单词 | rough |
释义 | roughn.1 I. That which is rough or uneven. 1. Roughness, unevenness; (concrete) the rough surface or part of something. Also in figurative context. Frequently contrasted with smooth.With quot. OE compare the reading in MS Brussels 1650 (the immediate source of the glosses in MS Digby 146: see quot. OE at roughness n. and discussion at that entry). The scribe of Digby 146 appears to have taken Brussels ruh (an adjective, imperfectly glossing Latin dira ‘dreadful, dire’, at least in the final version: see quot OE2 at rough adj. 1a) as a gloss to Latin callositas roughness (of skin affected by leprosy), which is closer to the intention of the original glossator. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [noun] > roughness > rough part, object, or feature roughOE ragged?c1225 roughnessa1398 ruba1616 asperity1662 chicken skin1897 OE Aldhelm Glosses (Digby 146) in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses (1900) 95/2 [Dira cutis] callositas : .i. scabredo, wearrihtnys, ruh. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 140 Hwase eauer misseið oðer. oðer misdeð þe..heis þi file & fileð awei þirust of þiruchȝe [c1230 Corpus ruhe; a1250 Nero ruwe] sunne. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 26 For þe vertu of gropinge, þe soule knowiþ hoot & weet, coolde & drye, neissche and hard, smoþe and rowh [L. asperum]. c1450 (?a1370) Wynnere & Wastoure (1990) l. 380 Late lordes lyfe als þam liste, laddes as þam falles Þay þe bacon and beefe, Þay botours and swannes Þay þe roughe of þe rye, þay þe rede whete. a1550 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) 2515 Of hete, of colde, of moyste, & of drye..Off rowghe, of smoth,..Of all kyndis contrarie brogth to oon accorde. 1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory v. 164 Let it [sc. a leaf made of horn] stand all night, then cut or file off the rough, or what is superfluous about it. 1832 M. Barney Biogr. Mem. Joshua Barney ix. 103 The traveller, who cannot make up his mind to the rough and the smooth of his road, ought to stay at home. 1846 Hilpert's Englisch-Deutsches u. Deutsch-Englisches Wörterbuch II. ii. 405/3 To take off the rough of the wood with the googe. 1861 J. Brown Horæ Subsecivæ 2nd Ser. II. 474 Appreciation of the like and the unlike..the skill of the rough and the smooth,..of texture, of weight. 1913 Northwestern Reporter 140 936 They first buff off the rough of the casting with a coarse wheel, and then trim it up smooth. 1933 Western Story Mag. 30 Dec. 97/1 I could almost feel the rough of the rope around my neck. 2007 C. Sult Man who killed Alphabet 178 He..liked the rough of the accelerator pedal beneath it [sc. his bare foot]. 2. a. gen. Rough ground; frequently contrasted with smooth. Chiefly poetic. Now rare (but cf. sense 6a). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > ground > [noun] > rough roughlOE break1820 scrag1858 lOE Laws: Hit Becwæð (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 400 Ne furh ne fotmæl, ne land ne læsse [read læse], ne fersc ne mersc, ne ruh ne rum, wudes ne feldes. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Wether l. 2506 in Poems (1981) 93 He wald chase thame baith throw rouch and snod. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 948 So eagerly the fiend..through strait, rough, dense, or rare,..pursues his way. View more context for this quotation a1739 C. Jarvis tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote (1747) III. v. 98 If god would be pleased to give me bread, dryshod and at home, without dragging me over rough and smooth..my joy would be more firm and solid. 1799 W. Wordsworth Lucy Gray xvi O'er rough and smooth she trips along. 1822 P. B. Shelley Hellas 32 To light us to the edge Through rough and smooth. 1868 W. Morris Earthly Paradise 226 Carelessly through rough and smooth they run, And bough and briar catches many a one. 1922 G. L. Hill Girl from Montana iii. 43 For an hour he followed her at high speed as she rode full tilt over rough and smooth. b. A piece or stretch of rough ground; spec. a steep bank or slope covered with undergrowth or trees (in later use chiefly regional, sometimes in the names of such pieces of ground). Also: a coppice.Recorded earliest in a surname. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land wold786 frith?826 woodland869 woodc897 rough1332 foresta1375 firth?a1400 weald1544 bocage1644 parkland1649 bush1780 sylvanry1821 forestry1823 belting1844 rukh1856 treescape1885 bush1912 the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land > types of ripplelOE wildwooda1122 rough1332 firth?a1400 tod stripec1446 osiard1509 bush1523 bush-ground1523 fritha1552 island1638 oak landc1658 pinelandc1658 piney wood1666 broom-land1707 pine barrenc1721 pine savannah1735 savannah1735 thick woods1754 scrub-land1779 olive wood1783 primeval forest1789 open wood1790 strong woods1792 scrub1805 oak flata1816 sertão1816 sprout-land1824 flatwoods1841 bush-land1842 tall timber1845 amber forest1846 caatinga1846 mahogany scrub1846 bush-flat1847 myall country1847 national forest1848 selva1849 monte1851 virgin forest1851 bush-country1855 savannah forest1874 bush-range1879 bushveld1879 protection forest1889 mulga1896 wood-bush1896 shinnery1901 fringing forest1903 monsoon forest1903 rainforest1903 savannah woodland1903 thorn forest1903 tropical rainforest1903 gallery forest1920 cloud forest1922 rain jungle1945 mato1968 1332 in P. H. Reaney & R. M. Wilson Dict. Brit. Surnames (1976) 299 John ate Rogh. a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) 1879 The lady ffound An Erber wrought with mannus hond, With herbis... Vp she rose ageyn the rough, With sorofull hert and care Inough. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxviii. ii. 668 A mountaine countrey it was, full of roughs and crags. 1668 J. Worlidge Dict. Rusticum in Systema Agric. (1669) 275 Rough, the Rough Coppice Wood, or Brushy Wood. 1787 Whitehall Evening-post 19–21 June Last week a pitched battle was fought at Addington-Roughs, between R. Hayes of Maidstone, and J. Longhurst, a blacksmith, of Town Malling. 1796 J. Austen Let. 5 Sept. (1995) 8 We walked Frank last night to Crixhall ruff, and he appeared much edified. 1878 R. Jefferies Gamekeeper at Home ii. 31 This mere boy at snap-shooting in the ‘rough’ will beat crack sportsmen hollow. 1901 H. G. Hutchinson in Longman's Mag. July 236 We go to some ‘rough’ as the locals call it—ground of long grass..giving fine protection for partridges. 1940 J. F. Dobie Mustangs & Cow Horses 181 The mustangs..had to descend from prairie country down trails through the roughs. 1989 Caravan Life Aug. 44/1 Mountain bikes..are the machines for riders who want to take to the rough. 1992 R. J. Jenkins Exploring Southern Sierra, East Side iii. 215 A stream..courses off the south end in a harsh area known as ‘the roughs’. c. Golf. With the. The rough ground and longer grass around the fairway and the green on a golf course. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > golf course > [noun] > rough ground rough1887 1887 Glasgow Herald 27 Apr. 8 Archie was away to the left and among the rough. 1893 Times 9 Aug. 8/1 Approaching the 12th, Mr. Blyth carried into the rough on the right. 1901 Scotsman 9 Sept. 4/7 Thanks to Vardon having pulled into the rough, the Scotsman secured the sixteenth [hole]. 1955 Times 17 May 5/6 Mrs. Smith cut her second shot into the rough and put her recovery into a bunker on the right. 1971 ‘D. Halliday’ Dolly & Doctor Bird iii. 29 I played well that morning, and the two balls I shot into the rough I recovered. 2003 Boys Toys Aug. 93/1 We're still not hitting 100% of our drives miles down the fairway, but we are spending significantly less time in the rough and trees. d. Cricket. With the. The rough area at either end of the pitch which has been worn by the action of the bowlers' feet.The rough may be exploited by spin bowlers for additional turn. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > cricket ground > [noun] > parts of field long field1828 leg1833 silly point1862 deep field1870 country1878 infield1898 the deep1906 rough1952 1952 Times 22 Jan. 7/5 The ball pitched in the rough on the leg-side and swung on to the wicket. 1972 Guardian 16 May 27/1 The ball..rarely deviated except when a spinner dropped in the rough outside a left-hander's off stump. 1990 Independent (Nexis) 8 Aug. 27 The pitch was a goodish one apart from the notorious rough at one end. 2005 D. Fraser Cricket & Law vii. 66 When Shane Warne is spinning the ball out of the rough, on a bouncy and turning wicket at the SCG as he was here, knowing exactly what happened is difficult. 3. Textiles. Coarse rough linen; a variety or length of this (usually in plural). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from flax, hemp, or jute > [noun] > linen > types of > coarse linsey1435 buckram1436 osnaburg1448 straiken1531 noggen1564 barras1640 Ticklenburgs1696 treillis1706 rough1784 toile de Leon1794 crash1812 Forfars1882 linen crash1895 1784 Observ. Present State Linen Trade Ireland 41/2 (table) Narrow Hambro' Rough 26 Ells. 1853 U. S. Economist 3 Dec. 118/3 Pieces of Holland and low rough..gave way about a farthing per yard; the better Nos. of roughs were neglected. 1890 Daily News 20 Dec. 2/5 Flax and Linen... Roughs and drills are going off steadily. 1914 W. S. Murphy Mod. Drapery I. 102 Brown roughs are composed of hemp and low-grade Russian flax yarns. 1983 W. Clark Linen on Green (ed. 2) vii. 160 Suppliers of loom cloth... (Linen roughs unless otherwise noted.) 4. Farriery. A spike inserted in each heel of a horseshoe in ‘roughing’ horses to prevent slipping. Cf. rough v.2 1c. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > horseshoe > nail or stud frost-nail1339 horseshoe-nail1415 horse-nail1598 talon-nail1688 toenail1841 nail-stub1851 frost stud1864 frost cog1867 rougha1884 a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 770/1 If this steel rough be made to fit the hole exactly, it remains firm in its place. 1893 Vet. Jrnl. 37 418 The roughs being plough-shaped from one end to the other, have a very powerful grip, and thus effectually prevent slipping and falling. 1934 W. C. Miller & E. D. S. Robertson Pract. Animal Husb. 224 For winter shoeing there are four recognised methods of preventing slipping:—(1) Ice nails..; (2) Using screwed or tapering..‘pegs’, ‘studs’, or ‘roughs’. II. That which is turbulent, violent, or agitated. 5. a. Roughness (of the sea, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > rough state or motion roughc1400 troublesomeness1648 a bubble of a sea1839 smother1840 sea1927 milestone1946 c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 144 (MED) Fysches Durst nowhere for roȝ arest at þe bothem. 1684 I. Mather Ess. for Recording Illustrious Providences 28 The Ship lying in the rough of the Sea, her Rudder broke away. 1863 All Year Round 8 548 The Seven Angels was more fit for the calm than the rough of ocean life. 1869 Appleton's Ann. Cycl. 1866 531 In the trough of the sea her ports will be liable to be flooded. 1991 Motor Boat & Yachting June 127/1 Sophisticated hulls..better able to carry their speed in the rough. 2005 D. Dun Black Silent xx. 197 Out in the rough of the channel, the police boats may keep up. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather > period of stormy weather rough1633 1633 P. Fletcher Piscatorie Eclogs i. xviii. 5 in Purple Island In calms to pull the leaping fish to land, In roughs to sing, and dance along the golden sand. 1633 P. Fletcher Piscatorie Eclogs vii. xxxii. 52 in Purple Island In calms you fish; in roughs use songs and dances. 6. a. Contrasted with smooth. The rougher, harder, or more disagreeable part, side, or aspect of something, esp. life. Also in plural. Now chiefly in to take the rough with the smooth at Phrases 4. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship > in contrast roughc1460 the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [noun] > siftings or refuse mill dust1354 roughc1460 overchaving1607 sid1673 grey meal?1771 shag1822 slurry1825 slush1843 slutch1851 c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 1152 (MED) Take yeur part..of rouȝe & eke of smoth. 1581 T. Newton tr. Seneca Thebais i, in T. Newton et al. tr. Seneca 10 Trag. f. 42v Through thick & thinne, through rough and smoth..Ile serue at eu'ry pinch. 1612 Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 126 I truly delivered as well the rough as the smooth of all my speech. 1636 T. Heywood Challenge for Beautie v. sig. H3 Some love the rough and some the smoothe. 1770 Life Adventures & Amours Sir R— P— 68 It cannot be supposed, that [he] could have..experienced the roughs and smooths of life, without having also acquired a considerable share of experience. 1788 W. Cowper Let. 2 Sept. (1982) III. 209 The rough and the smooth of such a lot taken together should perhaps have taught me never to despair. 1822 W. Irving Bracebridge Hall I. 260 Through the rough and the smooth, the pleasant and the adverse. 1829 Sir T. Lawrence in D. E. Williams Life (1831) II. 519 The boys..must encounter the rough and the smooth of weather, as of life. 1850 R. Bell Ladder of Gold I. ii. vi. 307 You know I take the world pretty comfortably..—have had my share of the rough and the smooth. 1938 Times 4 Nov. 15/3 The roughs and smooths of the strenuous..festival times at Stratford. 1995 M. Collins Colour of Forgetting 84 So you will expect the rough with the smooth, and it won't knock you down. b. Without smooth. The rough or harsh part of something; that which is unpleasant; hardship, rough treatment. Chiefly in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship hardeOE grief?c1225 nowcinc1225 sharpship?c1225 straitnessa1340 necessityc1390 hardlaikc1540 hardshipc1540 disage1607 rough1615 rigour1632 erumny1657 strait1837 sufferation1976 1615 J. Swetnam Araignm. Lewde, Idle, Froward, & Vnconstant Women Ep. Ded. sig. A3 In the rough of my fury, I vowed for euer to be an open enemy vnto women. a1726 J. Vanbrugh Provok'd Wife (1743) iv. 56 Just. Does he not use you well? Sir John. A little upon the Rough, sometimes. 1809 M. Edgeworth Manœuvring x, in Tales Fashionable Life III. 183 He was buffeted about, and shown the rough of life; made to work hard, and submit to authority. 1861 T. P. Thompson Audi Alteram Partem III. clvii. 164 When he is brought into court, and trailed through all the rough of calling a spade a spade. 1893 C. G. Leland Memoirs I. 31 When doing rough and tough in West Virginia. 1920 H. G. Durnford Tunnellers of Holzminden Prol. 3 They were always getting the rough of it since Coucelette. 1961 R. Moore Man, Time, & Fossils (ed. 2) i. viii. 146 The weaker mutants could not survive in the rough of competition. 2003 T. Morrison Love (2005) 155 Now with the tender mixed with the rough,..he was the one in charge. 7. A person (typically a youth or a man) who is disreputable, disorderly, violent, or rowdy.In early use frequently in political contexts. [Perhaps partly by association with ruffian n. 1.] ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [noun] > raising outcry barratorc1440 brawlc1440 outcrier1535 breacher1697 rowdy1814 roughiea1819 roughneck1834 rough1837 blood-tub1853 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > rough or boisterous > person barratorc1440 brawlc1440 outcrier1535 tear-rogue1685 breacher1697 rowdy1814 roughiea1819 roughneck1834 rough1837 soap-lock1840 roughhouser1901 gurrier1936 1837 R. H. D. Barham in Life & Lett. R. H. Barham (1870) II. 39 There'll be lots of new policemen, To control the rogues and roughs. 1847 Illustr. London News 27 Nov. 339/1 Will you let the jury know what ‘Roughs’ are? I believe it is an electioneering name for ruffians. 1883 R. Gower My Reminisc. II. 108 She is educating and civilising a little colony there of roughs and vagabonds. 1902 Westm. Gaz. 22 Oct. 8/1 The leader of the band of roughs in Paris known as the ‘Apaches’. 1932 H. Walpole Fortress iii. 439 Crowds of roughs and hooligans, urged on by the more violent Chartists, drove their way towards the stands with shouts and threats. 1971 A. McCaffrey Mark of Merlin (1977) iv. 47 A bunch of roughs, out on the prowl for any Irishman they could ‘put in his place’. 2005 D. Bodin et al. Sport & Violence in Europe 29 The emergence from the 1960s onwards of various adolescent..sub-cultures, most notably roughs, teddy boys, skinheads and punks. 8. Short for rough rider (see rough-rider n. 2b, 3). Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > mounted soldier > irregular silladar1802 sowar1802 rough1853 rough-rider1877 rougher1901 1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xxiv. 242 He reddened a little..and made me a trooper's bow. ‘No offence, I hope, Miss. I am one of the Roughs.’ 1899 Daily News 23 Feb. 6/2 The Roughs swore by Roosevelt. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 17 July 8/1 The ‘Roughs’ and the ‘Sharps’ of the 18th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry. 1903 J. P. Sturrock Fifes in S. Afr. 67 Colonel Mahon's force was now augmented by the arrival of..the Rough Riders from London... called by familiar abbreviation ‘the Roughs’. 1971 J. Gaylor Mil. Badge Collecting x. 90 The City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) were habitually referred to as ‘The Roughs’ by the other London Yeomen. III. That which is unworked, unfinished, inexact, or imprecise. 9. a. Rough material or refuse resulting from the working of minerals; a piece or quantity of this. Cf. row n.2 2, fine n.2 5b. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > [noun] > mining refuse or rubbish rough1677 old man1747 small1778 stent1778 vestry1784 gobbin1811 spoil1838 stowing1860 dump1865 muck1883 spoil-heap1883 mine-dump1909 1677 A. Yarranton England's Improvem. 59 In the Forest of Deane..iron is made at this day of Cinders, being the rough and offal thrown by in the Romans time. 1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 223 The rough that is carried back with the stream, by drawing it over again, may be rendered merchantable at a lower rate than the crop; and the rough of this rough, is thrown aside to make leavings. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1244 The ore, on issuing, deposits its rough in the first basin. 1874 J. H. Collins Princ. Metal Mining (1875) xvii. 111 Material of a mixed nature, called ‘dredge’, or ‘roughs’, or ‘rows’. 1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 171 Roughs,..coarse, poor sands, resulting from tin-dressing. 1887 P. McNeill Blawearie 174 Then it was indeed difficult to detect the foul from the roughs of the main coal. 1900 Mining Engineer 17 362 The fines are raised by a bucket-elevator into a bin, and the rough is delivered by automatic feeders into [etc.]. 1996 S. Murphy Grey Gold viii. 210 Pieces of rock containing good ore, called ‘roughs’, were stacked up at the side of the sorting floor. ΚΠ 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm II. 267 A second woman is required to riddle the roughs from the foul spout into a heap by itself. 1853 Encycl. Brit. II. 282/2 The unthrashed ears and broken straw called roughs or shorts. 1888 Encycl. Brit. I. 289 The grain and roughs are discharged by separate spouts into the apartment below the thrashing-loft. c. colloquial. In plural. Alum used as an adulterant in bread. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > substances for food preparation > [noun] > improver or adulterant doctor1770 stuff1812 improver1835 rough1855 agene1921 1855 2nd Rep. Comm. on Adulteration of Food 47 in Parl. Papers 1854–5 VIII. 373 There are several trade names for alum; one of them, being very characteristic of its effects on the mucous surface, is ‘roughs’, and another is ‘seasoning’. 1909 Practitioner Feb. 263 All the samples of bread contained alum, and an instance was mentioned of flour, with which as much as ten per cent. had been mixed... In the trade, the adulterant received the name of ‘roughs’. 10. a. A rough draft. Also: a rough sketch, layout, outline, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [noun] > rough preliminary draft scantling1567 rough-hew1641 idea1648 rough1699 roughout1905 1699 S. Sewall Diary 23 Sept. (1973) I. 414 Agree for 15£ and draw a rough of it and take his hand to it. 1710 in Publ. Colonial Soc. Mass. (1925) 15 395 A rough of sundry Articles ws drawn up. 1796 J. Steele Let. 12 July in Papers (1924) I. 144 A rough of a letter which may at some future period compose part of a circular. 1862 W. H. Taylor Let. Dec. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1888) 1st. Ser. XVII. 549 The rough of the above was written from General Lee's dictation... I have copied it, and affixed his signature in his absence. 1904 L. Derville Other Side of Story xv. 130 A ‘rough’ of the desired reply written on a slip of paper. 1936 Punch 12 Aug. 170/2 I don't suggest for a moment that these are finished ideas. They are no more than artists' roughs. 1976 Vogue 15 Mar. 24/1 The roughs of my column are completed. 1992 L. Niven & S. Barnes Calif. Voodoo Game xi. 119 That's just a rough. I'll get back to you. b. The rough state or material of anything. Frequently in from the rough. ΘΚΠ society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > three-dimensional representation > [noun] > rough rough1799 1799 Repertory of Arts 10 295 How, by means of a rotative saw, to shape a piece from the rough. a1842 J. F. Watson Ann. Philadelphia & Pennsylvania (1870) I. 244 Our roads, bridges, farms, houses,..were all to be made from the rough, by the power of the woodman's axe. 1899 Mind 8 471 All modern classifications of organisms..are developed from the rough into an infinite delicacy. 1901 Railway & Locomotive Engin. June 271/1 A plain shaft, length 8 feet, diameter 2 1/4 inches, was ground from the rough. 1930 Pop. Sci. Monthly May 125/1 The wood being cut green and sawed from the rough. 1960 Pop. Mech. Feb. 218/1 Where only an occasional piece requires finish planing from the rough..the outlay for a small surfacer is hardly justified. c. Short for rough rice n. at rough adj. Compounds 5a. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > rice > types of white rice1614 rough rice1735 wild rice1748 Carolina rice1787 Patna rice1795 rough1837 basmati1845 small1882 palay1889 brown rice1916 arborio1951 1837 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 54 An Improved Mortar for Dressing Rough or Paddy, or Redressing. 1843 E. Ruffin Rep. Commencem. & Progress Agric. Surv. S. Carolina App. 22 In Denmark at Copenhagen, a mill has been in operation about six years—consumption about 90,000 bushels of rough. 1892 Louisiana Planter & Sugar Manufacturer 16 July 53 The market for clean rice has ruled steady, while rough is dull. 1917 Simmons' Spice Mill Mar. 340 It is impossible to estimate the pockets of clean that will be produced from the rough still to be milled. d. The stone from which a gem is cut, uncut precious stone; (also) a piece of this, an uncut gem, esp. a diamond.Cf. in the rough at Phrases 1a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > [noun] > uncut or unpolished rough1853 gemstone1883 1853 in Lect. Results Great Exhib. 2nd Ser. xv. 85 In cutting diamonds from the rough,..the cutters think themselves fortunate in retaining one-half the original weight. 1880 A. E. Foote Catal. Minerals & Tables (rev. ed.) 57/2 Cutting is immensely shortened by splitting the facets from the rough. 1961 Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. (at cited word) A huge piece of rough was cut to a superb gem of 128 carats. Jewelers' Circular-Keystone. 1976 W. Greatorex Crossover 162 No thefts of rough have been reported, so I suppose they're clean? 1991 Boston Apr. 128/1 Miners at an undisclosed location..discovered one of the largest diamond roughs in history. 2008 E. Ungaro Diamonds iv. 24 Roughs do not look like the diamonds you see in stores. IV. That which is coarse or unrefined. 11. Rough or unrefined people collectively; the lowest and roughest element or part of a community.Sometimes with implication of disorderliness: cf. sense 7. ΚΠ 1680 W. Temple Ess. Cure of Gout in Miscellanea 226 It [sc. gout] hardly approaches the rough and the poor. 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 341 Great schools suit best the sturdy and the rough. 1842 C. M. Kirkland Forest Life I. xli. 223 The awkward, the vulgar, and the rough of our race ought..to awaken an interest in the hearts of their more favored fellow-mortals. 1871 Contemp. Rev. 16 365 The rough of the towns pretty much make up..the material out of which the mass of the British rank and file is composed. 1973 M. E. Cain Society & Policeman's Role 81 The public..was broadly sub-divided into the ‘rough’ and the ‘respectable’. 2008 G. Murfin-Shaw Four Geminis & Jacuzzi 383 He had spent one afternoon telling Sally that Laura went with all the rough. 12. (A type of) sharp, acid, or harsh alcoholic drink, as draught bitter beer, rough wine, or (now esp.) rough cider. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > cider > [noun] > types of cider pippin cider1662 redstreak cider1664 water cidera1665 redstreak1671 moil1708 wring-jawa1804 champagne cider1810 rough1858 scrumpy1903 the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > beer > [noun] > other kinds of beer spruce beerc1500 March beer1535 Lubecks beer1608 zythum1608 household beer1616 bottle1622 mumc1623 old beer1626 six1631 four1633 maize beer1663 mum beer1667 vinegar beer1677 wrest-beer1689 nog1693 October1705 October beer1707 ship-beer1707 butt beer1730 starting beer1735 butt1743 peterman1767 seamen's beer1795 chang1800 treacle beer1806 stock beer1826 Iceland beer1828 East India pale ale1835 India pale ale1837 faro1847 she-oak1848 Bass1849 bitter beer1850 bock1856 treble X1856 Burton1861 nettle beer1864 honey beer1867 pivo1873 Lambic1889 steam beer1898 barley-beer1901 gueuze1926 Kriek1936 best1938 rough1946 keg1949 IPA1953 busaa1967 mbege1972 microbrew1985 microbeer1986 yeast-beer- 1858 R. S. Surtees Ask Mamma xci. 357 Talking of vintages, and flavours, and roughs and smooths, and sweets, and drys, as if he had been drinking wine all his life. 1872 Notes & Queries 17 Jan. 52 He..only drank ‘rough’..that is, cider of rough flavour, which old cider-drinkers prefer. 1946 J. Irving Royal Navalese 147 ‘Rough’, draught bitter beer. 1960 ‘R. East’ Kingston Black xiii. 129 He was selling the rough at three shillings a gallon. 2009 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 12 Oct. 14 The taste of good farmhouse rough takes me back to the old days. 13. The heavier, rougher part of housework (see rough work n. 2). Frequently in to do the rough. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > housework housework1787 rough worka1852 housemaiding1858 rough1933 1933 Times 8 July 3/6 Cook-general wanted; two in family; woman does rough. 1950 J. Cannan Murder Included iii. 39 He..suggested having a woman for the rough. 1974 ‘A. Gilbert’ Nice Little Killing v. 70 The woman who came to do the rough twice a week. 1991 R. Rendell Kissing Gunner's Daughter (1997) 50 She said.., ‘They call it the rough.’ ‘You do the rough work, Mrs. Mew,’ Wexford said... ‘Scrubbing floors, washing paint and so on?’ Phrases P1. in the rough. a. In a rough, imperfect, or unfinished state; (esp. of a precious stone) before cutting and polishing. Frequently figurative and in figurative contexts. diamond in the rough: = rough diamond n. at rough adj. Compounds 5a. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > unpreparedness > unprepared [phrase] > in an immature state in the blade1584 in the shell1609 in the rougha1649 on the musta1661 the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > prototype > [adverb] > in a preliminary way in the rougha1649 a1649 G. Abbott Brief Notes Psalms (1651) (clxiv. 12) 724 Men and women, that hath been so long unpolished and in the rough, void of all..comliness. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 107/1 Flax all one way, is Flax in the ruff, undressed. a1740 J. Brereton Poems Several Occasions (1744) 206 Tho' with the Polish'd more delighted, She, Virtue in the rough, ne'er slighted. 1770 D. du Bois Theodora II. 65 You presented me with a diamond in the rough [sc. a young lady], but I think it as well polished a diamond as I ever saw. 1799 Analyt. Rev. 29 246 The stone..was purchased by the Duke of Orleans..; its weight in the rough was 410 carats, when cut 135. 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 159 Every kind of surface is first formed in the rough, and then finished by means of tools. 1841 in Waldie's Select Circulating Libr. 16 206 A peasant..who found a diamond in the rough, but, not knowing what it was,..was a poor man all his life. a1878 B. Taylor Stud. German Lit. (1879) 99 An unlettered minstrel, with great qualities in the rough. 1905 G. B. Shaw Let. 21 June (1972) II. 532 The Salvation play, of which only an act and a half (in the rough) is on paper. 1986 T. McGuane To skin Cat (1989) 65 I like the guy. A real diamond in the rough. 2006 New Yorker 2 Oct. 66/1 A few hundred..garnets in the rough, as dull and misshapen as half-eaten sourballs. b. In disorder; in an ordinary condition; not dressed, tidied, specially prepared, etc. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > untidiness > in an untidy state [phrase] in the rough1793 1793 A. Witts Diary 6 Sept. in Edinb. Diary (2016) 68 Much continued bustle & unpacking, too much in the rough to admit Mr Charteris who call'd again. 1825 L. L. Cameron Seeds Greediness 3 ‘We are all in the rough to-day, Sir,’ answered the woman; ‘for I am very busy with this job’. 1844 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit xxxiii ‘You'll have a party?’ said Crimple. ‘No, I won't,’ I said; ‘he shall take us in the rough’. 1900 Mrs. Alexander Step-mother 134 ‘You are all very good to take us in the rough.’ ‘My dear fellow, we have full faith in the resources of your establishment.’ 2003 E. Carmichael Gone to Dogs iii. 56 A sweep of his hand indicated the jeans and sweater... ‘Tuesday mornings the staff and clients have to put up with me in the rough.’ c. Roughly; approximately. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > closeness to accuracy > [adverb] much1560 nearly1594 muchwhat1619 nigh about1632 closely1682 roughly1768 close1833 approximatively1835 proximately1839 in the rough1841 approximately1845 along1852 nearbouta1857 in a sort of (sorta) way1868 in the (right) ballpark1945 grosso modo1952 1841 G. R. Gliddon Mem. Cotton Egypt 33 The entire crop of 1837–38, which was estimated, in the rough, at 80000 bales, remained untouched. 1868 J. E. T. Rogers Man. Polit. Econ. iii. 28 In the rough, it may be said that the cost of producing a pound Troy of gold [etc.]. 1908 Amer. Rev. of Reviews June 709/1 New York to Chicago, a distance, in the rough, of 1000 miles. 1919 W. B. Munro Govt. U.S. xxxviii. 550 This generalization, however, is true only in the rough. P2. in rough: in an unpolished or unrefined way or form; roughly, as a rough draft. ΚΠ 1805 in T. B. Howell State Trials (1822) XXX. 277 I may as interpreter sometimes take the depositions in rough, but it is the duty of the escrivano to copy them fair in the process. 1898 Overland Monthly Feb. 152 (caption) A design in rough for the proposed monument of Balboa to be set up at the Golden Gate Park overlooking the sea. 1914 E. Lehman Jewish Teacher 46 Draw, in rough, on the blackboard the coast-line of Palestine and Syria. 1949 Manch. Guardian 26 May 7/3 The positive proposals they are believed to have drafted in rough before the conference opened. 2002 L. W. B. Brockliss Calvet's Web ii. 98 A letter sent to the Abbé Crillon in 1771..was doubtless initially written in rough because it must have been hard to strike the right tone. P3. Scottish. rough and round: plain and plentiful food; simple but generous fare or hospitality. Now rare. ΚΠ 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Rouch... They do nae keep a genteel house, but they have ay plenty of rouch and round. 1904 Border Mag. Mar. 69 The exertions he uses in making them comfortable, and that in a style somewhat superior to what might have been termed ‘the rough and round’ of those days. P4. to take the rough with (also and) the smooth: to accept the unpleasant as well as the good aspects of something, esp. life. Also with plural construction. ΚΠ 1780 Lett. Late Ld. Lyttelton xii. 81 He is a most lively, good-humoured, and pleasant man, who..seems to take the rough and the smooth with an equal countenance. 1804 European Mag. 45 334/1 In this manner had Blair and his horse Pocket..travelled, and taken the roughs and the smooths of the world together. 1862 W. M. Thackeray Adventures of Philip I. ix. 150 You and I will take..the roughs and the smooths of this daily existence. 1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel 190 One must take a little rough with one's smooth. a1979 J. Grenfell Turn back Clock (1983) 132 Always with a smile Ready to take the rough and the smooth To go the extra mile. 2001 Independent 5 Dec. (Wednesday Review section) 5/1 In the top jobs you have to take the rough with the smooth. rough of the mouth n. Obsolete the palate; = roof of the mouth at roof n. 6a.In the 16th-cent. quots. rough may perhaps represent a variant form of roof n.: ruff(e) of the mouth is recorded in the 15th and 16th centuries (compare quot. a1475 at roof n. 6a).In quot. 1625 probably: whalebone. ΚΠ 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. 18v In englyshe it is named a hote vlceration in the rough or palat of the mouth. 1569 R. Androse tr. ‘Alessio’ 4th Bk. Secretes 29 (margin) Nuca, is the vppermost part of the head, and some take it for the rough of the mouth. 1625 W. Baffin in S. Purchas Pilgrimes III. iv. xix. 843 A dead Whale wee found at Sea, hauing all her finnes (or rather all the rough of her mouth). 1754 Gentleman & Lady's Palladium 54 In Cunnundrum-Court, London, Gold Plates are completely fitted to the Rough of the Mouth, so as to prevent speaking through the Nose. 1807 J. Walker Crit. Pronouncing Dict. (ed. 3) p. xc The rough r is formed by jarring the tip of the tongue against the rough of the mouth near the fore teeth. 1883 W. H. Burt Physiol. Materia Medica (ed. 3) 366 Rough of the mouth always red. P6. colloquial. a bit (also piece) of rough: a (usually male) sexual partner whose rough or unrefined behaviour is a source of physical attraction. Cf. rough trade n.In quot. 1902: a woman viewed as a sexual object, apparently without the suggestion of unsophistication. This sense is dated to c1870 in E. Partridge Dict. Slang (1937), but without supporting evidence. ΚΠ 1902 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang VI. i. 57/1 A bit of rough = a woman. 1973 Guardian 27 Apr. 14/4 The playwright delves into the reasons why it is possible on occasions for a bit of rough to fascinate so much more than a good woman. 1984 ‘Pickles’ Queens 104 The desire to have a bit of rough—slumming it—is an obvious form of inverted snobbery, often found among queens. 1994 I. Botham My Autobiogr. x. 196 He's definitely every woman's piece of rough. 1996 ikon Jan.–Feb. 76/2 If a nice bit of Northern rough..is all you're after, it's worth bearing in mind that a Lad is easier to attract than almost any kind of man. 2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 6 Nov. 67/1 Miriam is, to put it mildly, a bit of rough. Compounds rough maker n. now rare a manufacturer of something rough, spec. a maker of rough linen.In quot. 1879: the maker of the rough outline of a spoon. ΚΠ 1785 Earl of Sheffield Observ. Manuf. Ireland 181 As a small capital will set up a rough maker, so they are very numerous... Every Rough maker..under his eye, the several operations of scribbling, spinning and weaving. 1801 J. Archer Statist. Surv. County Dublin v. 189 Those halls in the country are for the sale of the cloth of the rough-makers. 1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) IV. 413/2 The ‘rough-maker’..smooths off the burr left by the stamp, strikes up finally the under side, and bends down the little curve at the end of the handle. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † roughn.2 Obsolete. A cartilaginous fish of the order Rajiformes, a ray; = ray n.3 ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > subclass Elasmobranchii > order Hypotremata > [noun] > family Rajidae > member of family Rajidae (ray) reighOE roughlOE rayc1350 flathec1440 rayfisha1500 Raja1633 centrine1661 flair1668 sea-cow1722 ox-ray1862 sea-devil1881 rajoid1890 lOE Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (St. John's Oxf. 17) in A. S. Napier Contributions to Old Eng. Lexicogr. (1906) 14 Fannus, suhha [prob. read ruhha]. c1225 ( Ælfric Gloss. (Worcester) in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 543 Fannus, ro[che] [OE St. John's Oxf. hreoche]. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) 14751 Hii..nemen rohȝe tayl [c1275 Calig. tailes of rehȝen]. a1425 in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler Curye on Inglysch (1985) 88 (MED) [c1400 Sloane 468 Tak..merlyng] or pike or roge or oþer [Sloane continues & seth it in fayre water]. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 438 Rowhe, or reyhe, fysche [King's Cambr. rowe-fysshe, Pynson rowghe], ragadies. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 264/1 Roughe fysshe. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020). roughadj.int.α. Old English hruh (rare), Old English rihne (accusative singular masculine, transmission error), Old English–early Middle English ruh, Old English (rare)–Middle English ruch, early Middle English roh, early Middle English ruhh ( Ormulum), Middle English roch, Middle English rohu, Middle English rohw, Middle English rouh, Middle English rowh, Middle English rowhe, Middle English (northern)–1500s rowth, late Middle English rouhe, late Middle English ruth (northern), 1500s routh; English regional (Northumberland) 1800s– rouh; Scottish pre-1700 reucht, pre-1700 rewch, pre-1700 rewcht, pre-1700 rocht, pre-1700 roich, pre-1700 roiche, pre-1700 rouche, pre-1700 rowch, pre-1700 rowcht, pre-1700 ruche, pre-1700 rucht, pre-1700 ruiche, pre-1700 ruwch, pre-1700 rwch, pre-1700 1700s roche, pre-1700 1700s– roch, pre-1700 1700s– rouch, pre-1700 1700s– ruch, pre-1700 1800s– roucht, pre-1700 1900s– reuch, 1800s ruh, 1800s wroch, 1800s wruch, 1900s– rauch, 1900s– reoch, 1900s– roach, 1900s– rooch; Irish English (northern) 1900s– reuch, 1900s– roch, 1900s– rouch, 1900s– ruh. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 354 Nodosi cyppi, ruches copses.OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 471 Hyrsutas [bidentum] lanas, hruhe wulla [OE Digby 146 hruhge wulla].OE Prognostics (Tiber.) (2007) 298 Gif him þince þæt he hæbbe ruh lic, þæt biþ hys goda wanung.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9663 Ruhh. & harrd. & sharrp.c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 147 Nis hit or acurset þe iwurðeð swartre & ruhre [?c1225 Cleo. ruchȝere, a1250 Nero ruhure, a1250 Titus ruhere] se hit is ifilet mare?a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 3677 Wid a rohu skyn scho hillid his hals.1477 J. Pympe in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 418 Fixid so fast wyth hys prikkys rowh.a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 184 Then was Ion cloþed yn herus of camels, and gurd above wyth a gyrdyll of a roch skyn.1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 803 Florisshyng of flowris, With burris rowth.1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 28 A rouch rock or craig.c1647 in J. Maidment Bk. Sc. Pasquils (1868) 152 A roche coate's better nor a beare.1724 A. Ramsay Vision in Ever Green I. ii The air grew ruch.1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (at cited word) A rouch hass, or throat.1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Rouh, rough. Pronounced with a deep accent without sounding the g.1952 Sc. Home & Country Sept. 270 There's siller yonder, and he keeps a guid rouch hoose.1982 D. Fraser in H. Brown Poems Sc. Hills 9 Wi' mony a craig an cleugh, The rouch hills, the teugh hills That froun dour and grim.1998 T. Hubbard Isolde’s Luve-daith 3 This staunin-stane Auncient an roch. β. Old English hruhg- (inflected form, rare), Old English rhug- (inflected form, rare), Old English rug- (inflected form), Old English (rare)–Middle English rug, early Middle English ruchȝ, Middle English roȝ, Middle English roȝe, Middle English rogh, Middle English roghe, Middle English roght (north-west midlands, in a late copy), Middle English roug, Middle English rouȝ, Middle English rouȝe, Middle English rouȝh, Middle English rovgh, Middle English rowȝ, Middle English rowȝe, Middle English ruȝ, Middle English ruȝe, Middle English ruȝghe, Middle English ruȝh, Middle English ruȝhe, Middle English rughȝ, Middle English rughȝe, Middle English rught (north-west midlands, in a late copy), Middle English–1500s rowgh, Middle English–1500s rugh, Middle English– rough, late Middle English (Norfolk)–1500s rought, late Middle English–1500s rughe, late Middle English–1600s roughe, late Middle English–1600s rowghe, 1500s ruyghe; Scottish pre-1700 rogh, pre-1700 roughe, pre-1700 rowgh, pre-1700 rowghe, pre-1700 rowght, pre-1700 rughe, pre-1700 1700s– rough, pre-1700 1700s– rugh, 1700s rought; also Irish English (chiefly northern) 1800s– rugh, 1900s– rogh. OE Harley Gloss. (1966) 200 Frondea Ficus, i. frondosa geþuf ficbeam uel helm uel rug.OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) iii. 114 Þa ferdon begen þurh þa rugan fennas.?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 140 Of þiruchȝe sunne.c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 1013 Hi goþ bitiȝt mid ruȝe uelle.c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) l. 59 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 289 Þe wode was rough and þikke.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 21962 Þe toþer shal be wondir rowȝe.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 24838 Þe wedir..Son bigan be rug.c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1545 Þe honde..rasped on þe roȝ woȝe.a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Gen. xxv. 25 And al in maner of a skyn rowȝ.a1450 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) v. xxiii Ȝif þey been rouȝe and..brode.c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 6632 With a rught batell.1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 45 The bodye..beyng a rough stone.1624 in E. A. J. Honigmann & S. Brock Playhouse Wills (1993) 144 To Burbadge Vnderwood..one great gylte spoone one plaine bowle and one roughe bowle.a1722 J. Lauder Jrnls. (1900) 131 That Barbet rought water dog that taks the escrevisses.1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound iii. iii. 104 The rough walls are clothed with long soft grass.1933 Gallovidian Ann. 81 The Galloway shepherds' toast, ‘Tar, Rugh Sheep, and Whusky!’2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Nov. 31/2 The maroons had to hunt..in the rough terrain. γ. late Middle English 1600s–1700s (1800s– regional and nonstandard) ruff, 1500s roff, 1500s roffe, 1500s rouf, 1500s rowfe, 1500s (1800s U.S. regional) ruf, 1500s–1600s ruffe, 1600s rouffe. ?1488 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 173 Item ruff ottes.1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry 141 You must looke..that the vrine may be well voyded away: for the wettenesse hereof..spoyleth their coates, and maketh them rowfe, and ilfauoured.1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 28v The blades of both kindes are ruffe.1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 20 Winds and ruff Seas.1683 J. Pettus Fleta Minor (1686) i. 9 It was ruffe and sharp.a1745 J. Swift To Dr. Sheridan in Miscellanies (1749) XI. 284 Compar'd with which..A Smoothing-Ir'n itself is ruff.1787 Minor 53 Saw away the ruff corners of your mind.1878 J. Castillo Poems in N. Yorks. Dial. 46 Wi' lads o' manners ruff an' rude.1997 C. Newland Scholar (1998) i. 11 ‘Ruff innit?’ Cory Bradley, now seventeen, asked his Aunt Bernice. I. Uneven; not smooth. 1. a. Having an uneven or irregular surface, so as to be abrasive to the touch; rutted, pitted, jagged; not level, smooth, or flat.In early use also in figurative context. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > sharp unevenness > [adjective] roughOE snaggy1581 toothy1611 jagged1651 snagged1658 jaggy1717 splintery1829 snaggled1938 OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 354 Nodosi cyppi, ruches copses, ostes [corrected in MS to osties]. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 375 Dira [cutis] callositas : aspera scabredo..ruh wærihtnys. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 140 Hwase eauer misseið oðer. oðer misdeð þe..heis þi file & fileð awei þirust of þiruchȝe [c1230 Corpus ruhe, a1250 Nero ruwe] sunne. c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 147 Nis hit or acurset þe iwurðeð swartre & ruhre [Nero ruhure; Cleo. ruchȝere; Titus ruhere] se hit is ifilet mare? c1390 Charter Abbey Holy Ghost (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 360 (MED) Þenne þei toke a blont, rouh, ragged nayl & smiten hit þorw his hond. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3815 (MED) Þai..findis all þe strandis Full of Redis..rughere þan thornes. a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 15719 (MED) As she fylede..Vp-on myn yren, rowh and old, Ther-off she made..Thys sharpe sawe. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Cij Theyr skinne is verye rowghe, and full of chappes, and riftes, like the barke of a tree. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Calicules The rough shells of Chestnuts. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 342 Fruit of all kindes, in coate, Rough, or smooth rin'd. View more context for this quotation 1670 in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. v. 15 The silke..will soone grow rough, gather dust and sullie. c1686 R. Law Memorialls (1818) 177 It [sc. the elephant] has no hair upon the skin of it, but a rough tannie. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 221 The tongue is rough, and beset with prickles. 1781 W. Cowper Retirem. 230 Rough elm, or smooth-grain'd ash, or glossy beech. 1820 P. B. Shelley Prometheus Unbound iii. iii. 104 The rough walls are clothed with long soft grass. 1873 J. Richards Operator's Handbk. 135 The lumber is guided by its rough surface before coming in contact with the cutters. 1909 Daily Chron. 21 Aug. 7/4 Wherever it can get finger-hold in the rough face of the cliff, it shows in abundance. 1948 B. Griffith Amer. Me Gloss. 315/2 A curved rough stone for grinding corn. 1981 A. MacLeod in Canad. Fiction Mag. 40–41 57 The stretch of smooth ice had been..temporarily joined to the rougher ice nearer the shore. 2004 H. Strachan Make a Skyf, Man! v. 54 We..pick up some glycerine for rough skin..from a pharmacy. b. Of cloth: coarse in texture or weave; having a long harsh nap; not soft or fine. Hence also of things made from such cloth. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric with specific qualities > [adjective] > coarse or rough roughOE sackena1450 rugged1558 homespun?1589 shaggy1664 nubbly1829 nubby1935 the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [adjective] > with pile or nap > long roughOE terpoile1489 thrummed1535 plushed1594 woolled1600 shagged1649 velvet-pile1851 OE tr. Bili St. Machutus 22 He hine scrydde mid ruhre hæran [L. hirsuto cilicio] þæt betwuh þa tida þæs slæpes..nære nan rest þæs lichoman. OE Hymns (Durh. B.iii.32) lxxxvi. 2 in I. Milfull Hymns of Anglo-Saxon Church (1996) 327 Prebuit yrtum tegimen camelus artubus sacris : gearcode ruhne wæfels olfend liþum halgum. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 251 Of whete is y-made oyle þat helpeþ..in ycchynge and in scabbes..if it is wel y-froted wiþ a rowh [L. aspero] cloþ. a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 17168 (MED) Off rowh frese she hadde..A garnement shape lyk a sak. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 322/2 Roughe as course clothe is, rude. 1595 Edinb. Test. XXIX. f. 5, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ruch I leif to James Donald..my stand of rouch claythtis. 1611 Bible (King James) Zech. xiii. 4 Neither shall they weare a rough garment to deceiue. View more context for this quotation 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Rouw laken, rough, or Course cloath. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella Of Husbandry xii. xlvi. 552 Wipe off, with a..rough linen cloth,..whatever sand shall stick to it. 1783 Circular from Hamburg in Pennsylv. Gaz. 26 Nov. 3/1 German cloth of every quality and colour..Silesia linens..Rough dowlas. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. §2. 152 He was clothed with the rough hairy garment worn by the recluse and the prophet. 1886 C. D. Warner Their Pilgrimage 3 A gentleman clad in a perfectly-fitting rough travelling suit. 1926 D. H. Lawrence Plumed Serpent xvi. 245 The cargadores were busy at the charcoal boats, carrying out the rough sacks. 1939 Army & Navy Stores Catal. 623/1 ‘Christy’ bath towels [with] rough brown linen pile. 1991 D. Bolger Woman's Daughter (1992) 162 I lifted the rough blanket and climbed in. c. Scottish. Of a bone: having meat on it. Sc. National Dict. at Ruch records this sense as still in use in Perthshire, Stirlingshire, and Ayrshire in 1968. ΚΠ 1794 Har'st Rig 42 Mony a dainty rough fat bane. 1826 W. Scott Woodstock II. viii. 205 A hungry tyke ne'er minds a blaud with a rough bane. 1887 J. Service Life Dr. Duguid 22 A good supply of hard boiled eggs and rough banes in a pock. 2. a. Covered with hair; hairy, shaggy; (now esp. of an animal) having long or coarse hair, wool, etc.; unclipped, unshorn. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [adjective] > bushy, thick > having shaggeda1000 roughOE thick-hairedc1405 busheda1513 bush-haired1530 maned1530 bush-headed1552 shack-haired1555 mop-headed?1566 shag-haired1577 shag-hair1584 shaggyc1590 rug-headed1597 hirsute1621 hobby-headeda1625 shock1681 shocky1698 shock-head1842 tousled-headed1860 tousle-haired1880 flock-headed1891 thick-piled1976 OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §29. 242 Ða gesawe we þær ruge wifmen, & wæpned men wæron hie swa ruwe & swa gehære swa wildeor. OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xxvii. 11 Ðu wast þæt Esau min broðor ys ruh & ic eom smeðe. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 28 (MED) Margarte grap þet grisliche þing..ant sette hire riht-fot on his ruhe swire. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 2 Kings i. 8 A rowgh [a1425 L.V. heeri; L. pilosus] man & wiþ an hery girdil gird to þe reenes. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 5946 (MED) He was ruȝher þan any ku. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 147 Þe folk er all full of feþers and rugh. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde ii. viii. 83 Men and wymmen alle naked and also rowhe as beeres. a1525 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 167/25 In that cuntre..is mischapen men and women..sum has four feit all rouch and tuskis lyke a baire. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Horridus Sus horridus, a rough hogge with bristles standynge vp. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 255 Till new-borne chinnes Be rough, and Razor-able. View more context for this quotation 1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 21 in Justa Edouardo King Rough Satyres danc'd, and Fauns with cloven heel. 1708 London Gaz. No. 4421/8 Both are Rough, having lain at Grass all the Winter. 1750 J. S. Gardiner Art & Pleasures of Hare-hunting 7 The rough wire-haired Hound, thick quartered, well hung. a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) II. xxv. 187 They rode together all day on two rough ponies. 1897 Daily News 2 Feb. 9/4 Fat bulls and rough cows were a difficult sale. 1903 Westmorland Gaz. 27 June 5/2 Came astray, in March, rough ewe..stowed near ear, no other marks. 1972 R. Godden Diddakoi i. 10 The orchard where..the gypsies' rough horses used to be tethered. 2007 Scots Mag. Mar. 318/1 Helping Father immerse a batch of rough sheep. ΚΠ OE Harley Gloss. (1966) 200 Frondea Ficus, i. frondosa geþuf ficbeam uel helm uel rug. OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxxxvii. 178 Heo [sc. ðeos wyrt] hafað leaf neah swylce mistel, þa beoð ruge [L. lanuginosa] & brade. OE Bounds (Sawyer 60) in D. Hooke Worcs. Anglo-Saxon Charter-bounds (1990) 65 In þæt rug mapeltreow in forweard werdune. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 745 (MED) Þe hasel & þe haȝ-þorne were harled al samen, With roȝe raged mosse rayled ay-where. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 193v, in Middle Eng. Dict. at Rough(e Þer ben þre maners of planteyne, but þe best of alle groweþ in þe felde lowe bi þe grounde, and he is ruȝghe. c. Of hair, wool, fur, etc.: coarse, bushy; thick, shaggy; not smooth, soft, or fine. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > types of hair > [adjective] > bushy, thick roughOE lothenc1440 bushed1535 shirl1567 shagged1587 shaga1596 bushya1609 thick1624 shaggy1638 moppy1725 tousled1847 OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens Old Eng. Glosses of MS Brussels, Royal Libr. 1650 (1974) 471 Hyrsutas [bidentum] lanas, hruhe wulla [OE Digby 146 hruhge wulla]. c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 65 Nis þer bute sone forwarpe þet ruhe [?c1225 Cleo. ruchȝe, a1250 Nero ruwe] fel abute þe heorte. c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 265 (MED) His here of his berd, blac & rowe, To his girdel-stede was growe. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. xlvi. 1197 The kyde hatte edus... His wolle is more longe and rough [L. hispidiorem] þan is lombe wolle. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 285 Thei beren gret Wolle and roughe. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) lxviii. 14 With the haire that is rughe and sharpe. 1555 R. Eden tr. S. von Herberstein Rerum moscouiticarum commentarii in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 299v Men of meane stature, with..roughe and thyck beardes. 1594 R. Barnfield Shepheard Content xxvii. sig. Fij When their fleeces gin to waxen rough, He combs and trims them with a Rampicke bough. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xiii. 286/1 At the end of this Baldness..grew small long feathers, like certain rough curled hairs. 1710 R. Sibbald Hist. Fife & Kinross ii. iii. 49 The Sea-Otter..differeth from the Land-Otter, for it is bigger, and the Pile of its Furr is rougher. 1767 tr. D. Cranz Hist. Greenland I. iv. 125 Nor does it [sc. the hair] lie smooth, but rough, bristly and intermixed like pigs hair. 1805 J. Luccock Nature & Prop. Wool 242 Its wool was kempy, rough and thin. 1844 T. Carlyle Let. 5 Aug. in Corr. Emerson & Carlyle (1964) 363 A great shock of rough dusty-dark hair. 1976 K. Reddick Horses 19 The Camargue has a rough, invariably gray coat..and short, sturdy legs. 2003 R. Liddle Too Beautiful for You (2004) 180 He's maybe like forty years old, very tall with a rough brown beard. d. Of leather or hide: undressed, untanned. Also of shoes, etc.: made of such hide. Cf. sense 7a. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > [adjective] > undressed or untanned rougheOE rawOE greena1400 untanned1535 untawed1545 unbarked1569 the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > [adjective] > made of specific material rougheOE russet1611 kurdaitcha1940 Ugg1969 eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 361 Pero, hemming, i. ruh sco. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 3677 (MED) Wit a rugh [Gött. rohu] skin sco hidd his hals And couerd þar-wit his hands als. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 265 (MED) In the sowthe weste of Germayne be peple callede Scribonij..hauenge clothes of the ruȝhe [L. crudis] skynnes of bestes. c1480 (a1400) St. John Baptist 279 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 231 With a belte of reucht skine made. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vii. xii. 118 Ane rouch rylling of raw hyd and of hayr. 1588–9 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. IV. 365 Rouch hydis and barkit leddir. 1645 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 179 Sex roche hyddes pertaining to the said Johne. 1757 H. Saxby Brit. Customs 376 Drawback or repayment of the duty of Excise on Hides or Calve-skins, rough or tanned. 1891 Cassell's Family Mag. 18 287 Besides these rough hides, we import others that are..dressed in some way. 1914 A. W. Leonard R. L. Stevenson's Kidnapped Introd. 28 The Highlanders wore on their feet rough shoes..made of untanned hide with the hair turned outward. 1993 V. Seth Suitable Boy (U.K. ed.) iv. iv. 216 He picked up a piece of rough, red-dyed leather from the ground. 3. Of ground: difficult to traverse; uneven, rugged, broken, stony; uncultivated, wild. Also figurative and in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > rough sharpc893 roughOE foec1400 rupt?a1425 aspera1492 scragged1519 smarta1525 ruggeda1533 crabbed1579 broken1599 tutty-nosed1681 ruggish1838 the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > rough unsmeetheOE sharpc893 rowOE reofOE roughOE unplaina1393 harsha1400 scrofc1400 stourc1400 ruggyc1405 asperous1547 harshy1582 shagged1589 horrid1590 unsmooth1598 gross1606 asperate1623 brute1627 scabbed1630 sleazy1644 rasping1656 scaber1657 asper1681 shaggy1693 gruff1697 grating1766 hackly1794 ruvid1837 scrubby1856 unkind1866 raspy1882 ruckly1923 sandpapery1957 OE Bounds (Sawyer 623) in P. H. Sawyer Charters of Burton Abbey (1979) 23 Of þam sceardan beorge to þam rugan hlæwe, of þam rugan hlæwe on stan beorh. OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) iii. 114 Þa ferdon begen þurh þa rugan fennas [L. per invia lustra inter atrae paludis margines]. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9211 Whær se iss all..sharrp. & ruhh & gate læs. Þurrh þorrness. & þurrh breress. c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) 59 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 289 (MED) Þe wode was rough and þikke. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 242 Paliurus is a thistill..and groweth in rowȝ lond vntyled. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1898 (MED) Renaud com richchande þurȝ a roȝe greue. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3852 (MED) Þus raȝt he fra þis reuir be many ruȝe waies. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke iii. f. lxxvjv And the rought wayes shalbe made smoth. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. iii. 4 These high wild hils and rough vneuen waies, Drawes out our miles. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 478 Hard are the ways of truth, and rough to walk. View more context for this quotation 1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 386 The Road is somewhat crooked and rough. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 346 We had some rough Way to pass yet. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. vii. 346 The shore presented only roughest rocks. 1821 P. B. Shelley Epipsychidion 10 She met me, Stranger, upon life's rough way. 1885 Law Rep.: Weekly Notes 11 July 146/2 A small cottage and some 22 acres of rough land held therewith. 1904 J. G. Millais in Zoologist 8 242 For the greater part of the year, the Orkney Vole inhabits these rough fields. 1965 Orienteering (‘Know the Game’ Ser.) 36 Ankle support is very important in rough orienteering country. 1979 F. Iyayi Violence xiv. 172 The car bounced and joggled on the rough road. 2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Nov. 31/2 The maroons had to hunt..in the rough terrain. 4. Sport. Designating the face of a tennis or other racket on which the loops formed by the stringing process project or are visible. Hence as int.: used as a call when the racket is spun to decide the right to serve first or to choose ends (opposite of smooth adj. 1c). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > racket games > [adjective] > side of racket rough1837 smooth1890 1837 D. Walker Games & Sports 300 It falls to the ground either on the rough or smooth side; the rough side being that on which the knots of the racket are visible. 1837 D. Walker Games & Sports 300 When the racket is thrown up, the player calls smooth or rough. 1887 L. Beard & A. B. Beard How to amuse yourself & Others (1898) v. 55 They..never took part in the fun of spinning the racket in the air while the adversary called out ‘rough’ or ‘smooth’. 1911 C. H. B. Quennell in L. Weaver House & its Equipm. 204 It spoils the game if, as a result of guessing ‘rough’ or ‘smooth’ [etc.]. 1973 M. Russell Double Hit xxv. 186 Nevil spun his racket. ‘Smooth,’ said Colleano. ‘Rough. I'll serve.’ 1999 G. Cox Dict. Sport ii. 94/1 Whether the strings fall rough side or smooth side up determines who makes the choice. 5. Bacteriology. Designating bacteria and bacterial colonies that have undergone a change in cell surface composition while being grown in culture, typically resulting in the presence of colonies with a rough or dull, rather than smooth or shiny, surface, and typically associated with reduced virulence. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > bacterium > [adjective] > specific quality of tetragenous1888 lysogenic1899 toxicogenic1899 cryophilic1916 R1920 rough1921 smooth1921 sulphate-reducing1926 thermoduric1927 lac−1947 induced1951 inducible1953 thermoacidophilic1976 1920 J. A. Arkwright in Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 23 359 The R form grows in colonies which have a more or less jagged outline, are flatter and often have an irregular, rough, or dull surface and are slightly opaque.] 1921 J. A. Arkwright in Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 24 38 The irregularity of the surface has led to this variant being called the Rough (‘R’) form in distinction from the Smooth (‘S’) form. 1974 Q. N. Myrvik et al. Fund. Med. Bacteriol. & Mycol. ii. 25 When freshly isolated gram-negative pathogens are cultivated in the laboratory, they often undergo a smooth to rough (S→R) colony mutation. 2006 E. Moreno & I. Moriyón in M. Dworkin et al. Prokaryotes (ed. 3) V. i. xvi. 344/1 The smooth Brucella species often dissociate during growth to yield mixtures of typically smooth and rough colonies. II. Not finished, exact, or precise. 6. a. Of an object or item: simply or hastily made; not finely finished; crude, makeshift. ΚΠ ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 138 What wol men for þe sowle del?.. A rowȝ bare trenchur oþer a crust. 1475–6 in C. Welch Hist. Pewterers of London (1902) I. 49 To pay to the ffraternite..of euery dosen garnesch of rowgh vessel.., j d. 1585 in C. E. Whitelaw Sc. Arms Makers (1977) 295 Of unground suordis rouch blaidis. 1624 10 Oct. in E. A. J. Honigmann & S. Brock Playhouse Wills (1993) 144 To Burbadge Vnderwood..one great gylte spoone one plaine bowle and one roughe bowle. 1676 in Rothesay Town Council Rec. (1935) I. 343 Ane hewne door ane hewne window four rough windowes. 1759 A. Butler Lives Saints IV. 588 The saint only slept sitting in a chair, or lying down upon a rough bed in his clothes. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at Rough-tree A name given in merchant-ships..to any mast, &c. which remains rough and unfinished. 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi I. i. x. 129 A rough table, from which they besought Pandulfo to address the people. 1868 F. H. Joynson Metals in Constr. 22 The iron..run into rough moulds or channels made in sand. 1889 Eng. Illustr. Mag. July 737/1 A bare, comfortless room, with a..rough stool and an old tree-stump for furniture. 1906 Canad. Mag. Feb. 363/2 He fashioned a rough splint. 1965 B. Friel Philadelphia, here I Come! (1966) 11 A large deal table, now set for tea..with rough cups and saucers. 1985 A. Blair Tea at Miss Cranston's xx. 168 Three months at a penny-school in..a cold bare room with rough benches. 2009 New Yorker 20 July 39/3 I attended a prayer service, held in a rough wooden chapel. b. Made or done quickly and without detail; not exact or precise; broad, loose, or approximate; preliminary, provisional.See also rough copy n. at Compounds 5a, rough draft n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > freedom from error, correctness > exactness, accuracy, precision > closeness to accuracy > [adjective] narrow1551 rough1561 propinquec1570 close1719 approximated1789 proximate1796 approximate1816 approximative1830 ballpark1960 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude > roughly formed or made rude1488 rough-hewn1530 rough1561 rough-hewed1563 roughcast1588 rough-wrought?1665 rough and tumble1855 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. f. 74v By certaine rough drawing of ye portraiture therof. a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. i. 43 I haue in this rough worke, shap'd out a man [etc.] . View more context for this quotation 1685 J. Cutts La Muse de Cavalier 4 Looking here and there among'st the Throng, I take rough sketches, as they pass along. 1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis 216 To make a rough guess..the sampler takes a handful of it, and washes it on a shovel [etc.]. 1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 22 A rough estimate of the value of the timbers..growing at that time in the district of The Holt. 1819 W. Scott Let. 18 Apr. (1933) V. 364 I add a rough drawing of the arms. 1849 Cottage Gardener 2 66/1 Such guesses..can only serve as a rough guide.., for soil, age of tree, and the former year's crop, should be taken consideration. 1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxiii. 601 The possible produce was in a rough way understood and attained. 1882 E. A. Floyer Unexplored Baluchistan 70 The inhabitants seemed capable of a rough division into three classes. 1938 L. Woolf Let. 27 Oct. (1990) 415 I have made a very rough outline of the kind of book I think I might be able to do. 1969 Jrnl. Brit. Astron. Assoc. 79 193 A rough estimate of the composition of the lunar surface from the American Surveyor probes. 2002 Time 14 Oct. 76/3 He gives the cast [of the comedy] a rough idea of what is happening. c. Of paper, stationery, etc.: used for making preliminary records, notes, or drafts.Earliest in rough book n. at Compounds 5a; see also rough logbook n. at Compounds 5a. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > paper > [adjective] > paper for rough work rough1610 1610 W. Folkingham Feudigraphia 86 Proceede to the Suruey, describing Plots and noting in a Rough-booke (in Folio) all occurrents as they fall remarkable. 1730 D. Forbes Information for Governor & Co. York-buildings. 6 This Addition..was enter'd..upon the margin of the rough Minute-Book. 1797 in T. J. Howell Compl. Coll. State Trials (1819) XXVI. 897 He made three attempts upon rough paper, before he attempted the note. 1811 J. Steele Let. 5 Mar. in Papers (1924) II. 658 One of them is a rough offering book. 1875 Trial Rec. 7 May 38/1 in Accts. & Papers (House of Commons) LX Those entries..might have been made on a rough sheet and entered on the following Tuesday morning. 1928 E. Scott War among Ladies I. iv. 44 Blotting-paper, foolscap, ‘rough’ paper..were laid out. 1960 Sc. National Dict. V. 343/2 A pupil's rough exercise book. 1977 P. D. James Death of Expert Witness ii. 101 His rough notebook?.. Anything of importance was noted in that book, and subsequently transferred to the files. 1997 H. H. Tan Foreign Bodies (1998) xxiii. 205 I know it looks pretty awful, but you can use it as rough paper. d. Not very good or perfect. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude gruff1681 rough and ready1730 rough1800 kachcha1834 hugger-mugger1840 1800 J. Sowerby Coloured Figures Eng. Fungi (1803) III. Tab. CCLXXXIV Withering seems to have had a rough specimen of A. Stipitis before him, with a bad one of A. floccosus. 1860 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 2) I. 337 Red liquor, a rough acetate of alumina used by the calico-printer. 1924 Nat. Poultry Jrnl. 5 670 No. 3 is a very rough sample, which I would not recommend. e. Designating a vacuum of the lowest degree of evacuation. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > [adjective] > under pressure > in which a vacuum has been produced > complete or incomplete vacuum hard1898 rough1900 1900 Sci. Abstr.: Physics & Electr. Engin. 3 165 The vacuum is produced by a mechanical pump in which all joints, valves, &c., are enclosed in a vacuum jacket which is maintained by a second pump producing a rough vacuum. 1949 S. Dushman Sci. Found. Vacuum Technique iii. 141 With a ‘rough’ vacuum of about 10 mm mercury, such a pump could reduce the pressure to about 1 micron. 1976 Physics Bull. Apr. 161/1 Medium vacuum is used extensively for freeze drying and rough vacuum is also used for specimen handling and sample transfer. 2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. x. 405 The first rotary vacuum pump, the workhorse of rough vacuum, was not invented until 1905, by Wolfgang Gaede in Germany. 7. a. Of material or its condition: in a natural or crude state; not brought into a finished condition or form; undressed, unworked, unpolished.Quot. OE shows row adj. apparently in sense ‘(of corn) unground’. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [adjective] rough1364 rudec1384 crudec1386 rawa1398 unwroughtc1400 unwerkedc1430 uncured1622 unmanufactured1644 unworked1730 OE Royal Charter: Offa of Mercia to Church at Worcester (Tiber.) (Sawyer 146) in W. de G. Birch Cartularium Saxonicum (1885) I. 380 Þæs gafoles æt Westbyrig twa tunnan fulle hlutres aloð.. vi lang þero, & þritig ombra rues cornes, feower ambru meolwes.] 1364 in L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. (1992) vii. 122 In 77 damlades 6 dol' pond' de werkstane rugh—damlade ad 8s. 1426–32 in W. T. Barbour Hist. Contract in Early Eng. Equity (1914) 177 (MED) De pleyn overaigne et de pere appelle rough stones saunz table ou corbell. 1485 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 231 vj. lode of rugh plaster vnbrenned. a1525 (?1435) Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 181 (MED) Here is a ston of rough-iron, the whiche must be tendurly cherysshet. 1545 Rates Custome House d ij b Blowynge hornes the dossen... Roughe hornes the M. 1582 in Trans. Jewish Hist. Soc. Eng. (1903) 4 93 For everie quintall of rough Copper he made (being cxij li.) he must have vij. Kebulls of Copper ure. 1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 46 A good piece of rough Parian marble. 1670 J. Pettus Fodinæ Regales 5 In these Veins..are often found Loadstones,..Rough pearl and Soft diamond. 1766 Compl. Farmer at Queen-bee The intestines of these bees are found at times to be more or less distended with honey, and with rough wax. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 227 A chair or pulpit of rough timber. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 704 The bloom or rough ball, from the puddle furnace. 1897 G. A. Henty On Irrawaddy 131 As they [sc. jewels] were in the rough state, he had no idea what size they would be when cut. 1920 Blackwood's Mag. Nov. 675/2 The tukls were strongly built of rough stone. 1964 W. C. Eyles Bk. Opals 147 The visitor to Australia can purchase rough opal but usually only the cheaper grades. 2009 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 11 Sept. e2 The top of the cutting board..is shiny, smooth and sealed. The bottom..is rough and unfinished. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > [adjective] > cooked > not cooked or raw raweOE unsoddenc1000 greenOE unsoda1250 crude1542 undecocted1542 unleepeda1568 uncoqued1617 incocted1645 rough1793 uncooked1846 raw food1904 cookless1907 1793 T. Scott Poems 351 Nae mair a rive o' gait, or fowl, Ha'f rough, ha'f roastet on a coal, But guid sirloin. 8. a. Of craftsmanship, work, etc.: rudimentary, crude, imperfect; not requiring or accomplished with skill. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > unskilled in art or craft > unskilfully made or done > rough or crude gross1513 incult1599 infabricated1623 rough1680 artless1695 crude1786 blockish1880 hairy1914 1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. xii. 211 We will not suppose that the Grooves are of equal depth with the Rough-working of the Gouge. 1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica Pref. sig. d2v We know..their Pharmacy..was Rough and Barbarous. 1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. iii. 34 Here the rude chisel's rougher strokes I trac'd. 1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 90 To avail themselves of those methods, however rough and unsightly they may appear, which experience shews to possess great power. 1845 Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 674/1 After the first or rough boring the interior is fine-bored. 1860 C. Tomlinson Useful Arts & Manuf. 2nd Ser. Cutlery 61 The first, which is called rough buffing, is with Trent sand, and the second, gloss buffing. 1908 C. Headlam Venetia ix. 133 These quaint, rough carvings of the early eleventh century. 1936 W. R. Wedel Introd. Pawnee Archeol. 89 Excavation at the Burkett site in April 1931 yielded a number of turquoise-blue, glass beads of rough manufacture. 2004 Independent (Nexis) 26 May (Features section) 31 I am the doyen of rough plastering and I used to do it myself. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > misjudgement > indiscriminateness > [adjective] blinda1400 unchoosinga1586 undiscerning1589 unrespective1609 irrespecting1625 promiscuous1633 incurious1645 indistinct1650 irrespective1650 uncritical1659 indiscerning1664 undistinguishing1665 undistinguishable1702 unrefining1735 indiscriminating1754 undiscriminating1776 indiscriminate1792 unfastidious1816 rough1819 lumping1827 indistinguishing1828 unparticularizing1828 farraginous1837 imperceiverant1844 scattergun1845 undistinctive1851 indiscriminative1854 unselecting1895 scattershot1961 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. xi. 276 The natural and rough sense of Robin Hood. 1855 E. B. Pusey Doctr. Real Presence Note B 43 Such a rough, indefinite mind as Luther's. 9. Scottish. Having or giving abundance or plenty, esp. of a homely or plain sort. Cf. rough and round adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective] richeOE eadyOE richfulc1300 plenteousc1350 wealthyc1380 wealthfula1400 wlouȝa1400 wellc1405 biga1425 goldedc1450 substantious1490 able1516 opulent?1518 substantive1543 strong1581 fat1611 juicy1627 fortuned1632 affluent1652 rhinocerical1688 rough1721 rowthy1792 golden1797 strong-handed1817 well-to-do1831 wealth-encumbered1844 nabobish1857 rhinoceral1860 ingoted1864 tinny1871 pocket-filled1886 oofy1896 nawabi1955 brewstered2001 1721 J. Kelly Compl. Coll. Scotish Prov. 145 He has a Hole under his Nose that will never let him be rough. 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (at cited word) A gude rouch house, a house where there is abundance of provisions. 1878 J. L. Robertson Poems 94 Wha was sae mensefu' or sae douce, Had roucher board or brawer hoose? 1937 St. Andrews Citizen 30 Jan. 3 Even in the poorest farm-house is to be found what we in Scotland call ‘a rough table’. 1952 Sc. Home & Country Sept. 270 There's siller yonder, and he keeps a guid rouch hoose. III. Turbulent, violent, agitated. 10. a. Of the sea, water: running high; turbulent. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [adjective] > in agitated manner roughc1390 popplingc1400 bullering1533 purlinga1586 brawling1730 chafing1865 c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 716 (MED) Scharpe wawes þat Schip has sayled..ffor wynt ne wederes neuer hit fayled..Þouȝ þe see were rouh. c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 147 (MED) Þe bote..reled on roun vpon þe roȝe yþes. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 128 The water was so rowgh that they were aferde to passe over hit. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 3693 With a ropand rayne rugh was the se. a1596 Sir Thomas More (1911) 72 A quiet Ebb will follow this rough tide. 1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 17 The winds grew contrary: and the seas..too rough to be brooked by so small a vessell. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 117 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors The sea is rough at all times, there is no Landing without danger. 1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes II. iii. xii. 9 When he rises with vigor from Tiber's rough waves. 1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse iii. iii. 96 To render them very floaty and lively in a rough hollow sea. 1819 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto II xlv. 141 A tight boat will live in a rough sea, Unless with breakers close beneath her lee. 1887 Times (Weekly ed.) 16 Dec. 1/3 He will find rough waters very soon. 1933 Harvard Stud. Classical Philol. 44 222 In rough water ships with higher oar-ports could more easily clear the waves on the recover. 1997 Guardian 6 June i. 16/3 The bridge is an engineering wonder, built..to withstand..some of the roughest seas in the world. 2006 Reader's Digest Apr. 68/1 Within days it would be too rough to cross the Channel. b. Of weather, wind, etc.: wild and stormy; tempestuous, violent, severe. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy reigheOE stormya1200 wilda1250 troublec1374 rougha1400 stormishc1430 rude?a1439 boistous1470 troublous1482 wair?a1500 tempestuous1509 blusterous1548 rugged1549 stormful1558 troublesome1560 turbulent1573 ruggy1577 rufflered1582 oragious?1590 boisterous?1594 broily1594 unruly1594 procellousa1629 gurly1718 coarse1774 ugly1844 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) 24838 (MED) Þe wedir..Son bigan be rug. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 1161 Wynter wyth hys rowghe wyndis and blastis. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 669/2 I pull in the sayle of a shyppe, as marryners do in a roughe wether. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. iii. 146 Time, and the Houre, runs through the roughest Day. View more context for this quotation 1663 A. Cowley Ess. in Verse & Prose (1669) 108 The roughest season of the sky. 1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 9 Turn we to survey Where rougher climes a nobler race display. 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 441 That no rough blast may sweep His garlands from the boughs. 1818 W. Scott Let. Jan. (1933) V. 39 Should the weather be rough,..do not think of riding. 1852 M. Arnold Empedocles on Etna, & Other Poems i. ii. 246 Nor is the wind less rough that blows a good man's barge. 1916 Glasgow Herald 1 Sept. 8 Craft that, despite their sturdiness, move in rough weather like buck-jumping ponies. 1941 C. Beaton Diary Apr. in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) xi. 85 The weather is rough again—perhaps too rough for tonight's sortie. 2003 Boating World May 87/1 Anchoring the 270 BR is safer than on a closed-bow boat in rough conditions. c. Of a voyage or journey: accompanied by or undertaken in such weather. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy > accompanied with or done in rough weather rough1588 1588 A. Munday tr. Palmerin D'Oliua lxv. sig. zv They were..somewhat sicklye after theyr roughe passage. 1647 tr. G. Wishart Hist. Kings Affairs Scotl. under Montrose ii. 9 She, having had a rough passage, and being not wel recovered from the distempers at sea. 1690 tr. Copy Let. Gentleman in Dort 1 I Am got safe to Dort after rough Passage. 1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 223 We had a very sour and rough Voyage for the first Fortnight. 1787 New Novelist's Mag. 2 262/1 You seem to me to have had a cursed rough voyage through life. 1854 R. Doyle Brown, Jones, & Robinson 2 After a rough passage,..landed at Ostend. 1877 T. De W. Talmage 50 Serm. 16 You have found a rough passage. 1928 Decatur Rev. 9 Feb. 10/3 (heading) Sir Harry Britain..had almost as rough a voyage to New York..as the original Pilgrims. 1998 Cruising World Oct. 75 The crossing from Florida had been so rough she could hardly stand up. 11. a. Of action, behaviour, etc.: characterized by violence or harshness, esp. towards someone. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough rudea1375 savagea1393 rougha1398 roid?c1425 brutisha1513 brash1868 roughneck1906 to treat 'em rough1962 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 26 Þe wit of gropinge..knowiþ more perfitliche þanne oþir wittis haard & rouȝe & erþeliche passiouns. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 21962 (MED) His first comme it was ful smeth, þe toþer sal be rugh [Coll. Phys. ruch] and reth. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 10161 With a Rumour full roide & a roght hate. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) iv. vii. 8 Rough deeds of Rage, and sterne Impatience. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iv. i. 20 Her Father..may (happily) be a little angry for my so rough vsage. View more context for this quotation 1656 A. Cowley Davideis iv. 125 in Poems Nor was their Lust less active or less bold, Amidst this rougher search of Blood and Gold. 1712 J. Arbuthnot Law is Bottomless-pit iii. 8 John naturally lov'd rough Play. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. IV. 257 The elector..seemed highly provoked at this rough usage. 1861 T. Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. ix. 153 There might be some reason in the rough handling he had got. 1878 R. L. Stevenson in Cornhill Mag. 37 358 Those who have..not learnt the rough lessons that youth hands on to age. 1950 ‘C. S. Forester’ Mr. Midshipman Hornblower viii. 205 The midshipman..apologising for this rough treatment of a post captain of the Royal Navy. 2001 S. Brett Death on Downs (2002) xlvi. 298 We..made our own entertainment..and some of the games we invented were pretty rough. b. colloquial. Of events and circumstances: difficult and unpleasant; unfortunate, unreasonable, unfair.See also to be rough on at Phrases 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > full of hardship hardOE soreOE starkOE difficult1562 flinty1613 rugged1663 rough1709 rude1735 tough1890 society > morality > rightness or justice > wrong or injustice > [adjective] > unfair unmethea1300 unevenc1380 inique1521 unequal1535 unegall1589 unequitable1643 inequitable1667 unfair1713 iniquitablea1734 unsportsmanlike1754 unsportsmanly1776 rough1801 unsporting1859 below the belt1892 red-hot1896 1709 J. Collier Ess. Moral Subj.: Pt. IV ix. 418 St. Paul had a rough time on't, and was almost always harrass'd with Poverty, and Persecution. 1801 L. Hunt Juvenilia 12 And for me if life is rough, To live, and to be brave's enough. c1856 W. Whitman Daybks. & Notebks. (1978) III. 670 That's rough. 1867 ‘M. Twain’ Let. 5 Dec. in C. Clemens Mark Twain (1932) 16 Another devilish thing is that the Alta [California] copyrighted the letters—that was rough. 1889 A. Lang Lett. on Lit. 183 As we had also lots of..boomerangs..the poultry used to have rather a rough time of it. 1944 Yank 4 Aug. 5 ‘We were 66 days on the beach at Anzio,’ said Egan. ‘It was rough.’ 1988 S. Paretsky Toxic Shock (1990) v. 42 Her mouth set in the hard line of remembered grievance. ‘It sounds rough,’ I said, appalled. 2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 330 She's had a rough time lately... Dad's in the nick again..and the pub's not doing well. c. Of a period or (now esp.) a place: characterized by rowdiness; riotous, disorderly; violent, boisterous. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > [adjective] > riotous > specific rough1760 1760 Mod. Part Universal Hist. XXII. 23 Even in these rough times..mankind was not so ignorant and barbarous as to [etc.]. 1842 J. B. Jukes Excurs. Newfoundland II. ix. 26 St. Mary's struck me as being the most rough and disorderly place I had yet seen. 1863 E. C. Gaskell Sylvia's Lovers I. iv. 65 The town was rough with a riot between the press-gang and the whaling folk. 1884 Western Daily Press 2 June 3/1 In the language of the police the Derby Day was the ‘roughest’ which they had ever experienced. 1914 H. Gibson Jrnl. 30 Aug. in Jrnl. from Legation in Belgium 177 I went through the rough part of town late this afternoon and found patrols everywhere. 1989 W. McIlvanney Walking Wounded 43 It was regarded as being the roughest pub in Graithnock. 2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 23 Apr. i. 1/2 Products of New Orleans's roughest projects. 12. a. Of a person, or his or her disposition or temperament: that is, or is inclined to be, violent or harsh (with someone); not kind or gentle. Also in extended use, of things personified. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > harshness > [adjective] unmildeOE unmeekc1175 unkindc1325 dure1412 roughc1415 foula1500 harsh1579 untender1608 unsoftened1645 kindless1659 unkind-hearted1760 uncannya1774 unkindly1787 unbeneficent1822 bad-blooded1842 half-hearted1864 brash1868 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough > specifically of person roughc1415 rudec1450 rackle1570 rowdy1835 c1415 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Corpus Oxf.) (1875) G. §3 l. 861 I haue ȝou told ynough To reysen a feende loke he neuer so rough [c1405 Ellesmere rowe]. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 437 Rowghe, or vngoodely in chere, torvus. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Wisd. xviii. 15 As a rough man of warre. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie clxxvii. 1101 The sharpest, the roughest..man yt euer was. 1600 E. Blount tr. G. F. di Conestaggio Hist. Uniting Portugall to Castill 23 Fearing more the Kings choler, by reason of his rough inclination. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iv. viii. 44 Be not to rough in termes, For he is fierce. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. ii. 25 You haue bin too rough, somthing too rough: you must returne, and mend it. View more context for this quotation 1746 P. Francis tr. Horace in P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Epistles ii. i. 384 The bards..Who dare not trust the rough, contemptuous stage. 1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 27 App. 502 She should be withdrawn from so rough a mistress. 1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 175 So rough in my manner to him..that he thinks I have no feeling. 1821 P. B. Shelley Dirge for Year 9 So White Winter, that rough nurse, Rocks the death-cold Year to-day. 1867 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 170 I am so afraid they will be too rough with her, for..Ella is very strong, and by no means gentle. 1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 221 Nay,..do not be rough; good words, if you please. 1924 W. Lewis in New Statesman 2 Feb. 475/2 Violent, rough, fanatical natures, their hands anxious to fly at the throats of their antagonists. 1978 M. McLaverty Coll. Short Stories 96 When he had drink taken he was rough with her. 2001 J. O'Neill At Swim, Two Boys (2002) xviii. 444 ‘You didn't need to be so rough.’ ‘You want to see me rough? Throw you off the roof.’ b. Of a horse: not properly broken in; unruly, not easily ridden. Also in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > temperament > [adjective] > not broken in or trained uncorsayeda1400 undaunted1422 unbroken1538 rough1542 unhandled1558 unbacked1593 unmade1632 unbrokea1716 breachy1780 outlawed1893 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes Table sig. x.ivv Crabbed wyues compared to rough horsses. 1561 T. Hoby tr. B. Castiglione Courtyer i. sig. D.iiiv It is the peculyer prayse of vs Italians..to manege wyth reason, especiallye roughe horses. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream v. i. 119 He hath rid his Prologue, like a rough Colte. View more context for this quotation 1685 C. Cotton tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. xlviii The Prince of Sulmona, riding a rough horse at Naples. 1761 Earl of Pembroke Mil. Equitation ii. 8 A raw, unsuppled, and unprepared lad, who is put at once upon a rough horse. 1797 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 666/1 The more he trots, and the more he rides rough horses, the better. 1861 J. Brown Spare Hours (1862) 147 [The schoolboys were] all rough colts—wilful and unbroken. 1894 M. H. Hayes Among Men & Horses viii. 124 Mr M'Leod had had immense experience in the breaking of rough horses. 1920 Bulletin (Sydney) 24 June 20/2 In far-western Queensland, where you do get brumbies and rough horses, they are considered soft snaps unless they can..‘buck back’. 2005 D. Marvine Lady rode Bucking Horses 85 She is known as the best handler of rough horses in the entire state. 13. a. Of speech or language: harsh, aggressive; not mild, quiet, or gentle; (of a statement, etc.) expressed in such language.Sometimes with admixture of senses 16a and 18. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough > of language or expression rougha1450 rowc1460 foul1593 a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 32 Oon of hem tok greet indignacion, and wyþ a roughe voys he answerde. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 1 Kings xii. 13 The kynge gaue the people an harde rough answere. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 2031 Antenor..rekont by row all þere rogh speche. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Richard III f. xxxviijv Letters of a more rougher and hawter sorte, not without minatorie termes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) iii. iii. 54 Thou'rt like to haue A lullabie too rough . View more context for this quotation 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 84 Austine Barbadici.., by faire and rough tearmes, kept the league unbroken. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 15 The Duke, by his rougher Dialect, in the end prevailed. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 31. ⁋2 [He] called him..Lyar, Dog, and other rough Appellatives. 1754 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) v. 39 Towards Servants, never accustom yourself to rough and passionate language. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lix. 536 The landlady reproached herself bitterly for ever having used a rough expression to her. 1891 W. How Lighter Moments (1900) 22 He answered with a rough ‘Yes’. a1961 E. Hemingway Under Kilimanjaro (2005) 178 Don't use rough words... My husband is a delicate and sensitive man. 2001 Press-Enterprise (Riverside, Calif.) (Nexis) 14 July b5 The rough shouts of police and the pounding of a battering ram. b. Of features or facial expressions: harsh, aggressive; not gentle or kind. Also in figurative contexts. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > [adjective] > coarse or rough rudec1440 crabbed1603 rougha1616 undeliciousa1618 strong1713 coarsishc1817 Gamp-like1844 a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iii. i. 30 The grapling vigor, and rough frowne of Warre. View more context for this quotation 1747 J. Spence Polymetis 209 The poets describe him [sc. Æolus] as of an angry temper, and rough look. 1849 G. P. R. James Woodman I. v. 83 My friend,..whose looks are rougher than his intentions. 1901 C. R. Panter Granuaile iii. 61 The steep-bristled Needles..Have lost in his [sc. the sun's] smile the rough frown of their crags. 2001 T. Goodkind Pillars of Creation (2002) 529 The drunken nature of some of the soldiers, and the rough looks and leering grins of others. 14. Of a remedy, esp. a purgative: violent in effect; strong, powerful. Frequently (and now chiefly) figurative, designating something violent or unpleasant that produces the desired result, esp. in rough medicine. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > relating to powers or effects of drugs > powerful or vigorous vehement?1541 rough1598 generous1632 effrenate1657 effrenous1657 drastica1691 Herculean1755 1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales iii. xi. 80 Old inueterate diseases of the body cannot be cured, but by sharp and rough remedies. 1646 S. Rutherford Divine Right Church-govt. xii. 360 A sicke and diseased brother, under the roughest Medicine of the Church, to wit, the rod of Excommunication. 1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa i. xi. 9 The soft and smooth superficies of a Medicament, is to be preferr'd before the hard and rough. 1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 397 He..forced him to a quicker and a rougher remedy. 1727 J. Arbuthnot Tables Anc. Coins 284 His Purgative Medicines are generally very rough and strong. 1773 D. Garrick Let. 21 June (1963) II. 878 If you think ye Dr wants a rough purge to be cleans'd from his play-writing let it go as it is. 1827 New-Eng. Med. Rev. Apr. 164 Blood-letting, rough and depressing purgatives, and warm applications, are injurious. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. I. i. 73 The rough remedy of the cart-tail. 1907 F. Maclaren Graham of Claverhouse ii. i. 130 An unhappy soldier who is sent to settle them by the rough medicine of the sword. 1940 R. Austin in J. E. Lewis Mammoth Bk. Eyewitness i. 65 It was rough medicine. But the right medicine for the moment. 1992 J. Shapcott Phrase Bk. 43 Do you want to be an angel? I know the answer already and it's rough medicine. 15. colloquial (originally regional). Unwell, sick; tired, dejected, now esp. as the result of a hangover or lack of sleep. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > [adjective] > in state of ill health or diseased untrumc825 sickc888 unwholec888 slackc897 unstronga900 sicklea1000 sam-halea1023 worseOE attaint1303 languishinga1325 heallessc1374 sicklyc1374 sicklewa1387 bada1393 mishalea1400 languoring?c1425 distempered1440 unwell?c1450 detent?a1475 poora1475 languorousc1475 maladif1481 illa1500 maladiousc1500 wanthriven1508 attainted1509 unsound1513 acrazed1521 cracked1527 unsoundya1529 visited1537 infirmed1552 crazed1555 healthless1568 ill-liking1572 afflicted1574 crazy1576 unhealthful1580 sickish1581 valetudinary1581 not well1587 fainty1590 ill-disposed1596 unhealthsome1598 tainted1600 ill-affected1604 peaking1611 unhealthy1611 infirmited1616 disaffected1626 physical1633 illish1637 pimping1640 invalid1642 misaffected1645 valetudinarious1648 unhale1653 badly1654 unwholesome1655 valetudinous1655 morbulent1656 off the hooksa1658 mawkish1668 morbid1668 unthriven1680 unsane1690 ailing1716 not wellish1737 underlya1742 poorly1750 indifferent1753 comical1755 maladized1790 sober1808 sickened1815 broken-down1816 peaky1821 poorlyish1827 souffrante1827 run-down1831 sicklied1835 addle1844 shaky1844 mean1845 dauncy1846 stricken1846 peakyish1853 po'ly1860 pindling1861 rough1882 rocky1883 suffering1885 wabbit1895 icky-boo1920 like death warmed up1924 icky1938 ropy1945 crappy1956 hanging1971 sick as a parrot1982 shite1987 1882 Christian 12 Jan. 81 I spent my last 10 cents for two moons..and cheese, and I felt pretty rough. 1961 M. Dickens Heart of London ii. 204 He looks rough. Someone ought to do something. Take im to ospital. 1971 C. Bonington Annapurna South Face xvi. 196 ‘I'll never make it to Camp VI,’ said Nick. ‘I feel dead rough.’ 1972 Times 22 June 4/1 I felt really rough..before I was admitted to hospital. 1991 J. O'Connor Cowboys & Indians (1992) 3 For someone about to unleash himself on the world, Eddie was looking rough. 2005 M. Lewycka Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian xxvii. 277 Is there any tea left in the pot? I feel a bit rough. IV. Coarse, unrefined. 16. a. Of sound: discordant, grating; harsh and rasping. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective] hardOE rudea1375 stern1390 rougha1400 discordanta1425 stoutc1440 hoarse1513 harsh1530 raughtish1567 rugged1567 dissonant1573 harshy1582 jarry1582 immelodious1601 cragged1605 raggeda1616 unmusicala1616 absonousa1620 unharmoniousa1634 inharmonical1683 unharmonic1694 inharmonious1715 craggy1774 pebbly1793 reedy1795 iron1807 dry1819 inharmonic1828 asperated1835 sawing1851 shrewd1876 coarse1879 callithumpian1886 dissonantal1946 ear-bending1946 sandpaper1953 a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 197 (MED) Her vois is rowȝ [L. rauca], ouþer sumtyme it is wondirly scharp. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 215 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 101 The ravyne Rolpand rudly in a roche ran. 1580 E. Spenser Let. in G. Harvey Wks. (1884) I. 35 Rough words must be subdued with Vse. 1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xii. 86 The rough and Wofull Musick that we haue. View more context for this quotation 1683 W. Kennett tr. Erasmus Witt against Wisdom 14 The delivery of Achilles was rough, harsh, and hæsitant. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 92. ⁋12 It requires very little skill to make our language rough. 1765 O. Goldsmith Ess. in Busy Body 13 Oct. 15 With a voice more rough than the Staffordshire Giant's. 1845 Proc. Philol. Soc. 2 139 In general it will be found to have affected broad, rough sounds. 1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. iv. 501 The roughest and most grating murmurs. 1931 K. M. Goodale Behind Scenes with Edwin Booth xiv. 117 Any voice beside Edwin Booth's sounded rough or flat or thin or shouty. 1994 A. Theroux Primary Colors 207 The warm sound of the clarinet, at once rough and velvety. b. Phonetics. Of an (esp. ancient Greek) letter or sound: aspirated. Also, of a diacritic mark: indicating such pronunciation. Frequently in rough breathing.Cf. breathing n. 9, smooth breathing n. at smooth adj. Compounds 1a. [In rough breathing after spiritus asper n. or its etymon post-classical Latin spiritus asper.] ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > speech sound by manner > [adjective] > aspirate spiritus asper1649 aspirated1668 incrassated1668 spiritous1668 aspirate1669 spirital1669 spirited1670 rough1696 1696 W. T. Lily, Improved 151 The rough or harsh Breathing, called Asper Spiritus, when a word begins with H. 1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ II. at H The original softer א and ה,..and the rougher ע and ח the parent of H. 1785 Ess. Punctuation 153 That the letters over which it [῾] is placed, should be pronounced with a rough breathing. 1864 F. M. Müller Lect. Sci. Lang. 2nd Ser. 95 The media or middle letters were originally so called because..they stood half-way between the bare and the rough letters. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 355/1 H still remained as the rough breathing. 1920 tr. Explanationes in Artem Donati in E. H. Sturtevant Pronunc. Greek & Lat. i. 4 The Greeks call breathings rough and smooth [L. Graeci adspirationem appellant]. 1965 Vetus Testamentum 15 529 The method used to indicate the rough breathing and also the rules of diaeresis observed in both texts, fully agree. 2000 A. J. Boyle & R. D. Woodard tr. Ovid Fasti 28 Over a long time the rough letter became smooth [L. aspera mutata est in lenem tempore longo littera] at the beginning of the whole name. c. Of an internal combustion engine or its noise: irregular and excessively loud.In quot. 1945 with a pun on sense 15. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > engine sound > [adjective] > noisy rough1908 thrashy1973 1908 Cornhill Mag. Oct. 514 A rough engine..and a broken surface will make twenty miles an hour seem faster than fifty in a..smooth-running car on a good road. 1930 Engineering 24 Oct. 534/3 A state of affairs which would cause the engine to be ‘rough’ in its running. 1945 C. H. Ward-Jackson It's a Piece of Cake (new ed.) 53 When an engine sounds rough it is not well. 1997 Car Mar. 57 It's an engine that's always been rough, this 16-valve four-banger. 17. (Of the taste) of wine, cider, or some other alcoholic drink: sharp, acid, harsh, unrefined. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > types or qualities of intoxicating liquor > [adjective] > rough or acid rough?1440 hard1572 hungry1577 acid1998 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) xi. 391 (MED) A man may, in oon dayes while..trete a stordy wyn that hit shal smyle, And of a rough drynker be cleer and best. 1545 Bibliotheca Eliotæ Asperum uinum, a rough wyne. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. D8v Harshe, rough, stipticke, and hard wine. a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. iv. 64 Thy pallat then did daine The roughest Berry, on the rudest Hedge. View more context for this quotation 1696 J. Pechey Gen. Treat. Dis. Maids xxiv. 192 Foment the Parts with Allom-water, or with Stiptic-Wine, that is, red and rough Wine boyl'd with Galls. 1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes (new ed.) I. i. xx. 6 'Twas rack'd into a Grecian cask, Its rougher juice to melt away. 1794 R. Fraser Gen. View Devon xiv. 68 The sweet cider..is produced from the same species of apples as the rough cider. 1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 4 252 Six pounds and a half of syrup, which had rather an unpleasant rough taste. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 149 New and rough port-wine, diluted with an equal quantity of cold-water. 1892 Sat. Rev. 15 Oct. 435/2 That..attraction that West-country folk find in rough cider. 1970 Times 6 June 23/4 The rougher domestic wines of North Italy..are about 5s. cheaper. 1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food xxi. 634 Somerset [is]..famous for its strong, rough cider or ‘scrumpy’. 2000 C. Hanger World Food: Morocco 79 Very rough wines can be bought very cheaply. 18. a. Of diction, style, etc.: lacking grace, elegance, or refinement; crude, unpolished. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] wanmola1325 rudea1393 lewdc1425 rustyc1425 unpolisheda1450 roidc1485 inelegant1509 gross1513 rough?1520 barbarous1526 ineloquent1532 inconcinnate1534 crabby1550 crabbed1561 uneloquent1565 unelegant1570 unkempt1579 unfiled1590 illiterate1598 unconceived1599 aliterate1624 incompta1628 scabbed1630 uncombed1633 uncompt1633 uncouth1694 coarse1699 slatternly1783 crude1786 warty1822 stumbling1859 society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] > harsh rough?1520 scabrousa1585 harsh1594 unsmooth1610 unsmoothed1614 truculent1850 abrasive1861 gritty1882 ?1520 Hendred's Pylgrymage of Man Kynd Prol. l. 82 Entendynge to compyle the sence and it wyll be. In metre roughe. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 5 Thocht thi langage be bayth rouche and rude, Ȝit neuirtheles the sentence is richt gude. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) Epil. 1 Thus farre with rough, and all-vnable Pen, Our bending Author hath pursu'd the Story. View more context for this quotation 1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 27 The Art of Painting hath been about the time of her infancy..rough and poore. 1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 21 Most by Numbers judge a Poet's Song, And smooth or rough, with such, is right or wrong. 1751 Earl of Chatham Lett. to Nephew (1804) i. 1 Your translation..is very close to the sense of the original.., the numbers not lame, or rough. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian viii, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. III. 207 Gifted with a sort of rough eloquence which raised him above his companions. 1881 B. Jowett tr. Thucydides Hist. Peloponnesian War I. Introd. p. viii The old version of Hobbes..is very rough and inaccurate. 1910 Q. Rev. Jan. 69 They [sc. satires] were written in rough dialect and vertebrated with peasant phrases and peasant wit. 1955 C. A. Johnson Frontier Camp Meeting i. 17 Implied disapproval of the backwoodsmen's rough speech, crude manners, and customs. 2004 J. Jowett in W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (new ed.) 274 (note) It seems best to regard the passage as prose that Compositor B has set as rough verse to accord with the surrounding verse. b. Of language, expressions, or humour: vulgar, coarse, rude. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > malediction > [adjective] > strong, sulphurous (of language) untowen13.. largea1413 thundering1543 viperous1605 luscious1614 peppering1712 rough1750 unquotable1821 sulphurous1828 piercent1829 unrepeatable1831 bituminous1878 sultry1891 unprintable1898 four-letter1923 1750 H. Brooke New Coll. Fairy Tales II. ix. 77 The Bride..not the least animated by the many rough Jokes that were passed on the occasion. 1772 Town & Country Mag. May 238/2 Those rough and indecent observations which characterize the mobs of most free countries. 1835 P. Shirreff Tour through N. Amer. xiv. 111 Some rough and profane language, and some extreme immorality. 1876 Cornhill Mag. Jan. 94 The blunt soldier who, if ladies will have him talk, must crack some rough jests at their expense. 1957 F. Kohner Gidget 55 There was some more dialogue that got pretty rough. 1976 Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. e1/4 You learn to live with the rough language so it doesn't bother you. 1997 C. Shields Larry's Party (1998) vi. 107 In fact he seems to have no aptitude at all for male joshing, for rough teasing or ongoing jokes. 19. a. Of a person, or his or her manner, temperament, or character: lacking in culture, delicacy, or refinement; uncultivated, unsophisticated.Now often with admixture of sense 12a. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > specifically of persons boistousc1300 rudec1405 blunt1477 rustyc1485 rough?1531 sillya1547 ruggedc1565 unrefined1582 unpolished1594 unfashioned1606 inurbane1623 incult1628 ungenteel1633 roughsome?c1660 unpolite1674 inelegant1735 untutored1751 unrarefied1835 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined boistousc1300 untheweda1325 uplandisha1387 unaffiled1390 rudea1393 knavishc1405 peoplisha1425 clubbedc1440 blunt1477 lob?1507 robust1511 borel1513 carterly1519 clubbish1530 rough?1531 rustical?1532 incondite1539 agrestc1550 rusticc1550 brute1555 lobcocka1556 loutisha1556 carterlike1561 boorish1562 ruggedc1565 lobbish1567 loutlike1567 sowish1570 clownish1581 unrefined1582 impolished1583 homespun1590 transalpinea1592 swaddish1593 unpolished1594 untutored1595 swabberly1596 tartarous1602 porterly1603 lobcocked1606 lob-like1606 cluster-fisted1611 agrestic1617 inurbane1623 unelevated1627 incult1628 unbrushed1640 vulgar1643 unhewed1644 unsmooth1648 hirsute1658 loutardly1658 unhewn1659 roughsome?c1660 sordid1668 inhumanea1680 coarse1699 brutal1709 ramgunshoch1721 tramontane1740 uncouth1740 no-nationa1756 unurbane1760 turnipy1792 rudas1802 common1804 cubbish1819 clodhopping1828 vulgarian1833 cloddish1844 unkempt1846 bush1851 vulgarish1860 rodney1866 crude1876 ignorant1886 yobby1910 nekulturny1932 oikish1959 yobbish1966 ocker1972 down and dirty1977 ?1531 tr. Plutarch Howe One may take Profite of Enmyes f. 3 Ho, quod Prometheus, thou roughe knaue. 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 306 Their shallow showes,..And their rough carriage so rediculous. View more context for this quotation 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 286 One of the souldiors..a rough bold spirited fellow. 1688 S. Penton Guardian's Instr. 21 I was pleased to see the ruff boyish humour filed a little. 1709 J. Addison Tatler No. 108. ⁋4 A plain, rough, honest Man, and wise, tho' not learned. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xix. 134 Who, under the semblance of a rough soldier, disguised the most artful insinuation. 1821 P. B. Shelley Epipsychidion 24 The mossy tracks..(Which the rough shepherd treads but once a year). 1842 E. Miall in Nonconformist 2 249 A rougher earnestness than is at present fashionable. 1888 F. Hume Madame Midas i. Prol. 15 The man at his feet was a rough, heavy-looking fellow. 1905 P. W. Joyce Conc. Hist. Ireland iv. 32 As soon as he stood up, these rough men ceased their noisy revels. 1955 ‘C. H. Rolph’ Women of Streets iv. 56 A large rough Geordie woman in her mid-thirties. 1972 J. Gathorne-Hardy Rise & Fall Brit. Nanny iii. 73 In Hyde Park there were children..who were ‘rough’ and could not be played with. 2003 Guardian 1 Jan. i. 5/1 Citizens of the capital [sc. Edinburgh] see..Glaswegians..as a rough breed from a lawless town. b. With positive implication: unrefined but kind, friendly, or well meant. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined > but kindly rough1715 1715 S. Parker Ess. Duty Physicians & Patients ii. 100 Rough Good Nature and Benevolence is an Unpolish'd Diamond. 1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxxii. 322 The generous..youth, whom he had loved, according to his rough manner. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in Enoch Arden, etc. 81 Being much befool'd..By the rough amity of the other. 1873 W. Black Princess of Thule i. 17 Mackenzie offered them a rough and hearty welcome. 1921 A. Myerson Found. of Personality xvii. 390 The army..with its profanity, its rough friendliness, its grumbling..obedience. 1934 F. W. Crofts 12.30 from Croydon xix. 263 Charles could not eat, in spite of the rough kindness of one of the warders, who adjured him to keep his pecker up. 2006 D. McKechnie & G. Lawrence Time Steps i. 15 He sometimes tried to be friendly in his rough way. c. In rhyming collocation with tough.In quot. 1813 as the designation of such a person. ΚΠ 1791 J. O'Keeffe Wild Oats iv. 56 As your'e rough and tough, I cast your character the Wrestler. 1813 I. Pocock Miller & Men ii. iv. 40 I suppose old rough and tough, master Grindoff, will be here presently. 1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) ix. 82 A blundering young rough-and-tough boy like me. 1933 Fresno (Calif.) Bee Republican 22 Nov. 5/2 (heading) Girl who earns own living must be rough and tough to compete with men..: nonsense. 1962 V. Riccio & B. Slocum All Way Down 149 It's supposed to suggest to all who read it that the person or the gang..is rough and tough. 2000 P. Thompson Voice of Past (ed. 3) iii. 113 ‘Butches’ and ‘fems’, ‘rough and tough’ and upwardly mobile lesbians. 20. Of labour, occupation, or work: requiring energy or strength; difficult, rigorous, arduous. See also rough work n. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [adjective] hardOE strenuous1671 rough1717 arduous1753 stiff1862 effortful1900 driven1967 a1576 Bp. J. Pilkington Godlie Expos. Nehemiah (1585) (iii. 7) f. 43v [It was] great maruel that..Sallum..should..fall to worke at such rough worke. 1685 W. Kennett tr. Pliny Addr. Thanks to Good Prince 28 The profession of Arms is..degenerated from rough labour to an idle pleasure. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Apr. (1965) I. 332 The softness and warmth of the Climate forbiding all rough Exercises. 1866 Chambers's Jrnl. 12 May 291 Old Luke Moffatt, the porter who attended to the signals and the lamps, and did the rougher jobs about the station. 1885 J. S. Jeans England's Supremacy xxi. 348 Among the many rough and arduous occupations for which we should imagine women to be but little fitted, there is probably none..[so bad] as..mining. 1906 Temple Bar Jan. 6 Living in a native hut and maintaining himself by the roughest labour. 1953 J. Vernant Refugee in Post-War World vi. xxvii. 606 They were of all types, including professional men, and took on at first rough manual employment. 2004 Rochester (N.Y.) Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 28 May 10 To show them that life was not easy, he made sure that his children had the dirtiest and roughest jobs in the plant. 21. Of food: coarse, unrefined. Of accommodation, facilities: basic; lacking comfort or refinement. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > qualities of food > [adjective] > coarse or tough toughc1400 boisterous1483 fulsome1555 foul1560 rough1583 coarse1607 indelicate1751 tough as (old) boots or leather1843 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. I (margin) The faraginie or rough fare of our Fore-fathers. 1774 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1772 365 Reach Led-beg, where we obtained quarters, and rough hospitality. 1826 F. C. G. Schrœter Dict. Bhotanta Lang. 11/1 Coarse rough food, food which is very disagreeable. 1859 J. M. Jephson & L. Reeve Narr. Walking Tour Brittany i. 5 Who can put up with rough accommodation on an emergency. 1881 R. Browning Let. Aug. in S. G. Pomeroy Little-known Sisters Well-known Men (1912) 170 The ‘Royal’ is the roughest inn and its arrangements the most primitive, I have yet chanced upon. 1902 W. von Schierbrand Germany xix. 278 German hospitality, once hearty but rough, is now refined and dainty. 2009 Courier Press (Wallaceburg, Ont.) (Nexis) 30 July 19 The jamboree opens July 30 with rough camping for the family, which means there are no hydro or water hookups. Phrases P1. to cut up rough: see to cut up 12 at cut v. Phrasal verbs. P2. colloquial. to be rough on. a. Of circumstances or events: to be unpleasant or difficult for (someone), to be unfair on. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > of difficulty: beset (a person) [verb (transitive)] > put (a person) in difficulty mire?c1400 to make (a place, situation, etc.) too hot for1582 difficult1641 to wind (oneself) a (bonny) pirn1660 swamp1818 to be rough on1860 taigle1865 soup1895 hot1920 to hot up1927 1860 Harvard Mag. Oct. 60 Rather rough on you, Bill! You're an unlucky bird. 1887 W. Besant Katherine Regina iv She is a governess somewhere, I believe. It's rough on her, isn't it? 1973 W. Ihimaera Tangi (1989) xxvi. 125 It's rough on her, she loved Dad so much. 2002 Chile Pepper June 99/1 Vegetarian life is hard enough in a meat-eating..society, but it is particularly rough on veggies who like to engage in backyard socializing. b. Of a person: to be angry, severe, or harsh with (someone), to be tough on. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern > severe upon smart1549 side1825 to be rough on1868 1868 Overland Monthly Aug. 189/1 They've got..flowers round their houses, and they wash themselves twice a day. But they're mighty rough on strangers. 1895 T. Hardy in Harper's Mag. Mar. 579 The management had..been rough on cousins ever since. 1987 C. Simmons Belles Lettres Papers v. 58 A friend..had told me that his first wife had been very rough on him. 2008 Huntsville (Alabama) Time (Nexis) 15 Mar. 2 d As rough as he was on her during that math class, she can't think of another man she..respected more. c. Of a thing, event, or action: to cause wear and tear to (something). ΚΠ 1876 Our Chron. (67th (South Hants.) Regiment) 1 Jan. (Suppl.) 2/1 The rope, however, was rather rough on the hands of the former [team]. 1913 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 22 Feb. 68/1 (advt.) The fact that our city is so rough on cars has handicapped the Electric cars more than the hills. 1972 R. Keith Bush Pilot with Briefcase (1973) 175 Others had made a perfect landing thirty feet in the air, which was followed by a terrific, gut-wrenching splash as they plopped in. Very embarrassing—and very rough on the hardware. 2004 Home Mag. Mar. 72/2 Natural fiber carpets like sisal..look great, but they can be rough on feet. P3. rough around (also about) the edges: (of a thing or person) unpolished, having some flaws or imperfections. ΚΠ 1892 North Amer. (Philadelphia) 20 Aug. 5/2 Somebody suggested a song, and we let them have ‘Ben Franklin’ full and strong, and just a little bit rough around the edges. 1919 L. Scott Daughter of Two Worlds v. 61 She's sort of rough about the edges. She needs finish—manners. 1950 Baseball Digest July 57/1 He's a little rough around the edges, but he's conscientious, he's studied baseball all his adult life, he's a fair country home-spun psychologist. 1994 S. Lukins All around World Cookbook 20/2 The Tropicana is about the only night club open in Cuba these days; although it is a little rough around the edges, I had a wonderful time. 2007 C. L. Carr Polity 16 These relationships are bound to be controversial and rough about the edges, however, and consequently they are sure to become the source of political conflict. P4. Chiefly Australian and New Zealand. rough as bags (also guts, etc.): (esp. of a person) uncouth, coarse. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > coarse agrest?1440 robust1511 roynish1570 sowish1570 lubberlike1572 lubberly1580 ordinarya1586 roborean1656 porcine1660 coarse1680 crude1722 low1725 piggish1742 coarse-graineda1774 crass1861 coarse-fibred1872 barnyard1895 farmyard1911 rough as guts1919 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined > specifically of persons uplandisha1387 rustyc1485 rustical?1532 gross?1533 rusticc1550 rough-hewn1591 unfashioned1606 unpolite1674 crude1722 uncouth1732 piggish1742 rough-spun1768 coarse-graineda1774 coarse-fibred1872 rough as guts1919 1919 W. H. Downing Digger Dial. 42 Rough as bags. 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 246 Rough as a sandbag,..a term for a person who behaves unpleasantly. Uncouth. Objectionable. 1929 K. S. Prichard Coonardoo ii. 22 Ted was as rough as bags..a good-looking, good-natured bloke who could neither read nor write. 1941 S. J. Baker N.Z. Slang 53 [20th cent. N.Z. slang includes] rough as a bag (the Australians also have rough as bags), and rough as a pig's breakfast. 1951 Meanjin 10 9 Too muggin' right he's rough... Rough as guts. 1966 G. W. Turner Eng. Lang. in Austral. & N.Z. vi. 115 There is simile:..‘rough as bags’ (which I know better in the variant ‘rough as sacks’). 1977 C. McCullough Thorn Birds x. 235 Even Dot MacPherson, the Bingelly heiress,..was rough as bags, no posh Sydney boarding school and all that crap. 2001 T. Winton Dirt Music (2003) 17 Even after the boom when many families became instantly..rich..they were, in any estimation, as rough as guts. P5. to give (a person) the rough edge of one's tongue: see edge n. 2a. P6. to strike (also hit, etc.) a rough patch: see patch n.1 Phrases 2. P7. to have (also give) a rough ride: see ride n.2 Phrases 4. P8. to get the rough end of the pineapple: see pineapple n. 6c. P9. rough as it runs: see run v. Phrases 1b. P10. the rougher sex: see sex n.1 Phrases 1c. Compounds C1. a. In parasynthetic adjectives. See also sense Compounds 5b(c). ΚΠ 1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) xii. vii. sig. Aviii/2 Therfore rouh foted [a1398 BL Add. 27944 rowfoted, 1535 rough footed] douues brede well nyghe in euery month. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 86 Hee will sende a rougher stringed scourge amongst vs. a1625 J. Fletcher Bonduca in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhh3/1 Their bodies of so weak and wash a temper, a rough-pac'd bed will shake 'em all to pieces. 1751 R. Paltock Life Peter Wilkins II. v. 37 Two of them being very large, and rough-scaled ugly Fish, I did not think I could lift them myself. 1819 Time's Telescope: Guide to Almanack 244 The rough-fruited kind of strawberry is merely an accidental variety. 1872 Ld. Tennyson Gareth & Lynette 57 Rough-thicketed were the banks and steep. 1948 G. D. H. Bell Cultivated Plants Farm vi. 49 Of these, rough-stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis) is in many ways outstanding as an excellent creeping grass for grazing purposes. 2006 Flora Internat. Sept.–Oct. 51 ‘Choco’ Anthuriums were used as a glossy contrast against the rough textured pumpkins. b. rough-barked adj. ΚΠ 1592 T. Churchyard Handeful Gladsome Verses To Rdr. sig. A3v A rough barkt tree..When season serues, some mellowd fruit may show. 1797 G. Staunton Authentic Acct. Embassy to China II. v. 347 Rows of the rough-barked willow, (salix fragilis,) growing to a vast size, shaded the road passing over this plain. 1882 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 9 430 There is a fine cluster of rough-barked Spanish chestnuts among the oaks. 2002 Horticulture July–Aug. 37 Visitors walk through an arbor made from rough-barked poles of Gamble's oak. rough-bearded adj. ΚΠ 1612 J. Webster White Divel v. i No rough-bearded comet Stares on thy mild departure. 1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. xiii. 55 The conceits of a rough-bearded man. 1864 All Year Round 26 Mar. 159/2 There were some rough-bearded fellows on one side wrangling at cards. 2002 J. R. Wheeler Flora of South West 413 Echinopogon ovatus (Hedgehog Grass, Rough-bearded Grass). rough-feathered adj. ΚΠ 1578 T. Cooper Thesaurus (new ed.) Rough fethered feete. 1890 Auk Apr. 110 The Owl suddenly changed his appearance from rough-feathered and sleepy content to an astonishing resemblance to an old moss-grown stump. 1998 Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey) (Nexis) 11 Oct. 24 Raven. Heavy-billed stubby bird with rough-feathered neck. rough-finned adj. ΚΠ 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Perche de mer, the sea Perch; a wholesome, rough-find, and tongue~lesse, rocke-fish. 1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. ii. 191 Rough-finned band-fish, Cepola Trachyptera. 2004 G. W. Fischer & S. E. Borrer Riehl's Aquarium Atlas (ed. 3) III. 126/1 Astyanax scabripinnis Rough-finned Tetra... Peaceful schooling fish that are suitable for community tanks. rough-furrowed adj. ΚΠ 1659 R. Brathwait Panthalia 278 He entred the Senate House, and with a rough furrowed countenance, dissolv'd that great Councel. 1703 J. Philips Splendid Shilling 128 Walnut in rough-furrow'd Coat secure. 1898 N. L. Britton & A. Brown Illustr. Flora Northern U.S. III. 512 A small tree, with rough furrowed bark. 1991 M. Swenson Love Poems 6 Low down between rough-furrowed pine trunks, melons of sunlight. rough-haired adj. ΚΠ 1538 T. Elyot Dict. Hispidus, bristled or rough heared. 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Ruydigheydt, scabbinesse, Scurvinesse, or Rough-haired. 1863 W. F. Campbell & J. F. Campbell Life in Normandy II. 224 A couple of big rough-haired deer-hounds. 2005 Dogs in Canada 30/2 In France, these rough-haired gun dogs were called griffon or barbet. rough-handed adj. ΚΠ 1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 48 Rough handed Surgeons make the patient grutch. 1786 Morning Chron. 17 Aug. 1/4 By preferring the lenient physician to the rough handed surgeon, we too often delay the cure. 1992 J. Torrington Swing Hammer Swing! xxxii. 296 Some rough-handed cove was ramming bales of hot steel wool into my gasbags. rough-headed adj. ΚΠ 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 47 Hoysted away to hell or to heauen on the backs of those rough headed ruffians. ?1609 J. Healey tr. Bp. J. Hall Discouery New World iii. iv. 150 The people of this nation are generally..swarty complexioned, rough headded, sternely visaged, and heauy eyed. 1820 D. Wordsworth Jrnl. 18 Aug. (1941) II. 158 Students..without hat or cap, rough-headed, bare-necked. 1994 J. Birmingham He died with Felafel in his Hand (1997) ii. 23 She was a great one for bringing home these rough-headed bastards with tattoos and biker boots. rough-hearted adj. ΚΠ 1825 E. E. Crowe Today in Ireland I. x. 193 Blunt and rough-hearted people do the very same things from whim, which they might have done from interest. 1991 Jrnl. Econ. & Social Hist. Orient 34 295 The Prophet characterized the owners of the camel herds as rough-hearted. rough-jacketed adj. ΚΠ 1856 J. W. King Characters & Incidents xii. 161 In the very thick of the wood I find two wild, rough-jacketed colts. 2004 A. Klavan Shotgun Alley ixv. 258 The rough-jacketed trees rose up so straight..into heaven. rough-keeled adj. ΚΠ 1818 R. Sweet Hortus Suburbanus Londinensis 74 (table) Aloe..carinata. H. S. rough-keeled [aloe]. 2002 J. R. Wheeler et al. Flora of South West II. 603 Differs..in its smaller bracts, rough minutely hairy leaves, rough-keeled hairy floral bracts,..and larger depressed globular fruits. rough-lipped adj. ΚΠ 1843 R. T. Lowe Fishes Madeira I. 155 Mugil corrugatus, Common or Rough-lipped Grey Mullet of Madeira. 2002 M. Lord et al. L.L. Bean Ultimate Bk. Fly Fishing (2005) i. vii. 106 Tarpon have rough-lipped jaws. rough-mannered adj. ΚΠ 1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) 279 More rough mannerd than the Silesians and Bohemians. 1748 S. Richardson Clarissa V. xii. 117 An unpolite, a rough-manner'd man! 1866 ‘Aunt Evergreen’ Ellen French x. 108 ‘Do you believe in good people?’ asked a loud-voiced, rather rough-mannered girl. 1999 M. Golay Ruined Land ix. 296 Stephens had become fond of the rough-mannered, tobacco-chewing Texan. rough-necked adj. ΚΠ 1887 Cassell's Encycl. Dict. VI. Rough-necked jacare..from Demarara. 1986 M. Hoffmann Acrimony i. 35 Brazen starlings and pigeons..go over what is left. Rough-necked, microcephalous, they have too much white on their bodies. rough-plumed adj. ΚΠ 1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. H4 Boulstered out with rough plumed siluer plush. 1881 D. H. Boulger Matter-of-fact Girl II. iv. 124 Off the lively lady goes, fluttering along the hot dusty street like some gaudy, rough-plumed bird. 1905 H. Tudor Ghost of Kisheneff 19 Colder and shriller the night wind blew, And now on its rough plumed wing was borne A sound yet fiercer and forlorn. rough-podded adj. ΚΠ 1789 J. Pilkington View Derbyshire I. viii. 443 Lathyrus hirsutus, Rough podded Vetchling, or Pease-everlasting. 1822 S. Clarke Hortus Anglicus II. 246 L. Hirsutus, Rough-podded Lathyrus. rough-ridged adj. ΚΠ 1758 W. Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornwall 276 Rough-ridged limpet. 1851 Cottage Gardener 23 Jan. 257/2 Others will be planted on the warm sheltered sides of sloping banks, with no other protection than the rough ridged earth. 1920 C. H. Otis Michigan Trees (ed. 5) p. xxx Bark flaky or rough-ridged, not warty nor peeling off in papery layers. rough-spirited adj. ΚΠ 1653 H. Moseley in Ld. Brouncker tr. R. Descartes Excellent Compend. Musick sig. a3v The Rough spirited Achilles. 1859 Canad. Jrnl. Industry Sci. & Art New Ser. 4 303 ‘Kinmont Willie’, ‘Dick o' the Cow’, and other rough spirited ballads of the old Border riders. 1997 L. J. Budd in B. A. De Voto Mark Twain's Amer. (new ed.) Introd. p. ix New World adventuring, rough-spirited realism and vernacular prose-poetry. rough-surfaced adj. ΚΠ 1746 tr. H. Boerhaave Acad. Lect. Theory Physic V. 124 These Ovaria are large and rough surfaced. 1962 Science Survey 11 166 There are smooth-surfaced vesicles, vacuoles and tubules; flattened sacs whose limiting membranes are encrusted with particles and therefore ‘rough’-surfaced. rough-tailed adj. ΚΠ 1678 J. P. tr. J. Johnstone Descr. Nature Four-footed Beasts iii. 64 There is the Cacamitzli.., hee is but foure spans long, small, yellow-haired, but long, small-eared, headed like a Swan, long and rough-tayled. 1800 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. I. i. 134 Rough-Tailed Bat. 1992 P. S. Maitland & R. N. Campbell Freshwater Fishes xix. 252 The marine-living race..is known as the trachurus form (formerly called..the Rough-tailed Stickleback). ΚΠ 1533 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe ii. vii. 21 Rough tasted appules are holsome where the stomake is weake. 1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Wines Of the same Sort are certain austere or rough-tasted Substances. rough-toothed adj. ΚΠ 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. vii. 298 The Rough toothed File cuts faster then the Bastard toothed File. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at File Some cutting faster, as the rough-tooth'd File. 1886 Philos. Trans. 1885 (Royal Soc.) 176 191 The..bone..is attached to the rough toothed fore edge of the cochlear region of the ear-capsule by fibrous tissue. 2005 N.Y. Times 4 Mar. a14/4 About 110 rough-toothed dolphins arrived on sand flats near Marathon on Wednesday night. rough-voiced adj. ΚΠ 1663 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. i. 88/2 Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced, according to Hippocrates. 1818 J. Keats Endymion ii. 94 No longer did he wage A rough-voic'd war against the dooming stars. 1990 R. Pratt Rhythm & Resistance iv. 80 The rough-voiced..slide guitar genius Blind Willie Johnson shared many elements of the so-called Delta style. c. In nouns derived from these. rough-handedness n. ΚΠ 1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 22 One instance as well as a hundred will tell my babyism and their rough-handedness. 1932 H. Willett Jew through Cent. vi. 177 The Levites in early times shared with the Simeonites the reputation of rough-handedness and brutality. 1999 N. Lawson in Observer (Nexis) 26 Dec. 28 Muffins are very easy for children..to make: a degree of slapdash roughhandedness is what you want. rough-heartedness n. ΚΠ 1615 N. Byfield Expos. Epist. Colossians iii. 12 The first is fear.., as it is opposed unto boldness, conceitedness, rough-heartedness. 1837 London Disp. 16 Sept. He [sc. the actor] went through the character with a true rough heartedness. 1926 New Orleans Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 78 719/1 With a touch of ancient aristocracy and pioneer rough-heartedness. C2. With present participles, as rough-looking, rough-sounding, rough-tasting, etc. ΚΠ 1740 Gen. Evening Post 23 Feb. 2/1 He..was disturbed by a rough-looking Fellow. 1806 T. S. Surr Winter in London III. ix. 226 A rough-looking sea-faring man, about four-and-thirty years old. 1845 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Sept. 292 By ingratiating himself with this rough-seeming fraternity, Mr Waterton succeeded in obtaining specimens of many rare birds. 1904 Sewanee Rev. 12 308 The horns blared rough-sounding blasts. 1975 Jet 24 Apr. 19 (advt.) Had it with rough-tasting menthols? Then ease into Salem. 1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 204 I reeled off some rough-feeling toilet paper and dabbed at the sweat. 2006 A. Summers One Train Later xiv. 213 We pull into rough-looking truck stops to eat hamburgers..and french fries. C3. With verbal nouns, as rough-boring, rough ploughing, rough-rolling, etc. ΚΠ 1764 J. Randall Semi-Virgilian Husbandry 16 Lessening the size of those clots, in a very rough ploughing. 1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) II. 509 Shingling..costs, in wages, 1s. 9d. per ton; and rough-rolling, 1s. 2d. 1890 Rep. Brit. Assoc. 939 The mild steel..is after forging and rough-boring subjected to the process of oil-hardening. 1959 Fortune July 157/1 A somewhat more difficult trip..will be the rough landing of a fifty-pound payload on the moon. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vii. 117 Rough editing is assembling the main body of the programme in the right order and taking out the longer stretches of unwanted material. 2010 O. R. Ahamaraeze Gold in Brain viii. 59 Chief did not even care to fix his seat belt. The rough driving was unlike him. C4. With nouns used attributively, as rough-edge, rough-water, rough-weather, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather weatherc888 unweatherc950 weatheringa1450 rough-weather1833 gurl1880 1833 Chambers' Edinb. Jrnl. 1 June 141/1 Those who are tough, keep the deck in their rough-weather cloaks. 1862 J. H. Burton Book-hunter i. 18 He was not a black-letter man,..or a rough-edge man. 1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend I. ii. xii. 270 Rough-weather nautical clothes. 1898 H. E. A. Coate Realities of Sea Life xiv. 124 All hands very busy in unbending rough-weather sails and bending fine-weather ones. 1971 Flying Apr. 27/1 A deep V bottom provides lower impact loads on rough-water landings. 2003 N.Y. Times 3 Sept. a14/5 More than 300 people were pulled from the ocean as strong currents battered the 34th Waikiki Roughwater Swim. C5. a. rough arch n. Architecture and Building an arch constructed of ordinary bricks rather than cut or tapered stones, often built into a wall as a discharging or relieving arch. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > other types of arch bowOE craba1387 cove1511 triumphal arch (arc)a1566 straight arch1663 pointed arch1688 rough arch1693 jack-arch1700 oxi1700 raking arch1711 flat arch1715 scheme-arch1725 counter-arch1726 ox-eye arch1736 surbased dome1763 ogee1800 rising arch1809 sub-arch1811 deaf arch1815 four-centred arch1815 mixed arch1815 Tudor arch1815 camber1823 lancet arch1823 invert1827 platband1828 pier arch1835 ogive1841 scoinson arch1842 segment1845 skew arch1845 drop-arch1848 equilateral arch1848 lancet1848 rear arch1848 straining-arch1848 tierceron1851 shouldered arch1853 archlet1862 segment-arch1887 1693 C. Wren in Wren Soc. Nov. (1937) 14 127 For Summering ye 6 rough arches over Ye Tribune. 1768 T. Rawlins Familiar Archit. 14 I have..drawn a rough Arch O,..extending itself unto the middle Arch-Stone on the side mark'd L. This..will secure the Rouble-work. 1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §1075 All the doors, windows, etc., to be saved with rough arches (to have discharging arches) over the same. 1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details iii. 49 The older method of construction..is to form a trimmer arch, which consists of a half-brick rough arch built out from the face of the chimney breast. 2002 E. E. Burden Illustr. Dict. Archit. (ed. 2) 22/1 Rough arch. An arch constructed with rectangular bricks and tapered mortar joints; usually found on relieving arches. rough band n. originally regional (now chiefly historical) a band playing rough music on improvised instruments (see rough music n.). ΚΠ 1784 Public Advertiser 21 May The Windows resound To the Cleaver and Marrow-bone's musical Sound;..Stirring up a rough Band to their desperate Chief. 1842 Somerset County Gaz. in Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 25 Feb. On Wednesday and Thursday evening the effigy of Sir Robert Peel was paraded through this town, accompanied by what is termed a rough band, comprised of tin kettles, horns, &c. 2004 G. Monger Marriage Customs 238/1 In East Anglia, the rough band lost its role as a punishment and became part of the celebration of a wedding. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > cereal, corn, or grain > [noun] > barley > types of barley or barley-plant polbere1440 bigg1446 long-ear?1523 sprat-barley?1523 waybent1538 wall barley1548 barley-bigg1552 bigg-barley1562 polbarley1574 pilled barley1578 way bennet1578 wheat-barley1578 French barley1596 way barley1597 rough bere1642 palm-barley1706 Scotch barley1707 square barleya1722 Thor-barley1755 ware-bere1793 barley-grass1795 German rice1828 battledore barley1848 1642 Nicolson Diurnal 13 May in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Ruch Sawin..in Brereflatte 6 firl ruch beir. 1715 A. Pennecuik Geogr., Hist. Descr. Tweeddale 3 There are but few Pease, and less Wheat sowen in Tweeddale, but of Barley, rough Bear especially, and Oats greater plenty than is sufficient for the Inhabitants. 1833 D. Roberts Let. 8 Jan. in J. Ballantine Life D. Roberts (1866) iii. 45 As for the Spanish cooking, I fear I shall never stomach it, although ‘I hae a crap for a' corn and ane for rough bear.’ 1978 A. Fenton Northern Isles xli. 335 In Orkney, a rough kind of black oats, and rough bere, were raised alternately. 2004 R. D. Connor & A. D. C. Simpson Weights & Measures Scotl. iii. 737 In 1680 the Privy Council..fixed prices, with rough bear in the range 6 marks to 12 marks per boll. rough bine n. rare a hop bine having numerous hairs. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > hop-plant > parts of hopc1440 gut1573 bell1594 hop-boll1652 hop-vine1707 bine1727 hop-bind1733 bind1792 hop-bine1813 lupulin1823 bur1832 rough bine1846 pin1885 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 398 What is commonly called ‘white bine’, tolerably free from the rough barbs which are often found on the under part of the leaves, which constitute a ‘rough bine’. 1905 J. Percival in A. C. Chapman Hop & its Constituents i. 6 This variety possesses red, rough bines, which do not reach a great height. rough book n. (a) a book in which rough notes are written, (now esp.) a jotter; (b) Nautical = rough logbook n.; (also) a book in which an officer makes a rough note of any expenditure (now rare). ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > writing materials > material to write on > paper > [noun] > pad of paper > rough work book blotting-book1598 scribbler1890 scratch pad1895 scratch-block1897 rough book1969 1610Rough book [see sense 6c]. 1772 Bye-laws & Regulations Marine-Soc. 116 The Fair Minute Book. In which all the minutes from the Rough Book are copied fair. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 580 Rough Books, those in which the warrant officers make their immediate entries of expenditure. 1902 J. Conrad Typhoon v. 47 He copied neatly out of the rough-book the number of miles, the course of the ship. 1969 A. Laski Dominant Fifth ii. 43 She had been drawing on her rough book. 2002 P. Collins Men from Boys 70 Adam and Sacha had a seven-year plan for world domination which they had been sketching in their rough books for months. rough bounds n. [after Scottish Gaelic Garbh-chrìochan, lit. ‘the rough boundaries’] Scottish with the (now usually with capital initials): (the name given to) the rugged, inaccessible part of the western Scottish Highlands between Loch Hourn in the north and Loch Shiel in the south. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Scotland > [noun] > highlands rough bounds1804 the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Scotland > [noun] > part of Inverness-shire rough bounds1804 1804 A. Campbell Grampians Desolate 245 That enormous mass of lofty mountains, by way of distinction, called the rough-bounds, heaves on the astonished sight. a1832 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XXI. 54/1 The most rugged district is that..between Argyleshire, Loch Lochy, and the sea, and generally called the Rough-bounds. 1958 C. I. Maclean Highlands 23 ‘The Rough Bounds’ between Loch Duich and Ardnamurchan. 1991 M. McLean People of Glengarry (1993) i. 16 Western Inverness was considered one of the most rugged..parts of the Highlands. Typical of the landscape is the area..known as the ‘Rough Bounds’. rough calf n. Bookbinding tanned calfskin used with the flesh side outermost to bind books. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > bookbinding equipment > [noun] > materials > leather roan1383 Turkey leather1655 sheep1705 Turkey1715 Russia1724 rough calf1730 law1738 mottled calf1857 pastegrain1880 Rutland1894 Cambridge calf1895 Niger morocco1898 Niger1946 1730 J. Miller Humours Oxf. i. i. 4 A musty Aristotle in rough calf. 1852 Godey's Lady's Bk. Nov. 411 If the cover be rough calf or sheep, it is dressed with pumice-stone and a clothes-brush. 1963 B. C. Middleton Hist. Eng. Craft Bookbinding Technique 286 Rough calf was much used in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 1990 L. Yeandle & E. Grislis in R. Hooker Tract. & Serm. 178 Morrice C..is a massive volume bound in rough calf. rough coal n. now rare a type of coal mined and sold in large rough pieces. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun] coal1253 sea-coal1253 pit-coal1483 cannel1541 earth coala1552 horse coal1552 Newcastle coal1552 stone-coal1585 cannel coal1587 parrot1594 burn-coal1597 lithanthrax1612 stony coal1617 Welsh coala1618 land-coala1661 foot coal1665 peacock coal1686 rough coal1686 white coal1686 heathen-coalc1697 coal-stone1708 round1708 stone-coal1708 bench-coal1712 slipper coal1712 black coal1713 culm1742 rock coal1750 board coal1761 Bovey coal1761 house coal1784 mineral coal1785 splint1789 splint coal1789 jet coal1794 anthracite1797 wood-coal1799 blind-coal1802 black diamond1803 silk-coal1803 glance-coal1805 lignite1808 Welsh stone-coal1808 soft1811 spout coals1821 spouter1821 Wallsend1821 brown coal1833 paper coal1833 steam-coal1850 peat-coal1851 cherry-coal1853 household1854 sinter coal1854 oil coal1856 raker1857 Kilkenny coal1861 Pottery coal1867 silkstone1867 block coal1871 admiralty1877 rattlejack1877 bunker1883 fusain1883 smitham1883 bunker coal1885 triping1886 trolley coal1890 kibble1891 sea-borne1892 jet1893 steam1897 sack coal1898 Welsh1898 navigation coal1900 Coalite1906 clarain1919 durain1919 vitrain1919 single1921 kolm1930 hards1956 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. iii. 132 Rough coal. 1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. 244 Rough, roch, or rock coal,..is a free coal of various degrees of strength and hardness, commonly of a good black colour. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 962 The open-burning cubical coals are known by several local names; the rough coal or clod coal, from the large masses in which they may be had. 1903 Summ. Prog. Geol. Surv. Great Brit. (Mem. Geol. Surv.) ii. 111 Here the Rough Coal is seen immediately under a thick yellow massive sandstone. rough coat n. the first coat of plaster applied to a wall or other surface. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > [noun] > bricklaying and plastering > plastering > plastering with first coat > first coat first coat?1600 rendering1659 rough coat1791 render1833 scratch-coat1891 1791 W. Newton in tr. Vitruvius Archit. II. iii. 158/1 (note) This first rough coat of plaster is called by Vitruvius trullisatio, from trulla, trowel. 1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. x. 96 When a wall..is painted in fresco, the rough coat of plaster is covered with a coat of fine sand and lime. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1993/2 Rough-coat,..the first coat on lath. On brick it is termed laying..; on masonry, rendering. 1903 G. P. Grimsley Gypsum of Michigan xiii. 209 The rough coat must be thoroughly dry before the second or brown coat is applied. 1934 Amer. Home July 74/1 For the ceiling between the beams, white plaster was mixed with a little lampblack and put on in one rough coat. 2006 M. D. Gottsegen Painter's Handbk. ii. 258/1 Build the rough coat to a thickness of about 6mm. rough coating n. = roughcast n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > plaster > [noun] > rough-cast or pebble-dash daubing1382 roughcasting1469 temper1594 roughcast1596 rough mortar1703 rough coating1791 slapdash1796 pebble-dashing1826 pebble-dash1831 harl1869 1791 W. Marshall Minutes in Rural Econ. W. Eng. (1796) II. 297 Stucco is analogous to the materials of a dam,..rough coating, to the puddle of Canal Makers. 1890 Amer. Jrnl. Photogr. Apr. 95 Some sixty years ago the building..was treated to a coating of pebble-dash or rough coating. 1902 D. B. Vermilye tr. T. Gautier Journeys in Italy xvi. 204 The rough-coating of the abandoned houses is scaling off. 1995 Evening Post (Wellington, N.Z.) (Nexis) 1 Feb. (Advertising Suppl.) 18 Roughcast: Rough coating thrown on to a wall as an external finish. rough copy n. (a) an imperfect reproduction or copy of something (also figurative); (b) writing, etc., produced as a first draft; an example of this. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written text > [noun] > preliminary or rough copy draught1528 rough draft1576 foul papers1601 rough copy1638 essay1656 concept1658 draft1769 upset1841 1638 W. Barwick tr. V. D'Audiguier Love & Valour Ep. Ded. sig. A3 The difference between his originall, drawn by a free and art commanding hand, and my rough Copy. 1668 P. Rycaut Present State Ottoman Empire (new ed.) i. xiii. 136 Christians..whose piety and exemplary lives drew Infidels to extract a rough Copy of their elevated vertues. 1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 614 A rough copy of the Christian face Without the smile, the sweetness, or the grace. 1811 L.-M. Hawkins Countess & Gertrude I. xxx. 259 She could not always read his rough copy. 1888 ‘M. Robertson’ Lombard St. Myst. xxii. 230 These supposed deeds were only rough copies. 1900 J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel viii. 181 They had made three rough copies of the statue—mere wooden profiles. 1954 Z. N. Hurston Let. 7 May in Life in Lett. (2002) 707 After reading the rough copy..she thought that it was really something. 2004 M. Beker Screenwriting with Conscience i. 26 As he wrote, he instantly destroyed the rough copies and drafts. rough diamond n. (a) a diamond in its natural state, before it is cut and polished; (b) figurative a person having high intrinsic worth and good character but lacking in manners, education, or refinement. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > [noun] > good person > unpolished rough diamonda1625 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [noun] > unmannerliness > unrefined manners or behaviour > person bearc1395 carter1509 kensy?a1513 clumpertonc1534 club1542 lout1548 clinchpoop1555 clout-shoe1563 loose-breech1575 clown1583 hoyden1593 boor1598 kill-courtesy1600 rustic1600 clunch1602 loblolly1604 camel1609 clusterfist1611 loon1619 Grobian1621 rough diamonda1625 hoyde1636 clodhopper1699 roughhead1726 indelicate1741 vulgarian1809 snob1838 vulgarist1847 yahoo1861 cave-dweller1865 polisson1866 mucker1884 caveman1907 wampus1912 yobbo1922 yenta1923 yob1927 rude1946 cafone1949 no-neck1961 ocker1971 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > diamond > [noun] > uncut rough diamonda1625 point1698 a1625 J. Fletcher Wife for Moneth iv. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhhhh2v/1 She is very honest, And will be hard to cut as a rough Diamond. 1685 R. Boyle Ess. Effects of Motion Suppl. 148 Having at the Diamond-Mine purchased..a rough Diamond. 1700 J. Dryden Fables Pref. sig. *Cij Chaucer, I confess, is a rough Diamond. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 24 The value of a cut diamond is esteemed equal to that of a similar rough diamond of double weight. 1890 T. Keyworth in Cassell's Family Mag. Dec. 49 He was a rough-looking man, and somebody called him a rough diamond. 1987 E. E. Smith Miss Melville Returns (1988) iii. 22 It seem ridiculous that..a rough diamond like Rafael should feel embarrassed by anyone else's behavior. 2006 Independent 10 Oct. 20/6 The world's 15th-largest rough diamond—about the size of a golf ball and called the Lesotho Promise. rough edge n. (frequently in plural) an imperfection or lack of polish.Often as part of an extended metaphor. Cf. rough around (also about) the edges at Phrases 3. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection imperfectiona1398 imperfective1601 rough edge1765 1765 W. Gilpin Lives J. Wicliff; & Most Eminent Disciples 203 The manners of a court had polished away those rough edges of bigotry in him. 1833 Sportsmen's Cabinet May 30/2 These notes, although rough in themselves, being intermixed with those of the multitude, have, as it were, all their rough edges worn off, and become harmonious. 1934 Covina (Calif.) Argus 29 June 7/4 Now it's merely a case of routining the show and ironing out the rough edges. 1996 D. M. Wilkinson Not between Brothers xliii. 561 Remy was a frontiersman and new to the bar, what one might call a cornstalk lawyer. Far from humbled by his rough edge, Remy was actually proud of it. 2008 J. Ohler Digital Storytelling in Classroom xii. 153 This is the point at which students need to sit back and watch their story one last time in order to spot and smooth out any rough edges. rough edit n. the action of producing a first version of a film, audio recording, etc., following preliminary editing. Also: the film, recording, etc., so produced. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > [noun] > act or spell of editing edit1917 rough edit1958 society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > [noun] > a recording > specific pen recording1923 re-edit1924 air check1938 rough edit1958 society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > printing > [noun] > a print > edited versions cut1922 rough cut1922 fine cut1952 rough edit1958 director's cut1980 1958 Jrnl. University Film Producers Assoc. 10 14/1 A most important refining process occurs between rough edit and fine edit. 1995 Camcorder User Apr. 28/2 A rough edit is made to see if it [sc. the edit decision list] works as intended. 2019 Rolling Stone (Nexis) 13 Sept. The crew was able to get a rough edit of the scene sent over to the musician. ΚΠ 1848 Mechanics' Mag. 2 Dec. 547/1 Bones or guano containing 75 lbs. of the phosphates, to 100 gallons of mother salts, or 300 lbs. of rough Epsom, dissolved in the smallest quantity of water possible. 1854 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 622 The sulphate of magnesia forming the ‘rough Epsoms’ of the alum-maker. 1864 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancement Sci. 1863 710 The principal source of sulphate of magnesia for many years past has been the rough Epsoms obtained from the residual mother liquors of the Yorkshire Alum Works. rough Epsom salts n. (also rough Epsom salt) now historical and rare a mixture containing magnesium sulphate and iron oxide that occurred in the industrial process of obtaining alum from alum shale, from which Epsom salts (magnesium sulphate) could be made. ΚΠ 1844 A. Ure Recent Improvem. Arts, Manuf., & Mines 6 1£. 10s. must, however, be deducted for the value of rough Epsom salt produced. 1864 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancement Sci. 1863 710 The following is an analysis of rough Epsom salts. 1903 G. B. Hodgson Borough of South Shields vi. 359 A residual product of alum-making was an impure sulphate of magnesia, called rough Epsom salts. rough file n. a file with a deeply cut face; a coarse file.Cf. bastard adj. 4d. ΚΠ 1616 P. B. in R. Anton Philosophers Satyrs sig. B2v Rough files and corsiue waters, onely may..fetch this rust away. 1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory i. 16 Take a Piece of fine Silver, form it into a flat Square, and with a rough File, rough it all over one Side. 1821 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 18 Aug. 2/2 Half round, ruff and bastard files. 1845 Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 275/2 Files of the very coarsest sort are called rubbers, and the next in order to these are called rough files. 1997 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 13 Dec. 16 Take the rough file (bastard type), then use long smooth strokes,..working from tip to tail. rough food n. = roughage n. 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > fibrous or soluble matter rough food1701 roughage1850 fibre1909 bulk1940 soluble1952 1701 tr. D. Tauvry New Rational Anat. ii. x. 240 Doubtless the Animals which feed upon Hay, and rough Food, would have that sense of Pain. 1848 Southern Cultivator 6 95/1 Shucks are the only rough food we have, really well worth preserving; they must be given to the cows, to keep them alive during the winter. 1892 Pop. Sci. Monthly July 421/2 The influence on the physical condition of the rough food on meat production in steers. 1974 J. Seymour Fat of Land (new ed.) vi. 83 Breeding stock, unlike fatteners, will live exclusively on rough food with just a dash of protein. 2007 Express (Nexis) 11 Dec. 43 Eat a healthy breakfast with ‘rough food’ such as wholemeal toast or nutty cereals to help to clean the very back of the tongue. rough-gaited adj. (of a horse, etc.) having an uneven gait that jars the rider. ΚΠ 1790 Arminian Mag. (Philadelphia) 2 85 I set off, on a rough-gaited horse, for Burlington; and after being much shaken, breakfasted at Spotswood. 1836 A. S. Mackenzie Year in Spain (ed. 3) III. ix. 217 A roaring torrent that reached the belly of my rough-gaited mule. 1913 W. T. Townes With Hooks of Steel ix. 81 If I should ride a rough-gaited horse for a whole day I would have to lay up in bed for repairs for a week afterward. 2008 M. C. Blew Jackalope Dreams xvii. 327 After a spring and summer astride green, rough-gaited Babe, she's finding Perry a pleasure to ride even as he gets used to his new shoes. rough grazing n. uncultivated land used for grazing; an area of this. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture > other types of pasture fritha1552 bruery1573 agistment1598 mountain1780 zuur-veldt1785 boosey pasture1794 rough grazing1802 outrun1870 1802 G. V. Sampson Statist. Surv. Londonderry iv. 250 At Ballydeagh,..property leased in the mean, sometimes several in one lease: three and a half acres per man, with rough grazing. 1932 Jrnl. Min. Agric. 39 37 White clover can be successfully established on certain types of rough grazings without mechanical cultivation. 1966 I. Moore Grass & Grasslands iv. 30 The transition from ley to permanent pasture or meadows, thence to rough grazing and scrub, and finally to forest, is an orderly, gradual process. 2007 R. Lovegrove Silent Fields ii. 35 The process of enclosing the open fields and rough grazings was a very protracted and complicated one. rough justice n. harsh, arbitrary, or heavy-handed treatment or punishment, esp. that which is regarded as approximately fair but which is not necessarily in accordance with the law. ΚΠ a1679 Earl of Orrery Herod (1694) ii. 15 This rough Justice must a Tempest raise, And drive into despair the furious Jews. 1798 Ann. Reg. 1792 Pt. 1 319/2 Many good friends to the church had spoken in favourable terms of the rioters, and thought, that something like rough justice had been done. 1873 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life xi. ii. 405 In this rough justice of the world there is a natural distribution of rewards. 1906 Westm. Gaz. 7 Aug. 2/3 The rough justice of an officers' mess. 1989 R. Graef Talking Blues ix. 272 The pressure on police procedures, and..the temptation to bend the rules in the interests of rough justice. 2004 N.Y. Times 24 Oct. 13/1 The Pentagon's uniformed lawyers were angered by the implications that the military would be used to deliver ‘rough justice’ for the terrorists. rough knot n. Nautical (now historical) a rough or unsophisticated seaman. ΚΠ 1801 W. Richardson Jrnl. 4 Jan. in Mariner of Eng. (1908) viii. 178 A Lieutenant Byam..succeeded Lieutenant Franklin (a good officer) in charge of the ship. He was a complete rough knot. 1844 M. H. Barker Old Sailor's Jolly Boat 361 But come, my gallant rough-knot, there is still a toothful in the flask. 1986 A. Kent Colours Aloft! xi. 181 I knows me crew are a bunch o' roughknots, but I often carry me grandchildren on short passages. rough log n. Nautical = rough logbook n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > ship's papers > [noun] > logbook > board or slate for taking notes log-board1669 rough log1819 log-slate1834 1819 J. Ross Voy. Discov. Baffin's Bay ix. 155 I also ordered, that the officers of the watch in the Alexander should write the rough log as soon as their watches were ended. 1922 F. Riesenberg Standard Seamanship for Merchant Service xviii. 761 The smooth log is a copy of the rough log. The latter is the original and valuable record. 2005 P. H. Spectre Mariner's Misc. 89 Rough log—an account of everything that occurs on board, routine or otherwise, kept by the officers. rough logbook n. Nautical a book in which the record of events during the voyage of a ship are first entered roughly, to be written up later in the main logbook. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > ship's papers > [noun] > logbook traverse book1600 sea-booka1642 journal1671 logbooka1679 rough logbook1779 log1825 sea-log1853 1779 Trial A. Keppel 258 Where is the original rough log-book? 1863 E. W. Hereford Rep. 18 Sept. in Parl. Papers 61 105 I made an entry of my visit in a rough log-book; the vessel's fair log..having been taken on shore by the captain. 1962 G. Danton Theory & Pract. Seamanship xiii. 288 The Chief Officer's logbook..is virtually a diary of the ship's activities. The information contained therein is derived from the rough logbook, which is kept by the individual Officers-of-the-watch. 2002 RIA Novosti (Nexis) 18 Feb. The Kursk [submarine] was found to be carrying several log books, including..a rough log book. rough mast n. Nautical an undressed spar suitable for making a mast; = rough-tree n. ΚΠ 1717 W. Sutherland Britain's Glory: Ship-building Unvail'd 57 It cannot be very improper to annex to these Calculations of Masting, the Customary Methods for Importing rough Masts. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. at Mast Rough-mast, or rough-tree, a spar fit for making a mast. 1913 Let. 24 Dec. in U.S. Congress. Serial Set 160 (1914) 548 The cargo of the Commerce at the date of the seizure consisted of lumber and 17 rough masts in the lower hold. 2004 J. Gwyn Ashore & Afloat iv. 67 His role in concluding contracts to supply New York and the West Indies with rough masts. rough mix n. Sound Recording a preliminary mix (mix n.2 3b) of separately recorded tracks of music. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > preliminary mix rough mix1968 1968 Billboard 12 Oct. 6/3 Rosko, a deejay for wnew-fm, heard a rough mix at Studio 3, where he was recording an album for Verve/Forecast. 1971 Winnipeg Free Press 9 Jan. (Features) 11/4 Neil heard a rough mix of the album, and says he..likes it. 1999 Esquire Sept. 106/1 He pulls out a cassette and makes the usual excuses: rough mixes, unfinished tracks, just a dub. 2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 Dec. 74/2 Taking a rough mix of a new song, checking to see how hit-worthy it is, then tweaking it. rough mortar n. mortar laid on roughly, esp. as a first coat (cf. rough coat n.); (also) mortar having a rough or raised surface; = roughcast n. 2.In quot. 1823: a type of sand used for rough mortar. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > plaster > [noun] > rough-cast or pebble-dash daubing1382 roughcasting1469 temper1594 roughcast1596 rough mortar1703 rough coating1791 slapdash1796 pebble-dashing1826 pebble-dash1831 harl1869 1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 227 If the Wall be..Plaster'd with Lome on both sides, and a Coat of Rough-mortar on the outside, then they have 4d. per Yard. 1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. at Roughcasting The rough mortar on the surface of a building. 1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Rough mortar, a sort of sand which, when mixed with mortar, makes it look as red as blood. 1990 Daniel Smith: Catal. Artists' Materials July–Aug. 10/1 The rough mortar of the scratch coat can be thicker than the subsequent layers. rough pâté n. pâté made with coarsely chopped or coarsely minced meat; a portion or variety of this. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > additive > relish > [noun] > pâté terrine1702 foie gras1818 Strasbourg pâté1827 pâté1841 rillettes1858 goose liver1860 liver pâté1860 pâté de foie gras1892 pâté de campagne1931 pâté maison1947 rough pâté1961 1961 G. Smith Business of Loving xi. 222 I settled on a rough paté, some pheasant with game chips. 1981 Texas Monthly Aug. 74 Summer heat tilts the palate toward..the cold plates. Tasty, rough pate,..smoked salmon, sliced ham. 2008 Journal (Newcastle) 13 June 23 This could be described as a rough pate but is actually the result of a traditional preserving process. rough plate n. now historical plate glass before polishing and grinding; a piece of this. ΚΠ 1746 London Mag. Mar. 134/1 Which Plate, when ground and polished, will not weigh above one third part of such rough Plate. 1883 J. D. Weeks Rep. Manuf. Glass 20 Rough plate is the crude plate-glass as it comes from the annealing oven. 1920 G. A. Hool & N. C. Johnson Handbk. Building Construction II. 1007 They are manufactured from the same thickness of rough plate as the standard thickness glass. 2006 K. Humphrey Shades of Glass vii. 70/2 It was not a rough plate, but was a finished piece of glass, which had gone from the pot to the finishing room. Rough Red n. now rare a variety of potato with a rough, reddish skin. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > root vegetables > potato > types of potato potato1629 Rough Red1771 sprout1771 London lady1780 russet1780 ox-noble1794 pink-eye1795 kidney1796 Suriname1796 silver-skin1797 yam potato1801 bluenose1803 yam1805 bead-potato1808 lumper1840 blue1845 merino1846 regent1846 pink1850 redskin potato1851 fluke1868 mangel-wurzel potato1875 snowflake1882 snowdrop1900 pomato1905 Idaho1911 Majestic1917 red1926 Pentland1959 1771 J. Meader Hitt's Mod. Gardener 505 Potatoes, White Kidney, White round, Red round, Rough red. 1863 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener, & Country Gentleman 8 Dec. 453/2 I am sorry to say that the Rough Reds..are half of them decayed with the disease. 1905 Garden 5 June 333/1 I do not think the quality of Potatoes is equal to the Lapstones, Flukes, and Rough Reds we used to grow in the past. rough rendering n. rendering (rendering n. 6) applied roughly, esp. as a base coat. ΚΠ 1783 C. Clarke Plaisterer's Bill 39 With what propriety can 3 d be allowed for rough rendering? 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 393 Rough-rendering..means one coat rough. 1944 D. E. Warland Teach yourself Constructional Details vii. 96 The space between the grounds and the floor is usually filled in with plaster, and this process is called rough rendering. 2007 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 4 Nov. 23 On the outside, rough rendering and exposed sandstone combine with original beams, lintels and columns. rough rice n. unhusked rice, paddy. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > rice > types of white rice1614 rough rice1735 wild rice1748 Carolina rice1787 Patna rice1795 rough1837 basmati1845 small1882 palay1889 brown rice1916 arborio1951 1735 S.-Carolina Gaz. 10 Jan. 3/2 For ready Money, 1500 Bushells of rough Rice extraordinary good. 1893 S. S. Raghavaiyangar Mem. Progress Madras Presidency App. p. lxii A man-slave gets daily 2 seers of rough rice, or yearly about 26 bushels. 1991 G. A. Spiller Mediterranean Diets in Health & Dis. iii. 84 The hulls..represent about 20% of the weight of rough rice. rough scruff n. originally U.S. = rough scuff n. 1. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > the lowest class > [noun] > the rabble commona1350 rascala1382 rascaldry?1457 routc1475 tag and ragc1535 riff-raff1545 rabble1549 rascabilia1557 rabblement1565 bran1574 rascability1583 rascality1583 canaille1588 canalliary1600 canaglia1607 taga1616 ribble-rabble1635 volge1639 rabble rout1650 tag-rag and bob-tail1660 mobile1676 mobility1690 mob1691 rag-tag (also rag, tag) and bob-tail1725 kennel1726 rough scruff1814 rough scuff1816 tag-rag1826 rascalry1827 rascalment1832 doggery1843 polloi1856 raggle-taggle1958 1814 T. Dawes Let. 16 Sept. in E. E. Ford Notes Life N. Webster (1912) I. 131 Gentlemen were pitted against the rough scruff of all nations under the name of Brittish. 1884 Frank Leslie's Pop. Monthly Jan. 99 And what will this rough-scruff of those who are not ‘freemen’ say? 1885 Story Louis Riel viii. 113 I have frequently heard him describe the Provisional Government and its supporters as a band of mongrel rough-scruffs. 2001 E. Burdon & J. M. Craig Don't let me be Misunderstood 2002 ii. 33 The kids would have loved us more as what we were—rough scruffs from Newcastle. rough service n. attributive designating an object, esp. a lamp, of a robust construction to withstand rough handling. ΚΠ 1873 Scribner's Monthly June 192/2 The post-office cars used on this route show marks of the rough service they have to perform, and are not the dainty, elegant coaches I have seen on some of the western lines.] 1912 Daily Consular & Trade Rep. (U.S. Dept. of Commerce & Labor) 13 Mar. 1056 The manufacture of internal-combustion motors for fishing boats and other rough-service craft. 1944 Pop. Sci. Monthly Mar. 199 (advt.) Soon, welders were using a new G-E rough-service lamp coated with a tough, resilient film of lacquer. 1992 RS Components: Electronic & Electr. Products July–Oct. 482/2 A rough service steel protection guard suitable for RS high dome beacons. 2003 D. Koenigsberg Handyman's Handbk. vi. 36 Rough service bulbs are much less likely to stop working if the drop light is accidentally dropped. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > worker with stone > [noun] > who works with rough stone roughmason1379 rough settera1669 a1669 ( Indenture Fotheringay in Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum (1846) VI. 1415/1 Will. Horwode shall nether set mo nor fewer free masons, rogh setters ne leyes thereupon. rough skin n. U.S. now historical a roughneck, a thug; spec. (usually with capital initials) a member of a mid-19th cent. Baltimore gang supporting the American Party and renowned for its violent behaviour; usually in plural.Cf. know-nothing n. 2, plug-ugly n. 1. ΚΠ 1840 Jamestown (N.Y.) Jrnl. 28 Oct. 2/6 Some hardy roughskins from the pine knots up the Alleghany were sauntering up town. 1859 in Baltimore City Contested Election (Ma. Elections Comm.) (1860) 42 Two of the Rough Skins having one of the workmen by the collar, [they] brought them up Lancaster Street. 1914 Catholic Church in U.S.A. III. 26 The names of the Knownothing clubs indicated the desperate character of their members. Among them were the Roughskins, the Blacksnakes, [etc.]. 2004 F. Towers Urban South & Coming of Civil War iv. 142 In 1859, Rough Skins aboard a Chesapeake Bay steamer threw free blacks overboard for entering a cabin that the rowdies believed was for whites only. ΚΠ 1873 Field & Stream 30 Oct. 186/2 A letter A tent is the greatest luxury in camping, but in fair weather a tilt or half tent of canvas or blankets, or a ‘rough slant’ of bark or boughs.., are comfortable enough. 1878 C. Hallock Sportsman's Gazetteer (ed. 4) Gloss. p. x/1 Rough-slant, a lean-to; a shelter made of canvas, blankets, bark, or boards, laid on poles supported on crotches, and sloping from a ridge-pole to the ground. rough sleeper n. (a) British a person who sleeps without adequate shelter, esp. on the streets of a town or city; a homeless person (cf. to sleep rough at rough adv. Phrases 1); (b) a person who sleeps fitfully, one who tosses and turns during sleep (now rare). ΚΠ 1925 R. Macaulay Casual Comm. 160 It's quite true, sir, that he's a rough sleeper. Hasn't slept in a bed since I've known him. 1935 H. Pollitt in J. Bell We did not Fight 271 My landlady..expressed surprise that my mattress seemed to vary in size from day to day, and ‘that I must be a rough sleeper, as it was so bumpy’. 1945 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 5 Mar. 7/2 I like plenty of room. I'm a rough sleeper..and I snore. 1966 Social Casualties '66 4 The peripatetic and floating sub-world of Skid Row—the rough sleepers, the crude spirit drinkers, [etc.]. 2001 B. Broady In this Block there lives Slag 160 We passed through Theatreland... At the front of the house four rough sleepers lay, each under his own critical notice. rough sleeping n. [after to sleep rough at rough adv. Phrases 1] British the action or practice of sleeping rough; (now) spec. (British) the action or condition of sleeping on the streets without adequate shelter; homelessness.In quot. 1827 not a fixed collocation. ΚΠ 1827 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey V. viii. v. 305 I..am now as little fit for rough riding, and rough eating, and rough sleeping, as a pet monkey with a scalded tail! 1966 Times 25 Nov. 11/5 The figures are the result of the first full-scale national survey of the roofless and rootless... They were reached after a co-ordinated count at..hostels, shelters,..and the 2,800 rough-sleeping sites. 2002 Church Times 18 Oct. 7/2 The main aim of the Rough Sleepers Strategy is to reduce and sustain the level of rough sleeping in Reading to no more than four, or as near to zero as possible. rough spin n. Australian and New Zealand slang a period or piece of bad luck (cf. spin n.1 4c). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > calamity or misfortune > [noun] > misfortune or ill-luck > instance of misfortune or ill-luck unsitheOE evila1300 mischiefa1325 illa1340 adversity1340 infortunea1393 infortunity1477 cladec1480 misfortunec1485 fortune1490 trouble?1521 stumble1547 infelicity1575 disgrace1622 unfortunacya1662 disgracia1740 miscanter1781 reversal1846 avalanche1850 rough spin1919 1919 Quick March Mar. 43 The ‘Red Caps’ got a rough spin at a recent general meeting. 1927 R. Comm. Moving Picture Industry 989 I endeavoured to assist him, as I would any other man who had had a ‘rough spin’. 1958 G. Casey Snowball 246 I've given her a rough spin, since them days. Got too big fer me boots, I s'pose. 2008 Evening Standard (Palmerston North, N.Z.) (Nexis) 28 Jan. (Sports section) 1 [He] has had a rough spin. Last autumn he had to have a thumb operation. A..knee injury then meant six months of rehab. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > scouring, scrubbing, or rubbing > [noun] > with a stone rough-stoning1855 1855 E. C. Gaskell North & South I. xiii. 151 There had been rough-stoning done in the middle of the floor, while the flags under the chairs and table and round the walls retained their dark unwashed appearance. rough string n. Building and Joinery (now rare) (usually in plural) either of the two inclined pieces of timber supporting the steps of a wooden staircase. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > stairs > [noun] > stringers stair-tree1374 sister1518 rail1679 string1711 carriage1758 rough string1819 notch-board1823 bridgeboard1842 stringer1883 1819 P. Nicholson Archit. Dict. II. 534/2 An horizontal piece of timber..to support the upper ends of the rough-strings. 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iii. 543 The framed timbers which support the steps of a staircase..generally consist of two pieces inclined to the pitch of the stairs, called the rough strings. 1958 Chamber's Techn. Dict. (ed. 3) 46 [The apron piece is] the horizontal timber carrying the upper ends of the carriage pieces or rough-strings of a wooden staircase. rough stucco n. coarse plaster containing a high proportion of sand. ΚΠ 1800 J. Plaw Sketches Country Houses 4 The external appearance of rough stucco, or rough cast. 1994 Life June 98/2 Rough stucco was painted blue, then yellow, so some blue comes through. rough suet n. now rare suet in its natural form as it comes from the animal, before being melted down or otherwise processed. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fat or oil > [noun] > suet sueta1325 rough suet1653 beef-suet1853 1653 T. Barker Art of Angling 15 When your Grid-iron is hot you must coole it with ruff Suet. ?1741 E. Moxon Eng. Housewifry 45 Lay some rough suet in a stew Pan with your Beef upon it, let it fry till it be brown. 1847 C. Morfit Chem. Soap & Candles xli. 326 In New York, the butchers..possess a large foundery exclusively for the rendering of tallow; it is here they send their rough suet. 1911 Craftsman 21 576 On the posts of it in winter we nail large pieces of rough suet, which are visited daily by blue jays, downy woodpeckers, [etc.]. rough timber n. timber which has had the branches, etc., cut off but is otherwise undressed. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood in specific form > [noun] > undressed trunk or log > collectively rough timber1607 round timber1656 roundwood1692 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxxiv. 5) The unwrought and rough timber-logs.] 1607 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 284 The marketts of sawen and cloven tymber..exceptinge all rough tymber. 1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 163 Rough Timber; that which is only cut down, and the Boughs lop'd off. 1865 Navy Dockyard Acc. (Blue Book) 8 The average loss on rough timber is found by experience to be about 50 per cent. 1902 P. Charpentier Timber 259 The alternative vertical sawing machine..applied to straight sawing of rough timber. 2007 P. Swift et al. Constr. Plumbing iii. 125 We say that PAR timber is wrought or wrot, and that rough timber is un-wrought. rough tongue n. rough, harsh, rude, or abrasive language or speech; such a manner or habit of speaking.In quot. 1671: a person characterized by this. ΚΠ 1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 411 [He who] indued the fishermen with heauenly wisedome, and filed the rough tongue for readie deliuerie. 1612 J. Webster White Divel C 2v I do beseech you intreate him mildely, Let not your rough tongue Set vs at louder variance. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1066 A rougher tongue Draws hitherward, I know him by his stride. View more context for this quotation 1792 T. Thomson Comprehensive Hist. Eng. I. 862 Nor did Thurlow in private society restrain his irritable temper and rough tongue. 1890 Major-Gen. A. F. Bond in W. Rogerson Hist. Rec. 53rd (Shropshire) Regt. 206 Having..given them a taste of his rough tongue. 1903 J. Bryce Stud. in Contemp. Biogr. 303 Instances are not wanting of men who have maintained great influence in spite of their rough tongues and the enmities which rough tongues provoke. 2007 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 10 Nov. c11 Behind her rough tongue and no-nonsense story lies a real poet. rough-tongued adj. characterized by or having a rough tongue. ΚΠ 1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie iii. ix. sig. G7 Higher straines Then wel beseemes a rough-tongu'd Satyres part. 1755 Hist. Will Ramble II. vi. xiii. 285 He was but a very rough-tongued Suitor at best. 1855 C. Kingsley Argonauts in Heroes v. 165 The sailors..were rough-tongued, though their hearts were frank and kind. 1920 Cent. Mag. June 112 Never patient, a rough-tongued, self-absorbed genius, [he] resented these interruptions. 2003 G. Burn North of Eng. Home Service (2004) i. 18 Chef, a rough-tongued Mackem, was threatening to leave unless he was given more space. rough tonguing n. colloquial (originally Military slang) now rare rude, harsh, or abrasive speech; verbal abuse; an instance of this, a scolding. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > malediction > [noun] > action of using abuse ribaldyc1300 chiding1340 ribaldrya1400 revile1439 revilingc1475 vituperation1481 vituper1484 tongue-sore1542 oblatration?1552 thundering1564 wording1564 revilement1590 slabbery1596 invective1602 campling1660 bitching1706 slangwhanging1809 name-calling1819 slanging1856 rough tonguing1916 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > rebuke or reproof > [noun] > scolding chidingc893 flitingc1200 scolding1486 rating1556 schooling1557 chafing?1578 railwifery1695 ragging1788 mobbing1803 fratching1805 row1830 tongue-lashing1881 rough tonguing1916 1916 ‘B. Cable’ Action Front 98 'Enery 's own captain..cursing the grinning and sheepish private... ‘An' I admit I felt easier after that rough-tonguin,’ 'Enery told B Company that night. 1956 N. Marsh Off with his Head (1957) ix. 191 Maids up to castle heard his great-auntie giving him a terrible rough-tonguing. 1969 R. Millar Kut xiv. 270 He had already received a rough tonguing from a few senior officers..over this expedition. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or constructing with stone > [noun] > stonework or masonry > types of ashlar-work1398 rough wall1398 keying1483 corbelling1548 rustic1610 channel1611 rustic work1615 ledge1624 coffer-work1668 rubble work1675 canal1723 rockwork1755 ashlaring1758 rubble1815 ragwork1840 striped work1842 1398 in J. Raine Hist. Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres (1839) p. clxxx (MED) Exterius de puro lapide vocato achiler plane inscisso, interius vero de fracto lapide vocato roghwall. rough waller n. a builder who executes the rough work in walling; a roughmason. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > builder > [noun] > builder of walls > types of ground-waller1477 diker1497 cowan1598 rough waller1614 sea-waller1790 stone-diker1901 1614 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) II. 53 Tho. Ledell of Ampleforth, rough waller. 1767 T. Nugent New Pocket Dict. French & Eng. sig. N2/2 Limosin, rough waller. 1864 C. W. King Gnostics 174 The common workman who ran up the body of the wall..was called the ‘Rough-waller’. 1881 W. Westall Old Factory I. i. 10 He was a first-rate hedger and ditcher and rough waller. 1997 I. J. Prothero Radical Artisans in Eng. & France 48 Masons despised the rough wallers (limousins) and would not eat with them. roughwood adj. made of unfinished or unworked timber; having this appearance. ΚΠ 1921 W. de la Mare Crossings 67 A garden chair beside a roughwood table. 1978 J. A. Michener Chesapeake iv. 184 The entire group of Quakers went..to the rough-wood house of James Lamb. 1996 Daily Mirror (Nexis) 13 Apr. 22 Two long, thin roughwood tables and 11 rope-seat chairs. b. In the names of animals, esp. fishes and reptiles, having rough scales or skin, and of domestic breeds of mammal having a long coat.See also roughback n., rough fish n., roughhead n., rough hound n. (a) Miscellaneous uses. ΚΠ 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Een Steen-worm, a Rough-worme in a mans foote, or a Lope. 1782 R. Greene Particular & Descriptive Catal. Lichfield Mus. 45 Lacerta Mauritanica, or rough Lizard. 1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. ii. 259 Rough bull-head, Cottus Scaber... Native of the Indian seas. 1873 W. A. Lloyd Hand Bk. to Marine Aquarium (ed. 4) 49 Pontobdella muricata.., a rough worm usually parasitic on the skate. 1874 S. A. Myers tr. F. Martin Nat. Hist. (new ed.) 429 The Rough Tortoise Forked (testudo furcata)..is a very small, neatly formed land tortoise, with a greenish-brown shell. 1901 E. Step Shell Life xii. 224 The Rough Winkle (L. rudis) has a less pointed spire. 2010 Guardian 5 Jan. (G2 section) 9/1 Plus some bigger thornbacks, whiting and rough hounds—a small shark that usually gets called rock salmon at the chippy. (b) rough collie n. a breed of dog with a long coat that is either tan and white, or black, tan, and white, originally developed in Scotland for herding sheep; a dog of this breed. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > sheepdog > [noun] > collie > other types of rough collie1806 German collie1874 1806 Edinb. Evening Courant 20 Jan. A Black and White Rough Coley, or Shepherd's Dog. 1872 ‘Stonehenge’ Dogs Brit. Islands (ed. 2) ii. viii. 175 The rough or shaggy-coated colley..has a fine foxlike muzzle. 2003 Daily Tel. 18 Dec. i. 13/2 Close behind are..the Pembroke Welsh corgi (59 per cent) and the rough collie (58 per cent). rough dab n. the American plaice, Hippoglossoides platessoides; more fully long rough dab. ΚΠ 1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes II. 221 The Lemon Dab, or Smooth Dab, is not of such frequent occurrence as the common Rough Dab. 1904 F. G. Aflalo Brit. Salt-water Fishes xii. 227 The long rough dab is, as its name suggests, a very rough fish, its scales being spinous on one edge. 1995 Internat. Organizations & Law of Sea: Documentary Yearbk. 9 228 (table) Hippoglossoides platessoides platessoides. American plaice, American dab, rough dab. Rough Fell n. a hardy breed of large long-woolled sheep originating in the uplands of northern England; a sheep of this breed; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > specific breeds or members of mug1596 down1721 Shropshire1768 Norfolk sheep1778 Ryeland1786 Southdown1786 Persian1794 Leicester1798 Southdowner1799 Ryeland1802 loaghtan1812 Manx loaghtan1812 herdwick1837 Wallachian1837 Norfolk1851 Teeswater1861 bluefaced Leicester1864 Rough Fell1871 Border Leicester1873 Mexican1878 Cheviot1883 fat-tail1888 pampas1892 pampas sheep1895 turbary1908 karakul1913 East Friesian1949 Texel1949 Norfolk Horn1961 Colbred1962 1871 Lancaster Gaz. 27 May (Suppl.) 1/1 Found, at Bullbank, Wennington, 5 rough fell sheep, marked red over the loin. 1912 F. W. Garnett Westmorland Agric. 1800–1900 viii. 149 In 1848..the Rough Fell breed were recognized as distinct from the Scotch type of sheep. 1945 J. F. H. Thomas et al. Sheep ii. 30 The Rough Fell. Again a breed not numerically strong. 2007 Spin-off Spring 74/1 The Blackface likely developed, as did other British coarse-wool sheep such as the Swaledale and Rough Fell, from the horned sheep of northern Britain. ΚΠ 1838 Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 7 433 In the Firth of Forth the Shagreen Ray is occasionally take... It is known to fishermen under the name of Rough Flapper. 1892 Sci. Proc. Royal Dublin Soc. 7 229 Raia fullonica (Linn.). Shagreen Ray. Rough Flapper (Edinb.). Sand Ray (Ireld). rough greyhound n. now historical = deer-hound n. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > hound > [noun] > staghound receiverc1425 buck-hound1530 staghound1707 rough greyhounda1803 deer-dog1815 deer-hound1818 tufter1856 a1803 J. Walker Ess. Nat. Hist. & Rural Econ. (1812) xiii. 475 The Grey Dog. The Deer Dog. The rough Greyhound. The Ratche. 1887 H. Dalziel Brit. Dogs I. 113 It is nearly forty years since I last saw a Rough Greyhound competing in a coursing match. 1948 C. L. B. Hubbard Dogs in Brit. xv. 122 The Deerhound, or Rough Greyhound as it was then called, was a prized possession of the Scottish chieftain. rough ray n. any of various rough-skinned rays; spec. (in recent use) Raja radula of the Mediterranean. ΚΠ 1763 R. Brookes New Syst. Nat. Hist. III. iii. 42 The Rough-Ray of Rondeletius, differs from other fish of this kind in having small prickles on the sides, but none on the trunk of the body. 1811 Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc. 1 553 Raia..rubus, Rough ray: Hommelin. 1901 R. Lydekker Libr. Nat. Hist. V. ii. 2921 The rough ray (Urogymnus asperrimus) of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean..may measure from four to five feet in length. 1946 Irish Naturalists' Jrnl. 8 430 Most fishermen do not distinguish between the various kinds of Ray, or at most divide them into Rough and Smooth Rays. 2005 F. Serena Field Ident. Guide Sharks & Rays of Medit. 66 Raja radula... FAO names: En—Rough ray; Fr—Raie râpe; Sp—Raya aspera. rough seal n. the ringed seal, Pusa hispida. ΚΠ 1771 T. Pennant Synopsis Quadrupeds 341 Rough [Seal]... Perhaps what our Newfoundland Seal-hunters call Square Phipper. 1866 Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 585/1 The Rough..Seal (P. hispida) frequents quiet bays on the coasts of Greenland. 1970 Ornis Scandinavica 1 86/1 Of the formerly rich fauna of whales and seals, only the Rough Seal (Phoca hispida) is still common. rough-tail n. (a) any of various fishes; (b) = rough-tailed snake n. at Compounds 5b(c). ΚΠ 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 234 Rough-taile [= the horse mackerel]..is a dry fish and engendreth thick juyce. 1854 C. D. Yonge tr. Athenæus Deipnosophists II. vii. 513 Another fish is the trachurus, or rough-tail. Diocles mentions this as a dry fish. 1854 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 13 27 The only specimen we have seen of this very large Rough-tail [sc. a snake] is one procured..from Kerinday near Matura. 1907 Imperial Gazetteer India (new ed.) I. v. 269 One whole family of small snakes, the Rough Tails (Uropeltidae),..is confined to Southern India and Ceylon. 2002 Sport Fishing June 28/2 The current world-record roughtail [sc. a stingray] weighed 405 pounds. 2007 M. O'Shea Boas & Pythons World 71/2 Shieldtails, also known as rough-tails, thorntails or earthsnakes, are fossorial (burrowing) snakes. ΚΠ 1831 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom IX. 10 Rough Terrapin. Emys Scabra, Lacep. 1886 Rep. Council Zool. Soc. 1885 48 Two West-Indian Agoutis, seven Crab-eating Opossums, two Rough Terrapins. rough-wing n. (a) any of various small moths of the genera Acleris and Phtheochroa (family Tortricidae) which have a fringe of long scales on the edge of the wing (now rare); also rough-wing tortrix; (b) North American = rough-winged swallow n. at Compounds 5b(c). ΚΠ 1819 G. Samouelle Entomologist's Compend. 408 Tortrix rugosana, the Rough-wing. 1876 Amer. Naturalist 10 494 The rough-wing often does build about bridges. 1907 Bull. Misc. Information (Royal Bot. Gardens, Kew) No. 5. 176 Peronea variegana... ‘The Rough Wing Tortrix’. 1977 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 20 July 29/3 Some half-dozen rough-wings were playing about the grassy and bush-grown borders of the stream. 2005 Madame Bovary's Ovaries (2008) vii. 252 Rough-wing parents will even feed bank swallow babies; bank swallow parents reject any babies not their own. (c) In animal names formed with parasynthetic adjectives.See also rough-backed adj., rough-footed adj., rough-legged adj., etc. rough-billed pelican n. the American white pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, which breeds in North America. ΚΠ 1785 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds III. ii. 586 Rough-billed Pelican. 1895 C. C. Abbott Birds About Us 200 The Rough-billed Pelican was also frequent on the Hudson and the Delaware. 1996 T. Scott tr. F. W. Stöcker & L. G. Dietrich Conc. Encycl. Biol. 899/1 P. erythrorhynchos (White or Rough-billed pelican) breeds from as far north as the Great Slave Lake to as far south as southern Texas. rough-keeled snake n. now rare the common egg-eating snake, Dasypeltis scabra, of Africa. ΚΠ 1897 Athenæum 30 Jan. 153/2 Photographs illustrating the manner in which the rough-keeled snake (Dasypeltis scabra) swallows an egg. 1907 Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow 7 304 Mr. James Eggleton exhibited two specimens of the Egg-eating Rough-keeled Snake (Dasypeltis scabra, L.), from South Africa. rough-scaled lizard n. any of various lizards with rough or spiny scales; esp. (a) any of the lizards constituting the genus Ichnotropis (family Lacertidae), of African savannahs; (b) U.S. any of the spiny lizards of the American genus Sceloporus (family Phrynosomatidae). ΚΠ 1711 J. Petiver Gazophylacii VI. Table LVIII Rough-scaled Cape Lizard.] 1883 List Vertebrated Animals Gardens Zool. Soc. (ed. 8) 583 Zonurus cordylus (Linn.). Rough-scaled Lizard. Hab. South Africa. 1921 Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 3 iv. 62 Rough-scaled Lizard. Sceloporus magister. Occasional on the eastern slope of the mountains. 2007 B. Branch in B. Branch et al. Southern Afr. vii. 93 Over much of the northern savannahs, the Cape Rough-scaled Lizard and Common Rough-scaled Lizard live together. rough-tailed snake n. any of the small burrowing snakes that constitute the South Asian family Uropeltidae. ΚΠ 1874 P. H. Pye-Smith Catal. Prepar. Comp. Anat. Mus. Guy's Hosp. i. i. 92 Uropeltidæ... Rough-tailed Snake (Rhinophis melanogaster v. Blythii). Ceylon. The head is continuous with the neck, the tail very short and truncated. 1906 Spolia Zeylanica 3 220 A fine example of the large rough tailed snake—Uropeltis grandis—was picked up on the cart road. 2000 Competition Sci. Vision Mar. 92/1 Ocellate rough-tailed snake (Uropeltis ocellatus)—Distinguished by the obliquely truncated tail. rough-tailed stickleback n. now chiefly historical a three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, of the marine ( trachurus) form.Formerly regarded as a distinct species, G. trachurus. ΚΠ 1835 L. Jenyns Man. Brit. Vertebr. Animals 349 Var. α. G. trachurus... Rough-tailed Stickleback. 1871 C. Darwin Descent of Man (1890) ii. xii. 332 The rough-tailed stickleback (G. trachurus). 1933 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 23 224 The skull..of the rough-tailed stickleback (Gasterosteus trachurus..) represents a primitive stage in this group. 1992 P. S. Maitland & R. N. Campbell Freshwater Fishes xix. 252 The marine-living race..is known as the trachurus form (formerly called..the Rough-tailed Stickleback). rough-winged swallow n. either of the two swallows Stegidopteryx seripennis, of North and Central America, and S. ruficollis, of Central and South America, which both have serrated feathers on the wing. ΚΠ 1838 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. IV. 595 In its general appearance..the Rough-winged Swallow is extremely similar to the Bank Swallow. 1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 114 Stelgidopteryx, Rough-winged Swallow. 1917 T. G. Pearson Birds Amer. III. 93/1 The Rough-winged Swallow is a much duller looking bird than the Bank Swallow. 1992 Harrowsmith Aug. 28/3 The plain brown backs of both the bank and northern rough-winged swallows are easy to overlook. c. In the names of plants, typically ones with hairs, prickles, etc., on the foliage, stem, or other parts, or having very tough or fibrous leaves, stems, or fruits. (a) Miscellaneous uses. ΚΠ eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lxv. 296 Bisceopwyrt, finul, ruwe wegbræde, haran sprecel.] 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Langue de bœuf,..Ox-tongue, rough or small Buglosse. a1688 J. Wallace Acct. Orkney (1700) ii. 23 Gramen Asperum J. B. rough Grass. 1790 W. Marshall Agric. Provincialisms in Rural Econ. Midland Counties II. 434 Cadlock, Rough,..wild mustard. 1872 G. A. Dean Culture, Managem., & Improvem. Landed Estates i. viii. 82 The rough cat's-tail (Phleum asperam [sic]), a worthless agricultural grass. 1877 E. Leigh Gloss. Words Dial. Cheshire Rough-nut, the sweet or Spanish chestnut. 1879 R. C. A. Prior On Pop. Names Brit. Plants (ed. 3) 121 Hound's-Tongue... The name was probably given to the Greek plant on account of the shape and soft surface o the leaf, and in contrast to the rough bugloss or ox-tongue. 1883 T. Lees Easther's Gloss. Dial. Almondbury & Huddersfield at Kex There are two sorts of kex—Shiny Kex, Angelica sylvestris; and Rough Kex, Heracleum spondylium. 1892 Souvenir of Clyde 179 Water hair-grass, Rough grass. 1921 Amer. Botanist 27 148 Stachys palustris..is known as ‘all-heal’, ‘clown's-heal’, ‘clown's woundwort’ and ‘marsh woundwort’. The name ‘rough-weed’ refers to the foliage. (b) rough bindweed n. now rare any of various species of smilax (smilax n. 1) that have hooked stems. ΚΠ 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. cccii. 710 The common rough Bindweede hath many branches set full of little sharpe prickles, with certaine clasping tendrels. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvi. xxxv. 481 Like unto Ivie is that plant which they call Smilax, or rough Bindweed. 1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Rough Bindweed,..the Smilax aspera of Linnæus. 1919 National Geographic Mag. Feb. 169/2 ‘Bamboo’, ‘bread-and-butter’, ‘rough bindweed’,..and ‘Devil's hopvine’ are some of its synonyms [sc. of Smilax rotundifolia]. rough bristle-grass n. a bristle-grass, Setaria verticillata, native to warm temperate Europe and Asia but introduced or naturalized elsewhere, and having reflexed teeth on its bristles. ΚΠ 1837 W. Baxter Brit. Phænogamous Bot. III. §211 Setaria Verticillata. Whorled Bristle-grass. Rough Bristle-grass... Bristles of the involucrum rough with reversed teeth. 1859 A. Pratt Brit. Grasses & Sedges 82 Rough Bristle-grass. 2004 C. Palmer in A. F. Harding Sobiejuchy vi. 70/2 The morphology of S. viridis (green bristle-grass) and S. verticillata (rough bristle-grass) caryopses is very similar. rough-caps n. British regional (now rare) tufted hair grass, Deschampsia cespitosa, which has tiny prickles on its pedicels and panicle branches. ΚΠ 1801 W. Withering Withering's Systematic Arrangem. Brit. Plants (rev. ed.) II. 136 [Turfy Hair-grass.] Called by the common people Hassocks, Rough Caps, Bulls Faces. 1859 A. Pratt Brit. Grasses & Sedges 73 Tufted Hair-grass..is also termed Rough-caps, from its long, narrow, rough, twisting leaves. 1895 J. Muir Agric., Pract. & Sci. xxvii. 277 Tussock grass (Aira cæspitosa), also called tufted hair grass, razor grass, hassocks, bulls-faces, rough-caps, and a number of other local names. rough chervil n. any of several coarse umbelliferous plants; spec. the hairy-stemmed weed Chaerophyllum temulum. ΚΠ 1778 W. Hudson Flora Anglica (rev. ed.) I. 125 Rough chervil. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. I. 74/1 Care must be taken not to confound this plant with Anthriscus vulgaris, the common Rough Chervil. 1995 E. Clarke Herb Garden Design 86/2 The pink-flowered rough chervil, Chaerophyllum hirsutum roseum..is not the same species as the true rough chervil, C. tentulum. rough clover n. †(a) hare's-foot clover, Trifolium arvense, which has hairy leaves and stems (obsolete); (b) the clover T. scabrum, which is often somewhat downy. ΚΠ 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 26 Lagopus maye be called in Englishe Haris foot or rough clauer. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Treffle bas, hares-foot, rough Clauer. 1865 G. Bentham Handbk. Brit. Flora I. 203 Rough Clover. Trifolium scabrum, Linn. 1885 Gentleman's Mag. July 47 The Rough Clover is another of these dwarf creepers. 1999 C. A. Stace Field Flora Brit. Isles 285 Rough Clover—T. scabrum L. rough cock's-foot n. now rare (more fully rough cock's-foot grass) = cocksfoot n. 2. ΚΠ 1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 23 Rough Cocks-foot grass. Panicle of several close spikes, on one side only. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 832 Rough Cock's-foot Grass..is a coarse, rough grass, but very hardy and productive. 1916 C. V. Piper Forage Plants 176 Orchard grass, in England commonly called cock's-foot or rough cock's foot, is a long-lived perennial grass forming dense circular tufts. 2006 CRC World Dict. Grasses I. 566/1 Akaroa, cock's foot, cocksfoot, orchard grass, rough cock's foot, duck grass. rough fig n. Australian (now rare) (a) a shrubby tree of the tropical genus Trema, T. tomentosa (family Cannabaceae); (b) any of several species of fig (genus Ficus) having rough leaves sometimes used as sandpaper, esp. F. coronata. ΚΠ 1884 A. Nilson Timber Trees New S. Wales 122 T[rema] aspera.—Elm, Rough Fig.—A moderately large tree, sometimes shrubby. 1889 J. H. Maiden Useful Native Plants Austral. 143 Trema aspera,..‘Rough Fig’... This shrub is firmly believed by some to be poisonous. 1893 Rep. Fourth Meeting Australasian Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 394 Fusarium dicipiens..and F. hypocreoideum..are both met with on the leaves of the common rough fig Ficus aspera in the Brisbane river scrubs. 1920 J. H. Maiden Weeds New S. Wales I. 8 The weak-stemmed shrub (Trema аsреrа), which goes under the name of ‘Elm,’ ‘Rough Fig’, and (only in Queensland apparently), ‘Peach-leaved Poisonbush’ has often been recorded as poisonous. ΚΠ 1833 C. Sturt Two Exped. Southern Austral. I. iii. 118 The rough-gum abounded near the creek. 1865 W. Howitt Hist. Discov. Austral. I. xv. 236 There were groups of miserable natives here and there, and occasionally woods of rough-gum, casuarina, and angophora. rough horsetail n. the horsetail Equisetum hyemale, native to Europe, Asia, and North America, the tough, silica-rich stems of which have been used for scouring and polishing. ΚΠ 1762 W. Hudson Flora Anglica 381 Rough Horse-tail, or Shave-grass. 1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. iii. 705 Equisetum hyemale, Rough Horse-tail, which is largely imported from Holland under the name of Dutch Rushes. 1996 R. Mabey Flora Britannica 13/2 The rough horsetail or Dutch rush, E. hyemale, is the most strikingly rough species and, before the days of steel wool, was used for scouring pans. rough lemon n. a kind of lemon tree, Citrus x jambhiri, often used as a rootstock for raising other citrus fruits; (also) the fruit of this tree, which has thick skin and relatively little juice compared to other varieties and so is rarely cultivated.The rough lemon is thought to be a hybrid between the lemon and the citron, but its exact taxonomic position is unresolved. ΚΠ 1878 Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Daily News 21 Apr. (Suppl.) The rough lemon is growing scarce, but the smooth one and the limes are always present like our poor. 1929 Plant Physiol. 4 113 A smooth bud union results when these standard varieties are grown on rough-lemon rootstock. 1986 J. A. Samson Trop. Fruits (ed. 2) v. 100 Fruit grown on rough lemon stock is often coarse and has a rather low sugar and acid content. 2006 A. Green Starting with Ingredients 534/2 The Rough Lemon, which is perhaps a lemon-citron hybrid, is believed to have originated in northern India, where it grows wild. rough oak n. North American (now rare) the post oak Quercus stellata of North America, which has hard close-grained durable wood. ΚΠ 1841 H. Colman 4th Rep. Agric. Mass. (Mass. Agric. Surv.) 504 In some parts of Massachusetts we have the post oak, which is called, in Martha's Vineyard, the rough oak. 1878 Illustr. Ann. Reg. Rural Affairs 64 Post Oak, (Q. obtusiloba,) known also as Rough or Box White oak, is a small tree, growing mostly on dry and poor soils. 1984 R. A. Vines Trees of Central Texas 60 The species name, stellata, refers to the stellate hairs of the leaves and petioles. Vernacular names are..Branch Oak, Rough Oak, and Box Oak. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Umbelliferae (umbellifers) > [noun] > cow-parsnip masterwort1523 cow-parsnip1548 rough parsnip1548 meadow parsnip1562 madnep1597 heracleum1776 1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. G.v Sphondilium..may be called in englishe Cowpersnepe or rough Persnepe. 1810 R. J. Thornton New Family Herbal 300 (heading) Rough Parsnip. Opoponax. Pastinaca Opopanax. 1888 E. M. Howard List Veg. Substances used in Med. 19 Opopanax Chironium. (Rough Parsnip). ΚΠ 1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) i. i. 77 (table) Rough Robin. 1886 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names 408 Rough Robin, Lychnis Flos-cuculi. rough spleenwort n. now rare the hard fern, Blechnum spicant (family Blechnaceae), of northern Europe and parts of North America, having hard leathery fronds; (formerly also) †any of several other ferns, as the hart's tongue fern, Asplenium scolopendrium (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > ferns > [noun] > names applied to various ferns oak ferna1400 osmund?a1425 polytrich1526 rough spleenwort1597 parsley fern1777 sword-fern1829 bird's nest fern1831 resurrection fern1870 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 978 Lonchitis aspera. Rough Spleenewoort. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique ii. xlii. 262 Scolopendrium, or rough spleene-woort, called also harts-toong. 1777 E. Jacob Plantæ Favershamienses 61 Osmunda Spicant, Rough Spleenwort. 1831 M. Roberts Ann. My Village 212 Among ferns, the following are deserving of attention:—Blecknum [sic] Spicant, (rough spleenwort).—In the recesses of the thicket, in the vale of Dudcombe. 1889 C. Dick in C. Peters Girl's Own Outdoor Bk. x. 323 This fern is not unlike the scaly spleenwort in appearance, indeed, it has been called by some writers the rough spleenwort. 1956 Amer. Fern Jrnl. 46 124 Blechnum (his Osmunda) spicant is called ‘rough spleenwort’. rough trefoil n. †(a) hare's-foot clover; = rough clover n. (a) (obsolete); (b) = rough clover n. (b). ΚΠ 1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. D.vijv It maye be named in englishe rough Trifoly or harefote. 1770 J. Berkenhout Outl. Nat. Hist. Great Brit. & Ireland II. 209 [Trifolium] scabrum. Oval-headed, or rough Trefoil. 1864 M. Plues Rambles in Search of Wild Flowers (ed. 2) 86 The Rough Trefoil (T. scabrum) is from Polperro, on the same coast. 1981 A. R. Clapham et al. Excursion Flora Brit. Isles (ed. 3) 130 Rough Trefoil. Erect or decumbent. (c) In plant names formed with parasynthetic adjectives. ΚΠ 1696 J. Ray Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Brit. (ed. 2) 183 Tithymalus verrucosus... Rough-fruited Spurge. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Tithymalus The wart-Spurge, or rough-fruited Spurge. 1829 S. Glover Hist. County of Derby I. iii. 115 Common verrucosa, rough-fruited spurge, meadows and pastures, August. rough-headed poppy n. now rare a poppy having a bristly seed capsule; esp. (more fully long rough-headed poppy) Papaver argemone. ΚΠ 1660 J. Ray Catalogus Plantarum Cantabrigiam Index Plantarum 19 Long rough-headed Bastard-Poppy.] 1756 J. Hill Brit. Herbal v. 143/1 Round rough-headed Poppy. Papaver capitulo rotundo hispido. 1756 J. Hill Brit. Herbal v. 143/2 Long rough-headed Poppy. Papaver capitulo hispido longiore. 1980 F. Bowes MacOrvan Curse iii. 39 Occasionally she caught the breathtaking sight of brilliant rough-headed poppies in the corn. 2001 R. Feasey Life Cycles 9 Which is the rarest [poppy]?.. The long rough-headed poppy probably because it makes the fewest seeds per flower. rough-stalked meadow grass n. a very common meadow grass, Poa trivialis, native to Europe and Asia and introduced elsewhere, which has rough-surfaced leaf sheaths and pointed ligules. ΚΠ 1777 W. Curtis Flora Londinensis I. 2 Poa Trivialis. Rough-Stalked Meadow Grass. 1805 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. II. 826 The Common or Rough-stalked Meadow Grass. 1996 E. A. Clark & R. P. Poincelot Contrib. Managed Grasslands v. 66 Species which were tried but failed to persist included perennial ryegrass and rough-stalked meadow grass (Poa trivialis). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † roughv.1 Obsolete. intransitive. To cough; to hawk, clear the throat. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > respiratory spasms > have respiratory spasm [verb (intransitive)] > cough > to clear throat reacheOE roughOE yeska1522 retch1534 hawk1582 hough1600 scraw1656 clear1881 hoick1926 OE Glosses to Homilies of Ælfric (Hatton 113) in Medium Ævum (1932) 1 208 Hriþode [and egeslice hweos and angsumlice siccetunge teah] : hrohode. c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 1935 (MED) Wiþ his scholder he gan roue and bad gode, for Godes loue. ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 171 (MED) I riuele, i roxle, i rake, i rouwe, I clyng, i cluche, i croke, i couwe. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 249 Hostyn, or rowhyn [Phillipps rowwhyn; Winch. rewyn], or cowghyn, tussio, tussito. 1496 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (de Worde) iv. iv. sig. i.viiiv/1 He cought & roughed so, that his sone..myght haue no reste by hym in the chambre. a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. D.vv Let hym cough, rough, or sneuyll. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 728/2 It is a foule thyng at a sermonde to here people spytte and retche or rough as they do. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020). roughv.2 1. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > treating or processing textile fabric > treat or process textile fabric [verb (transitive)] > put nap on raise1482 rough1484 row1487 cotton1488 moze1505 frieze1509 teasel1603 nap1608 tease1755 card1766 frizz1806 1484 Rolls of Parl.: Richard III (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1484 §26. m. 18 Tayntours..for evenynge of cloth onely after it commeth from the mille and before it be roughed [Anglo-Norman roughez]. 1661 W. Petty in T. Birch Hist. Royal Soc. (1756) I. 63 Having taken it out of the tenters, they rough it, that is, raise the wool of it. b. transitive. To make rough, roughen; (also) to ruffle (hair, feathers, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (transitive)] > make rough engrail1576 roughen1582 unplain1611 unsmooth1626 asperate1656 granulate1692 to rough upa1722 rough1728 ruffle1731 jar18.. crizzle1821 bristle1872 grain1888 1728 J. Woodward Catal. Addit. Eng. Native Fossils 102 Fragments of hard Strata..rough'd on their Surfaces by the Motion of the Water. 1807 Monthly Mag. Nov. 371/2 This precaution [sc. leaving the glass unpolished] is unnecessary in ship's decks, as the traffic on them in a short time grinds or roughs the upper surface. 1830 S. Morgan France in 1829–30 I. 200 The romanticist retired, roughing his wild locks and panting like a hero of tragedy. 1845 E. B. Browning Drama of Exile 269 Thine eagle, blind and old, Roughs his feathers in the cold. 1875 R. Browning Aristophanes' Apol. 114 Go ask my rivals..how they roughed my fleece. 1887 Daily News 29 Sept. 3/1 The salt water caused it to blister and roughed her bottom. 1915 Rudder Sept. 417/2 There was a fresh wind from the North which roughed the surface of the water. 1956 A. O. Shepard Ceramics for Archaeologist ii. 64 The sections..must be left until the paste is sufficiently firm to maintain its shape, which will necessitate wetting or roughing the edge to obtain a good weld when they are joined. 1988 Artist's & Illustrator's Mag. Feb. 49/1 In mezzotint the plate is ‘roughed’ with an instrument called a rocker,..so that only the rough areas retain ink. 1996 Denver Post 13 Apr. e2/1 The slightly scratched surface achieved by roughing the paint with..sandpaper. c. transitive. To equip (a horse) with roughened shoes for traction in icy conditions; to fit (a horseshoe) with projecting nails for this purpose. Cf. roughen v. 4. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > shoe [verb (transitive)] > put in frost-nails frost1572 frost-nail1594 calk1624 rough1792 sharp1841 roughen1864 sharpen1897 1792 F. Asbury Jrnl. 24 Jan. (1821) II. 120 We had our horses roughed, which detained us an hour or two after the appointed time. 1831 Mechanics' Mag. 8 Oct. 31/2 Unless he can show that the horses' shoes were roughed, it can reflect no blame whatever on the new street-paving. 1879 Times 13 Jan. 8/2 Much has been written..about shoeing and roughing horses to enable them to travel on snow and frosty roads. 1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 152 The ordinary remedy was to ‘rough’ your horse; that is, to turn up the heels of the shoes, and fasten them with great-headed nails. 1916 Atlantic Reporter 97 232/1 Tracks made by a horse with a large foot and wearing a shoe roughed in the center and on the ends. 1960 G. E. Evans Horse in Furrow xv. 196 None o' the farmers had thought about having their horses roughed. 1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 280/1 Rough,..shoe (a horse) with frost-nails (pieces of iron inserted in a horseshoe to give extra traction). d. transitive. Australian and New Zealand. To shear (a sheep) badly. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > sheep-shearing > shear sheep [verb (transitive)] > manner, technique, or part beard1429 belt?1523 feazea1642 shirl1688 dag1706 tag1707 clat1838 tomahawk1859 rough1878 to open up1886 pink1897 crutch1915 barrow1933 slum1965 1878 ‘Ironbark’ Southerly Busters 180 I allus roughs 'em when the boss Ain't on the shearin' floor. 1897 D. McK. Wright Station Ballads & Other Verses 37 But he wouldn't shear at Maimai, started in to rough them through. 1946 Bulletin (Sydney) 11 Dec. 21/1 ‘You'll be on shed-hand rates,’ said the overseer. ‘So don't go for tallies; take your time and don't rough 'em.’ 1956 G. Bowen Wool Away! (ed. 2) 156 Rough 'em, the opposite to ‘pink 'em’, and meaning rough shearing and a bad job of the sheep. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > make unpleasant [verb (transitive)] > wound (the ears) rough1626 wound1670 1626 H. Sydenham Moses & Aaron 3 Those eares which haue beene sleekt hitherto with the supple dialect of the Court..will not bee roug'ht [sic] now with the course phrase of a reproofe. b. transitive. To use rough language to (a person). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being upset or perturbed > upset or perturb [verb (transitive)] to-wendc893 mingeOE dreveOE angerc1175 sturb?c1225 worec1225 troublec1230 sturble1303 disturbc1305 movea1325 disturblec1330 drubblea1340 drovec1350 distroublec1369 tempestc1374 outsturba1382 unresta1382 stroublec1384 unquietc1384 conturb1393 mismaya1400 unquemea1400 uneasec1400 discomfita1425 smite?a1425 perturbc1425 pertrouble?1435 inquiet1486 toss1526 alter1529 disquiet1530 turmoil1530 perturbate1533 broil1548 mis-set?1553 shake1567 parbruilyiec1586 agitate1587 roil1590 transpose1594 discompose1603 harrow1609 hurry1611 obturb1623 shog1636 untune1638 alarm1649 disorder1655 begruntlea1670 pother1692 disconcert1695 ruffle1701 tempestuate1702 rough1777 caddle1781 to put out1796 upset1805 discomfort1806 start1821 faze1830 bother1832 to put aback1833 to put about1843 raft1844 queer1845 rattle1865 to turn over1865 untranquillize1874 hack1881 rock1881 to shake up1884 to put off1909 to go (also pass) through a phase1913 to weird out1970 1777 H. L. Thrale Jrnl. Sept.–Nov. in K. C. Balderston Thraliana (1942) i. 167 If..any one..had bestowed more Praise on a Person or Thing than he thought they deserved he would instantly rough them. 1861 T. Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. I. iii. 45 [He] lost no chance of roughing him in his replies. 1883 Cent. Mag. Sept. 737 I didn't mean to rough you when I said that. I don't want to hurt your feelings. 1909 W. M. Raine Ridgway of Montana vii. 108 His strength gave out, and that was when I roughed him. I tried to bullyrag him into keeping on. 1996 E. Lovelace Salt vi. 100 Don't rough me, you know. I don't like people to rough me. c. transitive. To deal roughly with, treat harshly or aggressively; to manhandle; = to rough up 5 at Phrasal verbs 5. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > treat violently [verb (transitive)] > treat violently or roughly to lay hands (or hand) on or upon (also in, to)OE ransacka1400 attamec1430 ruffle1489 tug1493 to shear against the wool1546 rumble1570 finger1572 to pull about1679 misguggle1814 rowdy1825 to jerk around1833 scrag1835 rough1845 hooligan1898 roughhouse1898 savage1899 to rough up1915 to treat 'em rough1918 1845 W. G. Simms Wigwam & Cabin 1st Ser. 58 She [sc. a bear] roughed me once or twice more with her paws. 1868 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Oct. 4 This year a band of these Hungarians..were considerably roughed and mishandled. 1869 T. B. Aldrich Story Bad Boy xvi. 191 How tenderly the years touched him after this!—all the more tenderly..for having roughed him so cruelly in other days. 1904 Baltimore Amer. 1 Aug. 2 (heading) Badman roughs a train, but is shot in the hand by a plucky trainman. 1928 Daily Mail 25 July 12/4 Tunney knows he will be roughed and bustled around for the first few rounds. 1957 D. Niland Call me when Cross turns Over vi. 153 They grabbed Shelton and roughed him outside into the rising wind. 1978 N.Y. Times 29 Mar. b 6/5 The Mets..roughed Pete Falcone with a pair of runs apiece in the fourth, fifth and sixth innings. 2004 D. Nevin Meriwether xvii. 152 Baptiste..says they roughed him and his two partners pretty fierce. d. transitive. American Football. To knock down or run into (an opposing player), when considered as a foul. Cf. Phrases 4. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > play American football [verb (transitive)] > actions to players tackle1884 nail1888 block1889 quarterback1892 rough1904 rush1913 to fake out1931 straight-arm1934 submarine1941 red-dog1950 clothesline1959 spear1964 sack1969 1904 Amer. Almanac 614/2 This rule gives the forwards of an opposing team no excuse for roughing the man who kicks the ball. 1929 Atlanta Constit. 2 Oct. 21/7 There was a stiff penalty for roughing the passer or kicker. 1969 Chicago Tribune 4 Nov. (Sports section) 3/1 There are only two ways the Bears can louse this one up. One is to rough the kicker, but they've already used that one in this game. 2003 S. Townsend Tales 1978–9 Alabama Football ix. 52 David Lamie had three passes intercepted, had four more passes fall helplessly to the turf, fumbled twice and was roughed by the defense twice. 3. a. transitive. To work or shape into a rough preliminary form. Cf. rough-hew v. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > shape roughly roughcast1586 rough1770 the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > fashion, shape, or form > roughly roughcast1586 to rough out1738 rough1770 the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > prepare [verb (transitive)] > prepare in preliminary manner model1683 rough1770 the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (reflexive)] > make rough rough1850 1770 C. Carroll Let. 20 Apr. in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1917) 12 351 The stone cutters wish to have a draft of the Bases & Capitalls, they could rough the stones to that draft, & save a great deal of carriage. 1815 W. Scoresby in Mem. Wernerian Soc. (1818) II. ii. 270 In the formation of these lenses, I roughed them with a small axe. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 596 The piece of glass is now roughed into a circular form. 1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1034 The alabaster is roughed, or roughly ground on what the lapidary terms a roughing or lead mill. 1887 E. L. Wilson Quarter Cent. Photogr. v. 35 In the grinding of a lens, the first operation consists in ‘roughing’ it, or bringing it approximately to the curvature it is ultimately to assume. 1937 Times 13 Apr. (British Motor Suppl.) p. xii/2 The Gleason completing machine for producing differential pinions, roughed and finished at a speed of 65 seconds each. 1991 M. Krimmel in Lathes & Turning Techniques 46/2 Once the outside is roughed to shape, use thin..[glue] on anything that even looks like a fracture in the stone. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > clean grain dress1552 spelt1570 falter1601 geld1601 evaginate1661 third1683 rough1799 1799 M. Culley Let. 23 Nov. in M. Culley & G. Culley Farming Lett. (2006) 39 Perhaps hay and straw should be sometimes cut together. Your corn will be generally ruffed by the mill. 1851 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 12 ii. 412 He..‘chaffs’ or ‘roughs’ the corn once over with a roughing-machine. c. transitive. To heckle (flax) roughly. See also ruff v.5 2. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > treating or processing textile materials > treating or processing flax, hemp, or jute > treat or process flax, hemp, or jute [verb (transitive)] > heckle hatchela1325 hecklea1325 hack1577 hackle1599 carminate1604 tow1615 rough1817 ruff1853 strick1894 1817 Proc. Trustees Linen & Hempen Manuf. Irel. App., 12 A quantity of it [sc. the flax] is then..given to the strickers, who immediately draw it for rescutching: while this is doing, the Flax, before roughed, is finished out. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 665/1 In the case of heckling by machinery, the flax is first roughed and arranged in stricks, as above described under hand heckling. 1902 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 31 May 1341 The process of roughing, sorting, and hackling the flax. 1917 H. Kinne & A. M. Cooley Shelter & Clothing ii. ix. 134 (caption) Roughing flax. 1997 M. Cohen Warp of Ulster's Past Introd. 14 The flax was first ‘roughed’, during which quarter-pound handfuls, or ‘pieces’, of flax were rough combed and divided by male roughers into three lengths. d. transitive. To subject (a vessel, apparatus, etc.) to a partial or preliminary evacuation; to supplement (a vacuum system, pump, etc.) with a preliminary means of evacuation. Usually with down or out. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > [verb (transitive)] > produce a vacuum in > partial rough1971 1907 [implied in: U.S. Patent 866,751 1/1 It is desirable that the bulk of the atmosphere be removed by a primary or roughing pump. (at roughing pump n. at roughing n. Compounds 2)]. 1952 Vacuum 2 37/2 Pumping was resumed for a further 15 minutes, the chamber being roughed down through the hot pump. 1971 Physics Bull. July 423/2 A large ion pump and liquid N2 cooled titanium sublimation pump combination, ‘roughed’ by two high capacity sorption pumps. 1984 Internat. Jrnl. Mass Spectrometry 60 283 The vacuum system incorporates a rotary pump..and isolation valve which are used to rough down the ion pump if vacuum is lost. 2003 D. J. Hucknall & A. Morris Vacuum Technol. iii. 80 After closing valve 4, valve 5 is opened and the system is roughed out. 4. a. transitive. To break in (a horse). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > [verb (transitive)] > break a horse break1474 dressc1540 back1594 gentle1651 rough1802 bust1885 1802 C. James New Mil. Dict. To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes. 1945 F. Cork Tales from Cattle Country 37 Some riders prefer to ‘rough’ a horse. This consists in blindfolding, saddling, and ‘riding the buck’. b. transitive. To expose (an animal) to cold weather and rough or scanty feed; to put out to pasture. Also with off. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > winter in or out winter1440 rough1858 out-winter1930 in-winter1961 1858 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 19 i. 147 The idea..that ‘roughing’ calves (which means exposing them to cold and hunger) makes them hardy. 1898 Ann. Rep. Nebraska State Board Agric. for 1897 318 Sheep direct from the range should be roughed sixty to ninety days on a light grain ration. 1908 28th Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1907–08 52 Much attention should be given to feeding and care of colts the first two winters... I consider it poor policy ever to rough them; they should be generously fed at all times. 1917 J. H. Gehrs Productive Agric. iii. 67 Oat straw is a splendid feed for cattle, horses, and sheep that are simply roughed through the winter. 1920 W. M. Harper in H. Findlay Handbk. Pract. Farmers xiv. 271 It is more economical..that the idle horse be..roughed through the winter, rather than confined too closely in a barn. 1955 Horse & Hound 1 Jan. 13/2 Roughed off and taking life quietly. 2000 B. Faurie Horse-riding & Care Handbk. vii. 134/2 Before the horse is fully ‘roughed off’, its shoes..should be removed. 5. intransitive. To become rough or stormy. Also with up. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > have or be in specific kind of motion [verb (intransitive)] > become rough arisec950 rough1876 1876 R. F. Burton Two Trips Gorilla Land I. 21 The cruel crawling sea began to rough, purr, and tumble. 1902 Fur Trade Rev. Jan. 44/2 The following morning, before the waters of the bay roughed up, [etc.]. 1921 E. B. Searcy Looking Back xiii. 154 The Atlantic had roughed up a bit. 1979 E. P. Hoyt Men of Gambier Bay xiv. 93 On June 6, the weather roughed up. 2008 J. F. Geniesse Amer. Priestess vi. 58 By 4:00 am, as dawn broke and the sea roughed, the crews reported no more cries were heard. Phrases P1. transitive. to rough it: to face or submit to hardships, rough or basic accommodation, etc.; to do without ordinary conveniences or luxuries; to live in a rough way. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > be in adversity [verb (intransitive)] > endure hardships to rough it1768 to feel the pinch1861 1768 J. Byron Narr. Patagonia 205 We were obliged to ruff it the whole passage. 1796 G. Washington Writings (1892) XIII. 341 Never having been accustomed to shift or rough it. 1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 20 Nov. (1939) 280 The..expense of travelling..has mounted high. I am too old to rough it. 1879 ‘G. Eliot’ Theophrastus Such ii. 37 Roughing it with them under difficulties. 1900 W. Cather Eric Hermannson's Soul in S. O'Brien Willa Cather Stories (1987) 97 It was still customary for moneyed gentlemen to send their scapegrace sons to rough it on ranches in the wilds of Nebraska or Dakota. 1959 M. Renault Charioteer vii. 164 He was keen on adventure, and roughing it, and all that. 2002 Rough Guide Caribbean vi. 344 The stunning Barahona coastline is..perfect for independent travellers willing to rough it a bit. P2. transitive. to rough it out: to endure rough or difficult conditions. See out adv. 7b. ΚΠ c1771 M. Suckling Let. in R. Southey Life Nelson (1813) I. i. 5 What..has poor Horatio done,..that he..should be sent to rough it out at sea? 1805 Naval Chron. 13 12 There we took up our nightly abode, and a rare cold one it was... When the last night of our roughing it out arrived, [etc.]. 1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple III. xviii. 249 I determined, to use a nautical expression, to rough it out. 1848 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 747/2 He's in my watch, and the captain wants him to rough it out; so show him the ropes, and let him taste an end now an' then. 1886 C. King Marion's Faith vi. 95 We're going to have no end of a good time here this summer..while you're roughing it out on the Big Horn. 1909 Everybody's Mag. Nov. 602/2 She is a Bradford School girl and a Smith College girl... Can I ask a girl trained to that sort of thing to rough it out here with me? 1953 Billboard 11 July 57/4 If times are bad, they can rough it out longer. 2005 T. Dorsey Torpedo Juice 48 A remote island not yet touched by public utilities, where modern homesteaders rough it out with cisterns, solar panels and generators. P3. transitive. to rough it up: to behave boisterously, aggressively, or violently. ΚΠ 1897 Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times 8 Dec. 6/1 They roughed it up for forty minutes in the most approved football style. 1904 W. J. Pinkerton His Personal Rec. ix. 114 I started..to look about for some weapon in the shape of tent-pole or shovel, my intention being to rough it up with them a bit. 1967 Times 2 Apr. 7/6 The Government had shown patience and every desire not to ‘rough it up’ with Spain. 2004 M. L. Garcia Salsa on Bagel xiv. 115 I really loved to soak in the sun and sit on the playground benches while the sports-craniums roughed it up in the yard. P4. American Football. a. roughing the kicker: a foul in which the kicker is intentionally knocked down or flagrantly hit by a defensive player who has not first touched the ball; roughing the punter: the action of committing this foul on a punter (not the official term for the penalty). ΚΠ 1913 Boston Globe 30 Nov. 17/3 (headline) Roughing the kicker... Stagg would have rule so amended that it need not be so severely enforced... Under the present ruling a player who merely bumps the kicker..should be put out of the game. 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 27 Oct. 12/6 Brooks, of Yale, broke through and rushed the kicker... Being unable to stop himself in midair, he naturally crashed into the kicker, and Michigan was given the ball for roughing the punter. 1961 J. S. Salak Dict. Amer. Sports 371 Roughing the kicker (football), making unnecessary bodily contact with the punter, which is illegal. 1973 Houston Chron. 14 Oct. (Suppl.) 5/1 One team's kicker had not punted the entire evening. He had, however, drawn eight roughing-the-kicker penalties. 1976 Webster's Sports Dict. 357/1 Roughing the kicker (football), a personal foul that results when a defensive player runs into or knocks down the kicker on a scrimmage kick without first touching or deflecting the ball... When it is called, the penalty is 15 yards from the previous spot. 1994 Independent (Nexis) 1 Feb. 35 The Bills also rode their luck. A fourth-down, roughing-the-kicker penalty kept alive a drive which culminated in Thomas's four-yard TD run. b. roughing the passer: a foul in which a passer is tackled or flagrantly hit by a defensive player after a forward pass has been thrown. ΚΠ 1920 N.Y. Tribune 2 Mar. 16/7 ‘Roughing the kicker’ draws a penalty under the present rules of fifteen yards, and the same is asked to be provided for ‘roughing the passer’. 1961 J. S. Salak Dict. Amer. Sports 371 Roughing the passer (football), unnecessary roughness to a player who has thrown a forward pass. A penalty is involved for this infraction. a1991 D. M. Nelson Anat. Game (1994) xi. 220 In later years, roughing the passer would constitute an automatic first down. Phrasal verbs PV1. to rough down 1. transitive. To work (iron) into rods. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > machine turn?c1335 mill1677 to rough down1829 broach1846 spin1853 plane1875 straddle mill1898 profile1905 jig-bore1939 spark-erode1960 1829 London Encycl. XII. 194 A set of rollers, moved by a thirty horse power engine, will rough down in a week 200 tons of such iron. 1874 J. A. Phillips Elem. Metall. 299 Two pairs of rolls..constitute a puddling train, one pair being used for roughing down the bloom, and the other for finishing it into a bar. 1922 F. H. Colvin & F. A. Stanley Machine Tools & their Operation II. vii. 267 The rollers were first roughed down with the automatic feed to within 0.0015 to 0.0025 inch of finished size. 2. transitive. To give (wood) a rough, preliminary planing. Cf. roughing n. 1b. ΚΠ 1831 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 8 New Ser. 161 On the face of the cast iron wheel are fixed four plane irons. Two of them single for roughing down the work, [etc.]. 1887 C. M. Woodward Man. Training School ii. 56 If the piece has a cross grain or knots, the cut must be very thin... As soon as the piece is well roughed down, stop the lathe. 1960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 543/1 Flat or uniformly contoured surfaces of wood are roughed down, smoothed, or made level by the shaving and cutting action of a wide-edged blade or blades. 1986 Pract. Householder July 44/2 You can rough down just a small section..at a time, by ‘nibbling’ away at the waste wood. 2005 H. Bowen Woodturning Jewellery iv. 25 With the lathe running, rough down the scrap wood to a cylinder, then true up the end face. PV2. to rough in transitive. To fill or work in roughly; to plan or sketch in roughly. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > drawing > draw [verb (transitive)] > roughly or rapidly to shade out1591 to score out1615 to strike out1678 scribble1692 sketch1725 sketch1786 to rough in1826 cartoon1887 1826 J. Gwilt Rudim. Archit. v. 226 It [sc. the second coat] is the floating, when the plaster is roughed in, floated and set for paper. 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. ii. iv. 649 The masses are roughed in from the objects themselves; and the principal mass..on the left side is..very carefully drawn by itself, being..corrected until the eye is satisfied of the truth of its general form. 1864 R. D. Blackmore Clara Vaughan I. ii. iii. 174 I had just roughed in my outline. 1891 R. Kipling Light that Failed viii. 152 I must rough 'em in with the pencil. 1921 Photo-miniature Mar. 26 Having roughed-in the portrait generally,..the face (and hands, if these are shown) are given a wash of flesh tint or light yellow red. 1942 Pop. Mech. Oct. 109/1 Many houses have the plumbing roughed in for an upstairs bathroom when the house is built. 1994 Midwest Home & Design Summer 16/2 Look at what you can build into the home by roughing it in... In a basement, you can rough in bedrooms, recreation rooms, or bathrooms and add them later. PV3. to rough off transitive. To trim or work off in a rough fashion. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > build or construct with wood [verb (transitive)] > trim, smooth, or plane try1593 shoot?1677 traverse1678 trim1679 stick1703 dub1711 adze1744 to rough off1748 strike1842 jack-plane1861 1748 tr. N. A. Pluche Spectacle de la Nature VII. xvii. 61 These Glasses..successively pass through the Work-houses, where they are first roughed off, and then rendered perfectly smooth. 1788 G. Keate Acct. Pelew Islands ix. 96 Timber..which being cut down at the back of the island and roughed off, they could easily manage to bring round. 1806 Repertory Arts, Manuf., & Agric. Feb. 201 Fig. 3 represents the tool which is first used for roughing off the angles of the work. 1887 C. M. Woodward Man. Training School ii. 55 In roughing-off corners, cut lengths of about a half inch at a time. 1908 Horseless Age 3 June 645/3 The first step is to face off the dust collar. This is roughed off quickly, and then a light finish cut taken. 1958 Billboard 15 Dec. 68/3 Cheaper diamond needles tend to have inferior finishes. Their tips are roughed off instead of polished in an effort at manufacturing economy. 1998 A. Bridgewater & G. Bridgewater How to use & care for Woodworking Tools v. 126 Start by working around the raised design, roughing off the sharp edges. PV4. to rough out 1. transitive. To shape or cut out roughly; to plan or sketch out roughly. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] forethinkc897 bethinka1225 compass1297 contrivec1330 ordain1340 conjectc1380 imaginec1380 cast1382 ordaina1387 advisec1400 forecast1413 imagec1450 ordainc1450 project1477 foreminda1535 invent1539 aimc1540 practise1550 plat1556 trive1573 meditate1582 patterna1586 plot1589 platform1592 design1594 chew1600 forelay1605 to map out1618 to cut out1619 agitate1629 laya1631 plod1631 cut1645 calculate1654 concert1702 to scheme out1716 plan1718 model1725 to rough out1738 to lay out1741 plan1755 prethink1760 shape1823 programme1834 pre-plan1847 encompass1882 target1948 the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > fashion, shape, or form > roughly roughcast1586 to rough out1738 rough1770 the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] > roughly block1584 to rough out1738 1738 J. F. Fritsch tr. G. de Lairesse Art of Painting x. ii. 519 The Figure being now roughed out with the proper Tools, or rather with the Fingers. 1791 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse iii. ii. 84 The two new steps..and all the dovetails were roughed out. 1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions I. 232 In the formation of these lenses, I roughed them out with a small axe. 1843 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. I. 168 The stone is first roughed out with a point and mallet. 1921 Pop. Mech. June 936/2 A boring bar with a single cutter roughed out the holes, and then a reamer was used to size them. 1955 Times 4 Aug. 7/6 The first act has been already roughed out. 2004 K. Hedgpeth & S. Missal Exploring Drawing for Animation ix. 224 The animators rough it all out and get the in-betweeners to finish the rough animation. 2. transitive. To dig out in a rough manner. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (transitive)] > dig (hole, etc.) > dig up (object) upgravea1340 digc1350 to dig upc1400 to dig outa1425 unearthc1450 holk1554 moil1581 sprittle1585 effodicate1599 moot1610 effode1657 to cast up1660 to rough out1834 exter1835 excavate1848 crow1853 stub1927 1834 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 25 200 The specimens of compact lava..are now in their rude state, as taken from the quarry,..where they were roughed out and afterwards taken down. 1887 Daily News 8 Feb. 6/3 Miners rough out the clay in the first place with pick and shovel. 1973 E. E. Evans Personality Irel. (2005) ii. 40 Most of them [sc. cultivation ridges] were fashioned by spade and shovel, but some were roughed out with the plough, and others were made with the mattock. ΚΠ 1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 41 I might..have roughed out a year or so. PV5. to rough up 1. transitive. To turn, pull, scrape, or rub up so as to make rough. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (transitive)] > make rough engrail1576 roughen1582 unplain1611 unsmooth1626 asperate1656 granulate1692 to rough upa1722 rough1728 ruffle1731 jar18.. crizzle1821 bristle1872 grain1888 a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 199 The wheat..felt a little rough in the hand, because, not having been stirred for six years, the little hairs that are at the extremity of the grain, and the particles of the bran, were roughed up. 1835 Lady Morgan Princess I. ii. 82 ‘The letter, sir?’ said Larry, roughing up his hair and winking his eyes. 1841 J. Cobb Green Hand's First Cruise I. xii. 194 With the exception of the two cases [of whipping] above noticed, the skin was rather roughed up, than cut into, by the ends of the lashes. 1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1121 The face of the polisher is roughed up, or thoroughly scraped with an old razor blade or knife. 1879 R. Jefferies Wild Life 124 If the hurricane roughs up the straw on all the ricks in the parish. 1916 M. A. Hall & G. W. Cravens Automobile Driving & Repairs i. 60 Taking the clutch out, cleaning the surface with kerosene and gasoline, and then roughing up the surface with a file or other similar tool. 1973 Pop. Sci. Dec. 114/1 The object is to rough up the surface of the glass in selected spots. 2005 K. Wetherbee Attracting Birds to Backyard vii. 114 If the surface of your birdbath is smooth, you can rough it up with sandpaper before filling it with water. 2. transitive. To upset, irritate, ruffle. Cf. roughen v. 1b. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > irritation > irritate [verb (transitive)] gremec893 grillc897 teenOE mispay?c1225 agrillec1275 oftenec1275 tarya1300 tarc1300 atenec1320 enchafec1374 to-tarc1384 stingc1386 chafe?a1400 pokec1400 irec1420 ertc1440 rehete1447 nettlec1450 bog1546 tickle1548 touch1581 urge1593 aggravate1598 irritate1598 dishumour1600 to wind up1602 to pick at ——1603 outhumour1607 vex1625 bloody1633 efferate1653 rankle1659 spleen1689 splenetize1700 rile1724 roil1742 to put out1796 to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823 roughen1837 acerbate1845 to stroke against the hair, the wrong way (of the hair)1846 nag1849 to rub (a person, etc.) up the wrong way1859 frump1862 rattle1865 to set up any one's bristles1873 urticate1873 needle1874 draw1876 to rough up1877 to stick pins into1879 to get on ——1880 to make (someone) tiredc1883 razoo1890 to get under a person's skin1896 to get a person's goat1905 to be on at1907 to get a person's nanny1909 cag1919 to get a person's nanny-goat1928 cagmag1932 peeve1934 tick-off1934 to get on a person's tits1945 to piss off1946 bug1947 to get up a person's nose1951 tee1955 bum1970 tick1975 1877 Scribner's Monthly Sept. 675/1 May be he felt kinder roughed up about her. 1879 E. James Lives & Battles Champions of Eng. 48 He was..the most patient of men in training. He would get roughed up a little for three weeks, and then seven or eight weeks more sufficed to get him in thorough fit. 1886 ‘V. Fane’ Thro' Love & War II. iv. 78 Did you see the cool way..in which he led her off into the library?.. Uncle B. was awfully roughed up by it. 1908 E. T. Fowler Miss Fallowfield's Fortune xv. 213 He came to dinner and kept on saying the wrong things, and thoroughly roughed-up her and Mr. Duncan. 1992 E. A. Proulx Postcards iii. 184 Nobody could work close to Wulff for long without feeling roughed up. 3. intransitive. Music. To tune roughly. Also transitive. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > tuning or intonation > [verb (intransitive)] > tune up roughly to rough up1889 1889 Grove's Dict. Music IV. 554 As much proficiency in tuning as enabled him to ‘rough up’, the technical term for the first tuning of a pianoforte. 1906 P. N. Hasluck Violins & Other Stringed Instruments (1907) xi. 154 In tuning, the notes should first be ‘roughed up’ gradually to the scale. 4. intransitive. To bristle, to ruffle up. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > be or become uneven [verb (intransitive)] > become rough crizzle1673 roughen1728 to rough up1904 1904 D. B. W. Sladen When we were Lovers in Japan xii When a snake is drawn backwards, its scales rough up like cogs and hold it. 1919 Outing Mar. 300/3 Neither are the [porcupine] quills hooked..but when rubbed from the base to the point countless minute barbs rough up. 5. transitive. To treat violently, assault, manhandle; to inflict damage. Also: to abuse verbally; = sense 2c. Frequently in passive. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > treat violently [verb (transitive)] > treat violently or roughly to lay hands (or hand) on or upon (also in, to)OE ransacka1400 attamec1430 ruffle1489 tug1493 to shear against the wool1546 rumble1570 finger1572 to pull about1679 misguggle1814 rowdy1825 to jerk around1833 scrag1835 rough1845 hooligan1898 roughhouse1898 savage1899 to rough up1915 to treat 'em rough1918 1915 Alumni Q. Univ. Illinois Jan. 40/2 In the scuffle at Peoria..some of the men were roughed up. Williford is nursing an injury. 1943 R. Chandler Lady in Lake (1944) xxxvi. 192 You know how to rough up a bum that hasn't any money or any place to sleep. 1970 M. Braithwaite Never sleep Three in Bed xi. 135 They began to rough us up and we kicked and pulled and yelled about what our dads would do. 2002 T. Hoag Dark Horse (2004) xlv. 478 ‘She's been roughed up,’ Landry said. ‘But she'll recover.’ This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). roughadv. In a rough manner; without special care or accuracy; harshly or violently; = roughly adv. (in various senses). Now chiefly nonstandard. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adverb] > clumsily or awkwardly unhagherlyc1175 unslyly?a1400 roughc1400 unslya1425 rudelyc1425 unhandsomely1545 grosslyc1550 untowardly?1550 botcherly?1566 bungerly1574 lubberlike1575 lumpishly1583 clouterly1593 lubberly1594 foggily1599 awkly1603 unwieldilyc1610 cumbersomely1611 uneasily1611 sinisterly1628 left-handedly1648 ungainlya1661 awkwardly1663 clumsily1691 uncleverly1697 wrong1727 unwieldly1793 gawkily1811 maladroitly1827 undexterously1848 flat-footedly1886 ham-fistedly1964 ham-handedly1964 c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) 1608 (MED) Fyrst he hewes of his hed..& syþen rendez him al roghe bi þe rygge after. 1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages Prol. sig. A.iij Scho..Meruellit at me how I durst..Aganis wemen to speik sa ruch and rude. 1580 Baret's Aluearie (rev. ed.) H 413 To cut out grossely: to hew rough [1574 to rough hew]. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 759 The river Can, which running rough vpon stones cutteth through it. 1687 London Gaz. No. 2289/7 A plain brown cropt Nag,..Walks and trots well, gallops rough. 1762 J. Mills New Syst. Pract. Husbandry I. 92 Before the land is plowed rough for a spring crop. 1780 Mirror No. 97 They should be taught..to speak their own language rough and round. 1858 C. Kingsley Poems 62 As we pledge the health of our general, Who fares as rough as we. 1897 Outing 30 481/2 In polo, a man rides rough all the time. 1900 G. Patten Rockspur Nine iii. 33 You've treated him pretty rough, and we won't have any more of it. 1977 P. O'Brian Mauritius Command v. 133 Now she has been handled rough;..very low in the water; pumps hard at it. 2004 P. Cornwell Trace (2005) xxx. 309 You'll like it, she promised... You don't know what you're missing if you've never done it rough. Phrases P1. to sleep (formerly also live, lie) rough: to sleep or live in uncomfortable conditions, now typically out of doors. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting temporarily > [verb (intransitive)] > sleep rough to sleep (formerly also live, lie) rough1672 outlie1826 bunk1840 skipper1851 to do a skipper1935 the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [verb (intransitive)] > in a specific place > outdoors to sleep (formerly also live, lie) rough1672 to lie out1712 sleep1852 1672 T. Shadwell Miser v. i. 76 How now Bullies, are you up so early? sure you have lain rough, or have not slept to night. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew To lie Rough, in one's Clothes all Night. 1744 T. Odell Prodigal iv. i. 49 Now must I learn to lie rough, filch Linnen, steal Poultry,..and be lousy. 1824 W. Scott Redgauntlet II. xii. 299 Job will take you to a place where you may sleep rough till he calls you. 1919 Wages & Conditions Employm. in Agric. II. 180/1 in Rep. from Comm. Inspectors & Others IX. Except in very rare instances, the Irish immigrants ‘lie rough’ in sheds or barns. 1996 Big Issue 8 July 7/3 After 18 months living rough I went to Hammersmith Hospital and asked a doctor to help me. 2005 T. Hall Salaam Brick Lane i. 10 He spent the next seven weeks sleeping rough and living off a diet of tea, bread, margarine and..watery oatmeal. P2. to trot rough: see trot v. 1. P3. to lie rough: (of land) to lie uncultivated or untilled. ΚΠ 1743 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman Oct. i. 11 In the Chilturn they sow it in Broad-lands, while they lie rough, and harrow it in. 1864 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 25 298 When fallowing heavy land for wheat, if it be foul, I leave it untouched until February or March, when I generally smash it up nine inches deep,..and leave it lying rough until a favourable opportunity. 1919 U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmers' Bull. No. 937 26 It is well to plow or spade the garden and allow the ground to lie rough through the winter. 1970 Robesonian (Lumberton, N. Carolina) 9 Nov. 11/7 Don't attempt to smooth the soil down in an even layer, but let it lie rough as winter freezes can kill any insects exposed in the plowing. 2008 Express (Nexis) 18 Oct. 54 Leave the soil lying rough through the winter but hoe off any weeds that come up. P4. to cut up rough: see to cut up 12 at cut v. Phrasal verbs. P5. to turn up rough: see to turn up 14b(a) at turn v. Phrasal verbs 1. P6. to play rough: see play v. 17a(d). P7. to run rough: (of a vehicle, engine, etc.) to operate irregularly and excessively loudly. ΚΠ 1879 Return Accidents Railway Companies U.K. in Parl. Papers 1878–9 LXII. 132 I felt a jerk, and the train began to run rough, the speed being then between 20 and 30 miles an hour. 1914 Automobile Operation 10 in Internat. Libr. of Technol. II The engine will run rough, that is, irregular; but as it becomes warm it will settle down to steady running. 1978 J. Gardner Dancing Dodo xxxviii. 308 The port engine faltered... She had started to run rough. 1997 J. Evanovich Three to get Deadly 247 I..noticed the Nissan was running rough at idle. Two blocks later it backfired and stalled. 2005 Chicago Daily Herald (Nexis) 19 Nov. (Auto Sat.) 2 The engine is now very hard to start and runs rough with a lot of smoke coming from the tailpipe. P8. to treat 'em rough: see treat v. 7d. CompoundsWith a following word qualified by the adverb.The more established compounds are treated as main entries. C1. a. With transitive verbs, as rough-bore, rough-edit, rough-hull, rough-land, rough-mill, rough-school, rough-sort, etc. ΚΠ 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 694/2 I rougheheawe a pece of tymber to make an ymage of, or to put to some byldyng, je charpis. 1679 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ix. 155 They generally Rough-plain their Boards for Flooring. 1764 Museum Rusticum 2 136 When the scantlings are large, I lay them, after they are rough-wrought, to soak in a pond of water. 1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 3 They..could not conveniently get the Ruins at that Time removed, therefore, they only just rough-levelled them. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §81 I immediately rough-turned a piece of wood. 1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. ii. App. 50 After kiln-drying the barley, it is put into the mill, and rough hulled. 1829 A. Cunningham Lives Brit. Painters I. 111 Having received an agreeable letter from Dr. Franklin he rough-wrote an answer. 1881 M. E. Braddon Asphodel II. 66 [He] had rough-ploughed a thousand acres or so of his best land. 1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry 18 At first it is rough bored, should it not have been cast hollow. 1909 Country Life 23 Oct. 577/1 One could see him rough-schooling younger brothers and companions. 1945 Ld. Alanbrooke Diary 6 July in War Diaries (2002) 703 It is only as a very last resort that I should order British troops to rough handle Canadians who are giving trouble. 1969 W. Rutherford Gallows Set iv. 55 This film has already been rough-edited. 1978 Cahiers de Lexicologie 32 31 Assembling and rough-sorting a citation collection. 2000 Times Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) (Nexis) 22 Apr. f7 [The boards] almost certainly will have come..from the same sawmill and were rough-milled to the same thickness. b. With intransitive verbs, as rough-dig, rough-enter, rough-lay, etc. Cf. rough-cut v. ΚΠ 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Crustare parietes,..to rough lay; to pariette walles. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 19v Now the raine wil rough-enter through the crannies of theyr wauering. 1773 A. Vieyra Dict. Portuguese & Eng. Langs. II To rough-work... fazer obras grosseiras. 1828 T. Roscoe tr. L. Lanzi Hist. Painting in Italy V. 135 He was accustomed to rough sketch, and afterwards to fill up with other layers. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vii. 124 It will often be possible to rough edit without bothering to mark the tape. 1999 Coventry Evening Tel. (Nexis) 6 Mar. (Features) 12 Rough dig in winter to expose pupae to birds and frost. C2. a. With past participles used predicatively, as rough-dug, rough-plucked, rough-thatched, etc. ΚΠ a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) viii. xi. 30 The chymmys..Quhais ruffis laitly ful rouch thekit war With stra or gloy. 1727 J. Thomson Summer 86 A Savage..with th'unfashion'd Furr, Rough-clad. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §148 The second step rough bedded. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 6 His face, Rough-redden'd with a thousand winter gales. 1909 Daily Chron. 18 Oct. 4/5 Fowls are sold both dead and rough-plucked, and alive for fattening. 1972 R. Adams Watership Down xx. 125 The Honeycomb was still rough-dug and half-finished. 1998 T. Hughes Birthday Lett. (1999) 138 A broad elm plank two inches thick,..Rough-cut for coffin timber. b. With past participles used attributively, as rough-bedded, rough-bound, rough-built, rough-hurled, rough-scored, rough-split, rough-trimmed, etc. Cf. rough-cut adj. ΚΠ 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. I2v As in a rough-growne groue. View more context for this quotation 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion i. 2 Thou Iernsey, brauelie crown'd With rough-imbatteld rocks. 1746 Parallel 12 The pious Muse by Pity forc'd In rough-built Verse. 1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. vi. 124 The crowd..forced its way up a steep and rough paved street. 1870 D. G. Rossetti Let. 21 Apr. (1965) II. 851 I suppose the inscription at the back of the rough-bound copy sent is from the real block. 1882 W. D. Hay Brighter Britain! I. v. 120 Rough-split sections of the great logs. 1887 J. Ruskin Præterita II. xi. 400 Floors and partitions all of rough-sawn larch. 1976 Cumberland News 3 Dec. 35/3 (advt.) Oven ready and rough plucked birds. 2002 Yorks. Post (Nexis) 8 Jan. Fortunately, none of Degan's 3,000 inhabitants was killed [in the earthquake]... But most of its rough-built brick houses crumbled. C3. With present participles, as rough-blustering, rough-clanking, rough-living, rough-rising, rough-running, etc. ΚΠ 1585 J. Sharrock tr. C. Ocland Valiant Actes & Victorious Battailes Eng. Nation i. sig. C.iiv As rough roaring Easterne pufes when through their caues they rush, Downe woodes, & mighty trees. 1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 88 Rough-blustering Boreas, nourst with Riphean snow. 1729 R. Savage Wanderer ii. 15 Rough-rising from yon sculptur'd wall, Bold prophets nations to repentance call! 1729 R. Savage Wanderer v. 460 His chains rough-clanking to discordant groans. 1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes II. iii. vii. 28 The rough-swelling tides. 1850 Westm. & Foreign Q. Rev. Apr. 28/2 A rough-blowing wind is coming from the mountain. 1911 Edinb. Rev. July 114 The sentiment of those hardy, rough-living backwoodsmen. 1960 Pop. Sci. Dec. 230/1 A trace of oil on the top of the crankcase and a rough-acting front brake were the only signs of her grueling trip. 2001 P. Piper 101 Things every Boater needs to Know 83 Dirty fuel is the most common cause of a rough running engine. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
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