5 17 Purchased:..an amphoriskos decorated with roughly drawn animals and birds.

1975 Britannia 6 74 A roughly-made, semicircular stone furnace.

2002 Hotdog Feb. 43/2 Sean Penn's better half isn't looking quite her best as a roughly-hewn barmaid.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	roughly
释义	† roughlyadj. Forms: see rough adj. and -ly suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rough adj., -ly suffix¹. Etymology: < rough adj. + -ly suffix¹. Compare rough adj. 12 and earlier row adj. Obsolete. Harsh; fierce. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective] > making harsh or discordant sound hoarsec1369 ganglinga1398 roughlyc1400 rauk?a1425 rustyc1430 hask?1440 savagea1450 raw1474 hoar?a1505 harsh1530 untunable1545 jarring1552 jarry1582 barking1589 absonant1600 wrangling1608 raucous1615 asper1626 streperous1637 scrannel1638 caterwaulinga1652 unmelodious1665 jangling1667 latrant1702 untuneful1709 raucid1730 unharmonious1742 unmelodized1771 unmelodic1823 raucal1826 rauque1845 raspish1847 serratic1859 jangled1874 jangly1891 amelodic1937 c1400 (?c1380) Patience 64 (MED) Goddes glam to hym glod, þat hym vnglad made, With a roghlych rurd rowned in his ere. a1525 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Trin. Dublin) (1896) 88 (MED) Kynge henry..was a man..roghly [a1500 Rawl. row] lokynge, & rede yn wreth. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). roughlyadv. Brit. /ˈrʌfli/, U.S. /ˈrəfli/ Forms: see rough adj. and -ly suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rough adj., -ly suffix². Etymology: < rough adj. + -ly suffix². Compare rough adv. and earlier row adv. †1. Powerfully, efficaciously. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > power > [adverb] mightilyeOE mightfullya1398 roughlya1398 virtuouslya1398 strenghfullya1400 puissantlyc1460 potentially1549 potently1558 powerfully1589 powerably1593 powerlikea1628 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 257 Ius of pom garnet and oþer suche worchiþ wel more and rowliche [L. efficacius] in nyh places þan in ferre, and so wol abate þe hete of þe stomak or of þe membres and places þat beþ nyh þerto. 2. In a rough, ungentle, or violent manner; with roughness or aggression. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb] strongeOE hotOE unsoftOE snellya1000 stitha1000 stronglyOE woodlyc1000 hatelyOE unridelyc1175 wood1297 mainlyc1300 dreec1330 spackly?c1335 brothelyc1340 bremelya1375 fiercelya1375 violentlya1387 throlyc1390 roughlya1400 snarplya1400 unrekenlya1400 dreichlyc1400 ranklyc1400 witherlyc1400 maliciouslya1450 fervently1480 roidlyc1480 thrafully1535 vehement?1541 toughly1589 sickerly1596 vengeously1599 virulently1599 rageously1600 ragefullya1631 churlishly1657 improbously1657 rampantly1698 fierce1771 savagerous1832 fulgurantly1873 franticly1883 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adverb] > roughly or violently unbesorrowlya1225 foulc1275 rowc1325 boistouslyc1386 rabbishlya1387 renishlyc1400 boistlyc1460 rudec1460 harshlyc1480 boisterly1520 roughly1560 rapfully1582 boisterouslya1586 thuggishly1887 a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Serm. on Gospels (Coll. Phys.) in Middle Eng. Dict. at Roughlie Kinric sal rohly rise Igain kinric. c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) ii. A. l. 1633 (MED) Som seme gentile and easie as a whelpe That within the Cheyne woll roughlie growne and berke. a1529 J. Skelton Magnyfycence (?1530) sig. Fii I rushe at them rughly and make them ly full lowe. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccclxv He dealeth so sharply & roughly with him. a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. iv. 110 The Fiend is rough, and will not be roughly vs'd. View more context for this quotation 1656 R. Sanderson 20 Serm. viii. 162 God in his dispensations commonly..dealeth roughliest with us at the first. 1680 E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 219 The K. received them but ruffly. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 427. ⁋1 One whose own Character has been very roughly treated. 1778 F. Burney Evelina III. xxi. 237 Shaking him roughly by the hand. 1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxiv. 305 When it appeared that the ambassadors had received no instructions on this head, they were roughly dismissed. 1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 87 Give me the calm of Tempe where no wind Blows on the vine-stocks roughly. 1937 W. Lewis Revenge for Love v. ii. 239 With the flat of his hand..Jack pushed him roughly back. 1969 B. Head When Rain Clouds Gather xii. 174 She..pulled the little girl about roughly as she dressed her for school. 2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Feb. 53/3 He would take her very quickly and roughly because he knew that she had no joy in their union. 3. Without care, skill, or finish; in a crude or imperfect manner. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adverb] > roughly or rudely rawlyc1454 rowly1562 roughly1565 rudely1658 1565 A. Golding tr. Ovid Fyrst Fower Bks. Metamorphosis i. f. 6^v Lyke too marble images, new drawen and rowghly wrought. 1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue iii. 120 The Surueyor and his Clarke may enter them roughly in a booke, and afterward inroll them faire in a booke of Parchment for Continuance. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 10 The Miracles of S. Nicholas, painted according to the mode of the Country, very roughly; and without proportion. 1772 P. Stockdale tr. F. Leisner in tr. L. Bos Antiq. Greece 286 Gerrae..likewise served to fill the ditches. But for this use they were more roughly wrought. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. vi. 165 Whose walls were roughly painted with subjects..tending to inspire melancholy awe. 1810 R. Southey Curse of Kehama ii. 15 It was an idol roughly hewn of wood. 1852 C. Tomlinson Cycl. Useful Arts (1854) II. 271/1 The man then gets out a mass of rock and dresses it roughly into a cylinder. 1904 G. A. Mitchell Brickwork & Masonry v. 133 Stones roughly squared and hammer or axe faced. 1927 P. Green In Abraham's Bosom ii, in Field God & Abraham's Bosom 48 The room is roughly built of framed material and unceiled. 2005 J. Diamond Collapse (2006) ii. 99 The most incomplete statues are nothing more than a block of stone roughly carved out of the rock with the eventual face upwards. 4. Without strict accuracy or precision; in an approximate or general way. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > closeness to accuracy > [adverb] much1560 nearly1594 muchwhat1619 nigh about1632 closely1682 roughly1768 close1833 approximatively1835 proximately1839 in the rough1841 approximately1845 along1852 nearbouta1857 in a sort of (sorta) way1868 in the (right) ballpark1945 grosso modo1952 1768 in Naut. Almanac for 1769 165 He has nothing to do but set his Quadrant to the Distance computed roughly from the Ephemeris. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 420 (note) King..roughly estimated the common people of England at 880,000 families. 1865 J. Ruskin Sesame & Lilies i. 81 Now 700l. is to 50,000,000l. roughly, as seven pence to two thousand pounds. 1893 Earl of Dunmore Pamirs I. 36 The Vedas.., which date back, roughly speaking, some 3000 years. 1912 C. J. Davies Fancy Mice (ed. 5) v. 39 Fancy mice may be roughly classified as follows:..1. Agouti (wild colour), carries three pigments, black, chocolate, and yellow. 1950 H. Gibbs Twilight 56 He showed acumen by calling a kgotla (assembly) of the tribe, numbering roughly 500,000. 2001 Denver Post 18 Feb. d3/3 Also, did I mention that my car, which used to be spotless, now contains roughly 250 million free-range Cheerios? Compounds Modifying past participles in adjectives, as roughly-built, roughly-drawn, roughly-finished, etc. ΚΠ 1803 Monthly Mag. Sept. 190/2 It was a roughly-finished implement, but promises..to be improved into a valuable tool. 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. l. 546 Roughly-powdered camphor. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. ix. 95 Rude, roughly-nurtured men. 1913 N.Y. Times 25 May c5/6 ‘I will never touch another drop of drink as long as I live,’ declared a burly, roughly-clad laborer. 1923 J. Hornell Indian Boat Designs 142 The Arab sambuk, a roughly built two-masted decked coaster. 1955 J. Boswell Dim Horizons 45 Small paddocks were fenced, first the crude ‘dog-leg’ of roughly-split light posts..and later barbed wire. 1973 Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 103 Suppl. 5 17 Purchased:..an amphoriskos decorated with roughly drawn animals and birds. 1975 Britannia 6 74 A roughly-made, semicircular stone furnace. 2002 Hotdog Feb. 43/2 Sean Penn's better half isn't looking quite her best as a roughly-hewn barmaid. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.c1400adv.a1398
随便看	tempt the flood tempt the sea tempt the storm tempt the worst temptability temptable temptableness temptabler temptablest temptation temptation-proof temptational temptationless temptationproof temptations temptatious temptative temptator temptatory tempted tempter tempters tempting tempting-looking temptinglier

† roughlyadj.

roughlyadv.

Compounds