roughn.1
/rʌf/, U.S. /rəf/ I. That which is rough or uneven.
1. Roughness, unevenness; (concrete) the rough surface or part of something. Also in figurative context. Frequently contrasted with smooth.With quot. OE compare the reading in MS Brussels 1650 (the immediate source of the glosses in MS Digby 146: see quot. OE at roughness n. and discussion at that entry). The scribe of Digby 146 appears to have taken Brussels ruh (an adjective, imperfectly glossing Latin dira ‘dreadful, dire’, at least in the final version: see quot OE2 at rough adj. 1a) as a gloss to Latin callositas roughness (of skin affected by leprosy), which is closer to the intention of the original glossator.
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the world > space > shape > unevenness > [noun] > roughness > rough part, object, or feature
roughOE
ragged?c1225
roughnessa1398
ruba1616
asperity1662
chicken skin1897
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Digby 146) in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses (1900) 95/2 [Dira cutis] callositas : .i. scabredo, wearrihtnys, ruh.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 140 Hwase eauer misseið oðer. oðer misdeð þe..heis þi file & fileð awei þirust of þiruchȝe [c1230 Corpus ruhe; a1250 Nero ruwe] sunne.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 26 For þe vertu of gropinge, þe soule knowiþ hoot & weet, coolde & drye, neissche and hard, smoþe and rowh [L. asperum].
c1450 (?a1370) Wynnere & Wastoure (1990) l. 380 Late lordes lyfe als þam liste, laddes as þam falles Þay þe bacon and beefe, Þay botours and swannes Þay þe roughe of þe rye, þay þe rede whete.
a1550 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) 2515 Of hete, of colde, of moyste, & of drye..Off rowghe, of smoth,..Of all kyndis contrarie brogth to oon accorde.
1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory v. 164 Let it [sc. a leaf made of horn] stand all night, then cut or file off the rough, or what is superfluous about it.
1832 M. Barney Biogr. Mem. Joshua Barney ix. 103 The traveller, who cannot make up his mind to the rough and the smooth of his road, ought to stay at home.
1846 Hilpert's Englisch-Deutsches u. Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch II. ii. 405/3 To take off the rough of the wood with the googe.
1861 J. Brown Horæ Subsecivæ 2nd Ser. II. 474 Appreciation of the like and the unlike..the skill of the rough and the smooth,..of texture, of weight.
1913 Northwestern Reporter 140 936 They first buff off the rough of the casting with a coarse wheel, and then trim it up smooth.
1933 Western Story Mag. 30 Dec. 97/1 I could almost feel the rough of the rope around my neck.
2007 C. Sult Man who killed Alphabet 178 He..liked the rough of the accelerator pedal beneath it [sc. his bare foot].
2.
a. gen. Rough ground; frequently contrasted with smooth. Chiefly poetic. Now rare (but cf. sense 6a).
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the world > the earth > land > ground > [noun] > rough
roughlOE
break1820
scrag1858
lOE Laws: Hit Becwæð (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 400 Ne furh ne fotmæl, ne land ne læsse [read læse], ne fersc ne mersc, ne ruh ne rum, wudes ne feldes.
a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Wether l. 2506 in Poems (1981) 93 He wald chase thame baith throw rouch and snod.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 948 So eagerly the fiend..through strait, rough, dense, or rare,..pursues his way. View more context for this quotation
a1739 C. Jarvis tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (1747) III. v. 98 If god would be pleased to give me bread, dryshod and at home, without dragging me over rough and smooth..my joy would be more firm and solid.
1799 W. Wordsworth Lucy Gray xvi O'er rough and smooth she trips along.
1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 32 To light us to the edge Through rough and smooth.
1868 W. Morris Earthly Paradise 226 Carelessly through rough and smooth they run, And bough and briar catches many a one.
1922 G. L. Hill Girl from Montana iii. 43 For an hour he followed her at high speed as she rode full tilt over rough and smooth.
b. A piece or stretch of rough ground; spec. a steep bank or slope covered with undergrowth or trees (in later use chiefly regional, sometimes in the names of such pieces of ground). Also: a coppice.Recorded earliest in a surname.
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the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land
wold786
frith?826
woodland869
woodc897
rough1332
foresta1375
firth?a1400
weald1544
bocage1644
parkland1649
bush1780
sylvanry1821
forestry1823
belting1844
rukh1856
treescape1885
bush1912
the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land > types of
ripplelOE
wildwooda1122
rough1332
firth?a1400
tod stripec1446
osiard1509
bush1523
bush-ground1523
fritha1552
island1638
oak landc1658
pinelandc1658
piney wood1666
broom-land1707
pine barrenc1721
pine savannah1735
savannah1735
thick woods1754
scrub-land1779
olive wood1783
primeval forest1789
open wood1790
strong woods1792
scrub1805
oak flata1816
sertão1816
sprout-land1824
flatwoods1841
bush-land1842
tall timber1845
amber forest1846
caatinga1846
mahogany scrub1846
bush-flat1847
myall country1847
national forest1848
selva1849
monte1851
virgin forest1851
bush-country1855
savannah forest1874
bush-range1879
bushveld1879
protection forest1889
mulga1896
wood-bush1896
shinnery1901
fringing forest1903
monsoon forest1903
rainforest1903
savannah woodland1903
thorn forest1903
tropical rainforest1903
gallery forest1920
cloud forest1922
rain jungle1945
mato1968
1332 in P. H. Reaney & R. M. Wilson Dict. Brit. Surnames (1976) 299 John ate Rogh.
a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) 1879 The lady ffound An Erber wrought with mannus hond, With herbis... Vp she rose ageyn the rough, With sorofull hert and care Inough.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxviii. ii. 668 A mountaine countrey it was, full of roughs and crags.
1668 J. Worlidge Dict. Rusticum in Systema Agric. (1669) 275 Rough, the Rough Coppice Wood, or Brushy Wood.
1787 Whitehall Evening-post 19–21 June Last week a pitched battle was fought at Addington-Roughs, between R. Hayes of Maidstone, and J. Longhurst, a blacksmith, of Town Malling.
1796 J. Austen Let. 5 Sept. (1995) 8 We walked Frank last night to Crixhall ruff, and he appeared much edified.
1878 R. Jefferies Gamekeeper at Home ii. 31 This mere boy at snap-shooting in the ‘rough’ will beat crack sportsmen hollow.
1901 H. G. Hutchinson in Longman's Mag. July 236 We go to some ‘rough’ as the locals call it—ground of long grass..giving fine protection for partridges.
1940 J. F. Dobie Mustangs & Cow Horses 181 The mustangs..had to descend from prairie country down trails through the roughs.
1989 Caravan Life Aug. 44/1 Mountain bikes..are the machines for riders who want to take to the rough.
1992 R. J. Jenkins Exploring Southern Sierra, East Side iii. 215 A stream..courses off the south end in a harsh area known as ‘the roughs’.
c. Golf. With the. The rough ground and longer grass around the fairway and the green on a golf course.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > golf course > [noun] > rough ground
rough1887
1887 Glasgow Herald 27 Apr. 8 Archie was away to the left and among the rough.
1893 Times 9 Aug. 8/1 Approaching the 12th, Mr. Blyth carried into the rough on the right.
1901 Scotsman 9 Sept. 4/7 Thanks to Vardon having pulled into the rough, the Scotsman secured the sixteenth [hole].
1955 Times 17 May 5/6 Mrs. Smith cut her second shot into the rough and put her recovery into a bunker on the right.
1971 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Doctor Bird iii. 29 I played well that morning, and the two balls I shot into the rough I recovered.
2003 Boys Toys Aug. 93/1 We're still not hitting 100% of our drives miles down the fairway, but we are spending significantly less time in the rough and trees.
d. Cricket. With the. The rough area at either end of the pitch which has been worn by the action of the bowlers' feet.The rough may be exploited by spin bowlers for additional turn.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > cricket ground > [noun] > parts of field
long field1828
leg1833
silly point1862
deep field1870
country1878
infield1898
the deep1906
rough1952
1952 Times 22 Jan. 7/5 The ball pitched in the rough on the leg-side and swung on to the wicket.
1972 Guardian 16 May 27/1 The ball..rarely deviated except when a spinner dropped in the rough outside a left-hander's off stump.
1990 Independent (Nexis) 8 Aug. 27 The pitch was a goodish one apart from the notorious rough at one end.
2005 D. Fraser Cricket & Law vii. 66 When Shane Warne is spinning the ball out of the rough, on a bouncy and turning wicket at the SCG as he was here, knowing exactly what happened is difficult.
3. Textiles. Coarse rough linen; a variety or length of this (usually in plural). Now rare.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from flax, hemp, or jute > [noun] > linen > types of > coarse
linsey1435
buckram1436
osnaburg1448
straiken1531
noggen1564
barras1640
Ticklenburgs1696
treillis1706
rough1784
toile de Leon1794
crash1812
Forfars1882
linen crash1895
1784 Observ. Present State Linen Trade Ireland 41/2 (table) Narrow Hambro' Rough 26 Ells.
1853 U. S. Economist 3 Dec. 118/3 Pieces of Holland and low rough..gave way about a farthing per yard; the better Nos. of roughs were neglected.
1890 Daily News 20 Dec. 2/5 Flax and Linen... Roughs and drills are going off steadily.
1914 W. S. Murphy Mod. Drapery I. 102 Brown roughs are composed of hemp and low-grade Russian flax yarns.
1983 W. Clark Linen on Green (ed. 2) vii. 160 Suppliers of loom cloth... (Linen roughs unless otherwise noted.)
4. Farriery. A spike inserted in each heel of a horseshoe in ‘roughing’ horses to prevent slipping. Cf. rough v.2 1c. Now rare.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > horseshoe > nail or stud
frost-nail1339
horseshoe-nail1415
horse-nail1598
talon-nail1688
toenail1841
nail-stub1851
frost stud1864
frost cog1867
rougha1884
a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 770/1 If this steel rough be made to fit the hole exactly, it remains firm in its place.
1893 Vet. Jrnl. 37 418 The roughs being plough-shaped from one end to the other, have a very powerful grip, and thus effectually prevent slipping and falling.
1934 W. C. Miller & E. D. S. Robertson Pract. Animal Husb. 224 For winter shoeing there are four recognised methods of preventing slipping:—(1) Ice nails..; (2) Using screwed or tapering..‘pegs’, ‘studs’, or ‘roughs’.
II. That which is turbulent, violent, or agitated.
5. † b. A period of stormy weather. Obsolete. rare.
a. Roughness (of the sea, etc.).
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the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > rough state or motion
roughc1400
troublesomeness1648
a bubble of a sea1839
smother1840
sea1927
milestone1946
c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 144 (MED) Fysches Durst nowhere for roȝ arest at þe bothem.
1684 I. Mather Ess. for Recording Illustrious Providences 28 The Ship lying in the rough of the Sea, her Rudder broke away.
1863 All Year Round 8 548 The Seven Angels was more fit for the calm than the rough of ocean life.
1869 Appleton's Ann. Cycl. 1866 531 In the trough of the sea her ports will be liable to be flooded.
1991 Motor Boat & Yachting June 127/1 Sophisticated hulls..better able to carry their speed in the rough.
2005 D. Dun Black Silent xx. 197 Out in the rough of the channel, the police boats may keep up.
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the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather > period of stormy weather
rough1633
1633 P. Fletcher Piscatorie Eclogs i. xviii. 5 in Purple Island In calms to pull the leaping fish to land, In roughs to sing, and dance along the golden sand.
1633 P. Fletcher Piscatorie Eclogs vii. xxxii. 52 in Purple Island In calms you fish; in roughs use songs and dances.
6.
a. Contrasted with smooth. The rougher, harder, or more disagreeable part, side, or aspect of something, esp. life. Also in plural. Now chiefly in to take the rough with the smooth at Phrases 4.
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the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship > in contrast
roughc1460
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [noun] > siftings or refuse
mill dust1354
roughc1460
overchaving1607
sid1673
grey meal?1771
shag1822
slurry1825
slush1843
slutch1851
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 1152 (MED) Take yeur part..of rouȝe & eke of smoth.
1581 T. Newton tr. Seneca Thebais i, in T. Newton et al. tr. Seneca 10 Trag. f. 42v Through thick & thinne, through rough and smoth..Ile serue at eu'ry pinch.
1612 Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 126 I truly delivered as well the rough as the smooth of all my speech.
1636 T. Heywood Challenge for Beautie v. sig. H3 Some love the rough and some the smoothe.
1770 Life Adventures & Amours Sir R— P— 68 It cannot be supposed, that [he] could have..experienced the roughs and smooths of life, without having also acquired a considerable share of experience.
1788 W. Cowper Let. 2 Sept. (1982) III. 209 The rough and the smooth of such a lot taken together should perhaps have taught me never to despair.
1822 W. Irving Bracebridge Hall I. 260 Through the rough and the smooth, the pleasant and the adverse.
1829 Sir T. Lawrence in D. E. Williams Life (1831) II. 519 The boys..must encounter the rough and the smooth of weather, as of life.
1850 R. Bell Ladder of Gold I. ii. vi. 307 You know I take the world pretty comfortably..—have had my share of the rough and the smooth.
1938 Times 4 Nov. 15/3 The roughs and smooths of the strenuous..festival times at Stratford.
1995 M. Collins Colour of Forgetting 84 So you will expect the rough with the smooth, and it won't knock you down.
b. Without smooth. The rough or harsh part of something; that which is unpleasant; hardship, rough treatment. Chiefly in figurative contexts.
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the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship
hardeOE
grief?c1225
nowcinc1225
sharpship?c1225
straitnessa1340
necessityc1390
hardlaikc1540
hardshipc1540
disage1607
rough1615
rigour1632
erumny1657
strait1837
sufferation1976
1615 J. Swetnam Araignm. Lewde, Idle, Froward, & Vnconstant Women Ep. Ded. sig. A3 In the rough of my fury, I vowed for euer to be an open enemy vnto women.
a1726 J. Vanbrugh Provok'd Wife (1743) iv. 56 Just. Does he not use you well? Sir John. A little upon the Rough, sometimes.
1809 M. Edgeworth Manœuvring x, in Tales Fashionable Life III. 183 He was buffeted about, and shown the rough of life; made to work hard, and submit to authority.
1861 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem III. clvii. 164 When he is brought into court, and trailed through all the rough of calling a spade a spade.
1893 C. G. Leland Memoirs I. 31 When doing rough and tough in West Virginia.
1920 H. G. Durnford Tunnellers of Holzminden Prol. 3 They were always getting the rough of it since Coucelette.
1961 R. Moore Man, Time, & Fossils (ed. 2) i. viii. 146 The weaker mutants could not survive in the rough of competition.
2003 T. Morrison Love (2005) 155 Now with the tender mixed with the rough,..he was the one in charge.
7. A person (typically a youth or a man) who is disreputable, disorderly, violent, or rowdy.In early use frequently in political contexts. [Perhaps partly by association with ruffian n. 1.]
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the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [noun] > raising outcry
barratorc1440
brawlc1440
outcrier1535
breacher1697
rowdy1814
roughiea1819
roughneck1834
rough1837
blood-tub1853
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > rough or boisterous > person
barratorc1440
brawlc1440
outcrier1535
tear-rogue1685
breacher1697
rowdy1814
roughiea1819
roughneck1834
rough1837
soap-lock1840
roughhouser1901
gurrier1936
1837 R. H. D. Barham in Life & Lett. R. H. Barham (1870) II. 39 There'll be lots of new policemen, To control the rogues and roughs.
1847 Illustr. London News 27 Nov. 339/1 Will you let the jury know what ‘Roughs’ are? I believe it is an electioneering name for ruffians.
1883 R. Gower My Reminisc. II. 108 She is educating and civilising a little colony there of roughs and vagabonds.
1902 Westm. Gaz. 22 Oct. 8/1 The leader of the band of roughs in Paris known as the ‘Apaches’.
1932 H. Walpole Fortress iii. 439 Crowds of roughs and hooligans, urged on by the more violent Chartists, drove their way towards the stands with shouts and threats.
1971 A. McCaffrey Mark of Merlin (1977) iv. 47 A bunch of roughs, out on the prowl for any Irishman they could ‘put in his place’.
2005 D. Bodin et al. Sport & Violence in Europe 29 The emergence from the 1960s onwards of various adolescent..sub-cultures, most notably roughs, teddy boys, skinheads and punks.
8. Short for rough rider (see rough-rider n. 2b, 3). Now historical.
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society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > mounted soldier > irregular
silladar1802
sowar1802
rough1853
rough-rider1877
rougher1901
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xxiv. 242 He reddened a little..and made me a trooper's bow. ‘No offence, I hope, Miss. I am one of the Roughs.’
1899 Daily News 23 Feb. 6/2 The Roughs swore by Roosevelt.
1900 Westm. Gaz. 17 July 8/1 The ‘Roughs’ and the ‘Sharps’ of the 18th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry.
1903 J. P. Sturrock Fifes in S. Afr. 67 Colonel Mahon's force was now augmented by the arrival of..the Rough Riders from London... called by familiar abbreviation ‘the Roughs’.
1971 J. Gaylor Mil. Badge Collecting x. 90 The City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) were habitually referred to as ‘The Roughs’ by the other London Yeomen.
III. That which is unworked, unfinished, inexact, or imprecise.
9. † b. Agriculture. Broken grain or refuse from threshing; (in plural) pieces of this. Obsolete.
a. Rough material or refuse resulting from the working of minerals; a piece or quantity of this. Cf. row n.2 2, fine n.2 5b.
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society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > [noun] > mining refuse or rubbish
rough1677
old man1747
small1778
stent1778
vestry1784
gobbin1811
spoil1838
stowing1860
dump1865
muck1883
spoil-heap1883
mine-dump1909
1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 59 In the Forest of Deane..iron is made at this day of Cinders, being the rough and offal thrown by in the Romans time.
1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 223 The rough that is carried back with the stream, by drawing it over again, may be rendered merchantable at a lower rate than the crop; and the rough of this rough, is thrown aside to make leavings.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1244 The ore, on issuing, deposits its rough in the first basin.
1874 J. H. Collins Princ. Metal Mining (1875) xvii. 111 Material of a mixed nature, called ‘dredge’, or ‘roughs’, or ‘rows’.
1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 171 Roughs,..coarse, poor sands, resulting from tin-dressing.
1887 P. McNeill Blawearie 174 Then it was indeed difficult to detect the foul from the roughs of the main coal.
1900 Mining Engineer 17 362 The fines are raised by a bucket-elevator into a bin, and the rough is delivered by automatic feeders into [etc.].
1996 S. Murphy Grey Gold viii. 210 Pieces of rock containing good ore, called ‘roughs’, were stacked up at the side of the sorting floor.
ΚΠ
1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 267 A second woman is required to riddle the roughs from the foul spout into a heap by itself.
1853 Encycl. Brit. II. 282/2 The unthrashed ears and broken straw called roughs or shorts.
1888 Encycl. Brit. I. 289 The grain and roughs are discharged by separate spouts into the apartment below the thrashing-loft.
c. colloquial. In plural. Alum used as an adulterant in bread. Now rare.
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the world > food and drink > food > substances for food preparation > [noun] > improver or adulterant
doctor1770
stuff1812
improver1835
rough1855
agene1921
1855 2nd Rep. Comm. on Adulteration of Food 47 in Parl. Papers 1854–5 VIII. 373 There are several trade names for alum; one of them, being very characteristic of its effects on the mucous surface, is ‘roughs’, and another is ‘seasoning’.
1909 Practitioner Feb. 263 All the samples of bread contained alum, and an instance was mentioned of flour, with which as much as ten per cent. had been mixed... In the trade, the adulterant received the name of ‘roughs’.
10.
a. A rough draft. Also: a rough sketch, layout, outline, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > rough preliminary draft
scantling1567
rough-hew1641
idea1648
rough1699
roughout1905
1699 S. Sewall Diary 23 Sept. (1973) I. 414 Agree for 15£ and draw a rough of it and take his hand to it.
1710 in Publ. Colonial Soc. Mass. (1925) 15 395 A rough of sundry Articles ws drawn up.
1796 J. Steele Let. 12 July in Papers (1924) I. 144 A rough of a letter which may at some future period compose part of a circular.
1862 W. H. Taylor Let. Dec. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1888) 1st. Ser. XVII. 549 The rough of the above was written from General Lee's dictation... I have copied it, and affixed his signature in his absence.
1904 L. Derville Other Side of Story xv. 130 A ‘rough’ of the desired reply written on a slip of paper.
1936 Punch 12 Aug. 170/2 I don't suggest for a moment that these are finished ideas. They are no more than artists' roughs.
1976 Vogue 15 Mar. 24/1 The roughs of my column are completed.
1992 L. Niven & S. Barnes Calif. Voodoo Game xi. 119 That's just a rough. I'll get back to you.
b. The rough state or material of anything. Frequently in from the rough.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > three-dimensional representation > [noun] > rough
rough1799
1799 Repertory of Arts 10 295 How, by means of a rotative saw, to shape a piece from the rough.
a1842 J. F. Watson Ann. Philadelphia & Pennsylvania (1870) I. 244 Our roads, bridges, farms, houses,..were all to be made from the rough, by the power of the woodman's axe.
1899 Mind 8 471 All modern classifications of organisms..are developed from the rough into an infinite delicacy.
1901 Railway & Locomotive Engin. June 271/1 A plain shaft, length 8 feet, diameter 2 1/4 inches, was ground from the rough.
1930 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 125/1 The wood being cut green and sawed from the rough.
1960 Pop. Mech. Feb. 218/1 Where only an occasional piece requires finish planing from the rough..the outlay for a small surfacer is hardly justified.
c. Short for rough rice n. at rough adj. Compounds 5a. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > rice > types of
white rice1614
rough rice1735
wild rice1748
Carolina rice1787
Patna rice1795
rough1837
basmati1845
small1882
palay1889
brown rice1916
arborio1951
1837 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 54 An Improved Mortar for Dressing Rough or Paddy, or Redressing.
1843 E. Ruffin Rep. Commencem. & Progress Agric. Surv. S. Carolina App. 22 In Denmark at Copenhagen, a mill has been in operation about six years—consumption about 90,000 bushels of rough.
1892 Louisiana Planter & Sugar Manufacturer 16 July 53 The market for clean rice has ruled steady, while rough is dull.
1917 Simmons' Spice Mill Mar. 340 It is impossible to estimate the pockets of clean that will be produced from the rough still to be milled.
d. The stone from which a gem is cut, uncut precious stone; (also) a piece of this, an uncut gem, esp. a diamond.Cf. in the rough at Phrases 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > [noun] > uncut or unpolished
rough1853
gemstone1883
1853 in Lect. Results Great Exhib. 2nd Ser. xv. 85 In cutting diamonds from the rough,..the cutters think themselves fortunate in retaining one-half the original weight.
1880 A. E. Foote Catal. Minerals & Tables (rev. ed.) 57/2 Cutting is immensely shortened by splitting the facets from the rough.
1961 Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. (at cited word) A huge piece of rough was cut to a superb gem of 128 carats. Jewelers' Circular-Keystone.
1976 W. Greatorex Crossover 162 No thefts of rough have been reported, so I suppose they're clean?
1991 Boston Apr. 128/1 Miners at an undisclosed location..discovered one of the largest diamond roughs in history.
2008 E. Ungaro Diamonds iv. 24 Roughs do not look like the diamonds you see in stores.
IV. That which is coarse or unrefined.
11. Rough or unrefined people collectively; the lowest and roughest element or part of a community.Sometimes with implication of disorderliness: cf. sense 7.
ΚΠ
1680 W. Temple Ess. Cure of Gout in Miscellanea 226 It [sc. gout] hardly approaches the rough and the poor.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 341 Great schools suit best the sturdy and the rough.
1842 C. M. Kirkland Forest Life I. xli. 223 The awkward, the vulgar, and the rough of our race ought..to awaken an interest in the hearts of their more favored fellow-mortals.
1871 Contemp. Rev. 16 365 The rough of the towns pretty much make up..the material out of which the mass of the British rank and file is composed.
1973 M. E. Cain Society & Policeman's Role 81 The public..was broadly sub-divided into the ‘rough’ and the ‘respectable’.
2008 G. Murfin-Shaw Four Geminis & Jacuzzi 383 He had spent one afternoon telling Sally that Laura went with all the rough.
12. (A type of) sharp, acid, or harsh alcoholic drink, as draught bitter beer, rough wine, or (now esp.) rough cider.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > cider > [noun] > types of cider
pippin cider1662
redstreak cider1664
water cidera1665
redstreak1671
moil1708
wring-jawa1804
champagne cider1810
rough1858
scrumpy1903
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > beer > [noun] > other kinds of beer
spruce beerc1500
March beer1535
Lubecks beer1608
zythum1608
household beer1616
bottle1622
mumc1623
old beer1626
six1631
four1633
maize beer1663
mum beer1667
vinegar beer1677
wrest-beer1689
nog1693
October1705
October beer1707
ship-beer1707
butt beer1730
starting beer1735
butt1743
peterman1767
seamen's beer1795
chang1800
treacle beer1806
stock beer1826
Iceland beer1828
East India pale ale1835
India pale ale1837
faro1847
she-oak1848
Bass1849
bitter beer1850
bock1856
treble X1856
Burton1861
nettle beer1864
honey beer1867
pivo1873
Lambic1889
steam beer1898
barley-beer1901
gueuze1926
Kriek1936
best1938
rough1946
keg1949
IPA1953
busaa1967
mbege1972
microbrew1985
microbeer1986
yeast-beer-
1858 R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma xci. 357 Talking of vintages, and flavours, and roughs and smooths, and sweets, and drys, as if he had been drinking wine all his life.
1872 Notes & Queries 17 Jan. 52 He..only drank ‘rough’..that is, cider of rough flavour, which old cider-drinkers prefer.
1946 J. Irving Royal Navalese 147 ‘Rough’, draught bitter beer.
1960 ‘R. East’ Kingston Black xiii. 129 He was selling the rough at three shillings a gallon.
2009 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 12 Oct. 14 The taste of good farmhouse rough takes me back to the old days.
13. The heavier, rougher part of housework (see rough work n. 2). Frequently in to do the rough.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > housework
housework1787
rough worka1852
housemaiding1858
rough1933
1933 Times 8 July 3/6 Cook-general wanted; two in family; woman does rough.
1950 J. Cannan Murder Included iii. 39 He..suggested having a woman for the rough.
1974 ‘A. Gilbert’ Nice Little Killing v. 70 The woman who came to do the rough twice a week.
1991 R. Rendell Kissing Gunner's Daughter (1997) 50 She said.., ‘They call it the rough.’ ‘You do the rough work, Mrs. Mew,’ Wexford said... ‘Scrubbing floors, washing paint and so on?’
Phrases
P1. in the rough.
a. In a rough, imperfect, or unfinished state; (esp. of a precious stone) before cutting and polishing. Frequently figurative and in figurative contexts. diamond in the rough: = rough diamond n. at rough adj. Compounds 5a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > unpreparedness > unprepared [phrase] > in an immature state
in the blade1584
in the shell1609
in the rougha1649
on the musta1661
the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [adverb] > in a preliminary way
in the rougha1649
a1649 G. Abbott Brief Notes Psalms (1651) (clxiv. 12) 724 Men and women, that hath been so long unpolished and in the rough, void of all..comliness.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 107/1 Flax all one way, is Flax in the ruff, undressed.
a1740 J. Brereton Poems Several Occasions (1744) 206 Tho' with the Polish'd more delighted, She, Virtue in the rough, ne'er slighted.
1770 D. du Bois Theodora II. 65 You presented me with a diamond in the rough [sc. a young lady], but I think it as well polished a diamond as I ever saw.
1799 Analyt. Rev. 29 246 The stone..was purchased by the Duke of Orleans..; its weight in the rough was 410 carats, when cut 135.
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 159 Every kind of surface is first formed in the rough, and then finished by means of tools.
1841 in Waldie's Select Circulating Libr. 16 206 A peasant..who found a diamond in the rough, but, not knowing what it was,..was a poor man all his life.
a1878 B. Taylor Stud. German Lit. (1879) 99 An unlettered minstrel, with great qualities in the rough.
1905 G. B. Shaw Let. 21 June (1972) II. 532 The Salvation play, of which only an act and a half (in the rough) is on paper.
1986 T. McGuane To skin Cat (1989) 65 I like the guy. A real diamond in the rough.
2006 New Yorker 2 Oct. 66/1 A few hundred..garnets in the rough, as dull and misshapen as half-eaten sourballs.
b. In disorder; in an ordinary condition; not dressed, tidied, specially prepared, etc. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > untidiness > in an untidy state [phrase]
in the rough1793
1793 A. Witts Diary 6 Sept. in Edinb. Diary (2016) 68 Much continued bustle & unpacking, too much in the rough to admit Mr Charteris who call'd again.
1825 L. L. Cameron Seeds Greediness 3 ‘We are all in the rough to-day, Sir,’ answered the woman; ‘for I am very busy with this job’.
1844 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit xxxiii ‘You'll have a party?’ said Crimple. ‘No, I won't,’ I said; ‘he shall take us in the rough’.
1900 Mrs. Alexander Step-mother 134 ‘You are all very good to take us in the rough.’ ‘My dear fellow, we have full faith in the resources of your establishment.’
2003 E. Carmichael Gone to Dogs iii. 56 A sweep of his hand indicated the jeans and sweater... ‘Tuesday mornings the staff and clients have to put up with me in the rough.’
c. Roughly; approximately. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > closeness to accuracy > [adverb]
much1560
nearly1594
muchwhat1619
nigh about1632
closely1682
roughly1768
close1833
approximatively1835
proximately1839
in the rough1841
approximately1845
along1852
nearbouta1857
in a sort of (sorta) way1868
in the (right) ballpark1945
grosso modo1952
1841 G. R. Gliddon Mem. Cotton Egypt 33 The entire crop of 1837–38, which was estimated, in the rough, at 80000 bales, remained untouched.
1868 J. E. T. Rogers Man. Polit. Econ. iii. 28 In the rough, it may be said that the cost of producing a pound Troy of gold [etc.].
1908 Amer. Rev. of Reviews June 709/1 New York to Chicago, a distance, in the rough, of 1000 miles.
1919 W. B. Munro Govt. U.S. xxxviii. 550 This generalization, however, is true only in the rough.
P2. in rough: in an unpolished or unrefined way or form; roughly, as a rough draft.
ΚΠ
1805 in T. B. Howell State Trials (1822) XXX. 277 I may as interpreter sometimes take the depositions in rough, but it is the duty of the escrivano to copy them fair in the process.
1898 Overland Monthly Feb. 152 (caption) A design in rough for the proposed monument of Balboa to be set up at the Golden Gate Park overlooking the sea.
1914 E. Lehman Jewish Teacher 46 Draw, in rough, on the blackboard the coast-line of Palestine and Syria.
1949 Manch. Guardian 26 May 7/3 The positive proposals they are believed to have drafted in rough before the conference opened.
2002 L. W. B. Brockliss Calvet's Web ii. 98 A letter sent to the Abbé Crillon in 1771..was doubtless initially written in rough because it must have been hard to strike the right tone.
P3. Scottish. rough and round: plain and plentiful food; simple but generous fare or hospitality. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Rouch... They do nae keep a genteel house, but they have ay plenty of rouch and round.
1904 Border Mag. Mar. 69 The exertions he uses in making them comfortable, and that in a style somewhat superior to what might have been termed ‘the rough and round’ of those days.
P4. to take the rough with (also and) the smooth: to accept the unpleasant as well as the good aspects of something, esp. life. Also with plural construction.
ΚΠ
1780 Lett. Late Ld. Lyttelton xii. 81 He is a most lively, good-humoured, and pleasant man, who..seems to take the rough and the smooth with an equal countenance.
1804 European Mag. 45 334/1 In this manner had Blair and his horse Pocket..travelled, and taken the roughs and the smooths of the world together.
1862 W. M. Thackeray Adventures of Philip I. ix. 150 You and I will take..the roughs and the smooths of this daily existence.
1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel 190 One must take a little rough with one's smooth.
a1979 J. Grenfell Turn back Clock (1983) 132 Always with a smile Ready to take the rough and the smooth To go the extra mile.
2001 Independent 5 Dec. (Wednesday Review section) 5/1 In the top jobs you have to take the rough with the smooth.
rough of the mouth n. Obsolete the palate; = roof of the mouth at roof n. 6a.In the 16th-cent. quots. rough may perhaps represent a variant form of roof n.: ruff(e) of the mouth is recorded in the 15th and 16th centuries (compare quot. a1475 at roof n. 6a).In quot. 1625 probably: whalebone.
ΚΠ
1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. 18v In englyshe it is named a hote vlceration in the rough or palat of the mouth.
1569 R. Androse tr. ‘Alessio’ 4th Bk. Secretes 29 (margin) Nuca, is the vppermost part of the head, and some take it for the rough of the mouth.
1625 W. Baffin in S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. iv. xix. 843 A dead Whale wee found at Sea, hauing all her finnes (or rather all the rough of her mouth).
1754 Gentleman & Lady's Palladium 54 In Cunnundrum-Court, London, Gold Plates are completely fitted to the Rough of the Mouth, so as to prevent speaking through the Nose.
1807 J. Walker Crit. Pronouncing Dict. (ed. 3) p. xc The rough r is formed by jarring the tip of the tongue against the rough of the mouth near the fore teeth.
1883 W. H. Burt Physiol. Materia Medica (ed. 3) 366 Rough of the mouth always red.
P6. colloquial. a bit (also piece) of rough: a (usually male) sexual partner whose rough or unrefined behaviour is a source of physical attraction. Cf. rough trade n.In quot. 1902: a woman viewed as a sexual object, apparently without the suggestion of unsophistication. This sense is dated to c1870 in E. Partridge Dict. Slang (1937), but without supporting evidence.
ΚΠ
1902 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VI. i. 57/1 A bit of rough = a woman.
1973 Guardian 27 Apr. 14/4 The playwright delves into the reasons why it is possible on occasions for a bit of rough to fascinate so much more than a good woman.
1984 ‘Pickles’ Queens 104 The desire to have a bit of rough—slumming it—is an obvious form of inverted snobbery, often found among queens.
1994 I. Botham My Autobiogr. x. 196 He's definitely every woman's piece of rough.
1996 ikon Jan.–Feb. 76/2 If a nice bit of Northern rough..is all you're after, it's worth bearing in mind that a Lad is easier to attract than almost any kind of man.
2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 6 Nov. 67/1 Miriam is, to put it mildly, a bit of rough.
Compounds
rough maker n. now rare a manufacturer of something rough, spec. a maker of rough linen.In quot. 1879: the maker of the rough outline of a spoon.
ΚΠ
1785 Earl of Sheffield Observ. Manuf. Ireland 181 As a small capital will set up a rough maker, so they are very numerous... Every Rough maker..under his eye, the several operations of scribbling, spinning and weaving.
1801 J. Archer Statist. Surv. County Dublin v. 189 Those halls in the country are for the sale of the cloth of the rough-makers.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 413/2 The ‘rough-maker’..smooths off the burr left by the stamp, strikes up finally the under side, and bends down the little curve at the end of the handle.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† roughn.2
Obsolete.
A cartilaginous fish of the order Rajiformes, a ray; = ray n.3
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > subclass Elasmobranchii > order Hypotremata > [noun] > family Rajidae > member of family Rajidae (ray)
reighOE
roughlOE
rayc1350
flathec1440
rayfisha1500
Raja1633
centrine1661
flair1668
sea-cow1722
ox-ray1862
sea-devil1881
rajoid1890
lOE Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (St. John's Oxf. 17) in A. S. Napier Contributions to Old Eng. Lexicogr. (1906) 14 Fannus, suhha [prob. read ruhha].
c1225 ( Ælfric Gloss. (Worcester) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 543 Fannus, ro[che] [OE St. John's Oxf. hreoche].
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 14751 Hii..nemen rohȝe tayl [c1275 Calig. tailes of rehȝen].
a1425 in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler Curye on Inglysch (1985) 88 (MED) [c1400 Sloane 468 Tak..merlyng] or pike or roge or oþer [Sloane continues & seth it in fayre water].
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 438 Rowhe, or reyhe, fysche [King's Cambr. rowe-fysshe, Pynson rowghe], ragadies.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 264/1 Roughe fysshe.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
roughadj.int.
/rʌf/, U.S. /rəf/α. Old English hruh (rare), Old English rihne (accusative singular masculine, transmission error), Old English–early Middle English ruh, Old English (rare)–Middle English ruch, early Middle English roh, early Middle English ruhh ( Ormulum), Middle English roch, Middle English rohu, Middle English rohw, Middle English rouh, Middle English rowh, Middle English rowhe, Middle English (northern)–1500s rowth, late Middle English rouhe, late Middle English ruth (northern), 1500s routh; English regional (Northumberland) 1800s– rouh; Scottish pre-1700 reucht, pre-1700 rewch, pre-1700 rewcht, pre-1700 rocht, pre-1700 roich, pre-1700 roiche, pre-1700 rouche, pre-1700 rowch, pre-1700 rowcht, pre-1700 ruche, pre-1700 rucht, pre-1700 ruiche, pre-1700 ruwch, pre-1700 rwch, pre-1700 1700s roche, pre-1700 1700s– roch, pre-1700 1700s– rouch, pre-1700 1700s– ruch, pre-1700 1800s– roucht, pre-1700 1900s– reuch, 1800s ruh, 1800s wroch, 1800s wruch, 1900s– rauch, 1900s– reoch, 1900s– roach, 1900s– rooch; Irish English (northern) 1900s– reuch, 1900s– roch, 1900s– rouch, 1900s– ruh. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 354 Nodosi cyppi, ruches copses.OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 471 Hyrsutas [bidentum] lanas, hruhe wulla [OE Digby 146 hruhge wulla].OE Prognostics (Tiber.) (2007) 298 Gif him þince þæt he hæbbe ruh lic, þæt biþ hys goda wanung.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9663 Ruhh. & harrd. & sharrp.c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 147 Nis hit or acurset þe iwurðeð swartre & ruhre [?c1225 Cleo. ruchȝere, a1250 Nero ruhure, a1250 Titus ruhere] se hit is ifilet mare?a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 3677 Wid a rohu skyn scho hillid his hals.1477 J. Pympe in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 418 Fixid so fast wyth hys prikkys rowh.a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 184 Then was Ion cloþed yn herus of camels, and gurd above wyth a gyrdyll of a roch skyn.1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 803 Florisshyng of flowris, With burris rowth.1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 28 A rouch rock or craig.c1647 in J. Maidment Bk. Sc. Pasquils (1868) 152 A roche coate's better nor a beare.1724 A. Ramsay Vision in Ever Green I. ii The air grew ruch.1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (at cited word) A rouch hass, or throat.1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Rouh, rough. Pronounced with a deep accent without sounding the g.1952 Sc. Home & Country Sept. 270 There's siller yonder, and he keeps a guid rouch hoose.1982 D. Fraser in H. Brown Poems Sc. Hills 9 Wi' mony a craig an cleugh, The rouch hills, the teugh hills That froun dour and grim.1998 T. Hubbard Isolde’s Luve-daith 3 This staunin-stane Auncient an roch.
β. Old English hruhg- (inflected form, rare), Old English rhug- (inflected form, rare), Old English rug- (inflected form), Old English (rare)–Middle English rug, early Middle English ruchȝ, Middle English roȝ, Middle English roȝe, Middle English rogh, Middle English roghe, Middle English roght (north-west midlands, in a late copy), Middle English roug, Middle English rouȝ, Middle English rouȝe, Middle English rouȝh, Middle English rovgh, Middle English rowȝ, Middle English rowȝe, Middle English ruȝ, Middle English ruȝe, Middle English ruȝghe, Middle English ruȝh, Middle English ruȝhe, Middle English rughȝ, Middle English rughȝe, Middle English rught (north-west midlands, in a late copy), Middle English–1500s rowgh, Middle English–1500s rugh, Middle English– rough, late Middle English (Norfolk)–1500s rought, late Middle English–1500s rughe, late Middle English–1600s roughe, late Middle English–1600s rowghe, 1500s ruyghe; Scottish pre-1700 rogh, pre-1700 roughe, pre-1700 rowgh, pre-1700 rowghe, pre-1700 rowght, pre-1700 rughe, pre-1700 1700s– rough, pre-1700 1700s– rugh, 1700s rought; also Irish English (chiefly northern) 1800s– rugh, 1900s– rogh. OE Harley Gloss. (1966) 200 Frondea Ficus, i. frondosa geþuf ficbeam uel helm uel rug.OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) iii. 114 Þa ferdon begen þurh þa rugan fennas.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 140 Of þiruchȝe sunne.c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 1013 Hi goþ bitiȝt mid ruȝe uelle.c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) l. 59 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 289 Þe wode was rough and þikke.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 21962 Þe toþer shal be wondir rowȝe.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 24838 Þe wedir..Son bigan be rug.c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1545 Þe honde..rasped on þe roȝ woȝe.a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Gen. xxv. 25 And al in maner of a skyn rowȝ.a1450 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. xxiii Ȝif þey been rouȝe and..brode.c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 6632 With a rught batell.1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 45 The bodye..beyng a rough stone.1624 in E. A. J. Honigmann & S. Brock Playhouse Wills (1993) 144 To Burbadge Vnderwood..one great gylte spoone one plaine bowle and one roughe bowle.a1722 J. Lauder Jrnls. (1900) 131 That Barbet rought water dog that taks the escrevisses.1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound iii. iii. 104 The rough walls are clothed with long soft grass.1933 Gallovidian Ann. 81 The Galloway shepherds' toast, ‘Tar, Rugh Sheep, and Whusky!’2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Nov. 31/2 The maroons had to hunt..in the rough terrain.
γ. late Middle English 1600s–1700s (1800s– regional and nonstandard) ruff, 1500s roff, 1500s roffe, 1500s rouf, 1500s rowfe, 1500s (1800s U.S. regional) ruf, 1500s–1600s ruffe, 1600s rouffe. ?1488 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 173 Item ruff ottes.1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry 141 You must looke..that the vrine may be well voyded away: for the wettenesse hereof..spoyleth their coates, and maketh them rowfe, and ilfauoured.1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 28v The blades of both kindes are ruffe.1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 20 Winds and ruff Seas.1683 J. Pettus Fleta Minor (1686) i. 9 It was ruffe and sharp.a1745 J. Swift To Dr. Sheridan in Miscellanies (1749) XI. 284 Compar'd with which..A Smoothing-Ir'n itself is ruff.1787 Minor 53 Saw away the ruff corners of your mind.1878 J. Castillo Poems in N. Yorks. Dial. 46 Wi' lads o' manners ruff an' rude.1997 C. Newland Scholar (1998) i. 11 ‘Ruff innit?’ Cory Bradley, now seventeen, asked his Aunt Bernice.
I. Uneven; not smooth.
1.
a. Having an uneven or irregular surface, so as to be abrasive to the touch; rutted, pitted, jagged; not level, smooth, or flat.In early use also in figurative context.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > [adjective]
roughOE
snaggy1581
toothy1611
jagged1651
snagged1658
jaggy1717
splintery1829
snaggled1938
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 354 Nodosi cyppi, ruches copses, ostes [corrected in MS to osties].
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 375 Dira [cutis] callositas : aspera scabredo..ruh wærihtnys.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 140 Hwase eauer misseið oðer. oðer misdeð þe..heis þi file & fileð awei þirust of þiruchȝe [c1230 Corpus ruhe, a1250 Nero ruwe] sunne.
c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 147 Nis hit or acurset þe iwurðeð swartre & ruhre [Nero ruhure; Cleo. ruchȝere; Titus ruhere] se hit is ifilet mare?
c1390 Charter Abbey Holy Ghost (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 360 (MED) Þenne þei toke a blont, rouh, ragged nayl & smiten hit þorw his hond.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3815 (MED) Þai..findis all þe strandis Full of Redis..rughere þan thornes.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 15719 (MED) As she fylede..Vp-on myn yren, rowh and old, Ther-off she made..Thys sharpe sawe.
1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Cij Theyr skinne is verye rowghe, and full of chappes, and riftes, like the barke of a tree.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Calicules The rough shells of Chestnuts.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 342 Fruit of all kindes, in coate, Rough, or smooth rin'd. View more context for this quotation
1670 in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. v. 15 The silke..will soone grow rough, gather dust and sullie.
c1686 R. Law Memorialls (1818) 177 It [sc. the elephant] has no hair upon the skin of it, but a rough tannie.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 221 The tongue is rough, and beset with prickles.
1781 W. Cowper Retirem. 230 Rough elm, or smooth-grain'd ash, or glossy beech.
1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound iii. iii. 104 The rough walls are clothed with long soft grass.
1873 J. Richards Operator's Handbk. 135 The lumber is guided by its rough surface before coming in contact with the cutters.
1909 Daily Chron. 21 Aug. 7/4 Wherever it can get finger-hold in the rough face of the cliff, it shows in abundance.
1948 B. Griffith Amer. Me Gloss. 315/2 A curved rough stone for grinding corn.
1981 A. MacLeod in Canad. Fiction Mag. 40–41 57 The stretch of smooth ice had been..temporarily joined to the rougher ice nearer the shore.
2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! v. 54 We..pick up some glycerine for rough skin..from a pharmacy.
b. Of cloth: coarse in texture or weave; having a long harsh nap; not soft or fine. Hence also of things made from such cloth.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric with specific qualities > [adjective] > coarse or rough
roughOE
sackena1450
rugged1558
homespun?1589
shaggy1664
nubbly1829
nubby1935
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [adjective] > with pile or nap > long
roughOE
terpoile1489
thrummed1535
plushed1594
woolled1600
shagged1649
velvet-pile1851
OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 22 He hine scrydde mid ruhre hæran [L. hirsuto cilicio] þæt betwuh þa tida þæs slæpes..nære nan rest þæs lichoman.
OE Hymns (Durh. B.iii.32) lxxxvi. 2 in I. Milfull Hymns of Anglo-Saxon Church (1996) 327 Prebuit yrtum tegimen camelus artubus sacris : gearcode ruhne wæfels olfend liþum halgum.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 251 Of whete is y-made oyle þat helpeþ..in ycchynge and in scabbes..if it is wel y-froted wiþ a rowh [L. aspero] cloþ.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 17168 (MED) Off rowh frese she hadde..A garnement shape lyk a sak.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 322/2 Roughe as course clothe is, rude.
1595 Edinb. Test. XXIX. f. 5, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ruch I leif to James Donald..my stand of rouch claythtis.
1611 Bible (King James) Zech. xiii. 4 Neither shall they weare a rough garment to deceiue. View more context for this quotation
1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Rouw laken, rough, or Course cloath.
1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella Of Husbandry xii. xlvi. 552 Wipe off, with a..rough linen cloth,..whatever sand shall stick to it.
1783 Circular from Hamburg in Pennsylv. Gaz. 26 Nov. 3/1 German cloth of every quality and colour..Silesia linens..Rough dowlas.
1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. §2. 152 He was clothed with the rough hairy garment worn by the recluse and the prophet.
1886 C. D. Warner Their Pilgrimage 3 A gentleman clad in a perfectly-fitting rough travelling suit.
1926 D. H. Lawrence Plumed Serpent xvi. 245 The cargadores were busy at the charcoal boats, carrying out the rough sacks.
1939 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 623/1 ‘Christy’ bath towels [with] rough brown linen pile.
1991 D. Bolger Woman's Daughter (1992) 162 I lifted the rough blanket and climbed in.
c. Scottish. Of a bone: having meat on it. Sc. National Dict. at Ruch records this sense as still in use in Perthshire, Stirlingshire, and Ayrshire in 1968.
ΚΠ
1794 Har'st Rig 42 Mony a dainty rough fat bane.
1826 W. Scott Woodstock II. viii. 205 A hungry tyke ne'er minds a blaud with a rough bane.
1887 J. Service Life Dr. Duguid 22 A good supply of hard boiled eggs and rough banes in a pock.
2. † b. Of a tree or plant: abounding in foliage, leafy; shaggy, tufty. Of a leaf: hairy, woolly. Obsolete.
a. Covered with hair; hairy, shaggy; (now esp. of an animal) having long or coarse hair, wool, etc.; unclipped, unshorn.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [adjective] > bushy, thick > having
shaggeda1000
roughOE
thick-hairedc1405
busheda1513
bush-haired1530
maned1530
bush-headed1552
shack-haired1555
mop-headed?1566
shag-haired1577
shag-hair1584
shaggyc1590
rug-headed1597
hirsute1621
hobby-headeda1625
shock1681
shocky1698
shock-head1842
tousled-headed1860
tousle-haired1880
flock-headed1891
thick-piled1976
OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §29. 242 Ða gesawe we þær ruge wifmen, & wæpned men wæron hie swa ruwe & swa gehære swa wildeor.
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xxvii. 11 Ðu wast þæt Esau min broðor ys ruh & ic eom smeðe.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 28 (MED) Margarte grap þet grisliche þing..ant sette hire riht-fot on his ruhe swire.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 2 Kings i. 8 A rowgh [a1425 L.V. heeri; L. pilosus] man & wiþ an hery girdil gird to þe reenes.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 5946 (MED) He was ruȝher þan any ku.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 147 Þe folk er all full of feþers and rugh.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde ii. viii. 83 Men and wymmen alle naked and also rowhe as beeres.
a1525 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 167/25 In that cuntre..is mischapen men and women..sum has four feit all rouch and tuskis lyke a baire.
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Horridus Sus horridus, a rough hogge with bristles standynge vp.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 255 Till new-borne chinnes Be rough, and Razor-able. View more context for this quotation
1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 21 in Justa Edouardo King Rough Satyres danc'd, and Fauns with cloven heel.
1708 London Gaz. No. 4421/8 Both are Rough, having lain at Grass all the Winter.
1750 J. S. Gardiner Art & Pleasures of Hare-hunting 7 The rough wire-haired Hound, thick quartered, well hung.
a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) II. xxv. 187 They rode together all day on two rough ponies.
1897 Daily News 2 Feb. 9/4 Fat bulls and rough cows were a difficult sale.
1903 Westmorland Gaz. 27 June 5/2 Came astray, in March, rough ewe..stowed near ear, no other marks.
1972 R. Godden Diddakoi i. 10 The orchard where..the gypsies' rough horses used to be tethered.
2007 Scots Mag. Mar. 318/1 Helping Father immerse a batch of rough sheep.
ΚΠ
OE Harley Gloss. (1966) 200 Frondea Ficus, i. frondosa geþuf ficbeam uel helm uel rug.
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxxxvii. 178 Heo [sc. ðeos wyrt] hafað leaf neah swylce mistel, þa beoð ruge [L. lanuginosa] & brade.
OE Bounds (Sawyer 60) in D. Hooke Worcs. Anglo-Saxon Charter-bounds (1990) 65 In þæt rug mapeltreow in forweard werdune.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 745 (MED) Þe hasel & þe haȝ-þorne were harled al samen, With roȝe raged mosse rayled ay-where.
?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 193v, in Middle Eng. Dict. at Rough(e Þer ben þre maners of planteyne, but þe best of alle groweþ in þe felde lowe bi þe grounde, and he is ruȝghe.
c. Of hair, wool, fur, etc.: coarse, bushy; thick, shaggy; not smooth, soft, or fine.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [adjective] > bushy, thick
roughOE
lothenc1440
bushed1535
shirl1567
shagged1587
shaga1596
bushya1609
thick1624
shaggy1638
moppy1725
tousled1847
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 471 Hyrsutas [bidentum] lanas, hruhe wulla [OE Digby 146 hruhge wulla].
c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 65 Nis þer bute sone forwarpe þet ruhe [?c1225 Cleo. ruchȝe, a1250 Nero ruwe] fel abute þe heorte.
c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 265 (MED) His here of his berd, blac & rowe, To his girdel-stede was growe.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. xlvi. 1197 The kyde hatte edus... His wolle is more longe and rough [L. hispidiorem] þan is lombe wolle.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 285 Thei beren gret Wolle and roughe.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) lxviii. 14 With the haire that is rughe and sharpe.
1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 299v Men of meane stature, with..roughe and thyck beardes.
1594 R. Barnfield Shepheard Content xxvii. sig. Fij When their fleeces gin to waxen rough, He combs and trims them with a Rampicke bough.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xiii. 286/1 At the end of this Baldness..grew small long feathers, like certain rough curled hairs.
1710 R. Sibbald Hist. Fife & Kinross ii. iii. 49 The Sea-Otter..differeth from the Land-Otter, for it is bigger, and the Pile of its Furr is rougher.
1767 tr. D. Cranz Hist. Greenland I. iv. 125 Nor does it [sc. the hair] lie smooth, but rough, bristly and intermixed like pigs hair.
1805 J. Luccock Nature & Prop. Wool 242 Its wool was kempy, rough and thin.
1844 T. Carlyle Let. 5 Aug. in Corr. Emerson & Carlyle (1964) 363 A great shock of rough dusty-dark hair.
1976 K. Reddick Horses 19 The Camargue has a rough, invariably gray coat..and short, sturdy legs.
2003 R. Liddle Too Beautiful for You (2004) 180 He's maybe like forty years old, very tall with a rough brown beard.
d. Of leather or hide: undressed, untanned. Also of shoes, etc.: made of such hide. Cf. sense 7a.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > undressed or untanned
rougheOE
rawOE
greena1400
untanned1535
untawed1545
unbarked1569
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > [adjective] > made of specific material
rougheOE
russet1611
kurdaitcha1940
Ugg1969
eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 361 Pero, hemming, i. ruh sco.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3677 (MED) Wit a rugh [Gött. rohu] skin sco hidd his hals And couerd þar-wit his hands als.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 265 (MED) In the sowthe weste of Germayne be peple callede Scribonij..hauenge clothes of the ruȝhe [L. crudis] skynnes of bestes.
c1480 (a1400) St. John Baptist 279 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 231 With a belte of reucht skine made.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vii. xii. 118 Ane rouch rylling of raw hyd and of hayr.
1588–9 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. IV. 365 Rouch hydis and barkit leddir.
1645 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 179 Sex roche hyddes pertaining to the said Johne.
1757 H. Saxby Brit. Customs 376 Drawback or repayment of the duty of Excise on Hides or Calve-skins, rough or tanned.
1891 Cassell's Family Mag. 18 287 Besides these rough hides, we import others that are..dressed in some way.
1914 A. W. Leonard R. L. Stevenson's Kidnapped Introd. 28 The Highlanders wore on their feet rough shoes..made of untanned hide with the hair turned outward.
1993 V. Seth Suitable Boy (U.K. ed.) iv. iv. 216 He picked up a piece of rough, red-dyed leather from the ground.
3. Of ground: difficult to traverse; uneven, rugged, broken, stony; uncultivated, wild. Also figurative and in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > rough
sharpc893
roughOE
foec1400
rupt?a1425
aspera1492
scragged1519
smarta1525
ruggeda1533
crabbed1579
broken1599
tutty-nosed1681
ruggish1838
the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough
unsmeetheOE
sharpc893
rowOE
reofOE
roughOE
unplaina1393
harsha1400
scrofc1400
stourc1400
ruggyc1405
asperous1547
harshy1582
shagged1589
horrid1590
unsmooth1598
gross1606
asperate1623
brute1627
scabbed1630
sleazy1644
rasping1656
scaber1657
asper1681
shaggy1693
gruff1697
grating1766
hackly1794
ruvid1837
scrubby1856
unkind1866
raspy1882
ruckly1923
sandpapery1957
OE Bounds (Sawyer 623) in P. H. Sawyer Charters of Burton Abbey (1979) 23 Of þam sceardan beorge to þam rugan hlæwe, of þam rugan hlæwe on stan beorh.
OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) iii. 114 Þa ferdon begen þurh þa rugan fennas [L. per invia lustra inter atrae paludis margines].
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9211 Whær se iss all..sharrp. & ruhh & gate læs. Þurrh þorrness. & þurrh breress.
c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) 59 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 289 (MED) Þe wode was rough and þikke.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 242 Paliurus is a thistill..and groweth in rowȝ lond vntyled.
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1898 (MED) Renaud com richchande þurȝ a roȝe greue.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3852 (MED) Þus raȝt he fra þis reuir be many ruȝe waies.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke iii. f. lxxvjv And the rought wayes shalbe made smoth.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 4 These high wild hils and rough vneuen waies, Drawes out our miles. View more context for this quotation
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 478 Hard are the ways of truth, and rough to walk. View more context for this quotation
1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 386 The Road is somewhat crooked and rough.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 346 We had some rough Way to pass yet.
1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. vii. 346 The shore presented only roughest rocks.
1821 P. B. Shelley Epipsychidion 10 She met me, Stranger, upon life's rough way.
1885 Law Rep.: Weekly Notes 11 July 146/2 A small cottage and some 22 acres of rough land held therewith.
1904 J. G. Millais in Zoologist 8 242 For the greater part of the year, the Orkney Vole inhabits these rough fields.
1965 Orienteering (‘Know the Game’ Ser.) 36 Ankle support is very important in rough orienteering country.
1979 F. Iyayi Violence xiv. 172 The car bounced and joggled on the rough road.
2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Nov. 31/2 The maroons had to hunt..in the rough terrain.
4. Sport. Designating the face of a tennis or other racket on which the loops formed by the stringing process project or are visible. Hence as int.: used as a call when the racket is spun to decide the right to serve first or to choose ends (opposite of smooth adj. 1c).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > racket games > [adjective] > side of racket
rough1837
smooth1890
1837 D. Walker Games & Sports 300 It falls to the ground either on the rough or smooth side; the rough side being that on which the knots of the racket are visible.
1837 D. Walker Games & Sports 300 When the racket is thrown up, the player calls smooth or rough.
1887 L. Beard & A. B. Beard How to amuse yourself & Others (1898) v. 55 They..never took part in the fun of spinning the racket in the air while the adversary called out ‘rough’ or ‘smooth’.
1911 C. H. B. Quennell in L. Weaver House & its Equipm. 204 It spoils the game if, as a result of guessing ‘rough’ or ‘smooth’ [etc.].
1973 M. Russell Double Hit xxv. 186 Nevil spun his racket. ‘Smooth,’ said Colleano. ‘Rough. I'll serve.’
1999 G. Cox Dict. Sport ii. 94/1 Whether the strings fall rough side or smooth side up determines who makes the choice.
5. Bacteriology. Designating bacteria and bacterial colonies that have undergone a change in cell surface composition while being grown in culture, typically resulting in the presence of colonies with a rough or dull, rather than smooth or shiny, surface, and typically associated with reduced virulence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > specific quality of
tetragenous1888
lysogenic1899
toxicogenic1899
cryophilic1916
R1920
rough1921
smooth1921
sulphate-reducing1926
thermoduric1927
lac−1947
induced1951
inducible1953
thermoacidophilic1976
1920 J. A. Arkwright in Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 23 359 The R form grows in colonies which have a more or less jagged outline, are flatter and often have an irregular, rough, or dull surface and are slightly opaque.]
1921 J. A. Arkwright in Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 24 38 The irregularity of the surface has led to this variant being called the Rough (‘R’) form in distinction from the Smooth (‘S’) form.
1974 Q. N. Myrvik et al. Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. ii. 25 When freshly isolated gram-negative pathogens are cultivated in the laboratory, they often undergo a smooth to rough (S→R) colony mutation.
2006 E. Moreno & I. Moriyón in M. Dworkin et al. Prokaryotes (ed. 3) V. i. xvi. 344/1 The smooth Brucella species often dissociate during growth to yield mixtures of typically smooth and rough colonies.
II. Not finished, exact, or precise.
6.
a. Of an object or item: simply or hastily made; not finely finished; crude, makeshift.
ΚΠ
?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 138 What wol men for þe sowle del?.. A rowȝ bare trenchur oþer a crust.
1475–6 in C. Welch Hist. Pewterers of London (1902) I. 49 To pay to the ffraternite..of euery dosen garnesch of rowgh vessel.., j d.
1585 in C. E. Whitelaw Sc. Arms Makers (1977) 295 Of unground suordis rouch blaidis.
1624 10 Oct. in E. A. J. Honigmann & S. Brock Playhouse Wills (1993) 144 To Burbadge Vnderwood..one great gylte spoone one plaine bowle and one roughe bowle.
1676 in Rothesay Town Council Rec. (1935) I. 343 Ane hewne door ane hewne window four rough windowes.
1759 A. Butler Lives Saints IV. 588 The saint only slept sitting in a chair, or lying down upon a rough bed in his clothes.
1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Rough-tree A name given in merchant-ships..to any mast, &c. which remains rough and unfinished.
1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi I. i. x. 129 A rough table, from which they besought Pandulfo to address the people.
1868 F. H. Joynson Metals in Constr. 22 The iron..run into rough moulds or channels made in sand.
1889 Eng. Illustr. Mag. July 737/1 A bare, comfortless room, with a..rough stool and an old tree-stump for furniture.
1906 Canad. Mag. Feb. 363/2 He fashioned a rough splint.
1965 B. Friel Philadelphia, here I Come! (1966) 11 A large deal table, now set for tea..with rough cups and saucers.
1985 A. Blair Tea at Miss Cranston's xx. 168 Three months at a penny-school in..a cold bare room with rough benches.
2009 New Yorker 20 July 39/3 I attended a prayer service, held in a rough wooden chapel.
b. Made or done quickly and without detail; not exact or precise; broad, loose, or approximate; preliminary, provisional.See also rough copy n. at Compounds 5a, rough draft n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > closeness to accuracy > [adjective]
narrow1551
rough1561
propinquec1570
close1719
approximated1789
proximate1796
approximate1816
approximative1830
ballpark1960
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude > roughly formed or made
rude1488
rough-hewn1530
rough1561
rough-hewed1563
roughcast1588
rough-wrought?1665
rough and tumble1855
1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. f. 74v By certaine rough drawing of ye portraiture therof.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. i. 43 I haue in this rough worke, shap'd out a man [etc.] . View more context for this quotation
1685 J. Cutts La Muse de Cavalier 4 Looking here and there among'st the Throng, I take rough sketches, as they pass along.
1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 216 To make a rough guess..the sampler takes a handful of it, and washes it on a shovel [etc.].
1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 22 A rough estimate of the value of the timbers..growing at that time in the district of The Holt.
1819 W. Scott Let. 18 Apr. (1933) V. 364 I add a rough drawing of the arms.
1849 Cottage Gardener 2 66/1 Such guesses..can only serve as a rough guide.., for soil, age of tree, and the former year's crop, should be taken consideration.
1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxiii. 601 The possible produce was in a rough way understood and attained.
1882 E. A. Floyer Unexplored Baluchistan 70 The inhabitants seemed capable of a rough division into three classes.
1938 L. Woolf Let. 27 Oct. (1990) 415 I have made a very rough outline of the kind of book I think I might be able to do.
1969 Jrnl. Brit. Astron. Assoc. 79 193 A rough estimate of the composition of the lunar surface from the American Surveyor probes.
2002 Time 14 Oct. 76/3 He gives the cast [of the comedy] a rough idea of what is happening.
c. Of paper, stationery, etc.: used for making preliminary records, notes, or drafts.Earliest in rough book n. at Compounds 5a; see also rough logbook n. at Compounds 5a.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > paper > [adjective] > paper for rough work
rough1610
1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia 86 Proceede to the Suruey, describing Plots and noting in a Rough-booke (in Folio) all occurrents as they fall remarkable.
1730 D. Forbes Information for Governor & Co. York-buildings. 6 This Addition..was enter'd..upon the margin of the rough Minute-Book.
1797 in T. J. Howell Compl. Coll. State Trials (1819) XXVI. 897 He made three attempts upon rough paper, before he attempted the note.
1811 J. Steele Let. 5 Mar. in Papers (1924) II. 658 One of them is a rough offering book.
1875 Trial Rec. 7 May 38/1 in Accts. & Papers (House of Commons) LX Those entries..might have been made on a rough sheet and entered on the following Tuesday morning.
1928 E. Scott War among Ladies I. iv. 44 Blotting-paper, foolscap, ‘rough’ paper..were laid out.
1960 Sc. National Dict. V. 343/2 A pupil's rough exercise book.
1977 P. D. James Death of Expert Witness ii. 101 His rough notebook?.. Anything of importance was noted in that book, and subsequently transferred to the files.
1997 H. H. Tan Foreign Bodies (1998) xxiii. 205 I know it looks pretty awful, but you can use it as rough paper.
d. Not very good or perfect. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude
gruff1681
rough and ready1730
rough1800
kachcha1834
hugger-mugger1840
1800 J. Sowerby Coloured Figures Eng. Fungi (1803) III. Tab. CCLXXXIV Withering seems to have had a rough specimen of A. Stipitis before him, with a bad one of A. floccosus.
1860 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) I. 337 Red liquor, a rough acetate of alumina used by the calico-printer.
1924 Nat. Poultry Jrnl. 5 670 No. 3 is a very rough sample, which I would not recommend.
e. Designating a vacuum of the lowest degree of evacuation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > gas > air > [adjective] > under pressure > in which a vacuum has been produced > complete or incomplete vacuum
hard1898
rough1900
1900 Sci. Abstr.: Physics & Electr. Engin. 3 165 The vacuum is produced by a mechanical pump in which all joints, valves, &c., are enclosed in a vacuum jacket which is maintained by a second pump producing a rough vacuum.
1949 S. Dushman Sci. Found. Vacuum Technique iii. 141 With a ‘rough’ vacuum of about 10 mm mercury, such a pump could reduce the pressure to about 1 micron.
1976 Physics Bull. Apr. 161/1 Medium vacuum is used extensively for freeze drying and rough vacuum is also used for specimen handling and sample transfer.
2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. x. 405 The first rotary vacuum pump, the workhorse of rough vacuum, was not invented until 1905, by Wolfgang Gaede in Germany.
7. † b. Scottish. Raw, uncooked. Obsolete. rare.
a. Of material or its condition: in a natural or crude state; not brought into a finished condition or form; undressed, unworked, unpolished.Quot. OE shows row adj. apparently in sense ‘(of corn) unground’.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [adjective]
rough1364
rudec1384
crudec1386
rawa1398
unwroughtc1400
unwerkedc1430
uncured1622
unmanufactured1644
unworked1730
OE Royal Charter: Offa of Mercia to Church at Worcester (Tiber.) (Sawyer 146) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1885) I. 380 Þæs gafoles æt Westbyrig twa tunnan fulle hlutres aloð.. vi lang þero, & þritig ombra rues cornes, feower ambru meolwes.]
1364 in L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. (1992) vii. 122 In 77 damlades 6 dol' pond' de werkstane rugh—damlade ad 8s.
1426–32 in W. T. Barbour Hist. Contract in Early Eng. Equity (1914) 177 (MED) De pleyn overaigne et de pere appelle rough stones saunz table ou corbell.
1485 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 231 vj. lode of rugh plaster vnbrenned.
a1525 (?1435) Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 181 (MED) Here is a ston of rough-iron, the whiche must be tendurly cherysshet.
1545 Rates Custome House d ij b Blowynge hornes the dossen... Roughe hornes the M.
1582 in Trans. Jewish Hist. Soc. Eng. (1903) 4 93 For everie quintall of rough Copper he made (being cxij li.) he must have vij. Kebulls of Copper ure.
1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 46 A good piece of rough Parian marble.
1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales 5 In these Veins..are often found Loadstones,..Rough pearl and Soft diamond.
1766 Compl. Farmer at Queen-bee The intestines of these bees are found at times to be more or less distended with honey, and with rough wax.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 227 A chair or pulpit of rough timber.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 704 The bloom or rough ball, from the puddle furnace.
1897 G. A. Henty On Irrawaddy 131 As they [sc. jewels] were in the rough state, he had no idea what size they would be when cut.
1920 Blackwood's Mag. Nov. 675/2 The tukls were strongly built of rough stone.
1964 W. C. Eyles Bk. Opals 147 The visitor to Australia can purchase rough opal but usually only the cheaper grades.
2009 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 11 Sept. e2 The top of the cutting board..is shiny, smooth and sealed. The bottom..is rough and unfinished.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [adjective] > cooked > not cooked or raw
raweOE
unsoddenc1000
greenOE
unsoda1250
crude1542
undecocted1542
unleepeda1568
uncoqued1617
incocted1645
rough1793
uncooked1846
raw food1904
cookless1907
1793 T. Scott Poems 351 Nae mair a rive o' gait, or fowl, Ha'f rough, ha'f roastet on a coal, But guid sirloin.
8. † b. Ignoring or incapable of fine distinctions; not entering into details. Obsolete.
a. Of craftsmanship, work, etc.: rudimentary, crude, imperfect; not requiring or accomplished with skill.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > unskilled in art or craft > unskilfully made or done > rough or crude
gross1513
incult1599
infabricated1623
rough1680
artless1695
crude1786
blockish1880
hairy1914
1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xii. 211 We will not suppose that the Grooves are of equal depth with the Rough-working of the Gouge.
1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica Pref. sig. d2v We know..their Pharmacy..was Rough and Barbarous.
1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. iii. 34 Here the rude chisel's rougher strokes I trac'd.
1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 90 To avail themselves of those methods, however rough and unsightly they may appear, which experience shews to possess great power.
1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 674/1 After the first or rough boring the interior is fine-bored.
1860 C. Tomlinson Useful Arts & Manuf. 2nd Ser. Cutlery 61 The first, which is called rough buffing, is with Trent sand, and the second, gloss buffing.
1908 C. Headlam Venetia ix. 133 These quaint, rough carvings of the early eleventh century.
1936 W. R. Wedel Introd. Pawnee Archeol. 89 Excavation at the Burkett site in April 1931 yielded a number of turquoise-blue, glass beads of rough manufacture.
2004 Independent (Nexis) 26 May (Features section) 31 I am the doyen of rough plastering and I used to do it myself.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > indiscriminateness > [adjective]
blinda1400
unchoosinga1586
undiscerning1589
unrespective1609
irrespecting1625
promiscuous1633
incurious1645
indistinct1650
irrespective1650
uncritical1659
indiscerning1664
undistinguishing1665
undistinguishable1702
unrefining1735
indiscriminating1754
undiscriminating1776
indiscriminate1792
unfastidious1816
rough1819
lumping1827
indistinguishing1828
unparticularizing1828
farraginous1837
imperceiverant1844
scattergun1845
undistinctive1851
indiscriminative1854
unselecting1895
scattershot1961
1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. xi. 276 The natural and rough sense of Robin Hood.
1855 E. B. Pusey Doctr. Real Presence Note B 43 Such a rough, indefinite mind as Luther's.
9. Scottish. Having or giving abundance or plenty, esp. of a homely or plain sort. Cf. rough and round adj.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective]
richeOE
eadyOE
richfulc1300
plenteousc1350
wealthyc1380
wealthfula1400
wlouȝa1400
wellc1405
biga1425
goldedc1450
substantious1490
able1516
opulent?1518
substantive1543
strong1581
fat1611
juicy1627
fortuned1632
affluent1652
rhinocerical1688
rough1721
rowthy1792
golden1797
strong-handed1817
well-to-do1831
wealth-encumbered1844
nabobish1857
rhinoceral1860
ingoted1864
tinny1871
pocket-filled1886
oofy1896
nawabi1955
brewstered2001
1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 145 He has a Hole under his Nose that will never let him be rough.
1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (at cited word) A gude rouch house, a house where there is abundance of provisions.
1878 J. L. Robertson Poems 94 Wha was sae mensefu' or sae douce, Had roucher board or brawer hoose?
1937 St. Andrews Citizen 30 Jan. 3 Even in the poorest farm-house is to be found what we in Scotland call ‘a rough table’.
1952 Sc. Home & Country Sept. 270 There's siller yonder, and he keeps a guid rouch hoose.
III. Turbulent, violent, agitated.
10.
a. Of the sea, water: running high; turbulent. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [adjective] > in agitated manner
roughc1390
popplingc1400
bullering1533
purlinga1586
brawling1730
chafing1865
c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 716 (MED) Scharpe wawes þat Schip has sayled..ffor wynt ne wederes neuer hit fayled..Þouȝ þe see were rouh.
c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 147 (MED) Þe bote..reled on roun vpon þe roȝe yþes.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 128 The water was so rowgh that they were aferde to passe over hit.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 3693 With a ropand rayne rugh was the se.
a1596 Sir Thomas More (1911) 72 A quiet Ebb will follow this rough tide.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 17 The winds grew contrary: and the seas..too rough to be brooked by so small a vessell.
1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 117 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors The sea is rough at all times, there is no Landing without danger.
1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes II. iii. xii. 9 When he rises with vigor from Tiber's rough waves.
1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse iii. iii. 96 To render them very floaty and lively in a rough hollow sea.
1819 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto II xlv. 141 A tight boat will live in a rough sea, Unless with breakers close beneath her lee.
1887 Times (Weekly ed.) 16 Dec. 1/3 He will find rough waters very soon.
1933 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 44 222 In rough water ships with higher oar-ports could more easily clear the waves on the recover.
1997 Guardian 6 June i. 16/3 The bridge is an engineering wonder, built..to withstand..some of the roughest seas in the world.
2006 Reader's Digest Apr. 68/1 Within days it would be too rough to cross the Channel.
b. Of weather, wind, etc.: wild and stormy; tempestuous, violent, severe.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy
reigheOE
stormya1200
wilda1250
troublec1374
rougha1400
stormishc1430
rude?a1439
boistous1470
troublous1482
wair?a1500
tempestuous1509
blusterous1548
rugged1549
stormful1558
troublesome1560
turbulent1573
ruggy1577
rufflered1582
oragious?1590
boisterous?1594
broily1594
unruly1594
procellousa1629
gurly1718
coarse1774
ugly1844
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 24838 (MED) Þe wedir..Son bigan be rug.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 1161 Wynter wyth hys rowghe wyndis and blastis.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 669/2 I pull in the sayle of a shyppe, as marryners do in a roughe wether.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. iii. 146 Time, and the Houre, runs through the roughest Day. View more context for this quotation
1663 A. Cowley Ess. in Verse & Prose (1669) 108 The roughest season of the sky.
1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 9 Turn we to survey Where rougher climes a nobler race display.
1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 441 That no rough blast may sweep His garlands from the boughs.
1818 W. Scott Let. Jan. (1933) V. 39 Should the weather be rough,..do not think of riding.
1852 M. Arnold Empedocles on Etna, & Other Poems i. ii. 246 Nor is the wind less rough that blows a good man's barge.
1916 Glasgow Herald 1 Sept. 8 Craft that, despite their sturdiness, move in rough weather like buck-jumping ponies.
1941 C. Beaton Diary Apr. in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) xi. 85 The weather is rough again—perhaps too rough for tonight's sortie.
2003 Boating World May 87/1 Anchoring the 270 BR is safer than on a closed-bow boat in rough conditions.
c. Of a voyage or journey: accompanied by or undertaken in such weather. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy > accompanied with or done in rough weather
rough1588
1588 A. Munday tr. Palmerin D'Oliua lxv. sig. zv They were..somewhat sicklye after theyr roughe passage.
1647 tr. G. Wishart Hist. Kings Affairs Scotl. under Montrose ii. 9 She, having had a rough passage, and being not wel recovered from the distempers at sea.
1690 tr. Copy Let. Gentleman in Dort 1 I Am got safe to Dort after rough Passage.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 223 We had a very sour and rough Voyage for the first Fortnight.
1787 New Novelist's Mag. 2 262/1 You seem to me to have had a cursed rough voyage through life.
1854 R. Doyle Brown, Jones, & Robinson 2 After a rough passage,..landed at Ostend.
1877 T. De W. Talmage 50 Serm. 16 You have found a rough passage.
1928 Decatur Rev. 9 Feb. 10/3 (heading) Sir Harry Britain..had almost as rough a voyage to New York..as the original Pilgrims.
1998 Cruising World Oct. 75 The crossing from Florida had been so rough she could hardly stand up.
11.
a. Of action, behaviour, etc.: characterized by violence or harshness, esp. towards someone.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough
rudea1375
savagea1393
rougha1398
roid?c1425
brutisha1513
brash1868
roughneck1906
to treat 'em rough1962
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 26 Þe wit of gropinge..knowiþ more perfitliche þanne oþir wittis haard & rouȝe & erþeliche passiouns.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21962 (MED) His first comme it was ful smeth, þe toþer sal be rugh [Coll. Phys. ruch] and reth.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 10161 With a Rumour full roide & a roght hate.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. vii. 8 Rough deeds of Rage, and sterne Impatience. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. i. 20 Her Father..may (happily) be a little angry for my so rough vsage. View more context for this quotation
1656 A. Cowley Davideis iv. 125 in Poems Nor was their Lust less active or less bold, Amidst this rougher search of Blood and Gold.
1712 J. Arbuthnot Law is Bottomless-pit iii. 8 John naturally lov'd rough Play.
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 257 The elector..seemed highly provoked at this rough usage.
1861 T. Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. ix. 153 There might be some reason in the rough handling he had got.
1878 R. L. Stevenson in Cornhill Mag. 37 358 Those who have..not learnt the rough lessons that youth hands on to age.
1950 ‘C. S. Forester’ Mr. Midshipman Hornblower viii. 205 The midshipman..apologising for this rough treatment of a post captain of the Royal Navy.
2001 S. Brett Death on Downs (2002) xlvi. 298 We..made our own entertainment..and some of the games we invented were pretty rough.
b. colloquial. Of events and circumstances: difficult and unpleasant; unfortunate, unreasonable, unfair.See also to be rough on at Phrases 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > full of hardship
hardOE
soreOE
starkOE
difficult1562
flinty1613
rugged1663
rough1709
rude1735
tough1890
society > morality > rightness or justice > wrong or injustice > [adjective] > unfair
unmethea1300
unevenc1380
inique1521
unequal1535
unegall1589
unequitable1643
inequitable1667
unfair1713
iniquitablea1734
unsportsmanlike1754
unsportsmanly1776
rough1801
unsporting1859
below the belt1892
red-hot1896
1709 J. Collier Ess. Moral Subj.: Pt. IV ix. 418 St. Paul had a rough time on't, and was almost always harrass'd with Poverty, and Persecution.
1801 L. Hunt Juvenilia 12 And for me if life is rough, To live, and to be brave's enough.
c1856 W. Whitman Daybks. & Notebks. (1978) III. 670 That's rough.
1867 ‘M. Twain’ Let. 5 Dec. in C. Clemens Mark Twain (1932) 16 Another devilish thing is that the Alta [California] copyrighted the letters—that was rough.
1889 A. Lang Lett. on Lit. 183 As we had also lots of..boomerangs..the poultry used to have rather a rough time of it.
1944 Yank 4 Aug. 5 ‘We were 66 days on the beach at Anzio,’ said Egan. ‘It was rough.’
1988 S. Paretsky Toxic Shock (1990) v. 42 Her mouth set in the hard line of remembered grievance. ‘It sounds rough,’ I said, appalled.
2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 330 She's had a rough time lately... Dad's in the nick again..and the pub's not doing well.
c. Of a period or (now esp.) a place: characterized by rowdiness; riotous, disorderly; violent, boisterous.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > [adjective] > riotous > specific
rough1760
1760 Mod. Part Universal Hist. XXII. 23 Even in these rough times..mankind was not so ignorant and barbarous as to [etc.].
1842 J. B. Jukes Excurs. Newfoundland II. ix. 26 St. Mary's struck me as being the most rough and disorderly place I had yet seen.
1863 E. C. Gaskell Sylvia's Lovers I. iv. 65 The town was rough with a riot between the press-gang and the whaling folk.
1884 Western Daily Press 2 June 3/1 In the language of the police the Derby Day was the ‘roughest’ which they had ever experienced.
1914 H. Gibson Jrnl. 30 Aug. in Jrnl. from Legation in Belgium 177 I went through the rough part of town late this afternoon and found patrols everywhere.
1989 W. McIlvanney Walking Wounded 43 It was regarded as being the roughest pub in Graithnock.
2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 23 Apr. i. 1/2 Products of New Orleans's roughest projects.
12.
a. Of a person, or his or her disposition or temperament: that is, or is inclined to be, violent or harsh (with someone); not kind or gentle. Also in extended use, of things personified.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > harshness > [adjective]
unmildeOE
unmeekc1175
unkindc1325
dure1412
roughc1415
foula1500
harsh1579
untender1608
unsoftened1645
kindless1659
unkind-hearted1760
uncannya1774
unkindly1787
unbeneficent1822
bad-blooded1842
half-hearted1864
brash1868
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough > specifically of person
roughc1415
rudec1450
rackle1570
rowdy1835
c1415 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Corpus Oxf.) (1875) G. §3 l. 861 I haue ȝou told ynough To reysen a feende loke he neuer so rough [c1405 Ellesmere rowe].
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 437 Rowghe, or vngoodely in chere, torvus.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Wisd. xviii. 15 As a rough man of warre.
1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie clxxvii. 1101 The sharpest, the roughest..man yt euer was.
1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill 23 Fearing more the Kings choler, by reason of his rough inclination.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iv. viii. 44 Be not to rough in termes, For he is fierce. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. ii. 25 You haue bin too rough, somthing too rough: you must returne, and mend it. View more context for this quotation
1746 P. Francis tr. Horace in P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Epistles ii. i. 384 The bards..Who dare not trust the rough, contemptuous stage.
1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 27 App. 502 She should be withdrawn from so rough a mistress.
1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 175 So rough in my manner to him..that he thinks I have no feeling.
1821 P. B. Shelley Dirge for Year 9 So White Winter, that rough nurse, Rocks the death-cold Year to-day.
1867 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 170 I am so afraid they will be too rough with her, for..Ella is very strong, and by no means gentle.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 221 Nay,..do not be rough; good words, if you please.
1924 W. Lewis in New Statesman 2 Feb. 475/2 Violent, rough, fanatical natures, their hands anxious to fly at the throats of their antagonists.
1978 M. McLaverty Coll. Short Stories 96 When he had drink taken he was rough with her.
2001 J. O'Neill At Swim, Two Boys (2002) xviii. 444 ‘You didn't need to be so rough.’ ‘You want to see me rough? Throw you off the roof.’
b. Of a horse: not properly broken in; unruly, not easily ridden. Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > temperament > [adjective] > not broken in or trained
uncorsayeda1400
undaunted1422
unbroken1538
rough1542
unhandled1558
unbacked1593
unmade1632
unbrokea1716
breachy1780
outlawed1893
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes Table sig. x.ivv Crabbed wyues compared to rough horsses.
1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer i. sig. D.iiiv It is the peculyer prayse of vs Italians..to manege wyth reason, especiallye roughe horses.
1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 119 He hath rid his Prologue, like a rough Colte. View more context for this quotation
1685 C. Cotton tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xlviii The Prince of Sulmona, riding a rough horse at Naples.
1761 Earl of Pembroke Mil. Equitation ii. 8 A raw, unsuppled, and unprepared lad, who is put at once upon a rough horse.
1797 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 666/1 The more he trots, and the more he rides rough horses, the better.
1861 J. Brown Spare Hours (1862) 147 [The schoolboys were] all rough colts—wilful and unbroken.
1894 M. H. Hayes Among Men & Horses viii. 124 Mr M'Leod had had immense experience in the breaking of rough horses.
1920 Bulletin (Sydney) 24 June 20/2 In far-western Queensland, where you do get brumbies and rough horses, they are considered soft snaps unless they can..‘buck back’.
2005 D. Marvine Lady rode Bucking Horses 85 She is known as the best handler of rough horses in the entire state.
13.
a. Of speech or language: harsh, aggressive; not mild, quiet, or gentle; (of a statement, etc.) expressed in such language.Sometimes with admixture of senses 16a and 18.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough > of language or expression
rougha1450
rowc1460
foul1593
a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 32 Oon of hem tok greet indignacion, and wyþ a roughe voys he answerde.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xii. 13 The kynge gaue the people an harde rough answere.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 2031 Antenor..rekont by row all þere rogh speche.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Richard III f. xxxviijv Letters of a more rougher and hawter sorte, not without minatorie termes.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) iii. iii. 54 Thou'rt like to haue A lullabie too rough . View more context for this quotation
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 84 Austine Barbadici.., by faire and rough tearmes, kept the league unbroken.
1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 15 The Duke, by his rougher Dialect, in the end prevailed.
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 31. ⁋2 [He] called him..Lyar, Dog, and other rough Appellatives.
1754 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) v. 39 Towards Servants, never accustom yourself to rough and passionate language.
1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lix. 536 The landlady reproached herself bitterly for ever having used a rough expression to her.
1891 W. How Lighter Moments (1900) 22 He answered with a rough ‘Yes’.
a1961 E. Hemingway Under Kilimanjaro (2005) 178 Don't use rough words... My husband is a delicate and sensitive man.
2001 Press-Enterprise (Riverside, Calif.) (Nexis) 14 July b5 The rough shouts of police and the pounding of a battering ram.
b. Of features or facial expressions: harsh, aggressive; not gentle or kind. Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > [adjective] > coarse or rough
rudec1440
crabbed1603
rougha1616
undeliciousa1618
strong1713
coarsishc1817
Gamp-like1844
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iii. i. 30 The grapling vigor, and rough frowne of Warre. View more context for this quotation
1747 J. Spence Polymetis 209 The poets describe him [sc. Æolus] as of an angry temper, and rough look.
1849 G. P. R. James Woodman I. v. 83 My friend,..whose looks are rougher than his intentions.
1901 C. R. Panter Granuaile iii. 61 The steep-bristled Needles..Have lost in his [sc. the sun's] smile the rough frown of their crags.
2001 T. Goodkind Pillars of Creation (2002) 529 The drunken nature of some of the soldiers, and the rough looks and leering grins of others.
14. Of a remedy, esp. a purgative: violent in effect; strong, powerful. Frequently (and now chiefly) figurative, designating something violent or unpleasant that produces the desired result, esp. in rough medicine.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > relating to powers or effects of drugs > powerful or vigorous
vehement?1541
rough1598
generous1632
effrenate1657
effrenous1657
drastica1691
Herculean1755
1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales iii. xi. 80 Old inueterate diseases of the body cannot be cured, but by sharp and rough remedies.
1646 S. Rutherford Divine Right Church-govt. xii. 360 A sicke and diseased brother, under the roughest Medicine of the Church, to wit, the rod of Excommunication.
1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa i. xi. 9 The soft and smooth superficies of a Medicament, is to be preferr'd before the hard and rough.
1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 397 He..forced him to a quicker and a rougher remedy.
1727 J. Arbuthnot Tables Anc. Coins 284 His Purgative Medicines are generally very rough and strong.
1773 D. Garrick Let. 21 June (1963) II. 878 If you think ye Dr wants a rough purge to be cleans'd from his play-writing let it go as it is.
1827 New-Eng. Med. Rev. Apr. 164 Blood-letting, rough and depressing purgatives, and warm applications, are injurious.
1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. I. i. 73 The rough remedy of the cart-tail.
1907 F. Maclaren Graham of Claverhouse ii. i. 130 An unhappy soldier who is sent to settle them by the rough medicine of the sword.
1940 R. Austin in J. E. Lewis Mammoth Bk. Eyewitness i. 65 It was rough medicine. But the right medicine for the moment.
1992 J. Shapcott Phrase Bk. 43 Do you want to be an angel? I know the answer already and it's rough medicine.
15. colloquial (originally regional). Unwell, sick; tired, dejected, now esp. as the result of a hangover or lack of sleep.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > [adjective] > in state of ill health or diseased
untrumc825
sickc888
unwholec888
slackc897
unstronga900
sicklea1000
sam-halea1023
worseOE
attaint1303
languishinga1325
heallessc1374
sicklyc1374
sicklewa1387
bada1393
mishalea1400
languoring?c1425
distempered1440
unwell?c1450
detent?a1475
poora1475
languorousc1475
maladif1481
illa1500
maladiousc1500
wanthriven1508
attainted1509
unsound1513
acrazed1521
cracked1527
unsoundya1529
visited1537
infirmed1552
crazed1555
healthless1568
ill-liking1572
afflicted1574
crazy1576
unhealthful1580
sickish1581
valetudinary1581
not well1587
fainty1590
ill-disposed1596
unhealthsome1598
tainted1600
ill-affected1604
peaking1611
unhealthy1611
infirmited1616
disaffected1626
physical1633
illish1637
pimping1640
invalid1642
misaffected1645
valetudinarious1648
unhale1653
badly1654
unwholesome1655
valetudinous1655
morbulent1656
off the hooksa1658
mawkish1668
morbid1668
unthriven1680
unsane1690
ailing1716
not wellish1737
underlya1742
poorly1750
indifferent1753
comical1755
maladized1790
sober1808
sickened1815
broken-down1816
peaky1821
poorlyish1827
souffrante1827
run-down1831
sicklied1835
addle1844
shaky1844
mean1845
dauncy1846
stricken1846
peakyish1853
po'ly1860
pindling1861
rough1882
rocky1883
suffering1885
wabbit1895
icky-boo1920
like death warmed up1924
icky1938
ropy1945
crappy1956
hanging1971
sick as a parrot1982
shite1987
1882 Christian 12 Jan. 81 I spent my last 10 cents for two moons..and cheese, and I felt pretty rough.
1961 M. Dickens Heart of London ii. 204 He looks rough. Someone ought to do something. Take im to ospital.
1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face xvi. 196 ‘I'll never make it to Camp VI,’ said Nick. ‘I feel dead rough.’
1972 Times 22 June 4/1 I felt really rough..before I was admitted to hospital.
1991 J. O'Connor Cowboys & Indians (1992) 3 For someone about to unleash himself on the world, Eddie was looking rough.
2005 M. Lewycka Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian xxvii. 277 Is there any tea left in the pot? I feel a bit rough.
IV. Coarse, unrefined.
16.
a. Of sound: discordant, grating; harsh and rasping.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective]
hardOE
rudea1375
stern1390
rougha1400
discordanta1425
stoutc1440
hoarse1513
harsh1530
raughtish1567
rugged1567
dissonant1573
harshy1582
jarry1582
immelodious1601
cragged1605
raggeda1616
unmusicala1616
absonousa1620
unharmoniousa1634
inharmonical1683
unharmonic1694
inharmonious1715
craggy1774
pebbly1793
reedy1795
iron1807
dry1819
inharmonic1828
asperated1835
sawing1851
shrewd1876
coarse1879
callithumpian1886
dissonantal1946
ear-bending1946
sandpaper1953
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 197 (MED) Her vois is rowȝ [L. rauca], ouþer sumtyme it is wondirly scharp.
a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 215 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 101 The ravyne Rolpand rudly in a roche ran.
1580 E. Spenser Let. in G. Harvey Wks. (1884) I. 35 Rough words must be subdued with Vse.
1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xii. 86 The rough and Wofull Musick that we haue. View more context for this quotation
1683 W. Kennett tr. Erasmus Witt against Wisdom 14 The delivery of Achilles was rough, harsh, and hæsitant.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 92. ⁋12 It requires very little skill to make our language rough.
1765 O. Goldsmith Ess. in Busy Body 13 Oct. 15 With a voice more rough than the Staffordshire Giant's.
1845 Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 139 In general it will be found to have affected broad, rough sounds.
1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. iv. 501 The roughest and most grating murmurs.
1931 K. M. Goodale Behind Scenes with Edwin Booth xiv. 117 Any voice beside Edwin Booth's sounded rough or flat or thin or shouty.
1994 A. Theroux Primary Colors 207 The warm sound of the clarinet, at once rough and velvety.
b. Phonetics. Of an (esp. ancient Greek) letter or sound: aspirated. Also, of a diacritic mark: indicating such pronunciation. Frequently in rough breathing.Cf. breathing n. 9, smooth breathing n. at smooth adj. Compounds 1a. [In rough breathing after spiritus asper n. or its etymon post-classical Latin spiritus asper.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > speech sound by manner > [adjective] > aspirate
spiritus asper1649
aspirated1668
incrassated1668
spiritous1668
aspirate1669
spirital1669
spirited1670
rough1696
1696 W. T. Lily, Improved 151 The rough or harsh Breathing, called Asper Spiritus, when a word begins with H.
1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ II. at H The original softer א and ה,..and the rougher ע and ח the parent of H.
1785 Ess. Punctuation 153 That the letters over which it [῾] is placed, should be pronounced with a rough breathing.
1864 F. M. Müller Lect. Sci. Lang. 2nd Ser. 95 The media or middle letters were originally so called because..they stood half-way between the bare and the rough letters.
1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 355/1 H still remained as the rough breathing.
1920 tr. Explanationes in Artem Donati in E. H. Sturtevant Pronunc. Greek & Lat. i. 4 The Greeks call breathings rough and smooth [L. Graeci adspirationem appellant].
1965 Vetus Testamentum 15 529 The method used to indicate the rough breathing and also the rules of diaeresis observed in both texts, fully agree.
2000 A. J. Boyle & R. D. Woodard tr. Ovid Fasti 28 Over a long time the rough letter became smooth [L. aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo littera] at the beginning of the whole name.
c. Of an internal combustion engine or its noise: irregular and excessively loud.In quot. 1945 with a pun on sense 15.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > engine sound > [adjective] > noisy
rough1908
thrashy1973
1908 Cornhill Mag. Oct. 514 A rough engine..and a broken surface will make twenty miles an hour seem faster than fifty in a..smooth-running car on a good road.
1930 Engineering 24 Oct. 534/3 A state of affairs which would cause the engine to be ‘rough’ in its running.
1945 C. H. Ward-Jackson It's a Piece of Cake (new ed.) 53 When an engine sounds rough it is not well.
1997 Car Mar. 57 It's an engine that's always been rough, this 16-valve four-banger.
17. (Of the taste) of wine, cider, or some other alcoholic drink: sharp, acid, harsh, unrefined.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > types or qualities of intoxicating liquor > [adjective] > rough or acid
rough?1440
hard1572
hungry1577
acid1998
tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) xi. 391 (MED) A man may, in oon dayes while..trete a stordy wyn that hit shal smyle, And of a rough drynker be cleer and best.
1545 Bibliotheca Eliotæ Asperum uinum, a rough wyne.
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. D8v Harshe, rough, stipticke, and hard wine.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. iv. 64 Thy pallat then did daine The roughest Berry, on the rudest Hedge. View more context for this quotation
1696 J. Pechey Gen. Treat. Dis. Maids xxiv. 192 Foment the Parts with Allom-water, or with Stiptic-Wine, that is, red and rough Wine boyl'd with Galls.
1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes (new ed.) I. i. xx. 6 'Twas rack'd into a Grecian cask, Its rougher juice to melt away.
1794 R. Fraser Gen. View Devon xiv. 68 The sweet cider..is produced from the same species of apples as the rough cider.
1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 4 252 Six pounds and a half of syrup, which had rather an unpleasant rough taste.
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 149 New and rough port-wine, diluted with an equal quantity of cold-water.
1892 Sat. Rev. 15 Oct. 435/2 That..attraction that West-country folk find in rough cider.
1970 Times 6 June 23/4 The rougher domestic wines of North Italy..are about 5s. cheaper.
1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food xxi. 634 Somerset [is]..famous for its strong, rough cider or ‘scrumpy’.
2000 C. Hanger World Food: Morocco 79 Very rough wines can be bought very cheaply.
18.
a. Of diction, style, etc.: lacking grace, elegance, or refinement; crude, unpolished.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective]
wanmola1325
rudea1393
lewdc1425
rustyc1425
unpolisheda1450
roidc1485
inelegant1509
gross1513
rough?1520
barbarous1526
ineloquent1532
inconcinnate1534
crabby1550
crabbed1561
uneloquent1565
unelegant1570
unkempt1579
unfiled1590
illiterate1598
unconceived1599
aliterate1624
incompta1628
scabbed1630
uncombed1633
uncompt1633
uncouth1694
coarse1699
slatternly1783
crude1786
warty1822
stumbling1859
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > harsh
rough?1520
scabrousa1585
harsh1594
unsmooth1610
unsmoothed1614
truculent1850
abrasive1861
gritty1882
?1520 Hendred's Pylgrymage of Man Kynd Prol. l. 82 Entendynge to compyle the sence and it wyll be. In metre roughe.
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 5 Thocht thi langage be bayth rouche and rude, Ȝit neuirtheles the sentence is richt gude.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) Epil. 1 Thus farre with rough, and all-vnable Pen, Our bending Author hath pursu'd the Story. View more context for this quotation
1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 27 The Art of Painting hath been about the time of her infancy..rough and poore.
1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 21 Most by Numbers judge a Poet's Song, And smooth or rough, with such, is right or wrong.
1751 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) i. 1 Your translation..is very close to the sense of the original.., the numbers not lame, or rough.
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian viii, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 207 Gifted with a sort of rough eloquence which raised him above his companions.
1881 B. Jowett tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War I. Introd. p. viii The old version of Hobbes..is very rough and inaccurate.
1910 Q. Rev. Jan. 69 They [sc. satires] were written in rough dialect and vertebrated with peasant phrases and peasant wit.
1955 C. A. Johnson Frontier Camp Meeting i. 17 Implied disapproval of the backwoodsmen's rough speech, crude manners, and customs.
2004 J. Jowett in W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (new ed.) 274 (note) It seems best to regard the passage as prose that Compositor B has set as rough verse to accord with the surrounding verse.
b. Of language, expressions, or humour: vulgar, coarse, rude.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > malediction > [adjective] > strong, sulphurous (of language)
untowen13..
largea1413
thundering1543
viperous1605
luscious1614
peppering1712
rough1750
unquotable1821
sulphurous1828
piercent1829
unrepeatable1831
bituminous1878
sultry1891
unprintable1898
four-letter1923
1750 H. Brooke New Coll. Fairy Tales II. ix. 77 The Bride..not the least animated by the many rough Jokes that were passed on the occasion.
1772 Town & Country Mag. May 238/2 Those rough and indecent observations which characterize the mobs of most free countries.
1835 P. Shirreff Tour through N. Amer. xiv. 111 Some rough and profane language, and some extreme immorality.
1876 Cornhill Mag. Jan. 94 The blunt soldier who, if ladies will have him talk, must crack some rough jests at their expense.
1957 F. Kohner Gidget 55 There was some more dialogue that got pretty rough.
1976 Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. e1/4 You learn to live with the rough language so it doesn't bother you.
1997 C. Shields Larry's Party (1998) vi. 107 In fact he seems to have no aptitude at all for male joshing, for rough teasing or ongoing jokes.
19.
a. Of a person, or his or her manner, temperament, or character: lacking in culture, delicacy, or refinement; uncultivated, unsophisticated.Now often with admixture of sense 12a.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > specifically of persons
boistousc1300
rudec1405
blunt1477
rustyc1485
rough?1531
sillya1547
ruggedc1565
unrefined1582
unpolished1594
unfashioned1606
inurbane1623
incult1628
ungenteel1633
roughsome?c1660
unpolite1674
inelegant1735
untutored1751
unrarefied1835
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined
boistousc1300
untheweda1325
uplandisha1387
unaffiled1390
rudea1393
knavishc1405
peoplisha1425
clubbedc1440
blunt1477
lob?1507
robust1511
borel1513
carterly1519
clubbish1530
rough?1531
rustical?1532
incondite1539
agrestc1550
rusticc1550
brute1555
lobcocka1556
loutisha1556
carterlike1561
boorish1562
ruggedc1565
lobbish1567
loutlike1567
sowish1570
clownish1581
unrefined1582
impolished1583
homespun1590
transalpinea1592
swaddish1593
unpolished1594
untutored1595
swabberly1596
tartarous1602
porterly1603
lobcocked1606
lob-like1606
cluster-fisted1611
agrestic1617
inurbane1623
unelevated1627
incult1628
unbrushed1640
vulgar1643
unhewed1644
unsmooth1648
hirsute1658
loutardly1658
unhewn1659
roughsome?c1660
sordid1668
inhumanea1680
coarse1699
brutal1709
ramgunshoch1721
tramontane1740
uncouth1740
no-nationa1756
unurbane1760
turnipy1792
rudas1802
common1804
cubbish1819
clodhopping1828
vulgarian1833
cloddish1844
unkempt1846
bush1851
vulgarish1860
rodney1866
crude1876
ignorant1886
yobby1910
nekulturny1932
oikish1959
yobbish1966
ocker1972
down and dirty1977
?1531 tr. Plutarch Howe One may take Profite of Enmyes f. 3 Ho, quod Prometheus, thou roughe knaue.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 306 Their shallow showes,..And their rough carriage so rediculous. View more context for this quotation
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 286 One of the souldiors..a rough bold spirited fellow.
1688 S. Penton Guardian's Instr. 21 I was pleased to see the ruff boyish humour filed a little.
1709 J. Addison Tatler No. 108. ⁋4 A plain, rough, honest Man, and wise, tho' not learned.
1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xix. 134 Who, under the semblance of a rough soldier, disguised the most artful insinuation.
1821 P. B. Shelley Epipsychidion 24 The mossy tracks..(Which the rough shepherd treads but once a year).
1842 E. Miall in Nonconformist 2 249 A rougher earnestness than is at present fashionable.
1888 F. Hume Madame Midas i. Prol. 15 The man at his feet was a rough, heavy-looking fellow.
1905 P. W. Joyce Conc. Hist. Ireland iv. 32 As soon as he stood up, these rough men ceased their noisy revels.
1955 ‘C. H. Rolph’ Women of Streets iv. 56 A large rough Geordie woman in her mid-thirties.
1972 J. Gathorne-Hardy Rise & Fall Brit. Nanny iii. 73 In Hyde Park there were children..who were ‘rough’ and could not be played with.
2003 Guardian 1 Jan. i. 5/1 Citizens of the capital [sc. Edinburgh] see..Glaswegians..as a rough breed from a lawless town.
b. With positive implication: unrefined but kind, friendly, or well meant.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined > but kindly
rough1715
1715 S. Parker Ess. Duty Physicians & Patients ii. 100 Rough Good Nature and Benevolence is an Unpolish'd Diamond.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxxii. 322 The generous..youth, whom he had loved, according to his rough manner.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in Enoch Arden, etc. 81 Being much befool'd..By the rough amity of the other.
1873 W. Black Princess of Thule i. 17 Mackenzie offered them a rough and hearty welcome.
1921 A. Myerson Found. of Personality xvii. 390 The army..with its profanity, its rough friendliness, its grumbling..obedience.
1934 F. W. Crofts 12.30 from Croydon xix. 263 Charles could not eat, in spite of the rough kindness of one of the warders, who adjured him to keep his pecker up.
2006 D. McKechnie & G. Lawrence Time Steps i. 15 He sometimes tried to be friendly in his rough way.
c. In rhyming collocation with tough.In quot. 1813 as the designation of such a person.
ΚΠ
1791 J. O'Keeffe Wild Oats iv. 56 As your'e rough and tough, I cast your character the Wrestler.
1813 I. Pocock Miller & Men ii. iv. 40 I suppose old rough and tough, master Grindoff, will be here presently.
1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) ix. 82 A blundering young rough-and-tough boy like me.
1933 Fresno (Calif.) Bee Republican 22 Nov. 5/2 (heading) Girl who earns own living must be rough and tough to compete with men..: nonsense.
1962 V. Riccio & B. Slocum All Way Down 149 It's supposed to suggest to all who read it that the person or the gang..is rough and tough.
2000 P. Thompson Voice of Past (ed. 3) iii. 113 ‘Butches’ and ‘fems’, ‘rough and tough’ and upwardly mobile lesbians.
20. Of labour, occupation, or work: requiring energy or strength; difficult, rigorous, arduous. See also rough work n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective]
hardOE
strenuous1671
rough1717
arduous1753
stiff1862
effortful1900
driven1967
a1576 Bp. J. Pilkington Godlie Expos. Nehemiah (1585) (iii. 7) f. 43v [It was] great maruel that..Sallum..should..fall to worke at such rough worke.
1685 W. Kennett tr. Pliny Addr. Thanks to Good Prince 28 The profession of Arms is..degenerated from rough labour to an idle pleasure.
1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Apr. (1965) I. 332 The softness and warmth of the Climate forbiding all rough Exercises.
1866 Chambers's Jrnl. 12 May 291 Old Luke Moffatt, the porter who attended to the signals and the lamps, and did the rougher jobs about the station.
1885 J. S. Jeans England's Supremacy xxi. 348 Among the many rough and arduous occupations for which we should imagine women to be but little fitted, there is probably none..[so bad] as..mining.
1906 Temple Bar Jan. 6 Living in a native hut and maintaining himself by the roughest labour.
1953 J. Vernant Refugee in Post-War World vi. xxvii. 606 They were of all types, including professional men, and took on at first rough manual employment.
2004 Rochester (N.Y.) Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 28 May 10 To show them that life was not easy, he made sure that his children had the dirtiest and roughest jobs in the plant.
21. Of food: coarse, unrefined. Of accommodation, facilities: basic; lacking comfort or refinement.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > qualities of food > [adjective] > coarse or tough
toughc1400
boisterous1483
fulsome1555
foul1560
rough1583
coarse1607
indelicate1751
tough as (old) boots or leather1843
1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. I (margin) The faraginie or rough fare of our Fore-fathers.
1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 365 Reach Led-beg, where we obtained quarters, and rough hospitality.
1826 F. C. G. Schrœter Dict. Bhotanta Lang. 11/1 Coarse rough food, food which is very disagreeable.
1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany i. 5 Who can put up with rough accommodation on an emergency.
1881 R. Browning Let. Aug. in S. G. Pomeroy Little-known Sisters Well-known Men (1912) 170 The ‘Royal’ is the roughest inn and its arrangements the most primitive, I have yet chanced upon.
1902 W. von Schierbrand Germany xix. 278 German hospitality, once hearty but rough, is now refined and dainty.
2009 Courier Press (Wallaceburg, Ont.) (Nexis) 30 July 19 The jamboree opens July 30 with rough camping for the family, which means there are no hydro or water hookups.
Phrases
P1. to cut up rough: see to cut up 12 at cut v. Phrasal verbs.
P2. colloquial. to be rough on.
a. Of circumstances or events: to be unpleasant or difficult for (someone), to be unfair on.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > of difficulty: beset (a person) [verb (transitive)] > put (a person) in difficulty
mire?c1400
to make (a place, situation, etc.) too hot for1582
difficult1641
to wind (oneself) a (bonny) pirn1660
swamp1818
to be rough on1860
taigle1865
soup1895
hot1920
to hot up1927
1860 Harvard Mag. Oct. 60 Rather rough on you, Bill! You're an unlucky bird.
1887 W. Besant Katherine Regina iv She is a governess somewhere, I believe. It's rough on her, isn't it?
1973 W. Ihimaera Tangi (1989) xxvi. 125 It's rough on her, she loved Dad so much.
2002 Chile Pepper June 99/1 Vegetarian life is hard enough in a meat-eating..society, but it is particularly rough on veggies who like to engage in backyard socializing.
b. Of a person: to be angry, severe, or harsh with (someone), to be tough on.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern > severe upon
smart1549
side1825
to be rough on1868
1868 Overland Monthly Aug. 189/1 They've got..flowers round their houses, and they wash themselves twice a day. But they're mighty rough on strangers.
1895 T. Hardy in Harper's Mag. Mar. 579 The management had..been rough on cousins ever since.
1987 C. Simmons Belles Lettres Papers v. 58 A friend..had told me that his first wife had been very rough on him.
2008 Huntsville (Alabama) Time (Nexis) 15 Mar. 2 d As rough as he was on her during that math class, she can't think of another man she..respected more.
c. Of a thing, event, or action: to cause wear and tear to (something).
ΚΠ
1876 Our Chron. (67th (South Hants.) Regiment) 1 Jan. (Suppl.) 2/1 The rope, however, was rather rough on the hands of the former [team].
1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 68/1 (advt.) The fact that our city is so rough on cars has handicapped the Electric cars more than the hills.
1972 R. Keith Bush Pilot with Briefcase (1973) 175 Others had made a perfect landing thirty feet in the air, which was followed by a terrific, gut-wrenching splash as they plopped in. Very embarrassing—and very rough on the hardware.
2004 Home Mag. Mar. 72/2 Natural fiber carpets like sisal..look great, but they can be rough on feet.
P3. rough around (also about) the edges: (of a thing or person) unpolished, having some flaws or imperfections.
ΚΠ
1892 North Amer. (Philadelphia) 20 Aug. 5/2 Somebody suggested a song, and we let them have ‘Ben Franklin’ full and strong, and just a little bit rough around the edges.
1919 L. Scott Daughter of Two Worlds v. 61 She's sort of rough about the edges. She needs finish—manners.
1950 Baseball Digest July 57/1 He's a little rough around the edges, but he's conscientious, he's studied baseball all his adult life, he's a fair country home-spun psychologist.
1994 S. Lukins All around World Cookbook 20/2 The Tropicana is about the only night club open in Cuba these days; although it is a little rough around the edges, I had a wonderful time.
2007 C. L. Carr Polity 16 These relationships are bound to be controversial and rough about the edges, however, and consequently they are sure to become the source of political conflict.
P4. Chiefly Australian and New Zealand. rough as bags (also guts, etc.): (esp. of a person) uncouth, coarse.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > coarse
agrest?1440
robust1511
roynish1570
sowish1570
lubberlike1572
lubberly1580
ordinarya1586
roborean1656
porcine1660
coarse1680
crude1722
low1725
piggish1742
coarse-graineda1774
crass1861
coarse-fibred1872
barnyard1895
farmyard1911
rough as guts1919
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined > specifically of persons
uplandisha1387
rustyc1485
rustical?1532
gross?1533
rusticc1550
rough-hewn1591
unfashioned1606
unpolite1674
crude1722
uncouth1732
piggish1742
rough-spun1768
coarse-graineda1774
coarse-fibred1872
rough as guts1919
1919 W. H. Downing Digger Dial. 42 Rough as bags.
1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 246 Rough as a sandbag,..a term for a person who behaves unpleasantly. Uncouth. Objectionable.
1929 K. S. Prichard Coonardoo ii. 22 Ted was as rough as bags..a good-looking, good-natured bloke who could neither read nor write.
1941 S. J. Baker N.Z. Slang 53 [20th cent. N.Z. slang includes] rough as a bag (the Australians also have rough as bags), and rough as a pig's breakfast.
1951 Meanjin 10 9 Too muggin' right he's rough... Rough as guts.
1966 G. W. Turner Eng. Lang. in Austral. & N.Z. vi. 115 There is simile:..‘rough as bags’ (which I know better in the variant ‘rough as sacks’).
1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds x. 235 Even Dot MacPherson, the Bingelly heiress,..was rough as bags, no posh Sydney boarding school and all that crap.
2001 T. Winton Dirt Music (2003) 17 Even after the boom when many families became instantly..rich..they were, in any estimation, as rough as guts.
P5. to give (a person) the rough edge of one's tongue: see edge n. 2a.
P6. to strike (also hit, etc.) a rough patch: see patch n.1 Phrases 2.
P7. to have (also give) a rough ride: see ride n.2 Phrases 4.
P8. to get the rough end of the pineapple: see pineapple n. 6c.
P9. rough as it runs: see run v. Phrases 1b.
P10. the rougher sex: see sex n.1 Phrases 1c.
Compounds
C1.
a. In parasynthetic adjectives. See also sense Compounds 5b(c).
ΚΠ
1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xii. vii. sig. Aviii/2 Therfore rouh foted [a1398 BL Add. 27944 rowfoted, 1535 rough footed] douues brede well nyghe in euery month.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 86 Hee will sende a rougher stringed scourge amongst vs.
a1625 J. Fletcher Bonduca in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhh3/1 Their bodies of so weak and wash a temper, a rough-pac'd bed will shake 'em all to pieces.
1751 R. Paltock Life Peter Wilkins II. v. 37 Two of them being very large, and rough-scaled ugly Fish, I did not think I could lift them myself.
1819 Time's Telescope: Guide to Almanack 244 The rough-fruited kind of strawberry is merely an accidental variety.
1872 Ld. Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 57 Rough-thicketed were the banks and steep.
1948 G. D. H. Bell Cultivated Plants Farm vi. 49 Of these, rough-stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis) is in many ways outstanding as an excellent creeping grass for grazing purposes.
2006 Flora Internat. Sept.–Oct. 51 ‘Choco’ Anthuriums were used as a glossy contrast against the rough textured pumpkins.
b. † rough-tasted adj. Obsolete
rough-barked adj.
ΚΠ
1592 T. Churchyard Handeful Gladsome Verses To Rdr. sig. A3v A rough barkt tree..When season serues, some mellowd fruit may show.
1797 G. Staunton Authentic Acct. Embassy to China II. v. 347 Rows of the rough-barked willow, (salix fragilis,) growing to a vast size, shaded the road passing over this plain.
1882 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 9 430 There is a fine cluster of rough-barked Spanish chestnuts among the oaks.
2002 Horticulture July–Aug. 37 Visitors walk through an arbor made from rough-barked poles of Gamble's oak.
rough-bearded adj.
ΚΠ
1612 J. Webster White Divel v. i No rough-bearded comet Stares on thy mild departure.
1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. xiii. 55 The conceits of a rough-bearded man.
1864 All Year Round 26 Mar. 159/2 There were some rough-bearded fellows on one side wrangling at cards.
2002 J. R. Wheeler Flora of South West 413 Echinopogon ovatus (Hedgehog Grass, Rough-bearded Grass).
rough-feathered adj.
ΚΠ
1578 T. Cooper Thesaurus (new ed.) Rough fethered feete.
1890 Auk Apr. 110 The Owl suddenly changed his appearance from rough-feathered and sleepy content to an astonishing resemblance to an old moss-grown stump.
1998 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) (Nexis) 11 Oct. 24 Raven. Heavy-billed stubby bird with rough-feathered neck.
rough-finned adj.
ΚΠ
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Perche de mer, the sea Perch; a wholesome, rough-find, and tongue~lesse, rocke-fish.
1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. ii. 191 Rough-finned band-fish, Cepola Trachyptera.
2004 G. W. Fischer & S. E. Borrer Riehl's Aquarium Atlas (ed. 3) III. 126/1 Astyanax scabripinnis Rough-finned Tetra... Peaceful schooling fish that are suitable for community tanks.
rough-furrowed adj.
ΚΠ
1659 R. Brathwait Panthalia 278 He entred the Senate House, and with a rough furrowed countenance, dissolv'd that great Councel.
1703 J. Philips Splendid Shilling 128 Walnut in rough-furrow'd Coat secure.
1898 N. L. Britton & A. Brown Illustr. Flora Northern U.S. III. 512 A small tree, with rough furrowed bark.
1991 M. Swenson Love Poems 6 Low down between rough-furrowed pine trunks, melons of sunlight.
rough-haired adj.
ΚΠ
1538 T. Elyot Dict. Hispidus, bristled or rough heared.
1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Ruydigheydt, scabbinesse, Scurvinesse, or Rough-haired.
1863 W. F. Campbell & J. F. Campbell Life in Normandy II. 224 A couple of big rough-haired deer-hounds.
2005 Dogs in Canada 30/2 In France, these rough-haired gun dogs were called griffon or barbet.
rough-handed adj.
ΚΠ
1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 48 Rough handed Surgeons make the patient grutch.
1786 Morning Chron. 17 Aug. 1/4 By preferring the lenient physician to the rough handed surgeon, we too often delay the cure.
1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxxii. 296 Some rough-handed cove was ramming bales of hot steel wool into my gasbags.
rough-headed adj.
ΚΠ
1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 47 Hoysted away to hell or to heauen on the backs of those rough headed ruffians.
?1609 J. Healey tr. Bp. J. Hall Discouery New World iii. iv. 150 The people of this nation are generally..swarty complexioned, rough headded, sternely visaged, and heauy eyed.
1820 D. Wordsworth Jrnl. 18 Aug. (1941) II. 158 Students..without hat or cap, rough-headed, bare-necked.
1994 J. Birmingham He died with Felafel in his Hand (1997) ii. 23 She was a great one for bringing home these rough-headed bastards with tattoos and biker boots.
rough-hearted adj.
ΚΠ
1825 E. E. Crowe Today in Ireland I. x. 193 Blunt and rough-hearted people do the very same things from whim, which they might have done from interest.
1991 Jrnl. Econ. & Social Hist. Orient 34 295 The Prophet characterized the owners of the camel herds as rough-hearted.
rough-jacketed adj.
ΚΠ
1856 J. W. King Characters & Incidents xii. 161 In the very thick of the wood I find two wild, rough-jacketed colts.
2004 A. Klavan Shotgun Alley ixv. 258 The rough-jacketed trees rose up so straight..into heaven.
rough-keeled adj.
ΚΠ
1818 R. Sweet Hortus Suburbanus Londinensis 74 (table) Aloe..carinata. H. S. rough-keeled [aloe].
2002 J. R. Wheeler et al. Flora of South West II. 603 Differs..in its smaller bracts, rough minutely hairy leaves, rough-keeled hairy floral bracts,..and larger depressed globular fruits.
rough-lipped adj.
ΚΠ
1843 R. T. Lowe Fishes Madeira I. 155 Mugil corrugatus, Common or Rough-lipped Grey Mullet of Madeira.
2002 M. Lord et al. L.L. Bean Ultimate Bk. Fly Fishing (2005) i. vii. 106 Tarpon have rough-lipped jaws.
rough-mannered adj.
ΚΠ
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 279 More rough mannerd than the Silesians and Bohemians.
1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. xii. 117 An unpolite, a rough-manner'd man!
1866 ‘Aunt Evergreen’ Ellen French x. 108 ‘Do you believe in good people?’ asked a loud-voiced, rather rough-mannered girl.
1999 M. Golay Ruined Land ix. 296 Stephens had become fond of the rough-mannered, tobacco-chewing Texan.
rough-necked adj.
ΚΠ
1887 Cassell's Encycl. Dict. VI. Rough-necked jacare..from Demarara.
1986 M. Hoffmann Acrimony i. 35 Brazen starlings and pigeons..go over what is left. Rough-necked, microcephalous, they have too much white on their bodies.
rough-plumed adj.
ΚΠ
1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. H4 Boulstered out with rough plumed siluer plush.
1881 D. H. Boulger Matter-of-fact Girl II. iv. 124 Off the lively lady goes, fluttering along the hot dusty street like some gaudy, rough-plumed bird.
1905 H. Tudor Ghost of Kisheneff 19 Colder and shriller the night wind blew, And now on its rough plumed wing was borne A sound yet fiercer and forlorn.
rough-podded adj.
ΚΠ
1789 J. Pilkington View Derbyshire I. viii. 443 Lathyrus hirsutus, Rough podded Vetchling, or Pease-everlasting.
1822 S. Clarke Hortus Anglicus II. 246 L. Hirsutus, Rough-podded Lathyrus.
rough-ridged adj.
ΚΠ
1758 W. Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornwall 276 Rough-ridged limpet.
1851 Cottage Gardener 23 Jan. 257/2 Others will be planted on the warm sheltered sides of sloping banks, with no other protection than the rough ridged earth.
1920 C. H. Otis Michigan Trees (ed. 5) p. xxx Bark flaky or rough-ridged, not warty nor peeling off in papery layers.
rough-spirited adj.
ΚΠ
1653 H. Moseley in Ld. Brouncker tr. R. Descartes Excellent Compend. Musick sig. a3v The Rough spirited Achilles.
1859 Canad. Jrnl. Industry Sci. & Art New Ser. 4 303 ‘Kinmont Willie’, ‘Dick o' the Cow’, and other rough spirited ballads of the old Border riders.
1997 L. J. Budd in B. A. De Voto Mark Twain's Amer. (new ed.) Introd. p. ix New World adventuring, rough-spirited realism and vernacular prose-poetry.
rough-surfaced adj.
ΚΠ
1746 tr. H. Boerhaave Acad. Lect. Theory Physic V. 124 These Ovaria are large and rough surfaced.
1962 Science Survey 11 166 There are smooth-surfaced vesicles, vacuoles and tubules; flattened sacs whose limiting membranes are encrusted with particles and therefore ‘rough’-surfaced.
rough-tailed adj.
ΚΠ
1678 J. P. tr. J. Johnstone Descr. Nature Four-footed Beasts iii. 64 There is the Cacamitzli.., hee is but foure spans long, small, yellow-haired, but long, small-eared, headed like a Swan, long and rough-tayled.
1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. i. 134 Rough-Tailed Bat.
1992 P. S. Maitland & R. N. Campbell Freshwater Fishes xix. 252 The marine-living race..is known as the trachurus form (formerly called..the Rough-tailed Stickleback).
ΚΠ
1533 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe ii. vii. 21 Rough tasted appules are holsome where the stomake is weake.
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Wines Of the same Sort are certain austere or rough-tasted Substances.
rough-toothed adj.
ΚΠ
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. vii. 298 The Rough toothed File cuts faster then the Bastard toothed File.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at File Some cutting faster, as the rough-tooth'd File.
1886 Philos. Trans. 1885 (Royal Soc.) 176 191 The..bone..is attached to the rough toothed fore edge of the cochlear region of the ear-capsule by fibrous tissue.
2005 N.Y. Times 4 Mar. a14/4 About 110 rough-toothed dolphins arrived on sand flats near Marathon on Wednesday night.
rough-voiced adj.
ΚΠ
1663 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. i. 88/2 Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced, according to Hippocrates.
1818 J. Keats Endymion ii. 94 No longer did he wage A rough-voic'd war against the dooming stars.
1990 R. Pratt Rhythm & Resistance iv. 80 The rough-voiced..slide guitar genius Blind Willie Johnson shared many elements of the so-called Delta style.
c. In nouns derived from these.
rough-handedness n.
ΚΠ
1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 22 One instance as well as a hundred will tell my babyism and their rough-handedness.
1932 H. Willett Jew through Cent. vi. 177 The Levites in early times shared with the Simeonites the reputation of rough-handedness and brutality.
1999 N. Lawson in Observer (Nexis) 26 Dec. 28 Muffins are very easy for children..to make: a degree of slapdash roughhandedness is what you want.
rough-heartedness n.
ΚΠ
1615 N. Byfield Expos. Epist. Colossians iii. 12 The first is fear.., as it is opposed unto boldness, conceitedness, rough-heartedness.
1837 London Disp. 16 Sept. He [sc. the actor] went through the character with a true rough heartedness.
1926 New Orleans Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 78 719/1 With a touch of ancient aristocracy and pioneer rough-heartedness.
C2. With present participles, as rough-looking, rough-sounding, rough-tasting, etc.
ΚΠ
1740 Gen. Evening Post 23 Feb. 2/1 He..was disturbed by a rough-looking Fellow.
1806 T. S. Surr Winter in London III. ix. 226 A rough-looking sea-faring man, about four-and-thirty years old.
1845 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 292 By ingratiating himself with this rough-seeming fraternity, Mr Waterton succeeded in obtaining specimens of many rare birds.
1904 Sewanee Rev. 12 308 The horns blared rough-sounding blasts.
1975 Jet 24 Apr. 19 (advt.) Had it with rough-tasting menthols? Then ease into Salem.
1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 204 I reeled off some rough-feeling toilet paper and dabbed at the sweat.
2006 A. Summers One Train Later xiv. 213 We pull into rough-looking truck stops to eat hamburgers..and french fries.
C3. With verbal nouns, as rough-boring, rough ploughing, rough-rolling, etc.
ΚΠ
1764 J. Randall Semi-Virgilian Husbandry 16 Lessening the size of those clots, in a very rough ploughing.
1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) II. 509 Shingling..costs, in wages, 1s. 9d. per ton; and rough-rolling, 1s. 2d.
1890 Rep. Brit. Assoc. 939 The mild steel..is after forging and rough-boring subjected to the process of oil-hardening.
1959 Fortune July 157/1 A somewhat more difficult trip..will be the rough landing of a fifty-pound payload on the moon.
1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vii. 117 Rough editing is assembling the main body of the programme in the right order and taking out the longer stretches of unwanted material.
2010 O. R. Ahamaraeze Gold in Brain viii. 59 Chief did not even care to fix his seat belt. The rough driving was unlike him.
C4. With nouns used attributively, as rough-edge, rough-water, rough-weather, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather
weatherc888
unweatherc950
weatheringa1450
rough-weather1833
gurl1880
1833 Chambers' Edinb. Jrnl. 1 June 141/1 Those who are tough, keep the deck in their rough-weather cloaks.
1862 J. H. Burton Book-hunter i. 18 He was not a black-letter man,..or a rough-edge man.
1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend I. ii. xii. 270 Rough-weather nautical clothes.
1898 H. E. A. Coate Realities of Sea Life xiv. 124 All hands very busy in unbending rough-weather sails and bending fine-weather ones.
1971 Flying Apr. 27/1 A deep V bottom provides lower impact loads on rough-water landings.
2003 N.Y. Times 3 Sept. a14/5 More than 300 people were pulled from the ocean as strong currents battered the 34th Waikiki Roughwater Swim.
C5.
a. † rough bere n. [ < rough adj. + bere n.1] Scottish Obsolete a (perhaps coarse) variety of barley cultivated in Scotland.† rough Epsom n. (also rough Epsoms) Obsolete = rough Epsom salts n.† rough setter n. Obsolete a mason who ‘sets’ or lays undressed stone (cf. roughmason n.).† rough-slant n. Obsolete U.S. a rough or makeshift shelter, a lean-to.† rough-stoning n. Obsolete regional scouring done with a rubbing stone.† rough wall n. Obsolete rare = rubble work n.
rough arch n. Architecture and Building an arch constructed of ordinary bricks rather than cut or tapered stones, often built into a wall as a discharging or relieving arch.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > other types of arch
bowOE
craba1387
cove1511
triumphal arch (arc)a1566
straight arch1663
pointed arch1688
rough arch1693
jack-arch1700
oxi1700
raking arch1711
flat arch1715
scheme-arch1725
counter-arch1726
ox-eye arch1736
surbased dome1763
ogee1800
rising arch1809
sub-arch1811
deaf arch1815
four-centred arch1815
mixed arch1815
Tudor arch1815
camber1823
lancet arch1823
invert1827
platband1828
pier arch1835
ogive1841
scoinson arch1842
segment1845
skew arch1845
drop-arch1848
equilateral arch1848
lancet1848
rear arch1848
straining-arch1848
tierceron1851
shouldered arch1853
archlet1862
segment-arch1887
1693 C. Wren in Wren Soc. Nov. (1937) 14 127 For Summering ye 6 rough arches over Ye Tribune.
1768 T. Rawlins Familiar Archit. 14 I have..drawn a rough Arch O,..extending itself unto the middle Arch-Stone on the side mark'd L. This..will secure the Rouble-work.
1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §1075 All the doors, windows, etc., to be saved with rough arches (to have discharging arches) over the same.
1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details iii. 49 The older method of construction..is to form a trimmer arch, which consists of a half-brick rough arch built out from the face of the chimney breast.
2002 E. E. Burden Illustr. Dict. Archit. (ed. 2) 22/1 Rough arch. An arch constructed with rectangular bricks and tapered mortar joints; usually found on relieving arches.
rough band n. originally regional (now chiefly historical) a band playing rough music on improvised instruments (see rough music n.).
ΚΠ
1784 Public Advertiser 21 May The Windows resound To the Cleaver and Marrow-bone's musical Sound;..Stirring up a rough Band to their desperate Chief.
1842 Somerset County Gaz. in Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 25 Feb. On Wednesday and Thursday evening the effigy of Sir Robert Peel was paraded through this town, accompanied by what is termed a rough band, comprised of tin kettles, horns, &c.
2004 G. Monger Marriage Customs 238/1 In East Anglia, the rough band lost its role as a punishment and became part of the celebration of a wedding.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > barley > types of barley or barley-plant
polbere1440
bigg1446
long-ear?1523
sprat-barley?1523
waybent1538
wall barley1548
barley-bigg1552
bigg-barley1562
polbarley1574
pilled barley1578
way bennet1578
wheat-barley1578
French barley1596
way barley1597
rough bere1642
palm-barley1706
Scotch barley1707
square barleya1722
Thor-barley1755
ware-bere1793
barley-grass1795
German rice1828
battledore barley1848
1642 Nicolson Diurnal 13 May in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ruch Sawin..in Brereflatte 6 firl ruch beir.
1715 A. Pennecuik Geogr., Hist. Descr. Tweeddale 3 There are but few Pease, and less Wheat sowen in Tweeddale, but of Barley, rough Bear especially, and Oats greater plenty than is sufficient for the Inhabitants.
1833 D. Roberts Let. 8 Jan. in J. Ballantine Life D. Roberts (1866) iii. 45 As for the Spanish cooking, I fear I shall never stomach it, although ‘I hae a crap for a' corn and ane for rough bear.’
1978 A. Fenton Northern Isles xli. 335 In Orkney, a rough kind of black oats, and rough bere, were raised alternately.
2004 R. D. Connor & A. D. C. Simpson Weights & Measures Scotl. iii. 737 In 1680 the Privy Council..fixed prices, with rough bear in the range 6 marks to 12 marks per boll.
rough bine n. rare a hop bine having numerous hairs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > hop-plant > parts of
hopc1440
gut1573
bell1594
hop-boll1652
hop-vine1707
bine1727
hop-bind1733
bind1792
hop-bine1813
lupulin1823
bur1832
rough bine1846
pin1885
1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 398 What is commonly called ‘white bine’, tolerably free from the rough barbs which are often found on the under part of the leaves, which constitute a ‘rough bine’.
1905 J. Percival in A. C. Chapman Hop & its Constituents i. 6 This variety possesses red, rough bines, which do not reach a great height.
rough book n. (a) a book in which rough notes are written, (now esp.) a jotter; (b) Nautical = rough logbook n.; (also) a book in which an officer makes a rough note of any expenditure (now rare).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > paper > [noun] > pad of paper > rough work book
blotting-book1598
scribbler1890
scratch pad1895
scratch-block1897
rough book1969
1610Rough book [see sense 6c].
1772 Bye-laws & Regulations Marine-Soc. 116 The Fair Minute Book. In which all the minutes from the Rough Book are copied fair.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 580 Rough Books, those in which the warrant officers make their immediate entries of expenditure.
1902 J. Conrad Typhoon v. 47 He copied neatly out of the rough-book the number of miles, the course of the ship.
1969 A. Laski Dominant Fifth ii. 43 She had been drawing on her rough book.
2002 P. Collins Men from Boys 70 Adam and Sacha had a seven-year plan for world domination which they had been sketching in their rough books for months.
rough bounds n. [after Scottish Gaelic Garbh-chrìochan, lit. ‘the rough boundaries’] Scottish with the (now usually with capital initials): (the name given to) the rugged, inaccessible part of the western Scottish Highlands between Loch Hourn in the north and Loch Shiel in the south.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Scotland > [noun] > highlands
rough bounds1804
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Scotland > [noun] > part of Inverness-shire
rough bounds1804
1804 A. Campbell Grampians Desolate 245 That enormous mass of lofty mountains, by way of distinction, called the rough-bounds, heaves on the astonished sight.
a1832 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XXI. 54/1 The most rugged district is that..between Argyleshire, Loch Lochy, and the sea, and generally called the Rough-bounds.
1958 C. I. Maclean Highlands 23 ‘The Rough Bounds’ between Loch Duich and Ardnamurchan.
1991 M. McLean People of Glengarry (1993) i. 16 Western Inverness was considered one of the most rugged..parts of the Highlands. Typical of the landscape is the area..known as the ‘Rough Bounds’.
rough calf n. Bookbinding tanned calfskin used with the flesh side outermost to bind books.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > materials > leather
roan1383
Turkey leather1655
sheep1705
Turkey1715
Russia1724
rough calf1730
law1738
mottled calf1857
pastegrain1880
Rutland1894
Cambridge calf1895
Niger morocco1898
Niger1946
1730 J. Miller Humours Oxf. i. i. 4 A musty Aristotle in rough calf.
1852 Godey's Lady's Bk. Nov. 411 If the cover be rough calf or sheep, it is dressed with pumice-stone and a clothes-brush.
1963 B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique 286 Rough calf was much used in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
1990 L. Yeandle & E. Grislis in R. Hooker Tract. & Serm. 178 Morrice C..is a massive volume bound in rough calf.
rough coal n. now rare a type of coal mined and sold in large rough pieces.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun]
coal1253
sea-coal1253
pit-coal1483
cannel1541
earth coala1552
horse coal1552
Newcastle coal1552
stone-coal1585
cannel coal1587
parrot1594
burn-coal1597
lithanthrax1612
stony coal1617
Welsh coala1618
land-coala1661
foot coal1665
peacock coal1686
rough coal1686
white coal1686
heathen-coalc1697
coal-stone1708
round1708
stone-coal1708
bench-coal1712
slipper coal1712
black coal1713
culm1742
rock coal1750
board coal1761
Bovey coal1761
house coal1784
mineral coal1785
splint1789
splint coal1789
jet coal1794
anthracite1797
wood-coal1799
blind-coal1802
black diamond1803
silk-coal1803
glance-coal1805
lignite1808
Welsh stone-coal1808
soft1811
spout coals1821
spouter1821
Wallsend1821
brown coal1833
paper coal1833
steam-coal1850
peat-coal1851
cherry-coal1853
household1854
sinter coal1854
oil coal1856
raker1857
Kilkenny coal1861
Pottery coal1867
silkstone1867
block coal1871
admiralty1877
rattlejack1877
bunker1883
fusain1883
smitham1883
bunker coal1885
triping1886
trolley coal1890
kibble1891
sea-borne1892
jet1893
steam1897
sack coal1898
Welsh1898
navigation coal1900
Coalite1906
clarain1919
durain1919
vitrain1919
single1921
kolm1930
hards1956
1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. iii. 132 Rough coal.
1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 244 Rough, roch, or rock coal,..is a free coal of various degrees of strength and hardness, commonly of a good black colour.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 962 The open-burning cubical coals are known by several local names; the rough coal or clod coal, from the large masses in which they may be had.
1903 Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. Great Brit. (Mem. Geol. Surv.) ii. 111 Here the Rough Coal is seen immediately under a thick yellow massive sandstone.
rough coat n. the first coat of plaster applied to a wall or other surface.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > [noun] > bricklaying and plastering > plastering > plastering with first coat > first coat
first coat?1600
rendering1659
rough coat1791
render1833
scratch-coat1891
1791 W. Newton in tr. Vitruvius Archit. II. iii. 158/1 (note) This first rough coat of plaster is called by Vitruvius trullisatio, from trulla, trowel.
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. x. 96 When a wall..is painted in fresco, the rough coat of plaster is covered with a coat of fine sand and lime.
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1993/2 Rough-coat,..the first coat on lath. On brick it is termed laying..; on masonry, rendering.
1903 G. P. Grimsley Gypsum of Michigan xiii. 209 The rough coat must be thoroughly dry before the second or brown coat is applied.
1934 Amer. Home July 74/1 For the ceiling between the beams, white plaster was mixed with a little lampblack and put on in one rough coat.
2006 M. D. Gottsegen Painter's Handbk. ii. 258/1 Build the rough coat to a thickness of about 6mm.
rough coating n. = roughcast n. 2.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > plaster > [noun] > rough-cast or pebble-dash
daubing1382
roughcasting1469
temper1594
roughcast1596
rough mortar1703
rough coating1791
slapdash1796
pebble-dashing1826
pebble-dash1831
harl1869
1791 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. W. Eng. (1796) II. 297 Stucco is analogous to the materials of a dam,..rough coating, to the puddle of Canal Makers.
1890 Amer. Jrnl. Photogr. Apr. 95 Some sixty years ago the building..was treated to a coating of pebble-dash or rough coating.
1902 D. B. Vermilye tr. T. Gautier Journeys in Italy xvi. 204 The rough-coating of the abandoned houses is scaling off.
1995 Evening Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 1 Feb. (Advertising Suppl.) 18 Roughcast: Rough coating thrown on to a wall as an external finish.
rough copy n. (a) an imperfect reproduction or copy of something (also figurative); (b) writing, etc., produced as a first draft; an example of this.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > written text > [noun] > preliminary or rough copy
draught1528
rough draft1576
foul papers1601
rough copy1638
essay1656
concept1658
draft1769
upset1841
1638 W. Barwick tr. V. D'Audiguier Love & Valour Ep. Ded. sig. A3 The difference between his originall, drawn by a free and art commanding hand, and my rough Copy.
1668 P. Rycaut Present State Ottoman Empire (new ed.) i. xiii. 136 Christians..whose piety and exemplary lives drew Infidels to extract a rough Copy of their elevated vertues.
1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 614 A rough copy of the Christian face Without the smile, the sweetness, or the grace.
1811 L.-M. Hawkins Countess & Gertrude I. xxx. 259 She could not always read his rough copy.
1888 ‘M. Robertson’ Lombard St. Myst. xxii. 230 These supposed deeds were only rough copies.
1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel viii. 181 They had made three rough copies of the statue—mere wooden profiles.
1954 Z. N. Hurston Let. 7 May in Life in Lett. (2002) 707 After reading the rough copy..she thought that it was really something.
2004 M. Beker Screenwriting with Conscience i. 26 As he wrote, he instantly destroyed the rough copies and drafts.
rough diamond n. (a) a diamond in its natural state, before it is cut and polished; (b) figurative a person having high intrinsic worth and good character but lacking in manners, education, or refinement.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > [noun] > good person > unpolished
rough diamonda1625
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [noun] > unmannerliness > unrefined manners or behaviour > person
bearc1395
carter1509
kensy?a1513
clumpertonc1534
club1542
lout1548
clinchpoop1555
clout-shoe1563
loose-breech1575
clown1583
hoyden1593
boor1598
kill-courtesy1600
rustic1600
clunch1602
loblolly1604
camel1609
clusterfist1611
loon1619
Grobian1621
rough diamonda1625
hoyde1636
clodhopper1699
roughhead1726
indelicate1741
vulgarian1809
snob1838
vulgarist1847
yahoo1861
cave-dweller1865
polisson1866
mucker1884
caveman1907
wampus1912
yobbo1922
yenta1923
yob1927
rude1946
cafone1949
no-neck1961
ocker1971
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > diamond > [noun] > uncut
rough diamonda1625
point1698
a1625 J. Fletcher Wife for Moneth iv. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhhhh2v/1 She is very honest, And will be hard to cut as a rough Diamond.
1685 R. Boyle Ess. Effects of Motion Suppl. 148 Having at the Diamond-Mine purchased..a rough Diamond.
1700 J. Dryden Fables Pref. sig. *Cij Chaucer, I confess, is a rough Diamond.
1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 24 The value of a cut diamond is esteemed equal to that of a similar rough diamond of double weight.
1890 T. Keyworth in Cassell's Family Mag. Dec. 49 He was a rough-looking man, and somebody called him a rough diamond.
1987 E. E. Smith Miss Melville Returns (1988) iii. 22 It seem ridiculous that..a rough diamond like Rafael should feel embarrassed by anyone else's behavior.
2006 Independent 10 Oct. 20/6 The world's 15th-largest rough diamond—about the size of a golf ball and called the Lesotho Promise.
rough edge n. (frequently in plural) an imperfection or lack of polish.Often as part of an extended metaphor. Cf. rough around (also about) the edges at Phrases 3.
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the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection
imperfectiona1398
imperfective1601
rough edge1765
1765 W. Gilpin Lives J. Wicliff; & Most Eminent Disciples 203 The manners of a court had polished away those rough edges of bigotry in him.
1833 Sportsmen's Cabinet May 30/2 These notes, although rough in themselves, being intermixed with those of the multitude, have, as it were, all their rough edges worn off, and become harmonious.
1934 Covina (Calif.) Argus 29 June 7/4 Now it's merely a case of routining the show and ironing out the rough edges.
1996 D. M. Wilkinson Not between Brothers xliii. 561 Remy was a frontiersman and new to the bar, what one might call a cornstalk lawyer. Far from humbled by his rough edge, Remy was actually proud of it.
2008 J. Ohler Digital Storytelling in Classroom xii. 153 This is the point at which students need to sit back and watch their story one last time in order to spot and smooth out any rough edges.
rough edit n. the action of producing a first version of a film, audio recording, etc., following preliminary editing. Also: the film, recording, etc., so produced.
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society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > [noun] > act or spell of editing
edit1917
rough edit1958
society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > [noun] > a recording > specific
pen recording1923
re-edit1924
air check1938
rough edit1958
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > printing > [noun] > a print > edited versions
cut1922
rough cut1922
fine cut1952
rough edit1958
director's cut1980
1958 Jrnl. University Film Producers Assoc. 10 14/1 A most important refining process occurs between rough edit and fine edit.
1995 Camcorder User Apr. 28/2 A rough edit is made to see if it [sc. the edit decision list] works as intended.
2019 Rolling Stone (Nexis) 13 Sept. The crew was able to get a rough edit of the scene sent over to the musician.
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1848 Mechanics' Mag. 2 Dec. 547/1 Bones or guano containing 75 lbs. of the phosphates, to 100 gallons of mother salts, or 300 lbs. of rough Epsom, dissolved in the smallest quantity of water possible.
1854 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 622 The sulphate of magnesia forming the ‘rough Epsoms’ of the alum-maker.
1864 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancement Sci. 1863 710 The principal source of sulphate of magnesia for many years past has been the rough Epsoms obtained from the residual mother liquors of the Yorkshire Alum Works.
rough Epsom salts n. (also rough Epsom salt) now historical and rare a mixture containing magnesium sulphate and iron oxide that occurred in the industrial process of obtaining alum from alum shale, from which Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate) could be made.
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1844 A. Ure Recent Improvem. Arts, Manuf., & Mines 6 1£. 10s. must, however, be deducted for the value of rough Epsom salt produced.
1864 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancement Sci. 1863 710 The following is an analysis of rough Epsom salts.
1903 G. B. Hodgson Borough of South Shields vi. 359 A residual product of alum-making was an impure sulphate of magnesia, called rough Epsom salts.
rough file n. a file with a deeply cut face; a coarse file.Cf. bastard adj. 4d.
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1616 P. B. in R. Anton Philosophers Satyrs sig. B2v Rough files and corsiue waters, onely may..fetch this rust away.
1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory i. 16 Take a Piece of fine Silver, form it into a flat Square, and with a rough File, rough it all over one Side.
1821 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 18 Aug. 2/2 Half round, ruff and bastard files.
1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 275/2 Files of the very coarsest sort are called rubbers, and the next in order to these are called rough files.
1997 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 13 Dec. 16 Take the rough file (bastard type), then use long smooth strokes,..working from tip to tail.
rough food n. = roughage n. 2a.
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the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > fibrous or soluble matter
rough food1701
roughage1850
fibre1909
bulk1940
soluble1952
1701 tr. D. Tauvry New Rational Anat. ii. x. 240 Doubtless the Animals which feed upon Hay, and rough Food, would have that sense of Pain.
1848 Southern Cultivator 6 95/1 Shucks are the only rough food we have, really well worth preserving; they must be given to the cows, to keep them alive during the winter.
1892 Pop. Sci. Monthly July 421/2 The influence on the physical condition of the rough food on meat production in steers.
1974 J. Seymour Fat of Land (new ed.) vi. 83 Breeding stock, unlike fatteners, will live exclusively on rough food with just a dash of protein.
2007 Express (Nexis) 11 Dec. 43 Eat a healthy breakfast with ‘rough food’ such as wholemeal toast or nutty cereals to help to clean the very back of the tongue.
rough-gaited adj. (of a horse, etc.) having an uneven gait that jars the rider.
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1790 Arminian Mag. (Philadelphia) 2 85 I set off, on a rough-gaited horse, for Burlington; and after being much shaken, breakfasted at Spotswood.
1836 A. S. Mackenzie Year in Spain (ed. 3) III. ix. 217 A roaring torrent that reached the belly of my rough-gaited mule.
1913 W. T. Townes With Hooks of Steel ix. 81 If I should ride a rough-gaited horse for a whole day I would have to lay up in bed for repairs for a week afterward.
2008 M. C. Blew Jackalope Dreams xvii. 327 After a spring and summer astride green, rough-gaited Babe, she's finding Perry a pleasure to ride even as he gets used to his new shoes.
rough grazing n. uncultivated land used for grazing; an area of this.
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the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture > other types of pasture
fritha1552
bruery1573
agistment1598
mountain1780
zuur-veldt1785
boosey pasture1794
rough grazing1802
outrun1870
1802 G. V. Sampson Statist. Surv. Londonderry iv. 250 At Ballydeagh,..property leased in the mean, sometimes several in one lease: three and a half acres per man, with rough grazing.
1932 Jrnl. Min. Agric. 39 37 White clover can be successfully established on certain types of rough grazings without mechanical cultivation.
1966 I. Moore Grass & Grasslands iv. 30 The transition from ley to permanent pasture or meadows, thence to rough grazing and scrub, and finally to forest, is an orderly, gradual process.
2007 R. Lovegrove Silent Fields ii. 35 The process of enclosing the open fields and rough grazings was a very protracted and complicated one.
rough justice n. harsh, arbitrary, or heavy-handed treatment or punishment, esp. that which is regarded as approximately fair but which is not necessarily in accordance with the law.
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a1679 Earl of Orrery Herod (1694) ii. 15 This rough Justice must a Tempest raise, And drive into despair the furious Jews.
1798 Ann. Reg. 1792 Pt. 1 319/2 Many good friends to the church had spoken in favourable terms of the rioters, and thought, that something like rough justice had been done.
1873 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life xi. ii. 405 In this rough justice of the world there is a natural distribution of rewards.
1906 Westm. Gaz. 7 Aug. 2/3 The rough justice of an officers' mess.
1989 R. Graef Talking Blues ix. 272 The pressure on police procedures, and..the temptation to bend the rules in the interests of rough justice.
2004 N.Y. Times 24 Oct. 13/1 The Pentagon's uniformed lawyers were angered by the implications that the military would be used to deliver ‘rough justice’ for the terrorists.
rough knot n. Nautical (now historical) a rough or unsophisticated seaman.
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1801 W. Richardson Jrnl. 4 Jan. in Mariner of Eng. (1908) viii. 178 A Lieutenant Byam..succeeded Lieutenant Franklin (a good officer) in charge of the ship. He was a complete rough knot.
1844 M. H. Barker Old Sailor's Jolly Boat 361 But come, my gallant rough-knot, there is still a toothful in the flask.
1986 A. Kent Colours Aloft! xi. 181 I knows me crew are a bunch o' roughknots, but I often carry me grandchildren on short passages.
rough log n. Nautical = rough logbook n.
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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > ship's papers > [noun] > logbook > board or slate for taking notes
log-board1669
rough log1819
log-slate1834
1819 J. Ross Voy. Discov. Baffin's Bay ix. 155 I also ordered, that the officers of the watch in the Alexander should write the rough log as soon as their watches were ended.
1922 F. Riesenberg Standard Seamanship for Merchant Service xviii. 761 The smooth log is a copy of the rough log. The latter is the original and valuable record.
2005 P. H. Spectre Mariner's Misc. 89 Rough log—an account of everything that occurs on board, routine or otherwise, kept by the officers.
rough logbook n. Nautical a book in which the record of events during the voyage of a ship are first entered roughly, to be written up later in the main logbook.
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society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > ship's papers > [noun] > logbook
traverse book1600
sea-booka1642
journal1671
logbooka1679
rough logbook1779
log1825
sea-log1853
1779 Trial A. Keppel 258 Where is the original rough log-book?
1863 E. W. Hereford Rep. 18 Sept. in Parl. Papers 61 105 I made an entry of my visit in a rough log-book; the vessel's fair log..having been taken on shore by the captain.
1962 G. Danton Theory & Pract. Seamanship xiii. 288 The Chief Officer's logbook..is virtually a diary of the ship's activities. The information contained therein is derived from the rough logbook, which is kept by the individual Officers-of-the-watch.
2002 RIA Novosti (Nexis) 18 Feb. The Kursk [submarine] was found to be carrying several log books, including..a rough log book.
rough mast n. Nautical an undressed spar suitable for making a mast; = rough-tree n.
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1717 W. Sutherland Britain's Glory: Ship-building Unvail'd 57 It cannot be very improper to annex to these Calculations of Masting, the Customary Methods for Importing rough Masts.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. at Mast Rough-mast, or rough-tree, a spar fit for making a mast.
1913 Let. 24 Dec. in U.S. Congress. Serial Set 160 (1914) 548 The cargo of the Commerce at the date of the seizure consisted of lumber and 17 rough masts in the lower hold.
2004 J. Gwyn Ashore & Afloat iv. 67 His role in concluding contracts to supply New York and the West Indies with rough masts.
rough mix n. Sound Recording a preliminary mix (mix n.2 3b) of separately recorded tracks of music.
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society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > preliminary mix
rough mix1968
1968 Billboard 12 Oct. 6/3 Rosko, a deejay for wnew-fm, heard a rough mix at Studio 3, where he was recording an album for Verve/Forecast.
1971 Winnipeg Free Press 9 Jan. (Features) 11/4 Neil heard a rough mix of the album, and says he..likes it.
1999 Esquire Sept. 106/1 He pulls out a cassette and makes the usual excuses: rough mixes, unfinished tracks, just a dub.
2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 Dec. 74/2 Taking a rough mix of a new song, checking to see how hit-worthy it is, then tweaking it.
rough mortar n. mortar laid on roughly, esp. as a first coat (cf. rough coat n.); (also) mortar having a rough or raised surface; = roughcast n. 2.In quot. 1823: a type of sand used for rough mortar.
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society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > plaster > [noun] > rough-cast or pebble-dash
daubing1382
roughcasting1469
temper1594
roughcast1596
rough mortar1703
rough coating1791
slapdash1796
pebble-dashing1826
pebble-dash1831
harl1869
1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 227 If the Wall be..Plaster'd with Lome on both sides, and a Coat of Rough-mortar on the outside, then they have 4d. per Yard.
1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. at Roughcasting The rough mortar on the surface of a building.
1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Rough mortar, a sort of sand which, when mixed with mortar, makes it look as red as blood.
1990 Daniel Smith: Catal. Artists' Materials July–Aug. 10/1 The rough mortar of the scratch coat can be thicker than the subsequent layers.
rough pâté n. pâté made with coarsely chopped or coarsely minced meat; a portion or variety of this.
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the world > food and drink > food > additive > relish > [noun] > pâté
terrine1702
foie gras1818
Strasbourg pâté1827
pâté1841
rillettes1858
goose liver1860
liver pâté1860
pâté de foie gras1892
pâté de campagne1931
pâté maison1947
rough pâté1961
1961 G. Smith Business of Loving xi. 222 I settled on a rough paté, some pheasant with game chips.
1981 Texas Monthly Aug. 74 Summer heat tilts the palate toward..the cold plates. Tasty, rough pate,..smoked salmon, sliced ham.
2008 Journal (Newcastle) 13 June 23 This could be described as a rough pate but is actually the result of a traditional preserving process.
rough plate n. now historical plate glass before polishing and grinding; a piece of this.
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1746 London Mag. Mar. 134/1 Which Plate, when ground and polished, will not weigh above one third part of such rough Plate.
1883 J. D. Weeks Rep. Manuf. Glass 20 Rough plate is the crude plate-glass as it comes from the annealing oven.
1920 G. A. Hool & N. C. Johnson Handbk. Building Construction II. 1007 They are manufactured from the same thickness of rough plate as the standard thickness glass.
2006 K. Humphrey Shades of Glass vii. 70/2 It was not a rough plate, but was a finished piece of glass, which had gone from the pot to the finishing room.
Rough Red n. now rare a variety of potato with a rough, reddish skin.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > potato > types of potato
potato1629
Rough Red1771
sprout1771
London lady1780
russet1780
ox-noble1794
pink-eye1795
kidney1796
Suriname1796
silver-skin1797
yam potato1801
bluenose1803
yam1805
bead-potato1808
lumper1840
blue1845
merino1846
regent1846
pink1850
redskin potato1851
fluke1868
mangel-wurzel potato1875
snowflake1882
snowdrop1900
pomato1905
Idaho1911
Majestic1917
red1926
Pentland1959
1771 J. Meader Hitt's Mod. Gardener 505 Potatoes, White Kidney, White round, Red round, Rough red.
1863 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 8 Dec. 453/2 I am sorry to say that the Rough Reds..are half of them decayed with the disease.
1905 Garden 5 June 333/1 I do not think the quality of Potatoes is equal to the Lapstones, Flukes, and Rough Reds we used to grow in the past.
rough rendering n. rendering (rendering n. 6) applied roughly, esp. as a base coat.
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1783 C. Clarke Plaisterer's Bill 39 With what propriety can 3 d be allowed for rough rendering?
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 393 Rough-rendering..means one coat rough.
1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details vii. 96 The space between the grounds and the floor is usually filled in with plaster, and this process is called rough rendering.
2007 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 4 Nov. 23 On the outside, rough rendering and exposed sandstone combine with original beams, lintels and columns.
rough rice n. unhusked rice, paddy.
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the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > rice > types of
white rice1614
rough rice1735
wild rice1748
Carolina rice1787
Patna rice1795
rough1837
basmati1845
small1882
palay1889
brown rice1916
arborio1951
1735 S.-Carolina Gaz. 10 Jan. 3/2 For ready Money, 1500 Bushells of rough Rice extraordinary good.
1893 S. S. Raghavaiyangar Mem. Progress Madras Presidency App. p. lxii A man-slave gets daily 2 seers of rough rice, or yearly about 26 bushels.
1991 G. A. Spiller Mediterranean Diets in Health & Dis. iii. 84 The hulls..represent about 20% of the weight of rough rice.
rough scruff n. originally U.S. = rough scuff n. 1.
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society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] > the rabble
commona1350
rascala1382
rascaldry?1457
routc1475
tag and ragc1535
riff-raff1545
rabble1549
rascabilia1557
rabblement1565
bran1574
rascability1583
rascality1583
canaille1588
canalliary1600
canaglia1607
taga1616
ribble-rabble1635
volge1639
rabble rout1650
tag-rag and bob-tail1660
mobile1676
mobility1690
mob1691
rag-tag (also rag, tag) and bob-tail1725
kennel1726
rough scruff1814
rough scuff1816
tag-rag1826
rascalry1827
rascalment1832
doggery1843
polloi1856
raggle-taggle1958
1814 T. Dawes Let. 16 Sept. in E. E. Ford Notes Life N. Webster (1912) I. 131 Gentlemen were pitted against the rough scruff of all nations under the name of Brittish.
1884 Frank Leslie's Pop. Monthly Jan. 99 And what will this rough-scruff of those who are not ‘freemen’ say?
1885 Story Louis Riel viii. 113 I have frequently heard him describe the Provisional Government and its supporters as a band of mongrel rough-scruffs.
2001 E. Burdon & J. M. Craig Don't let me be Misunderstood 2002 ii. 33 The kids would have loved us more as what we were—rough scruffs from Newcastle.
rough service n. attributive designating an object, esp. a lamp, of a robust construction to withstand rough handling.
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1873 Scribner's Monthly June 192/2 The post-office cars used on this route show marks of the rough service they have to perform, and are not the dainty, elegant coaches I have seen on some of the western lines.]
1912 Daily Consular & Trade Rep. (U.S. Dept. of Commerce & Labor) 13 Mar. 1056 The manufacture of internal-combustion motors for fishing boats and other rough-service craft.
1944 Pop. Sci. Monthly Mar. 199 (advt.) Soon, welders were using a new G-E rough-service lamp coated with a tough, resilient film of lacquer.
1992 RS Components: Electronic & Electr. Products July–Oct. 482/2 A rough service steel protection guard suitable for RS high dome beacons.
2003 D. Koenigsberg Handyman's Handbk. vi. 36 Rough service bulbs are much less likely to stop working if the drop light is accidentally dropped.
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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with stone > [noun] > who works with rough stone
roughmason1379
rough settera1669
a1669 ( Indenture Fotheringay in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (1846) VI. 1415/1 Will. Horwode shall nether set mo nor fewer free masons, rogh setters ne leyes thereupon.
rough skin n. U.S. now historical a roughneck, a thug; spec. (usually with capital initials) a member of a mid-19th cent. Baltimore gang supporting the American Party and renowned for its violent behaviour; usually in plural.Cf. know-nothing n. 2, plug-ugly n. 1.
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1840 Jamestown (N.Y.) Jrnl. 28 Oct. 2/6 Some hardy roughskins from the pine knots up the Alleghany were sauntering up town.
1859 in Baltimore City Contested Election (Ma. Elections Comm.) (1860) 42 Two of the Rough Skins having one of the workmen by the collar, [they] brought them up Lancaster Street.
1914 Catholic Church in U.S.A. III. 26 The names of the Knownothing clubs indicated the desperate character of their members. Among them were the Roughskins, the Blacksnakes, [etc.].
2004 F. Towers Urban South & Coming of Civil War iv. 142 In 1859, Rough Skins aboard a Chesapeake Bay steamer threw free blacks overboard for entering a cabin that the rowdies believed was for whites only.
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1873 Field & Stream 30 Oct. 186/2 A letter A tent is the greatest luxury in camping, but in fair weather a tilt or half tent of canvas or blankets, or a ‘rough slant’ of bark or boughs.., are comfortable enough.
1878 C. Hallock Sportsman's Gazetteer (ed. 4) Gloss. p. x/1 Rough-slant, a lean-to; a shelter made of canvas, blankets, bark, or boards, laid on poles supported on crotches, and sloping from a ridge-pole to the ground.
rough sleeper n. (a) British a person who sleeps without adequate shelter, esp. on the streets of a town or city; a homeless person (cf. to sleep rough at rough adv. Phrases 1); (b) a person who sleeps fitfully, one who tosses and turns during sleep (now rare).
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1925 R. Macaulay Casual Comm. 160 It's quite true, sir, that he's a rough sleeper. Hasn't slept in a bed since I've known him.
1935 H. Pollitt in J. Bell We did not Fight 271 My landlady..expressed surprise that my mattress seemed to vary in size from day to day, and ‘that I must be a rough sleeper, as it was so bumpy’.
1945 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 5 Mar. 7/2 I like plenty of room. I'm a rough sleeper..and I snore.
1966 Social Casualties '66 4 The peripatetic and floating sub-world of Skid Row—the rough sleepers, the crude spirit drinkers, [etc.].
2001 B. Broady In this Block there lives Slag 160 We passed through Theatreland... At the front of the house four rough sleepers lay, each under his own critical notice.
rough sleeping n. [after to sleep rough at rough adv. Phrases 1] British the action or practice of sleeping rough; (now) spec. (British) the action or condition of sleeping on the streets without adequate shelter; homelessness.In quot. 1827 not a fixed collocation.
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1827 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey V. viii. v. 305 I..am now as little fit for rough riding, and rough eating, and rough sleeping, as a pet monkey with a scalded tail!
1966 Times 25 Nov. 11/5 The figures are the result of the first full-scale national survey of the roofless and rootless... They were reached after a co-ordinated count at..hostels, shelters,..and the 2,800 rough-sleeping sites.
2002 Church Times 18 Oct. 7/2 The main aim of the Rough Sleepers Strategy is to reduce and sustain the level of rough sleeping in Reading to no more than four, or as near to zero as possible.
rough spin n. Australian and New Zealand slang a period or piece of bad luck (cf. spin n.1 4c).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] > misfortune or ill-luck > instance of misfortune or ill-luck
unsitheOE
evila1300
mischiefa1325
illa1340
adversity1340
infortunea1393
infortunity1477
cladec1480
misfortunec1485
fortune1490
trouble?1521
stumble1547
infelicity1575
disgrace1622
unfortunacya1662
disgracia1740
miscanter1781
reversal1846
avalanche1850
rough spin1919
1919 Quick March Mar. 43 The ‘Red Caps’ got a rough spin at a recent general meeting.
1927 R. Comm. Moving Picture Industry 989 I endeavoured to assist him, as I would any other man who had had a ‘rough spin’.
1958 G. Casey Snowball 246 I've given her a rough spin, since them days. Got too big fer me boots, I s'pose.
2008 Evening Standard (Palmerston North, N.Z.) (Nexis) 28 Jan. (Sports section) 1 [He] has had a rough spin. Last autumn he had to have a thumb operation. A..knee injury then meant six months of rehab.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > scouring, scrubbing, or rubbing > [noun] > with a stone
rough-stoning1855
1855 E. C. Gaskell North & South I. xiii. 151 There had been rough-stoning done in the middle of the floor, while the flags under the chairs and table and round the walls retained their dark unwashed appearance.
rough string n. Building and Joinery (now rare) (usually in plural) either of the two inclined pieces of timber supporting the steps of a wooden staircase.
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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > stairs > [noun] > stringers
stair-tree1374
sister1518
rail1679
string1711
carriage1758
rough string1819
notch-board1823
bridgeboard1842
stringer1883
1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Dict. II. 534/2 An horizontal piece of timber..to support the upper ends of the rough-strings.
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iii. 543 The framed timbers which support the steps of a staircase..generally consist of two pieces inclined to the pitch of the stairs, called the rough strings.
1958 Chamber's Techn. Dict. (ed. 3) 46 [The apron piece is] the horizontal timber carrying the upper ends of the carriage pieces or rough-strings of a wooden staircase.
rough stucco n. coarse plaster containing a high proportion of sand.
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1800 J. Plaw Sketches Country Houses 4 The external appearance of rough stucco, or rough cast.
1994 Life June 98/2 Rough stucco was painted blue, then yellow, so some blue comes through.
rough suet n. now rare suet in its natural form as it comes from the animal, before being melted down or otherwise processed.
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the world > food and drink > food > fat or oil > [noun] > suet
sueta1325
rough suet1653
beef-suet1853
1653 T. Barker Art of Angling 15 When your Grid-iron is hot you must coole it with ruff Suet.
?1741 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifry 45 Lay some rough suet in a stew Pan with your Beef upon it, let it fry till it be brown.
1847 C. Morfit Chem. Soap & Candles xli. 326 In New York, the butchers..possess a large foundery exclusively for the rendering of tallow; it is here they send their rough suet.
1911 Craftsman 21 576 On the posts of it in winter we nail large pieces of rough suet, which are visited daily by blue jays, downy woodpeckers, [etc.].
rough timber n. timber which has had the branches, etc., cut off but is otherwise undressed.
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society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > undressed trunk or log > collectively
rough timber1607
round timber1656
roundwood1692
1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxxiv. 5) The unwrought and rough timber-logs.]
1607 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 284 The marketts of sawen and cloven tymber..exceptinge all rough tymber.
1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 163 Rough Timber; that which is only cut down, and the Boughs lop'd off.
1865 Navy Dockyard Acc. (Blue Book) 8 The average loss on rough timber is found by experience to be about 50 per cent.
1902 P. Charpentier Timber 259 The alternative vertical sawing machine..applied to straight sawing of rough timber.
2007 P. Swift et al. Constr. Plumbing iii. 125 We say that PAR timber is wrought or wrot, and that rough timber is un-wrought.
rough tongue n. rough, harsh, rude, or abrasive language or speech; such a manner or habit of speaking.In quot. 1671: a person characterized by this.
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1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 411 [He who] indued the fishermen with heauenly wisedome, and filed the rough tongue for readie deliuerie.
1612 J. Webster White Divel C 2v I do beseech you intreate him mildely, Let not your rough tongue Set vs at louder variance.
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1066 A rougher tongue Draws hitherward, I know him by his stride. View more context for this quotation
1792 T. Thomson Comprehensive Hist. Eng. I. 862 Nor did Thurlow in private society restrain his irritable temper and rough tongue.
1890 Major-Gen. A. F. Bond in W. Rogerson Hist. Rec. 53rd (Shropshire) Regt. 206 Having..given them a taste of his rough tongue.
1903 J. Bryce Stud. in Contemp. Biogr. 303 Instances are not wanting of men who have maintained great influence in spite of their rough tongues and the enmities which rough tongues provoke.
2007 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 10 Nov. c11 Behind her rough tongue and no-nonsense story lies a real poet.
rough-tongued adj. characterized by or having a rough tongue.
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1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie iii. ix. sig. G7 Higher straines Then wel beseemes a rough-tongu'd Satyres part.
1755 Hist. Will Ramble II. vi. xiii. 285 He was but a very rough-tongued Suitor at best.
1855 C. Kingsley Argonauts in Heroes v. 165 The sailors..were rough-tongued, though their hearts were frank and kind.
1920 Cent. Mag. June 112 Never patient, a rough-tongued, self-absorbed genius, [he] resented these interruptions.
2003 G. Burn North of Eng. Home Service (2004) i. 18 Chef, a rough-tongued Mackem, was threatening to leave unless he was given more space.
rough tonguing n. colloquial (originally Military slang) now rare rude, harsh, or abrasive speech; verbal abuse; an instance of this, a scolding.
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the mind > language > malediction > [noun] > action of using abuse
ribaldyc1300
chiding1340
ribaldrya1400
revile1439
revilingc1475
vituperation1481
vituper1484
tongue-sore1542
oblatration?1552
thundering1564
wording1564
revilement1590
slabbery1596
invective1602
campling1660
bitching1706
slangwhanging1809
name-calling1819
slanging1856
rough tonguing1916
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > [noun] > scolding
chidingc893
flitingc1200
scolding1486
rating1556
schooling1557
chafing?1578
railwifery1695
ragging1788
mobbing1803
fratching1805
row1830
tongue-lashing1881
rough tonguing1916
1916 ‘B. Cable’ Action Front 98 'Enery 's own captain..cursing the grinning and sheepish private... ‘An' I admit I felt easier after that rough-tonguin,’ 'Enery told B Company that night.
1956 N. Marsh Off with his Head (1957) ix. 191 Maids up to castle heard his great-auntie giving him a terrible rough-tonguing.
1969 R. Millar Kut xiv. 270 He had already received a rough tonguing from a few senior officers..over this expedition.
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society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with stone > [noun] > stonework or masonry > types of
ashlar-work1398
rough wall1398
keying1483
corbelling1548
rustic1610
channel1611
rustic work1615
ledge1624
coffer-work1668
rubble work1675
canal1723
rockwork1755
ashlaring1758
rubble1815
ragwork1840
striped work1842
1398 in J. Raine Hist. Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (1839) p. clxxx (MED) Exterius de puro lapide vocato achiler plane inscisso, interius vero de fracto lapide vocato roghwall.
rough waller n. a builder who executes the rough work in walling; a roughmason.
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society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > builder > [noun] > builder of walls > types of
ground-waller1477
diker1497
cowan1598
rough waller1614
sea-waller1790
stone-diker1901
1614 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) II. 53 Tho. Ledell of Ampleforth, rough waller.
1767 T. Nugent New Pocket Dict. French & Eng. sig. N2/2 Limosin, rough waller.
1864 C. W. King Gnostics 174 The common workman who ran up the body of the wall..was called the ‘Rough-waller’.
1881 W. Westall Old Factory I. i. 10 He was a first-rate hedger and ditcher and rough waller.
1997 I. J. Prothero Radical Artisans in Eng. & France 48 Masons despised the rough wallers (limousins) and would not eat with them.
roughwood adj. made of unfinished or unworked timber; having this appearance.
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1921 W. de la Mare Crossings 67 A garden chair beside a roughwood table.
1978 J. A. Michener Chesapeake iv. 184 The entire group of Quakers went..to the rough-wood house of James Lamb.
1996 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 13 Apr. 22 Two long, thin roughwood tables and 11 rope-seat chairs.
b. In the names of animals, esp. fishes and reptiles, having rough scales or skin, and of domestic breeds of mammal having a long coat.See also roughback n., rough fish n., roughhead n., rough hound n.
(a) Miscellaneous uses.
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1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Een Steen-worm, a Rough-worme in a mans foote, or a Lope.
1782 R. Greene Particular & Descriptive Catal. Lichfield Mus. 45 Lacerta Mauritanica, or rough Lizard.
1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. ii. 259 Rough bull-head, Cottus Scaber... Native of the Indian seas.
1873 W. A. Lloyd Hand Bk. to Marine Aquarium (ed. 4) 49 Pontobdella muricata.., a rough worm usually parasitic on the skate.
1874 S. A. Myers tr. F. Martin Nat. Hist. (new ed.) 429 The Rough Tortoise Forked (testudo furcata)..is a very small, neatly formed land tortoise, with a greenish-brown shell.
1901 E. Step Shell Life xii. 224 The Rough Winkle (L. rudis) has a less pointed spire.
2010 Guardian 5 Jan. (G2 section) 9/1 Plus some bigger thornbacks, whiting and rough hounds—a small shark that usually gets called rock salmon at the chippy.
(b) † rough flapper n. Scottish Obsolete the shagreen ray, Leucoraja fullonica.† rough terrapin n. Obsolete the spot-legged turtle, Rhinoclemmys punctularia, of fresh water in Central and South America.
rough collie n. a breed of dog with a long coat that is either tan and white, or black, tan, and white, originally developed in Scotland for herding sheep; a dog of this breed.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > sheepdog > [noun] > collie > other types of
rough collie1806
German collie1874
1806 Edinb. Evening Courant 20 Jan. A Black and White Rough Coley, or Shepherd's Dog.
1872 ‘Stonehenge’ Dogs Brit. Islands (ed. 2) ii. viii. 175 The rough or shaggy-coated colley..has a fine foxlike muzzle.
2003 Daily Tel. 18 Dec. i. 13/2 Close behind are..the Pembroke Welsh corgi (59 per cent) and the rough collie (58 per cent).
rough dab n. the American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides; more fully long rough dab.
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1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes II. 221 The Lemon Dab, or Smooth Dab, is not of such frequent occurrence as the common Rough Dab.
1904 F. G. Aflalo Brit. Salt-water Fishes xii. 227 The long rough dab is, as its name suggests, a very rough fish, its scales being spinous on one edge.
1995 Internat. Organizations & Law of Sea: Documentary Yearbk. 9 228 (table) Hippoglossoides platessoides platessoides. American plaice, American dab, rough dab.
Rough Fell n. a hardy breed of large long-woolled sheep originating in the uplands of northern England; a sheep of this breed; frequently attributive.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > specific breeds or members of
mug1596
down1721
Shropshire1768
Norfolk sheep1778
Ryeland1786
Southdown1786
Persian1794
Leicester1798
Southdowner1799
Ryeland1802
loaghtan1812
Manx loaghtan1812
herdwick1837
Wallachian1837
Norfolk1851
Teeswater1861
bluefaced Leicester1864
Rough Fell1871
Border Leicester1873
Mexican1878
Cheviot1883
fat-tail1888
pampas1892
pampas sheep1895
turbary1908
karakul1913
East Friesian1949
Texel1949
Norfolk Horn1961
Colbred1962
1871 Lancaster Gaz. 27 May (Suppl.) 1/1 Found, at Bullbank, Wennington, 5 rough fell sheep, marked red over the loin.
1912 F. W. Garnett Westmorland Agric. 1800–1900 viii. 149 In 1848..the Rough Fell breed were recognized as distinct from the Scotch type of sheep.
1945 J. F. H. Thomas et al. Sheep ii. 30 The Rough Fell. Again a breed not numerically strong.
2007 Spin-off Spring 74/1 The Blackface likely developed, as did other British coarse-wool sheep such as the Swaledale and Rough Fell, from the horned sheep of northern Britain.
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1838 Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 7 433 In the Firth of Forth the Shagreen Ray is occasionally take... It is known to fishermen under the name of Rough Flapper.
1892 Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. 7 229 Raia fullonica (Linn.). Shagreen Ray. Rough Flapper (Edinb.). Sand Ray (Ireld).
rough greyhound n. now historical = deer-hound n.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > hound > [noun] > staghound
receiverc1425
buck-hound1530
staghound1707
rough greyhounda1803
deer-dog1815
deer-hound1818
tufter1856
a1803 J. Walker Ess. Nat. Hist. & Rural Econ. (1812) xiii. 475 The Grey Dog. The Deer Dog. The rough Greyhound. The Ratche.
1887 H. Dalziel Brit. Dogs I. 113 It is nearly forty years since I last saw a Rough Greyhound competing in a coursing match.
1948 C. L. B. Hubbard Dogs in Brit. xv. 122 The Deerhound, or Rough Greyhound as it was then called, was a prized possession of the Scottish chieftain.
rough ray n. any of various rough-skinned rays; spec. (in recent use) Raja radula of the Mediterranean.
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1763 R. Brookes New Syst. Nat. Hist. III. iii. 42 The Rough-Ray of Rondeletius, differs from other fish of this kind in having small prickles on the sides, but none on the trunk of the body.
1811 Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 553 Raia..rubus, Rough ray: Hommelin.
1901 R. Lydekker Libr. Nat. Hist. V. ii. 2921 The rough ray (Urogymnus asperrimus) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean..may measure from four to five feet in length.
1946 Irish Naturalists' Jrnl. 8 430 Most fishermen do not distinguish between the various kinds of Ray, or at most divide them into Rough and Smooth Rays.
2005 F. Serena Field Ident. Guide Sharks & Rays of Medit. 66 Raja radula... FAO names: En—Rough ray; Fr—Raie râpe; Sp—Raya aspera.
rough seal n. the ringed seal, Pusa hispida.
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1771 T. Pennant Synopsis Quadrupeds 341 Rough [Seal]... Perhaps what our Newfoundland Seal-hunters call Square Phipper.
1866 Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 585/1 The Rough..Seal (P. hispida) frequents quiet bays on the coasts of Greenland.
1970 Ornis Scandinavica 1 86/1 Of the formerly rich fauna of whales and seals, only the Rough Seal (Phoca hispida) is still common.
rough-tail n. (a) any of various fishes; (b) = rough-tailed snake n. at Compounds 5b(c).
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1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 234 Rough-taile [= the horse mackerel]..is a dry fish and engendreth thick juyce.
1854 C. D. Yonge tr. Athenæus Deipnosophists II. vii. 513 Another fish is the trachurus, or rough-tail. Diocles mentions this as a dry fish.
1854 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 13 27 The only specimen we have seen of this very large Rough-tail [sc. a snake] is one procured..from Kerinday near Matura.
1907 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) I. v. 269 One whole family of small snakes, the Rough Tails (Uropeltidae),..is confined to Southern India and Ceylon.
2002 Sport Fishing June 28/2 The current world-record roughtail [sc. a stingray] weighed 405 pounds.
2007 M. O'Shea Boas & Pythons World 71/2 Shieldtails, also known as rough-tails, thorntails or earthsnakes, are fossorial (burrowing) snakes.
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1831 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom IX. 10 Rough Terrapin. Emys Scabra, Lacep.
1886 Rep. Council Zool. Soc. 1885 48 Two West-Indian Agoutis, seven Crab-eating Opossums, two Rough Terrapins.
rough-wing n. (a) any of various small moths of the genera Acleris and Phtheochroa (family Tortricidae) which have a fringe of long scales on the edge of the wing (now rare); also rough-wing tortrix; (b) North American = rough-winged swallow n. at Compounds 5b(c).
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1819 G. Samouelle Entomologist's Compend. 408 Tortrix rugosana, the Rough-wing.
1876 Amer. Naturalist 10 494 The rough-wing often does build about bridges.
1907 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) No. 5. 176 Peronea variegana... ‘The Rough Wing Tortrix’.
1977 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 20 July 29/3 Some half-dozen rough-wings were playing about the grassy and bush-grown borders of the stream.
2005 Madame Bovary's Ovaries (2008) vii. 252 Rough-wing parents will even feed bank swallow babies; bank swallow parents reject any babies not their own.
(c) In animal names formed with parasynthetic adjectives.See also rough-backed adj., rough-footed adj., rough-legged adj., etc.
rough-billed pelican n. the American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, which breeds in North America.
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1785 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds III. ii. 586 Rough-billed Pelican.
1895 C. C. Abbott Birds About Us 200 The Rough-billed Pelican was also frequent on the Hudson and the Delaware.
1996 T. Scott tr. F. W. Stöcker & L. G. Dietrich Conc. Encycl. Biol. 899/1 P. erythrorhynchos (White or Rough-billed pelican) breeds from as far north as the Great Slave Lake to as far south as southern Texas.
rough-keeled snake n. now rare the common egg-eating snake, Dasypeltis scabra, of Africa.
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1897 Athenæum 30 Jan. 153/2 Photographs illustrating the manner in which the rough-keeled snake (Dasypeltis scabra) swallows an egg.
1907 Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow 7 304 Mr. James Eggleton exhibited two specimens of the Egg-eating Rough-keeled Snake (Dasypeltis scabra, L.), from South Africa.
rough-scaled lizard n. any of various lizards with rough or spiny scales; esp. (a) any of the lizards constituting the genus Ichnotropis (family Lacertidae), of African savannahs; (b) U.S. any of the spiny lizards of the American genus Sceloporus (family Phrynosomatidae).
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1711 J. Petiver Gazophylacii VI. Table LVIII Rough-scaled Cape Lizard.]
1883 List Vertebrated Animals Gardens Zool. Soc. (ed. 8) 583 Zonurus cordylus (Linn.). Rough-scaled Lizard. Hab. South Africa.
1921 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 3 iv. 62 Rough-scaled Lizard. Sceloporus magister. Occasional on the eastern slope of the mountains.
2007 B. Branch in B. Branch et al. Southern Afr. vii. 93 Over much of the northern savannahs, the Cape Rough-scaled Lizard and Common Rough-scaled Lizard live together.
rough-tailed snake n. any of the small burrowing snakes that constitute the South Asian family Uropeltidae.
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1874 P. H. Pye-Smith Catal. Prepar. Comp. Anat. Mus. Guy's Hosp. i. i. 92 Uropeltidæ... Rough-tailed Snake (Rhinophis melanogaster v. Blythii). Ceylon. The head is continuous with the neck, the tail very short and truncated.
1906 Spolia Zeylanica 3 220 A fine example of the large rough tailed snake—Uropeltis grandis—was picked up on the cart road.
2000 Competition Sci. Vision Mar. 92/1 Ocellate rough-tailed snake (Uropeltis ocellatus)—Distinguished by the obliquely truncated tail.
rough-tailed stickleback n. now chiefly historical a three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, of the marine ( trachurus) form.Formerly regarded as a distinct species, G. trachurus.
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1835 L. Jenyns Man. Brit. Vertebr. Animals 349 Var. α. G. trachurus... Rough-tailed Stickleback.
1871 C. Darwin Descent of Man (1890) ii. xii. 332 The rough-tailed stickleback (G. trachurus).
1933 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23 224 The skull..of the rough-tailed stickleback (Gasterosteus trachurus..) represents a primitive stage in this group.
1992 P. S. Maitland & R. N. Campbell Freshwater Fishes xix. 252 The marine-living race..is known as the trachurus form (formerly called..the Rough-tailed Stickleback).
rough-winged swallow n. either of the two swallows Stegidopteryx seripennis, of North and Central America, and S. ruficollis, of Central and South America, which both have serrated feathers on the wing.
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1838 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. IV. 595 In its general appearance..the Rough-winged Swallow is extremely similar to the Bank Swallow.
1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 114 Stelgidopteryx, Rough-winged Swallow.
1917 T. G. Pearson Birds Amer. III. 93/1 The Rough-winged Swallow is a much duller looking bird than the Bank Swallow.
1992 Harrowsmith Aug. 28/3 The plain brown backs of both the bank and northern rough-winged swallows are easy to overlook.
c. In the names of plants, typically ones with hairs, prickles, etc., on the foliage, stem, or other parts, or having very tough or fibrous leaves, stems, or fruits.
(a) Miscellaneous uses.
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eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lxv. 296 Bisceopwyrt, finul, ruwe wegbræde, haran sprecel.]
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Langue de bœuf,..Ox-tongue, rough or small Buglosse.
a1688 J. Wallace Acct. Orkney (1700) ii. 23 Gramen Asperum J. B. rough Grass.
1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 434 Cadlock, Rough,..wild mustard.
1872 G. A. Dean Culture, Managem., & Improvem. Landed Estates i. viii. 82 The rough cat's-tail (Phleum asperam [sic]), a worthless agricultural grass.
1877 E. Leigh Gloss. Words Dial. Cheshire Rough-nut, the sweet or Spanish chestnut.
1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) 121 Hound's-Tongue... The name was probably given to the Greek plant on account of the shape and soft surface o the leaf, and in contrast to the rough bugloss or ox-tongue.
1883 T. Lees Easther's Gloss. Dial. Almondbury & Huddersfield at Kex There are two sorts of kex—Shiny Kex, Angelica sylvestris; and Rough Kex, Heracleum spondylium.
1892 Souvenir of Clyde 179 Water hair-grass, Rough grass.
1921 Amer. Botanist 27 148 Stachys palustris..is known as ‘all-heal’, ‘clown's-heal’, ‘clown's woundwort’ and ‘marsh woundwort’. The name ‘rough-weed’ refers to the foliage.
(b) † rough gum Australian Obsolete the southern (or bastard) mahogany, Eucalyptus botryoides, which has rough, fissured bark.† rough parsnip n. Obsolete rare (a) cow parsnip, Heracleum sphondylium; (b) opopanax, Opopanax chironium. † rough robin n. Obsolete rare = ragged robin n. 1.
rough bindweed n. now rare any of various species of smilax (smilax n. 1) that have hooked stems.
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1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. cccii. 710 The common rough Bindweede hath many branches set full of little sharpe prickles, with certaine clasping tendrels.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvi. xxxv. 481 Like unto Ivie is that plant which they call Smilax, or rough Bindweed.
1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Rough Bindweed,..the Smilax aspera of Linnæus.
1919 National Geographic Mag. Feb. 169/2 ‘Bamboo’, ‘bread-and-butter’, ‘rough bindweed’,..and ‘Devil's hopvine’ are some of its synonyms [sc. of Smilax rotundifolia].
rough bristle-grass n. a bristle-grass, Setaria verticillata, native to warm temperate Europe and Asia but introduced or naturalized elsewhere, and having reflexed teeth on its bristles.
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1837 W. Baxter Brit. Phænogamous Bot. III. §211 Setaria Verticillata. Whorled Bristle-grass. Rough Bristle-grass... Bristles of the involucrum rough with reversed teeth.
1859 A. Pratt Brit. Grasses & Sedges 82 Rough Bristle-grass.
2004 C. Palmer in A. F. Harding Sobiejuchy vi. 70/2 The morphology of S. viridis (green bristle-grass) and S. verticillata (rough bristle-grass) caryopses is very similar.
rough-caps n. British regional (now rare) tufted hair grass, Deschampsia cespitosa, which has tiny prickles on its pedicels and panicle branches.
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1801 W. Withering Withering's Systematic Arrangem. Brit. Plants (rev. ed.) II. 136 [Turfy Hair-grass.] Called by the common people Hassocks, Rough Caps, Bulls Faces.
1859 A. Pratt Brit. Grasses & Sedges 73 Tufted Hair-grass..is also termed Rough-caps, from its long, narrow, rough, twisting leaves.
1895 J. Muir Agric., Pract. & Sci. xxvii. 277 Tussock grass (Aira cæspitosa), also called tufted hair grass, razor grass, hassocks, bulls-faces, rough-caps, and a number of other local names.
rough chervil n. any of several coarse umbelliferous plants; spec. the hairy-stemmed weed Chaerophyllum temulum.
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1778 W. Hudson Flora Anglica (rev. ed.) I. 125 Rough chervil.
1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. I. 74/1 Care must be taken not to confound this plant with Anthriscus vulgaris, the common Rough Chervil.
1995 E. Clarke Herb Garden Design 86/2 The pink-flowered rough chervil, Chaerophyllum hirsutum roseum..is not the same species as the true rough chervil, C. tentulum.
rough clover n. †(a) hare's-foot clover, Trifolium arvense, which has hairy leaves and stems (obsolete); (b) the clover T. scabrum, which is often somewhat downy.
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1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 26 Lagopus maye be called in Englishe Haris foot or rough clauer.
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Treffle bas, hares-foot, rough Clauer.
1865 G. Bentham Handbk. Brit. Flora I. 203 Rough Clover. Trifolium scabrum, Linn.
1885 Gentleman's Mag. July 47 The Rough Clover is another of these dwarf creepers.
1999 C. A. Stace Field Flora Brit. Isles 285 Rough Clover—T. scabrum L.
rough cock's-foot n. now rare (more fully rough cock's-foot grass) = cocksfoot n. 2.
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1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 23 Rough Cocks-foot grass. Panicle of several close spikes, on one side only.
1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 832 Rough Cock's-foot Grass..is a coarse, rough grass, but very hardy and productive.
1916 C. V. Piper Forage Plants 176 Orchard grass, in England commonly called cock's-foot or rough cock's foot, is a long-lived perennial grass forming dense circular tufts.
2006 CRC World Dict. Grasses I. 566/1 Akaroa, cock's foot, cocksfoot, orchard grass, rough cock's foot, duck grass.
rough fig n. Australian (now rare) (a) a shrubby tree of the tropical genus Trema, T. tomentosa (family Cannabaceae); (b) any of several species of fig (genus Ficus) having rough leaves sometimes used as sandpaper, esp. F. coronata.
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1884 A. Nilson Timber Trees New S. Wales 122 T[rema] aspera.—Elm, Rough Fig.—A moderately large tree, sometimes shrubby.
1889 J. H. Maiden Useful Native Plants Austral. 143 Trema aspera,..‘Rough Fig’... This shrub is firmly believed by some to be poisonous.
1893 Rep. Fourth Meeting Australasian Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 394 Fusarium dicipiens..and F. hypocreoideum..are both met with on the leaves of the common rough fig Ficus aspera in the Brisbane river scrubs.
1920 J. H. Maiden Weeds New S. Wales I. 8 The weak-stemmed shrub (Trema аsреrа), which goes under the name of ‘Elm,’ ‘Rough Fig’, and (only in Queensland apparently), ‘Peach-leaved Poisonbush’ has often been recorded as poisonous.
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1833 C. Sturt Two Exped. Southern Austral. I. iii. 118 The rough-gum abounded near the creek.
1865 W. Howitt Hist. Discov. Austral. I. xv. 236 There were groups of miserable natives here and there, and occasionally woods of rough-gum, casuarina, and angophora.
rough horsetail n. the horsetail Equisetum hyemale, native to Europe, Asia, and North America, the tough, silica-rich stems of which have been used for scouring and polishing.
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1762 W. Hudson Flora Anglica 381 Rough Horse-tail, or Shave-grass.
1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. iii. 705 Equisetum hyemale, Rough Horse-tail, which is largely imported from Holland under the name of Dutch Rushes.
1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 13/2 The rough horsetail or Dutch rush, E. hyemale, is the most strikingly rough species and, before the days of steel wool, was used for scouring pans.
rough lemon n. a kind of lemon tree, Citrus x jambhiri, often used as a rootstock for raising other citrus fruits; (also) the fruit of this tree, which has thick skin and relatively little juice compared to other varieties and so is rarely cultivated.The rough lemon is thought to be a hybrid between the lemon and the citron, but its exact taxonomic position is unresolved.
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1878 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily News 21 Apr. (Suppl.) The rough lemon is growing scarce, but the smooth one and the limes are always present like our poor.
1929 Plant Physiol. 4 113 A smooth bud union results when these standard varieties are grown on rough-lemon rootstock.
1986 J. A. Samson Trop. Fruits (ed. 2) v. 100 Fruit grown on rough lemon stock is often coarse and has a rather low sugar and acid content.
2006 A. Green Starting with Ingredients 534/2 The Rough Lemon, which is perhaps a lemon-citron hybrid, is believed to have originated in northern India, where it grows wild.
rough oak n. North American (now rare) the post oak Quercus stellata of North America, which has hard close-grained durable wood.
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1841 H. Colman 4th Rep. Agric. Mass. (Mass. Agric. Surv.) 504 In some parts of Massachusetts we have the post oak, which is called, in Martha's Vineyard, the rough oak.
1878 Illustr. Ann. Reg. Rural Affairs 64 Post Oak, (Q. obtusiloba,) known also as Rough or Box White oak, is a small tree, growing mostly on dry and poor soils.
1984 R. A. Vines Trees of Central Texas 60 The species name, stellata, refers to the stellate hairs of the leaves and petioles. Vernacular names are..Branch Oak, Rough Oak, and Box Oak.
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the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Umbelliferae (umbellifers) > [noun] > cow-parsnip
masterwort1523
cow-parsnip1548
rough parsnip1548
meadow parsnip1562
madnep1597
heracleum1776
1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. G.v Sphondilium..may be called in englishe Cowpersnepe or rough Persnepe.
1810 R. J. Thornton New Family Herbal 300 (heading) Rough Parsnip. Opoponax. Pastinaca Opopanax.
1888 E. M. Howard List Veg. Substances used in Med. 19 Opopanax Chironium. (Rough Parsnip).
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1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) i. i. 77 (table) Rough Robin.
1886 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names 408 Rough Robin, Lychnis Flos-cuculi.
rough spleenwort n. now rare the hard fern, Blechnum spicant (family Blechnaceae), of northern Europe and parts of North America, having hard leathery fronds; (formerly also) †any of several other ferns, as the hart's tongue fern, Asplenium scolopendrium (obsolete).
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the world > plants > particular plants > ferns > [noun] > names applied to various ferns
oak ferna1400
osmund?a1425
polytrich1526
rough spleenwort1597
parsley fern1777
sword-fern1829
bird's nest fern1831
resurrection fern1870
1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 978 Lonchitis aspera. Rough Spleenewoort.
1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. xlii. 262 Scolopendrium, or rough spleene-woort, called also harts-toong.
1777 E. Jacob Plantæ Favershamienses 61 Osmunda Spicant, Rough Spleenwort.
1831 M. Roberts Ann. My Village 212 Among ferns, the following are deserving of attention:—Blecknum [sic] Spicant, (rough spleenwort).—In the recesses of the thicket, in the vale of Dudcombe.
1889 C. Dick in C. Peters Girl's Own Outdoor Bk. x. 323 This fern is not unlike the scaly spleenwort in appearance, indeed, it has been called by some writers the rough spleenwort.
1956 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 46 124 Blechnum (his Osmunda) spicant is called ‘rough spleenwort’.
rough trefoil n. †(a) hare's-foot clover; = rough clover n. (a) (obsolete); (b) = rough clover n. (b).
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1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. D.vijv It maye be named in englishe rough Trifoly or harefote.
1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 209 [Trifolium] scabrum. Oval-headed, or rough Trefoil.
1864 M. Plues Rambles in Search of Wild Flowers (ed. 2) 86 The Rough Trefoil (T. scabrum) is from Polperro, on the same coast.
1981 A. R. Clapham et al. Excursion Flora Brit. Isles (ed. 3) 130 Rough Trefoil. Erect or decumbent.
(c) In plant names formed with parasynthetic adjectives.† rough-fruited spurge n. Obsolete a spurge having a seed capsule with a tuberculate surface; perhaps Euphorbia brittengeri.
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1696 J. Ray Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Brit. (ed. 2) 183 Tithymalus verrucosus... Rough-fruited Spurge.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Tithymalus The wart-Spurge, or rough-fruited Spurge.
1829 S. Glover Hist. County of Derby I. iii. 115 Common verrucosa, rough-fruited spurge, meadows and pastures, August.
rough-headed poppy n. now rare a poppy having a bristly seed capsule; esp. (more fully long rough-headed poppy) Papaver argemone.
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1660 J. Ray Catalogus Plantarum Cantabrigiam Index Plantarum 19 Long rough-headed Bastard-Poppy.]
1756 J. Hill Brit. Herbal v. 143/1 Round rough-headed Poppy. Papaver capitulo rotundo hispido.
1756 J. Hill Brit. Herbal v. 143/2 Long rough-headed Poppy. Papaver capitulo hispido longiore.
1980 F. Bowes MacOrvan Curse iii. 39 Occasionally she caught the breathtaking sight of brilliant rough-headed poppies in the corn.
2001 R. Feasey Life Cycles 9 Which is the rarest [poppy]?.. The long rough-headed poppy probably because it makes the fewest seeds per flower.
rough-stalked meadow grass n. a very common meadow grass, Poa trivialis, native to Europe and Asia and introduced elsewhere, which has rough-surfaced leaf sheaths and pointed ligules.
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1777 W. Curtis Flora Londinensis I. 2 Poa Trivialis. Rough-Stalked Meadow Grass.
1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 826 The Common or Rough-stalked Meadow Grass.
1996 E. A. Clark & R. P. Poincelot Contrib. Managed Grasslands v. 66 Species which were tried but failed to persist included perennial ryegrass and rough-stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† roughv.1
Obsolete.
intransitive. To cough; to hawk, clear the throat.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > respiratory spasms > have respiratory spasm [verb (intransitive)] > cough > to clear throat
reacheOE
roughOE
yeska1522
retch1534
hawk1582
hough1600
scraw1656
clear1881
hoick1926
OE Glosses to Homilies of Ælfric (Hatton 113) in Medium Ævum (1932) 1 208 Hriþode [and egeslice hweos and angsumlice siccetunge teah] : hrohode.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 1935 (MED) Wiþ his scholder he gan roue and bad gode, for Godes loue.
?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 171 (MED) I riuele, i roxle, i rake, i rouwe, I clyng, i cluche, i croke, i couwe.
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 249 Hostyn, or rowhyn [Phillipps rowwhyn; Winch. rewyn], or cowghyn, tussio, tussito.
1496 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (de Worde) iv. iv. sig. i.viiiv/1 He cought & roughed so, that his sone..myght haue no reste by hym in the chambre.
a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. D.vv Let hym cough, rough, or sneuyll.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 728/2 It is a foule thyng at a sermonde to here people spytte and retche or rough as they do.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
roughv.2
/rʌf/, U.S. /rəf/ 1. † a. transitive. To raise a nap on (cloth); = row v.5 Obsolete.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > treat or process textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > put nap on
raise1482
rough1484
row1487
cotton1488
moze1505
frieze1509
teasel1603
nap1608
tease1755
card1766
frizz1806
1484 Rolls of Parl.: Richard III (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1484 §26. m. 18 Tayntours..for evenynge of cloth onely after it commeth from the mille and before it be roughed [Anglo-Norman roughez].
1661 W. Petty in T. Birch Hist. Royal Soc. (1756) I. 63 Having taken it out of the tenters, they rough it, that is, raise the wool of it.
b. transitive. To make rough, roughen; (also) to ruffle (hair, feathers, etc.).
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the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (transitive)] > make rough
engrail1576
roughen1582
unplain1611
unsmooth1626
asperate1656
granulate1692
to rough upa1722
rough1728
ruffle1731
jar18..
crizzle1821
bristle1872
grain1888
1728 J. Woodward Catal. Addit. Eng. Native Fossils 102 Fragments of hard Strata..rough'd on their Surfaces by the Motion of the Water.
1807 Monthly Mag. Nov. 371/2 This precaution [sc. leaving the glass unpolished] is unnecessary in ship's decks, as the traffic on them in a short time grinds or roughs the upper surface.
1830 S. Morgan France in 1829–30 I. 200 The romanticist retired, roughing his wild locks and panting like a hero of tragedy.
1845 E. B. Browning Drama of Exile 269 Thine eagle, blind and old, Roughs his feathers in the cold.
1875 R. Browning Aristophanes' Apol. 114 Go ask my rivals..how they roughed my fleece.
1887 Daily News 29 Sept. 3/1 The salt water caused it to blister and roughed her bottom.
1915 Rudder Sept. 417/2 There was a fresh wind from the North which roughed the surface of the water.
1956 A. O. Shepard Ceramics for Archaeologist ii. 64 The sections..must be left until the paste is sufficiently firm to maintain its shape, which will necessitate wetting or roughing the edge to obtain a good weld when they are joined.
1988 Artist's & Illustrator's Mag. Feb. 49/1 In mezzotint the plate is ‘roughed’ with an instrument called a rocker,..so that only the rough areas retain ink.
1996 Denver Post 13 Apr. e2/1 The slightly scratched surface achieved by roughing the paint with..sandpaper.
c. transitive. To equip (a horse) with roughened shoes for traction in icy conditions; to fit (a horseshoe) with projecting nails for this purpose. Cf. roughen v. 4. Now rare.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > shoe [verb (transitive)] > put in frost-nails
frost1572
frost-nail1594
calk1624
rough1792
sharp1841
roughen1864
sharpen1897
1792 F. Asbury Jrnl. 24 Jan. (1821) II. 120 We had our horses roughed, which detained us an hour or two after the appointed time.
1831 Mechanics' Mag. 8 Oct. 31/2 Unless he can show that the horses' shoes were roughed, it can reflect no blame whatever on the new street-paving.
1879 Times 13 Jan. 8/2 Much has been written..about shoeing and roughing horses to enable them to travel on snow and frosty roads.
1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 152 The ordinary remedy was to ‘rough’ your horse; that is, to turn up the heels of the shoes, and fasten them with great-headed nails.
1916 Atlantic Reporter 97 232/1 Tracks made by a horse with a large foot and wearing a shoe roughed in the center and on the ends.
1960 G. E. Evans Horse in Furrow xv. 196 None o' the farmers had thought about having their horses roughed.
1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 280/1 Rough,..shoe (a horse) with frost-nails (pieces of iron inserted in a horseshoe to give extra traction).
d. transitive. Australian and New Zealand. To shear (a sheep) badly. Now rare.
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the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > sheep-shearing > shear sheep [verb (transitive)] > manner, technique, or part
beard1429
belt?1523
feazea1642
shirl1688
dag1706
tag1707
clat1838
tomahawk1859
rough1878
to open up1886
pink1897
crutch1915
barrow1933
slum1965
1878 ‘Ironbark’ Southerly Busters 180 I allus roughs 'em when the boss Ain't on the shearin' floor.
1897 D. McK. Wright Station Ballads & Other Verses 37 But he wouldn't shear at Maimai, started in to rough them through.
1946 Bulletin (Sydney) 11 Dec. 21/1 ‘You'll be on shed-hand rates,’ said the overseer. ‘So don't go for tallies; take your time and don't rough 'em.’
1956 G. Bowen Wool Away! (ed. 2) 156 Rough 'em, the opposite to ‘pink 'em’, and meaning rough shearing and a bad job of the sheep.
2. † a. transitive. To offend, grate upon (the ear). Obsolete. rare.
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the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > make unpleasant [verb (transitive)] > wound (the ears)
rough1626
wound1670
1626 H. Sydenham Moses & Aaron 3 Those eares which haue beene sleekt hitherto with the supple dialect of the Court..will not bee roug'ht [sic] now with the course phrase of a reproofe.
b. transitive. To use rough language to (a person).
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the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > upset or perturb [verb (transitive)]
to-wendc893
mingeOE
dreveOE
angerc1175
sturb?c1225
worec1225
troublec1230
sturble1303
disturbc1305
movea1325
disturblec1330
drubblea1340
drovec1350
distroublec1369
tempestc1374
outsturba1382
unresta1382
stroublec1384
unquietc1384
conturb1393
mismaya1400
unquemea1400
uneasec1400
discomfita1425
smite?a1425
perturbc1425
pertrouble?1435
inquiet1486
toss1526
alter1529
disquiet1530
turmoil1530
perturbate1533
broil1548
mis-set?1553
shake1567
parbruilyiec1586
agitate1587
roil1590
transpose1594
discompose1603
harrow1609
hurry1611
obturb1623
shog1636
untune1638
alarm1649
disorder1655
begruntlea1670
pother1692
disconcert1695
ruffle1701
tempestuate1702
rough1777
caddle1781
to put out1796
upset1805
discomfort1806
start1821
faze1830
bother1832
to put aback1833
to put about1843
raft1844
queer1845
rattle1865
to turn over1865
untranquillize1874
hack1881
rock1881
to shake up1884
to put off1909
to go (also pass) through a phase1913
to weird out1970
1777 H. L. Thrale Jrnl. Sept.–Nov. in K. C. Balderston Thraliana (1942) i. 167 If..any one..had bestowed more Praise on a Person or Thing than he thought they deserved he would instantly rough them.
1861 T. Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. iii. 45 [He] lost no chance of roughing him in his replies.
1883 Cent. Mag. Sept. 737 I didn't mean to rough you when I said that. I don't want to hurt your feelings.
1909 W. M. Raine Ridgway of Montana vii. 108 His strength gave out, and that was when I roughed him. I tried to bullyrag him into keeping on.
1996 E. Lovelace Salt vi. 100 Don't rough me, you know. I don't like people to rough me.
c. transitive. To deal roughly with, treat harshly or aggressively; to manhandle; = to rough up 5 at Phrasal verbs 5.
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the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > treat violently [verb (transitive)] > treat violently or roughly
to lay hands (or hand) on or upon (also in, to)OE
ransacka1400
attamec1430
ruffle1489
tug1493
to shear against the wool1546
rumble1570
finger1572
to pull about1679
misguggle1814
rowdy1825
to jerk around1833
scrag1835
rough1845
hooligan1898
roughhouse1898
savage1899
to rough up1915
to treat 'em rough1918
1845 W. G. Simms Wigwam & Cabin 1st Ser. 58 She [sc. a bear] roughed me once or twice more with her paws.
1868 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Oct. 4 This year a band of these Hungarians..were considerably roughed and mishandled.
1869 T. B. Aldrich Story Bad Boy xvi. 191 How tenderly the years touched him after this!—all the more tenderly..for having roughed him so cruelly in other days.
1904 Baltimore Amer. 1 Aug. 2 (heading) Badman roughs a train, but is shot in the hand by a plucky trainman.
1928 Daily Mail 25 July 12/4 Tunney knows he will be roughed and bustled around for the first few rounds.
1957 D. Niland Call me when Cross turns Over vi. 153 They grabbed Shelton and roughed him outside into the rising wind.
1978 N.Y. Times 29 Mar. b 6/5 The Mets..roughed Pete Falcone with a pair of runs apiece in the fourth, fifth and sixth innings.
2004 D. Nevin Meriwether xvii. 152 Baptiste..says they roughed him and his two partners pretty fierce.
d. transitive. American Football. To knock down or run into (an opposing player), when considered as a foul. Cf. Phrases 4.
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society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > play American football [verb (transitive)] > actions to players
tackle1884
nail1888
block1889
quarterback1892
rough1904
rush1913
to fake out1931
straight-arm1934
submarine1941
red-dog1950
clothesline1959
spear1964
sack1969
1904 Amer. Almanac 614/2 This rule gives the forwards of an opposing team no excuse for roughing the man who kicks the ball.
1929 Atlanta Constit. 2 Oct. 21/7 There was a stiff penalty for roughing the passer or kicker.
1969 Chicago Tribune 4 Nov. (Sports section) 3/1 There are only two ways the Bears can louse this one up. One is to rough the kicker, but they've already used that one in this game.
2003 S. Townsend Tales 1978–9 Alabama Football ix. 52 David Lamie had three passes intercepted, had four more passes fall helplessly to the turf, fumbled twice and was roughed by the defense twice.
3. † b. transitive. To clean (grain) roughly. Obsolete.
a. transitive. To work or shape into a rough preliminary form. Cf. rough-hew v. 1.
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the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > shape roughly
roughcast1586
rough1770
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > fashion, shape, or form > roughly
roughcast1586
to rough out1738
rough1770
the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > prepare in preliminary manner
model1683
rough1770
the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (reflexive)] > make rough
rough1850
1770 C. Carroll Let. 20 Apr. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1917) 12 351 The stone cutters wish to have a draft of the Bases & Capitalls, they could rough the stones to that draft, & save a great deal of carriage.
1815 W. Scoresby in Mem. Wernerian Soc. (1818) II. ii. 270 In the formation of these lenses, I roughed them with a small axe.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 596 The piece of glass is now roughed into a circular form.
1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1034 The alabaster is roughed, or roughly ground on what the lapidary terms a roughing or lead mill.
1887 E. L. Wilson Quarter Cent. Photogr. v. 35 In the grinding of a lens, the first operation consists in ‘roughing’ it, or bringing it approximately to the curvature it is ultimately to assume.
1937 Times 13 Apr. (British Motor Suppl.) p. xii/2 The Gleason completing machine for producing differential pinions, roughed and finished at a speed of 65 seconds each.
1991 M. Krimmel in Lathes & Turning Techniques 46/2 Once the outside is roughed to shape, use thin..[glue] on anything that even looks like a fracture in the stone.
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the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > clean grain
dress1552
spelt1570
falter1601
geld1601
evaginate1661
third1683
rough1799
1799 M. Culley Let. 23 Nov. in M. Culley & G. Culley Farming Lett. (2006) 39 Perhaps hay and straw should be sometimes cut together. Your corn will be generally ruffed by the mill.
1851 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 12 ii. 412 He..‘chaffs’ or ‘roughs’ the corn once over with a roughing-machine.
c. transitive. To heckle (flax) roughly. See also ruff v.5 2. Now historical.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > treating or processing flax, hemp, or jute > treat or process flax, hemp, or jute [verb (transitive)] > heckle
hatchela1325
hecklea1325
hack1577
hackle1599
carminate1604
tow1615
rough1817
ruff1853
strick1894
1817 Proc. Trustees Linen & Hempen Manuf. Irel. App., 12 A quantity of it [sc. the flax] is then..given to the strickers, who immediately draw it for rescutching: while this is doing, the Flax, before roughed, is finished out.
1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 665/1 In the case of heckling by machinery, the flax is first roughed and arranged in stricks, as above described under hand heckling.
1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 31 May 1341 The process of roughing, sorting, and hackling the flax.
1917 H. Kinne & A. M. Cooley Shelter & Clothing ii. ix. 134 (caption) Roughing flax.
1997 M. Cohen Warp of Ulster's Past Introd. 14 The flax was first ‘roughed’, during which quarter-pound handfuls, or ‘pieces’, of flax were rough combed and divided by male roughers into three lengths.
d. transitive. To subject (a vessel, apparatus, etc.) to a partial or preliminary evacuation; to supplement (a vacuum system, pump, etc.) with a preliminary means of evacuation. Usually with down or out.
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the world > matter > gas > air > [verb (transitive)] > produce a vacuum in > partial
rough1971
1907 [implied in: U.S. Patent 866,751 1/1 It is desirable that the bulk of the atmosphere be removed by a primary or roughing pump. (at roughing pump n. at roughing n. Compounds 2)].
1952 Vacuum 2 37/2 Pumping was resumed for a further 15 minutes, the chamber being roughed down through the hot pump.
1971 Physics Bull. July 423/2 A large ion pump and liquid N2 cooled titanium sublimation pump combination, ‘roughed’ by two high capacity sorption pumps.
1984 Internat. Jrnl. Mass Spectrometry 60 283 The vacuum system incorporates a rotary pump..and isolation valve which are used to rough down the ion pump if vacuum is lost.
2003 D. J. Hucknall & A. Morris Vacuum Technol. iii. 80 After closing valve 4, valve 5 is opened and the system is roughed out.
4.
a. transitive. To break in (a horse). Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [verb (transitive)] > break a horse
break1474
dressc1540
back1594
gentle1651
rough1802
bust1885
1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.
1945 F. Cork Tales from Cattle Country 37 Some riders prefer to ‘rough’ a horse. This consists in blindfolding, saddling, and ‘riding the buck’.
b. transitive. To expose (an animal) to cold weather and rough or scanty feed; to put out to pasture. Also with off.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > winter in or out
winter1440
rough1858
out-winter1930
in-winter1961
1858 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 19 i. 147 The idea..that ‘roughing’ calves (which means exposing them to cold and hunger) makes them hardy.
1898 Ann. Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. for 1897 318 Sheep direct from the range should be roughed sixty to ninety days on a light grain ration.
1908 28th Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1907–08 52 Much attention should be given to feeding and care of colts the first two winters... I consider it poor policy ever to rough them; they should be generously fed at all times.
1917 J. H. Gehrs Productive Agric. iii. 67 Oat straw is a splendid feed for cattle, horses, and sheep that are simply roughed through the winter.
1920 W. M. Harper in H. Findlay Handbk. Pract. Farmers xiv. 271 It is more economical..that the idle horse be..roughed through the winter, rather than confined too closely in a barn.
1955 Horse & Hound 1 Jan. 13/2 Roughed off and taking life quietly.
2000 B. Faurie Horse-riding & Care Handbk. vii. 134/2 Before the horse is fully ‘roughed off’, its shoes..should be removed.
5. intransitive. To become rough or stormy. Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > have or be in specific kind of motion [verb (intransitive)] > become rough
arisec950
rough1876
1876 R. F. Burton Two Trips Gorilla Land I. 21 The cruel crawling sea began to rough, purr, and tumble.
1902 Fur Trade Rev. Jan. 44/2 The following morning, before the waters of the bay roughed up, [etc.].
1921 E. B. Searcy Looking Back xiii. 154 The Atlantic had roughed up a bit.
1979 E. P. Hoyt Men of Gambier Bay xiv. 93 On June 6, the weather roughed up.
2008 J. F. Geniesse Amer. Priestess vi. 58 By 4:00 am, as dawn broke and the sea roughed, the crews reported no more cries were heard.
Phrases
P1. transitive. to rough it: to face or submit to hardships, rough or basic accommodation, etc.; to do without ordinary conveniences or luxuries; to live in a rough way.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > adversity > be in adversity [verb (intransitive)] > endure hardships
to rough it1768
to feel the pinch1861
1768 J. Byron Narr. Patagonia 205 We were obliged to ruff it the whole passage.
1796 G. Washington Writings (1892) XIII. 341 Never having been accustomed to shift or rough it.
1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 20 Nov. (1939) 280 The..expense of travelling..has mounted high. I am too old to rough it.
1879 ‘G. Eliot’ Theophrastus Such ii. 37 Roughing it with them under difficulties.
1900 W. Cather Eric Hermannson's Soul in S. O'Brien Willa Cather Stories (1987) 97 It was still customary for moneyed gentlemen to send their scapegrace sons to rough it on ranches in the wilds of Nebraska or Dakota.
1959 M. Renault Charioteer vii. 164 He was keen on adventure, and roughing it, and all that.
2002 Rough Guide Caribbean vi. 344 The stunning Barahona coastline is..perfect for independent travellers willing to rough it a bit.
P2. transitive. to rough it out: to endure rough or difficult conditions. See out adv. 7b.
ΚΠ
c1771 M. Suckling Let. in R. Southey Life Nelson (1813) I. i. 5 What..has poor Horatio done,..that he..should be sent to rough it out at sea?
1805 Naval Chron. 13 12 There we took up our nightly abode, and a rare cold one it was... When the last night of our roughing it out arrived, [etc.].
1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple III. xviii. 249 I determined, to use a nautical expression, to rough it out.
1848 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 747/2 He's in my watch, and the captain wants him to rough it out; so show him the ropes, and let him taste an end now an' then.
1886 C. King Marion's Faith vi. 95 We're going to have no end of a good time here this summer..while you're roughing it out on the Big Horn.
1909 Everybody's Mag. Nov. 602/2 She is a Bradford School girl and a Smith College girl... Can I ask a girl trained to that sort of thing to rough it out here with me?
1953 Billboard 11 July 57/4 If times are bad, they can rough it out longer.
2005 T. Dorsey Torpedo Juice 48 A remote island not yet touched by public utilities, where modern homesteaders rough it out with cisterns, solar panels and generators.
P3. transitive. to rough it up: to behave boisterously, aggressively, or violently.
ΚΠ
1897 Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times 8 Dec. 6/1 They roughed it up for forty minutes in the most approved football style.
1904 W. J. Pinkerton His Personal Rec. ix. 114 I started..to look about for some weapon in the shape of tent-pole or shovel, my intention being to rough it up with them a bit.
1967 Times 2 Apr. 7/6 The Government had shown patience and every desire not to ‘rough it up’ with Spain.
2004 M. L. Garcia Salsa on Bagel xiv. 115 I really loved to soak in the sun and sit on the playground benches while the sports-craniums roughed it up in the yard.
P4. American Football.
a. roughing the kicker: a foul in which the kicker is intentionally knocked down or flagrantly hit by a defensive player who has not first touched the ball; roughing the punter: the action of committing this foul on a punter (not the official term for the penalty).
ΚΠ
1913 Boston Globe 30 Nov. 17/3 (headline) Roughing the kicker... Stagg would have rule so amended that it need not be so severely enforced... Under the present ruling a player who merely bumps the kicker..should be put out of the game.
1938 Sun (Baltimore) 27 Oct. 12/6 Brooks, of Yale, broke through and rushed the kicker... Being unable to stop himself in midair, he naturally crashed into the kicker, and Michigan was given the ball for roughing the punter.
1961 J. S. Salak Dict. Amer. Sports 371 Roughing the kicker (football), making unnecessary bodily contact with the punter, which is illegal.
1973 Houston Chron. 14 Oct. (Suppl.) 5/1 One team's kicker had not punted the entire evening. He had, however, drawn eight roughing-the-kicker penalties.
1976 Webster's Sports Dict. 357/1 Roughing the kicker (football), a personal foul that results when a defensive player runs into or knocks down the kicker on a scrimmage kick without first touching or deflecting the ball... When it is called, the penalty is 15 yards from the previous spot.
1994 Independent (Nexis) 1 Feb. 35 The Bills also rode their luck. A fourth-down, roughing-the-kicker penalty kept alive a drive which culminated in Thomas's four-yard TD run.
b. roughing the passer: a foul in which a passer is tackled or flagrantly hit by a defensive player after a forward pass has been thrown.
ΚΠ
1920 N.Y. Tribune 2 Mar. 16/7 ‘Roughing the kicker’ draws a penalty under the present rules of fifteen yards, and the same is asked to be provided for ‘roughing the passer’.
1961 J. S. Salak Dict. Amer. Sports 371 Roughing the passer (football), unnecessary roughness to a player who has thrown a forward pass. A penalty is involved for this infraction.
a1991 D. M. Nelson Anat. Game (1994) xi. 220 In later years, roughing the passer would constitute an automatic first down.
Phrasal verbs
PV1. to rough down
1. transitive. To work (iron) into rods. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > machine
turn?c1335
mill1677
to rough down1829
broach1846
spin1853
plane1875
straddle mill1898
profile1905
jig-bore1939
spark-erode1960
1829 London Encycl. XII. 194 A set of rollers, moved by a thirty horse power engine, will rough down in a week 200 tons of such iron.
1874 J. A. Phillips Elem. Metall. 299 Two pairs of rolls..constitute a puddling train, one pair being used for roughing down the bloom, and the other for finishing it into a bar.
1922 F. H. Colvin & F. A. Stanley Machine Tools & their Operation II. vii. 267 The rollers were first roughed down with the automatic feed to within 0.0015 to 0.0025 inch of finished size.
2. transitive. To give (wood) a rough, preliminary planing. Cf. roughing n. 1b.
ΚΠ
1831 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 8 New Ser. 161 On the face of the cast iron wheel are fixed four plane irons. Two of them single for roughing down the work, [etc.].
1887 C. M. Woodward Man. Training School ii. 56 If the piece has a cross grain or knots, the cut must be very thin... As soon as the piece is well roughed down, stop the lathe.
1960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 543/1 Flat or uniformly contoured surfaces of wood are roughed down, smoothed, or made level by the shaving and cutting action of a wide-edged blade or blades.
1986 Pract. Householder July 44/2 You can rough down just a small section..at a time, by ‘nibbling’ away at the waste wood.
2005 H. Bowen Woodturning Jewellery iv. 25 With the lathe running, rough down the scrap wood to a cylinder, then true up the end face.
PV2. to rough in
transitive. To fill or work in roughly; to plan or sketch in roughly.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > draw [verb (transitive)] > roughly or rapidly
to shade out1591
to score out1615
to strike out1678
scribble1692
sketch1725
sketch1786
to rough in1826
cartoon1887
1826 J. Gwilt Rudim. Archit. v. 226 It [sc. the second coat] is the floating, when the plaster is roughed in, floated and set for paper.
1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iv. 649 The masses are roughed in from the objects themselves; and the principal mass..on the left side is..very carefully drawn by itself, being..corrected until the eye is satisfied of the truth of its general form.
1864 R. D. Blackmore Clara Vaughan I. ii. iii. 174 I had just roughed in my outline.
1891 R. Kipling Light that Failed viii. 152 I must rough 'em in with the pencil.
1921 Photo-miniature Mar. 26 Having roughed-in the portrait generally,..the face (and hands, if these are shown) are given a wash of flesh tint or light yellow red.
1942 Pop. Mech. Oct. 109/1 Many houses have the plumbing roughed in for an upstairs bathroom when the house is built.
1994 Midwest Home & Design Summer 16/2 Look at what you can build into the home by roughing it in... In a basement, you can rough in bedrooms, recreation rooms, or bathrooms and add them later.
PV3. to rough off
transitive. To trim or work off in a rough fashion.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > build or construct with wood [verb (transitive)] > trim, smooth, or plane
try1593
shoot?1677
traverse1678
trim1679
stick1703
dub1711
adze1744
to rough off1748
strike1842
jack-plane1861
1748 tr. N. A. Pluche Spectacle de la Nature VII. xvii. 61 These Glasses..successively pass through the Work-houses, where they are first roughed off, and then rendered perfectly smooth.
1788 G. Keate Acct. Pelew Islands ix. 96 Timber..which being cut down at the back of the island and roughed off, they could easily manage to bring round.
1806 Repertory Arts, Manuf., & Agric. Feb. 201 Fig. 3 represents the tool which is first used for roughing off the angles of the work.
1887 C. M. Woodward Man. Training School ii. 55 In roughing-off corners, cut lengths of about a half inch at a time.
1908 Horseless Age 3 June 645/3 The first step is to face off the dust collar. This is roughed off quickly, and then a light finish cut taken.
1958 Billboard 15 Dec. 68/3 Cheaper diamond needles tend to have inferior finishes. Their tips are roughed off instead of polished in an effort at manufacturing economy.
1998 A. Bridgewater & G. Bridgewater How to use & care for Woodworking Tools v. 126 Start by working around the raised design, roughing off the sharp edges.
PV4. to rough out † 3. intransitive. = to rough it out at Phrases 2. Obsolete.
1. transitive. To shape or cut out roughly; to plan or sketch out roughly.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)]
forethinkc897
bethinka1225
compass1297
contrivec1330
ordain1340
conjectc1380
imaginec1380
cast1382
ordaina1387
advisec1400
forecast1413
imagec1450
ordainc1450
project1477
foreminda1535
invent1539
aimc1540
practise1550
plat1556
trive1573
meditate1582
patterna1586
plot1589
platform1592
design1594
chew1600
forelay1605
to map out1618
to cut out1619
agitate1629
laya1631
plod1631
cut1645
calculate1654
concert1702
to scheme out1716
plan1718
model1725
to rough out1738
to lay out1741
plan1755
prethink1760
shape1823
programme1834
pre-plan1847
encompass1882
target1948
the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > fashion, shape, or form > roughly
roughcast1586
to rough out1738
rough1770
the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] > roughly
block1584
to rough out1738
1738 J. F. Fritsch tr. G. de Lairesse Art of Painting x. ii. 519 The Figure being now roughed out with the proper Tools, or rather with the Fingers.
1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse iii. ii. 84 The two new steps..and all the dovetails were roughed out.
1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions I. 232 In the formation of these lenses, I roughed them out with a small axe.
1843 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. I. 168 The stone is first roughed out with a point and mallet.
1921 Pop. Mech. June 936/2 A boring bar with a single cutter roughed out the holes, and then a reamer was used to size them.
1955 Times 4 Aug. 7/6 The first act has been already roughed out.
2004 K. Hedgpeth & S. Missal Exploring Drawing for Animation ix. 224 The animators rough it all out and get the in-betweeners to finish the rough animation.
2. transitive. To dig out in a rough manner.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (transitive)] > dig (hole, etc.) > dig up (object)
upgravea1340
digc1350
to dig upc1400
to dig outa1425
unearthc1450
holk1554
moil1581
sprittle1585
effodicate1599
moot1610
effode1657
to cast up1660
to rough out1834
exter1835
excavate1848
crow1853
stub1927
1834 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 25 200 The specimens of compact lava..are now in their rude state, as taken from the quarry,..where they were roughed out and afterwards taken down.
1887 Daily News 8 Feb. 6/3 Miners rough out the clay in the first place with pick and shovel.
1973 E. E. Evans Personality Irel. (2005) ii. 40 Most of them [sc. cultivation ridges] were fashioned by spade and shovel, but some were roughed out with the plough, and others were made with the mattock.
ΚΠ
1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 41 I might..have roughed out a year or so.
PV5. to rough up
1. transitive. To turn, pull, scrape, or rub up so as to make rough. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (transitive)] > make rough
engrail1576
roughen1582
unplain1611
unsmooth1626
asperate1656
granulate1692
to rough upa1722
rough1728
ruffle1731
jar18..
crizzle1821
bristle1872
grain1888
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 199 The wheat..felt a little rough in the hand, because, not having been stirred for six years, the little hairs that are at the extremity of the grain, and the particles of the bran, were roughed up.
1835 Lady Morgan Princess I. ii. 82 ‘The letter, sir?’ said Larry, roughing up his hair and winking his eyes.
1841 J. Cobb Green Hand's First Cruise I. xii. 194 With the exception of the two cases [of whipping] above noticed, the skin was rather roughed up, than cut into, by the ends of the lashes.
1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1121 The face of the polisher is roughed up, or thoroughly scraped with an old razor blade or knife.
1879 R. Jefferies Wild Life 124 If the hurricane roughs up the straw on all the ricks in the parish.
1916 M. A. Hall & G. W. Cravens Automobile Driving & Repairs i. 60 Taking the clutch out, cleaning the surface with kerosene and gasoline, and then roughing up the surface with a file or other similar tool.
1973 Pop. Sci. Dec. 114/1 The object is to rough up the surface of the glass in selected spots.
2005 K. Wetherbee Attracting Birds to Backyard vii. 114 If the surface of your birdbath is smooth, you can rough it up with sandpaper before filling it with water.
2. transitive. To upset, irritate, ruffle. Cf. roughen v. 1b. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)]
gremec893
grillc897
teenOE
mispay?c1225
agrillec1275
oftenec1275
tarya1300
tarc1300
atenec1320
enchafec1374
to-tarc1384
stingc1386
chafe?a1400
pokec1400
irec1420
ertc1440
rehete1447
nettlec1450
bog1546
tickle1548
touch1581
urge1593
aggravate1598
irritate1598
dishumour1600
to wind up1602
to pick at ——1603
outhumour1607
vex1625
bloody1633
efferate1653
rankle1659
spleen1689
splenetize1700
rile1724
roil1742
to put out1796
to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823
roughen1837
acerbate1845
to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846
nag1849
to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859
frump1862
rattle1865
to set up any one's bristles1873
urticate1873
needle1874
draw1876
to rough up1877
to stick pins into1879
to get on ——1880
to make (someone) tiredc1883
razoo1890
to get under a person's skin1896
to get a person's goat1905
to be on at1907
to get a person's nanny1909
cag1919
to get a person's nanny-goat1928
cagmag1932
peeve1934
tick-off1934
to get on a person's tits1945
to piss off1946
bug1947
to get up a person's nose1951
tee1955
bum1970
tick1975
1877 Scribner's Monthly Sept. 675/1 May be he felt kinder roughed up about her.
1879 E. James Lives & Battles Champions of Eng. 48 He was..the most patient of men in training. He would get roughed up a little for three weeks, and then seven or eight weeks more sufficed to get him in thorough fit.
1886 ‘V. Fane’ Thro' Love & War II. iv. 78 Did you see the cool way..in which he led her off into the library?.. Uncle B. was awfully roughed up by it.
1908 E. T. Fowler Miss Fallowfield's Fortune xv. 213 He came to dinner and kept on saying the wrong things, and thoroughly roughed-up her and Mr. Duncan.
1992 E. A. Proulx Postcards iii. 184 Nobody could work close to Wulff for long without feeling roughed up.
3. intransitive. Music. To tune roughly. Also transitive. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > tuning or intonation > [verb (intransitive)] > tune up roughly
to rough up1889
1889 Grove's Dict. Music IV. 554 As much proficiency in tuning as enabled him to ‘rough up’, the technical term for the first tuning of a pianoforte.
1906 P. N. Hasluck Violins & Other Stringed Instruments (1907) xi. 154 In tuning, the notes should first be ‘roughed up’ gradually to the scale.
4. intransitive. To bristle, to ruffle up. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > be or become uneven [verb (intransitive)] > become rough
crizzle1673
roughen1728
to rough up1904
1904 D. B. W. Sladen When we were Lovers in Japan xii When a snake is drawn backwards, its scales rough up like cogs and hold it.
1919 Outing Mar. 300/3 Neither are the [porcupine] quills hooked..but when rubbed from the base to the point countless minute barbs rough up.
5. transitive. To treat violently, assault, manhandle; to inflict damage. Also: to abuse verbally; = sense 2c. Frequently in passive.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > treat violently [verb (transitive)] > treat violently or roughly
to lay hands (or hand) on or upon (also in, to)OE
ransacka1400
attamec1430
ruffle1489
tug1493
to shear against the wool1546
rumble1570
finger1572
to pull about1679
misguggle1814
rowdy1825
to jerk around1833
scrag1835
rough1845
hooligan1898
roughhouse1898
savage1899
to rough up1915
to treat 'em rough1918
1915 Alumni Q. Univ. Illinois Jan. 40/2 In the scuffle at Peoria..some of the men were roughed up. Williford is nursing an injury.
1943 R. Chandler Lady in Lake (1944) xxxvi. 192 You know how to rough up a bum that hasn't any money or any place to sleep.
1970 M. Braithwaite Never sleep Three in Bed xi. 135 They began to rough us up and we kicked and pulled and yelled about what our dads would do.
2002 T. Hoag Dark Horse (2004) xlv. 478 ‘She's been roughed up,’ Landry said. ‘But she'll recover.’
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
roughadv.
/rʌf/, U.S. /rəf/ In a rough manner; without special care or accuracy; harshly or violently; = roughly adv. (in various senses). Now chiefly nonstandard.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adverb] > clumsily or awkwardly
unhagherlyc1175
unslyly?a1400
roughc1400
unslya1425
rudelyc1425
unhandsomely1545
grosslyc1550
untowardly?1550
botcherly?1566
bungerly1574
lubberlike1575
lumpishly1583
clouterly1593
lubberly1594
foggily1599
awkly1603
unwieldilyc1610
cumbersomely1611
uneasily1611
sinisterly1628
left-handedly1648
ungainlya1661
awkwardly1663
clumsily1691
uncleverly1697
wrong1727
unwieldly1793
gawkily1811
maladroitly1827
undexterously1848
flat-footedly1886
ham-fistedly1964
ham-handedly1964
c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1608 (MED) Fyrst he hewes of his hed..& syþen rendez him al roghe bi þe rygge after.
1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages Prol. sig. A.iij Scho..Meruellit at me how I durst..Aganis wemen to speik sa ruch and rude.
1580 Baret's Aluearie (rev. ed.) H 413 To cut out grossely: to hew rough [1574 to rough hew].
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 759 The river Can, which running rough vpon stones cutteth through it.
1687 London Gaz. No. 2289/7 A plain brown cropt Nag,..Walks and trots well, gallops rough.
1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 92 Before the land is plowed rough for a spring crop.
1780 Mirror No. 97 They should be taught..to speak their own language rough and round.
1858 C. Kingsley Poems 62 As we pledge the health of our general, Who fares as rough as we.
1897 Outing 30 481/2 In polo, a man rides rough all the time.
1900 G. Patten Rockspur Nine iii. 33 You've treated him pretty rough, and we won't have any more of it.
1977 P. O'Brian Mauritius Command v. 133 Now she has been handled rough;..very low in the water; pumps hard at it.
2004 P. Cornwell Trace (2005) xxx. 309 You'll like it, she promised... You don't know what you're missing if you've never done it rough.
Phrases
P1. to sleep (formerly also live, lie) rough: to sleep or live in uncomfortable conditions, now typically out of doors.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting temporarily > [verb (intransitive)] > sleep rough
to sleep (formerly also live, lie) rough1672
outlie1826
bunk1840
skipper1851
to do a skipper1935
the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [verb (intransitive)] > in a specific place > outdoors
to sleep (formerly also live, lie) rough1672
to lie out1712
sleep1852
1672 T. Shadwell Miser v. i. 76 How now Bullies, are you up so early? sure you have lain rough, or have not slept to night.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew To lie Rough, in one's Clothes all Night.
1744 T. Odell Prodigal iv. i. 49 Now must I learn to lie rough, filch Linnen, steal Poultry,..and be lousy.
1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet II. xii. 299 Job will take you to a place where you may sleep rough till he calls you.
1919 Wages & Conditions Employm. in Agric. II. 180/1 in Rep. from Comm. Inspectors & Others IX. Except in very rare instances, the Irish immigrants ‘lie rough’ in sheds or barns.
1996 Big Issue 8 July 7/3 After 18 months living rough I went to Hammersmith Hospital and asked a doctor to help me.
2005 T. Hall Salaam Brick Lane i. 10 He spent the next seven weeks sleeping rough and living off a diet of tea, bread, margarine and..watery oatmeal.
P2. to trot rough: see trot v. 1.
P3. to lie rough: (of land) to lie uncultivated or untilled.
ΚΠ
1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Oct. i. 11 In the Chilturn they sow it in Broad-lands, while they lie rough, and harrow it in.
1864 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 25 298 When fallowing heavy land for wheat, if it be foul, I leave it untouched until February or March, when I generally smash it up nine inches deep,..and leave it lying rough until a favourable opportunity.
1919 U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 937 26 It is well to plow or spade the garden and allow the ground to lie rough through the winter.
1970 Robesonian (Lumberton, N. Carolina) 9 Nov. 11/7 Don't attempt to smooth the soil down in an even layer, but let it lie rough as winter freezes can kill any insects exposed in the plowing.
2008 Express (Nexis) 18 Oct. 54 Leave the soil lying rough through the winter but hoe off any weeds that come up.
P4. to cut up rough: see to cut up 12 at cut v. Phrasal verbs.
P5. to turn up rough: see to turn up 14b(a) at turn v. Phrasal verbs 1.
P6. to play rough: see play v. 17a(d).
P7. to run rough: (of a vehicle, engine, etc.) to operate irregularly and excessively loudly.
ΚΠ
1879 Return Accidents Railway Companies U.K. in Parl. Papers 1878–9 LXII. 132 I felt a jerk, and the train began to run rough, the speed being then between 20 and 30 miles an hour.
1914 Automobile Operation 10 in Internat. Libr. of Technol. II The engine will run rough, that is, irregular; but as it becomes warm it will settle down to steady running.
1978 J. Gardner Dancing Dodo xxxviii. 308 The port engine faltered... She had started to run rough.
1997 J. Evanovich Three to get Deadly 247 I..noticed the Nissan was running rough at idle. Two blocks later it backfired and stalled.
2005 Chicago Daily Herald (Nexis) 19 Nov. (Auto Sat.) 2 The engine is now very hard to start and runs rough with a lot of smoke coming from the tailpipe.
P8. to treat 'em rough: see treat v. 7d.
Compounds
With a following word qualified by the adverb.The more established compounds are treated as main entries. C1.
a. With transitive verbs, as rough-bore, rough-edit, rough-hull, rough-land, rough-mill, rough-school, rough-sort, etc.
ΚΠ
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 694/2 I rougheheawe a pece of tymber to make an ymage of, or to put to some byldyng, je charpis.
1679 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ix. 155 They generally Rough-plain their Boards for Flooring.
1764 Museum Rusticum 2 136 When the scantlings are large, I lay them, after they are rough-wrought, to soak in a pond of water.
1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 3 They..could not conveniently get the Ruins at that Time removed, therefore, they only just rough-levelled them.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §81 I immediately rough-turned a piece of wood.
1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. ii. App. 50 After kiln-drying the barley, it is put into the mill, and rough hulled.
1829 A. Cunningham Lives Brit. Painters I. 111 Having received an agreeable letter from Dr. Franklin he rough-wrote an answer.
1881 M. E. Braddon Asphodel II. 66 [He] had rough-ploughed a thousand acres or so of his best land.
1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 18 At first it is rough bored, should it not have been cast hollow.
1909 Country Life 23 Oct. 577/1 One could see him rough-schooling younger brothers and companions.
1945 Ld. Alanbrooke Diary 6 July in War Diaries (2002) 703 It is only as a very last resort that I should order British troops to rough handle Canadians who are giving trouble.
1969 W. Rutherford Gallows Set iv. 55 This film has already been rough-edited.
1978 Cahiers de Lexicologie 32 31 Assembling and rough-sorting a citation collection.
2000 Times Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) (Nexis) 22 Apr. f7 [The boards] almost certainly will have come..from the same sawmill and were rough-milled to the same thickness.
b. With intransitive verbs, as rough-dig, rough-enter, rough-lay, etc. Cf. rough-cut v.
ΚΠ
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Crustare parietes,..to rough lay; to pariette walles.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 19v Now the raine wil rough-enter through the crannies of theyr wauering.
1773 A. Vieyra Dict. Portuguese & Eng. Langs. II To rough-work... fazer obras grosseiras.
1828 T. Roscoe tr. L. Lanzi Hist. Painting in Italy V. 135 He was accustomed to rough sketch, and afterwards to fill up with other layers.
1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vii. 124 It will often be possible to rough edit without bothering to mark the tape.
1999 Coventry Evening Tel. (Nexis) 6 Mar. (Features) 12 Rough dig in winter to expose pupae to birds and frost.
C2.
a. With past participles used predicatively, as rough-dug, rough-plucked, rough-thatched, etc.
ΚΠ
a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) viii. xi. 30 The chymmys..Quhais ruffis laitly ful rouch thekit war With stra or gloy.
1727 J. Thomson Summer 86 A Savage..with th'unfashion'd Furr, Rough-clad.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §148 The second step rough bedded.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 6 His face, Rough-redden'd with a thousand winter gales.
1909 Daily Chron. 18 Oct. 4/5 Fowls are sold both dead and rough-plucked, and alive for fattening.
1972 R. Adams Watership Down xx. 125 The Honeycomb was still rough-dug and half-finished.
1998 T. Hughes Birthday Lett. (1999) 138 A broad elm plank two inches thick,..Rough-cut for coffin timber.
b. With past participles used attributively, as rough-bedded, rough-bound, rough-built, rough-hurled, rough-scored, rough-split, rough-trimmed, etc. Cf. rough-cut adj.
ΚΠ
1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. I2v As in a rough-growne groue. View more context for this quotation
1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion i. 2 Thou Iernsey, brauelie crown'd With rough-imbatteld rocks.
1746 Parallel 12 The pious Muse by Pity forc'd In rough-built Verse.
1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. vi. 124 The crowd..forced its way up a steep and rough paved street.
1870 D. G. Rossetti Let. 21 Apr. (1965) II. 851 I suppose the inscription at the back of the rough-bound copy sent is from the real block.
1882 W. D. Hay Brighter Britain! I. v. 120 Rough-split sections of the great logs.
1887 J. Ruskin Præterita II. xi. 400 Floors and partitions all of rough-sawn larch.
1976 Cumberland News 3 Dec. 35/3 (advt.) Oven ready and rough plucked birds.
2002 Yorks. Post (Nexis) 8 Jan. Fortunately, none of Degan's 3,000 inhabitants was killed [in the earthquake]... But most of its rough-built brick houses crumbled.
C3. With present participles, as rough-blustering, rough-clanking, rough-living, rough-rising, rough-running, etc.
ΚΠ
1585 J. Sharrock tr. C. Ocland Valiant Actes & Victorious Battailes Eng. Nation i. sig. C.iiv As rough roaring Easterne pufes when through their caues they rush, Downe woodes, & mighty trees.
1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 88 Rough-blustering Boreas, nourst with Riphean snow.
1729 R. Savage Wanderer ii. 15 Rough-rising from yon sculptur'd wall, Bold prophets nations to repentance call!
1729 R. Savage Wanderer v. 460 His chains rough-clanking to discordant groans.
1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes II. iii. vii. 28 The rough-swelling tides.
1850 Westm. & Foreign Q. Rev. Apr. 28/2 A rough-blowing wind is coming from the mountain.
1911 Edinb. Rev. July 114 The sentiment of those hardy, rough-living backwoodsmen.
1960 Pop. Sci. Dec. 230/1 A trace of oil on the top of the crankcase and a rough-acting front brake were the only signs of her grueling trip.
2001 P. Piper 101 Things every Boater needs to Know 83 Dirty fuel is the most common cause of a rough running engine.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1OE
n.2lOE
adj.int.eOEv.1OEv.21484
adv.c1400- nonfeelingness
- nonferrous
- nonfiance
- nonfiction
- nonfiction novel
- nonfictional
- nonfictions
- nonfiguration
- nonfigurative
- nonfilm
- nonfimbriate
- nonfinal
- nonfinality
- nonfinding
- nonfinite
- nonfinitist
- nonfissile
- nonfissionable
- nonflagellated
- nonflam
- nonflammabilities
- nonflammability
- nonflammable
- nonfloriferous
- nonflowering