rudeadj.adv.

Brit.

/ruːd/, U.S.

/rud/

Forms: Middle English reud, Middle English reude, Middle English rewede, Middle English rowde, Middle English rudee (transmission error), Middle English ruid, Middle English ruide, Middle English ruyd, Middle English ruyde, Middle English rwd, Middle English rwde, Middle English–1500s rewd, Middle English–1500s rewde, Middle English–1600s rud, Middle English– rude, 1500s riud; Scottish pre-1700 roud, pre-1700 rud, pre-1700 rued, pre-1700 ruid, pre-1700 ruide, pre-1700 ruyd, pre-1700 ruyde, pre-1700 rwd, pre-1700 rwde, pre-1700 rwid, pre-1700 rwyd, pre-1700 rwyde, pre-1700 1700s– rude.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French rude; Latin rudis.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman rud, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French rude, Old French (Lyons, rare) ruide (French rude ) (of scenery or objects) rough, rugged, crude (1212), (of people) lacking refinement, uncouth, uncivilized, barbarous (1213), (of a person's behaviour) impolite, ill-mannered (1213), ignorant, uneducated, untutored (second quarter of the 13th cent. or earlier), involving hardships or discomfort (1271), (of materials) hard to the touch (1306), (of objects, events, stories) unpleasant to see or hear (c1355), (of a person) hard-hearted, unkind, severe, pitiless (late 14th cent.), (of actions) violent, brutal (end of the 14th cent.), (of people) slow-witted, obtuse (1402), (of food) basic, plain (1426), (of a person's body) robust, vigorous, strong (1426), (of weather) inclement (1462) and its etymon classical Latin rudis unwrought, crude, unripe, unsophisticated, untaught, untrained, inexperienced, unfamiliar, of uncertain origin; probably related to rūdus (see rudera n.). Compare Old Occitan rude (14th cent.), Catalan rude (14th cent.), Spanish rudo (first half of the 13th cent.), Portuguese rude (14th cent.), Italian rude (1319). The French adjective was also borrowed into other Germanic languages; compare Middle Dutch ruut , (inflected) ruud- , German rüde (17th cent.). Compare roid adj. and discussion at that entry.

A. adj.

I. Senses relating to action, behaviour, capacity, or effect.

a. Of an animal: not having the power of reason. Now chiefly literary in rude beast (usually understood in other senses of the adjective).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > [adjective] > as opposed to man

rudea1325

beastlya1393

brute-beastish1530

brutish1534

ignoble1602

subhuman1790

a1325 (?c1300) Northern Passion (Cambr. Gg.1.1) l. 1106 (MED) Þei..betin him whle hit wold last, Als þei wolde a rude beste.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 453 As in wilde wildernesse wexeth wilde bestes, Rude and vnresonable, rennenge with-out creperes [read croperes].

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 2215 (MED) Bestis, of resoun rude and blinde, Desire þe same by instymt of kynde.

c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 235 (MED) Þere he myghte a god in manere be..Now is he chaunged to a rude beste.

c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) v. l. 650 To see þe beestis þat so humble be..The rude Asse and the oxe also.

a1500 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Stowe) l. 16779 As wel thes Rude beestes as Men that were Resounable.

1587 W. Rankins Mirrour of Monsters f. 2^v Men do then transform that glorious image of Christ into the brutish shape of a rude beast.

1608 J. Day Humour out of Breath i. i. sig. B2 Apollo's lyre, whose sprightly fires Have tamed rude beasts and charmed men's wild desires.

1814 R. Mansel Free Thoughts upon Methodists, Actors, & Infl. of Stage 20 The christian religion was yet but newly Planted, and therefore..was carefully to be covered and defended from the injuries of rude beasts, and the contagion of those rank superstitious weeds that grew about it.

1856 J. Jones Poems 64 In front, exalted, but of date unknown, Rude beasts are destined to exist, in stone.

1902 N. D. Hillis Investm. of Infl. (2007) ix. 115 Some rude beast, in wild pursuit of prey, plunges through the swamp, shatters the reed, leaves it lying upon the ground, all bruised and bleeding.

1984 New York 3 Dec. 147/3 Through this nocturnal idyll stalk rude beasts: pigs with the fangs of vampire bats, more snarling canines.

2007 P. Burnham Careful Scattering 187 Light the light of Bethlehem In a stable by the Inn Where rude beasts are sheltering Beside a Child who will be King.

†b. Of low intelligence; slow-witted. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 3305 (MED) Somme of hem þat of wit were rude For her party gonne to conclude Þat þei wold home ageyn retourne.

c1475 (?a1449) in Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1934) ii. 458 Euery day she gynneth a bataile... She makith hir husbond rude as a dul asse, Owt of whos daunger impossible is to passe.

c1500 Melusine (1895) 371/3 (MED) The vnderstanding of humayne Creature is to rude to vnderstande the spyce espirytuel.

2. Not gentle, violent, harsh; giving out unkind or severe treatment; marked by unkind or severe treatment of people or living things.

a. Of an act, esp. a blow, assault, etc. Sometimes with the implication of suddenness or unexpectedness (cf. rude awakening n. at Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough

rudea1375

savagea1393

rougha1398

roid?c1425

brutisha1513

brash1868

roughneck1906

to treat 'em rough1962

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 3849 (MED) He..demened him douȝtili with dentes ful rude; he slow..six grete lordes.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 812 Sir Percyvale deled so hys strokys that were so rude that there durste no man abyde hym.

1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 359 [They] Plungyt in the stalwart stour And rowtis ruyd about thaim dang.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cii^* Rude reknyng raise thair renkis betuene.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lviii. 198 The strokes was so rude that both knyghtes & horses fel to y^e erth.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 105 How now, what meanes Death in this rude assault?

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 326 The chief Bachir unbinds him, gives him three rude lashes with a whip.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1567 Lest evil tidings with too rude irruption Hitting thy aged ear should pierce too deep.

1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes (new ed.) I. i. xvii. 24 Nor here shall Mars intemperate wage Rude war with him who rules the jovial vine.

1799 T. Campbell Pleasures of Hope & Other Poems i. 105 'Twas his to mourn misfortune's rudest shock.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 46 If he attempted to subdue the Protestant feeling of England by rude means.

1868 M. Pattison Suggestions Acad. Organisation vii. 329 We have lately had some rude reminders..that something is wrong, somewhere.

1903 H. Alger Paul the Peddler x. 71 He was still engaged in earnest thought, when he felt a rude slap on the back.

1938 J. Marks Family of Barrett l. 621 She was so protected that merely to read Mrs. Howe's poem..is to feel that a rude blow has been struck.

1975 Times 12 Aug. 4/1 His role at the conference would be a rude slap in Canada's face.

2005 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 1 Apr. b2/2 Canada's stock market regulator got a rude surprise when it investigated the much-whispered practice of front-running.

b. Of a personal quality, the hands, †a tool, etc.

ΚΠ

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 173 This Geant with his ruide myht Part of the banke he schof doun riht.

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 631 (MED) Sone he saw cumand a knight..With rude sembland and sterne chere.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1057 (MED) He..Raykez towarde the renke reghte with a ruyde will.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. i. 41 The noble Mortimer..Was by the rude hands of that Welchman taken.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) v. iv. 60 Ruffian: let goe that rude vnciuill touch.

1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 20 in Justa Edouardo King I come to pluck your berries..And with forc'd fingers rude Shatter your leaves before the mellowing yeare.

1645 J. Milton Il Penseroso in Poems 42 Where the rude Ax with heaved stroke, Was never heard.

1717 J. Breval Mac-Dermot iii. 22 Or boldly dare, a poor unpolish'd Swain, With his rude touch their sacred Charms profane?

1748 J. Hervey Medit. among Tombs in Medit. & Contempl. (ed. 4) I. 3 A sort of religious Dread stole insensibly on my Mind... Such as hushed every ruder Passion.

1813 Ld. Byron Bride Abydos ii. xxviii. 668 Hands more rude than wintry sky.

1850 ‘S. Yendys’ Roman i. 9 Like the shy Scared bird, to which the serpent's jaws are better Than his rude eyes.

1861 J. Tulloch Eng. Puritanism i. 94 The rude determination of this man made him master of every successive exigency.

1902 I. C. Hannah in F. A. Kirkpatrick Lect. Hist. 19th Cent. xvii. 371 One proud empire after another—from the Mediterranean to the Pacific—has gone to fragments at a touch from the rude hand of Europe.

1925 R. Cortissoz Personalities in Art xv. 213 They are rather massy figures, types of almost rude strength.

1952 K. Patchen Coll. Poems (1968) 416 Ah still they come Evenings like chalices Where little roofs and trees drink Until a rude hand Shatters them, one by one.

2000 H. A. Rosburg By Honor Bound (2003) xxxviii. 436 Rude hands grabbed at Honneure's shoulders.

c. Of a person.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough > specifically of person

roughc1415

rudec1450

rackle1570

rowdy1835

c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 10 (MED) He that is hurte hath noon neede to be rudeliche treted..Thilke ben rude that ben felle and cruelle..And swiche ben no goode surgiens.

a1500 (a1400) Ipomedon (Chetham) (1889) l. 6110 (MED) For one is comyne that workes hir woo, Wyth a rewde companyee..On euery syde her landes stroyede Wythe warre & wyth grette envye.

a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) viii. l. 1651 For he [sc. Henry, Abbot of Arbroath] wes rwyd, off gret lowrdnes, Wyth mony men he lathyd wes.

1623 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1931) VI. 243 A verie greate..violence committed..be a number of rude rascall and mischeant people.

1693 S. Wesley Life our Blessed Lord x. 340 The rude Soldier shall with churlish Bands, Secure thy wither'd Arms and trembling Hands.

1733 J. Besse Abstr. Sufferings Quakers I. x. 262 Richard Snashfold..was hal'd away with much Violence at the Priest's Command, who when he came out, gave one of the rude Lads a piece of Money.

1760 Mod. Part Universal Hist. (new ed.) VI. xxi. iii. 141 The rudest soldiers and fiercest young people obeyed the dictates of their own minds.

a1800 Lads of Wamphray 65, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1889) III. vi. 460/2 O but these lads were wondrous rude, When the Biddess~burn ran three days blood!

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. vii. 207 With fire-words the exasperated rude Titan rives and smites these Girondins.

1863 M. Howitt tr. F. Bremer Greece & Greeks I. vi. 162 The old classical soil was trampled underfoot of the rude conqueror.

1934 F. A. Kirkpatrick Spanish Conquistadores xiv. 182 Any bully among the rude soldiers was allowed to inflict on him the most outrageous affronts.

2005 E. Acosta-Belén tr. L. Rodríguez de Tió in V. Ruiz et al. Latina Legacies v. 92 Once your sword is again idle And the rude tyrant defeated.

3. Inexperienced, inexpert, unskilled. Also: uneducated, unlearned; ignorant; lacking in knowledge or learning.Now coloured by, or merged with, sense A. 4.

a. Of a person. Now usually accompanied by a synonym.In quot. a1382 with overtones of ‘immature, callow’, and in quot. 1701 of ‘superficial, inexact’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [adjective]

unlearedeOE

untowenc1000

unwittyc1000

skillessc1175

uncouthc1220

lewda1225

lorelessa1300

simplea1325

layc1330

uncunning1340

untaughtc1340

unknowingc1350

rudea1382

roida1400

unquainta1400

ignorant?c1400

unlearnedc1400

misknowing?a1425

simple-hearted?c1425

unknownc1475

unkenningc1480

unweeting1483

nescienta1500

craftlessc1530

misliterate1532

sillya1547

ingram1553

gross1561

inscient1578

borowe1579

plain-headeda1586

empirical1588

rudeful1589

lack-learning1590

learnless?1593

wotless?1594

ingrant1597

untutored1597

small-knowing1598

uninstructed1598

unlearnt1609

unread1609

unware?1611

nescious1623

inscious1633

inscientifical1660

uninformed1702

unaware1704

unable1721

unsuspecting1776

inerudite1801

ill-informed1824

incognoscent1827

unminded1831

unknowledgeable1837

knowledgelessc1843

parviscient1862

clueless1943

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [adjective]

rudea1382

roida1400

borel1513

rustical?1532

illiberal1535

waste?1541

rusticc1550

illiterate1556

ruggedc1565

profane1568

unskilful1572

raw?1573

clownish1581

home-born1589

rough-hewn1593

unpolished1594

artless1598

home-bred1602

unbevelled1602

incult1628

museless1644

uncultivated1646

incultivateda1657

uncultivate1659

incultivate1661

unpolite1674

uncult1675

repent1684

uncultivated1725

uncultured1777

unenlightened1792

cultureless1824

sloven1856

philistinic1869

undoctrined1869

Philistine1871

Philistinish1871

roughneck1906

lowbrow1907

low-level1916

no-brow1922

bohunk1957

bakya1960

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 370) (1850) 2 Chron. xiii. 7 Thei hadden the ouer hond aȝeinus Roboam... Bt Roboam was rude [L. rudis], and with ferde herte.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. 946 I am so rude in my degree And ek mi wittes ben so dulle.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 752 She was nought rude ne vnmete But couthe ynow of sich doyng As longeth vnto karolyng.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 558 (MED) I can no termys to speke of gemetrye..I am to rude clerly to diffyne..þis werk on euery parte For lak of termys longyng to þat arte.

c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 215 (MED) God is therof wytnesse, the symplest men might iuge it and the rudest clerlye knowe it.

?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 50 Hely raise my renovne amang the rude peple.

1536 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) II. 27 They shall leave their cure not to a rude and unlerned person but to a good, lerned & experte curate.

1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. xvi. Marginal Annot. Some obey whilest they are rude, or in low state, but hauing got a litle knowlege or aduancement disdaine their aduancers.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvi. 141 The rude people taking pleasure in singing, or reciting them.

1701 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 3) i. 104 He confesses he has been but a rude Observer of them.

c1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 11 The Country people being a Clownish rude people.

1787 T. Taylor Diss. Life & Theol. Orpheus i, in tr. Mystical Initiations 9 As he was a rude and unlearned youth, he confounded the chords.

1831 K. H. Digby Mores Catholici (1845) I. ii. i. 107/1 The blessed Pasuntius..fled to..far-distant monasteries, dissembling his name, that there, as if a rude and new monk, he might discharge the lowest offices.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 107 The London clergy..set an example which was bravely followed by their ruder brethren all over the country.

1865 J. B. Mozley 8 Lect. Miracles 209 The new religion was first promulgated by rude men unacquainted with learning and rhetoric.

1889 A. B. Bruce Training of Twelve (ed. 4) iv. 37 If He chose rude, unlearned, humble men, it was not because He was animated by any petty jealousy of knowledge, culture, or good birth.

1919 N. L. Meiklejohn Cart of Many Colors vii. 118 All over the island, fighting companies of country people were formed—rude, uneducated folk, many of them, but brave and willing to fight for liberty.

1947 E. Neff Poetry of Hist. ii. 28 The Spirit blew where it listed, and might stir to poetic utterance rude, unlettered men like the unknown authors of those Latvian songs.

1986 C. Levy in Boundary 2 Spring 43 Gramsci..appreciated education and self-education..and he did not share the syndicalist intellectual's fascination with the imagery of rude, uneducated worker intellectual-bashers.

2005 T. Parland Extreme Nationalist Threat in Russia vii. 193 The staff consisted of rude, uneducated people, whereas the employees of the FSB and other repressive institutions today are highly educated.

b. Of †the mind, †an idea, or (in later use) a state of knowledge or belief.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [adjective] > of the mind, etc.

simplea1325

rudec1405

untutored1597

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 41 He knew nat Caton, for his wit was rude.

c1450 J. Metham Palmistry (Garrett) in Wks. (1916) 92 (MED) Yff this forsayd lyne be brod and depe, yt sygnyfyth a rwde wytt and lytyl wysdam.

a1525 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Adv. 19.2.4) i. Prol. l. 39 Ruyde is my witt, And semple to put all in wryte.

1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 8 Young children..follow the tender imaginations of their rude and unexercised conceits in making of..images out of clay.

1716 P. St. John Duty & Advantages of doing Good 3 God left not himself without a witness, even amidst the rudest ignorance of the heathen world.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 196 The liberty of choice was presented to the tribes: each Arab was free to elect or to compose his private religion: and the rude superstition of his house was mingled with the sublime theology of saints and philosophers.

1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 11 Jan. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) i. 28 His first rude and ignorant prejudice.

1860 R. H. Cobbold Pict. Chinese xxiv. 174 The Confucianist thinks it may be necessary for the rude uneducated mind.

1889 W. E. Gibbs in O. Cone Ess. Doctrinal & Pract. x. 242 What in rude ignorance men found in Divine Providence available for their progress toward the nobler life is efficient still.

1909 E. Gilliat Heroes of Mod. Crusades viii. 144 But, as a pioneer, having to fight against rude prejudice and the world's ridicule, he was one of the great ones of the century.

1953 P. Fuglum Edward Gibbon vi. 97 The ‘enlightened’ philosopher detests all that is rude, ignorant and impassioned.

1992 J. A. Crow Epic of Lat. Amer. (ed. 4) lvii. 570 The Gaucho was nominally a Catholic, but actually he had no religion at all outside of a few rude superstitions.

1997 C. K. Mahmood Fighting for Faith & Nation x. 247 It remains easier for us to exchange ideas with those who come into our parlor than with those who, refusing to leave their weapons at the door, challenge us, condemn us, even sentence us, with rude ignorance of the rules of the ‘academic freedom’ game.

2001 R. Copeland Pedagogy, Intellectuals, & Dissent in Later Middle Ages 23 Children and laity are yoked together in one thought, in one conceptual collocation, so that the impulsive dirty fingers of the child and the rude ignorance of the layperson are almost exchangeable attributes.

†c. With in, of, to. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > inexperienced > in something spec.

rudea1425

strange1561

unwitty1594

unexperimented1598

unversed1675

a1425 Benjamin Minor (Harl. 1022) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 165 A fleshle saule þe wilk is ȝitte rude in gastele studys.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 3468 (MED) Al-þouȝ þat I be boistous and rual, He gaf me charge þis story to translate, Rude of konnynge, called Iohn Lydgate.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) 2 Cor. xi. 6 Though I be rude in speakynge, yet I am not so in knowledge.

1534 R. Whittington tr. Cicero Thre Bks. Tullyes Offyces i. sig. A.2 Suche as be rude of the greke tongue.

1561 N. Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 9 Albeit we be ruid of letteris and iugement.

a1639 H. Wotton Short View Life Duke of Buckingham (1642) 20 We must consider him..yet but rude in the profession of Arms.

1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 64 Some of them [sc. our Ministers] might have been rude in speach, yet not in knowledge.

1711 J. Upton Ascham's Schoolmaster ii. 159 The Books be not many nor long, nor rude in Speech, nor mean in Matter.

1784 tr. G. B. de Mably Observ. Manners, Govt., & Policy Greeks i. 6 The Grecians..were but rude in the art of war, yet had made a considerable progress in the sciences.

1841 T. Macaulay in Museum of Foreign Lit. 42 44/1 He was altogether rude in the art of controversy.

1844 T. Macaulay in Edinb. Rev. Apr. 289/1 It [sc. the National Assembly] was no longer, as on the day when it met, altogether rude to political functions.

d. Of the hand or a tool.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > inexperienced

youngOE

unfraisted?a1400

rudec1489

raw1534

unfleshed1542

untraded1542

fresh water?1548

unpractised1551

unexperienced1569

unacquainted1581

prenticea1586

fresh-watered1590

unsifted1604

unseen1606

unexperient1609

inexperienced1626

low water1643

inexperient1670

unproficient1794

nyoung1852

punk1907

raggedy-ass1930

c1489 J. Skelton Dethe Erle of Northumberlande l. 142 in Poet. Wks. (1843) I. 11 What nedeth me for to extoll his fame With my rude pen?

1529 T. Wolsey in Hist. MSS Comm: Cal. MSS Marquis of Salisbury (1883) I. 7 in Parl. Papers (C. 3777) XXXVI. 1 At the Loge w^t the rude hand and hevy hert of hym that ys assurydly yo^rs w^t herte and prayer.

1533 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. II. 276 Scribled yn hast..with the rewde honde of your owne.., John Tregonwell.

1607 G. Markham Cavelarice ii. 233 Where ignorance and a rude hand hath done hurt, there with art and cunning to amend those faults with the helpe of these instruments.

1693 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Metamorphoses i, in Examen Poeticum 35 Imperfect shapes: in Marble such are seen When the rude Chizzel does the Man begin.

1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. iii Here the rude chisel's rougher strokes I traced.

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 247 Abolition and total destruction... The shallowest understanding, the rudest hand, is more than equal to that task.

1850 C. Brontë in E. Brontë Wuthering Heights Pref. p. xxiv He wrought with a rude chisel, and from no model but the vision of his meditations.

1906 B. T. A. Evetts tr. E. Babelon Man. Oriental Antiq. i. 24 The outline of the figures is timid and uncertain, the details are disproportioned, as if the rude chisel which carved them had been held in the unskilful hands of a child.

1952 H. T. Wilkins Secret Cities Old S. Amer. iii. 124 There are some sixty symbols, or hieroglyphs, written in a rustic..and naïve manner with the forefinger of a rude hand.

1992 M. Encinias et al. tr. G. P. de Villagrá Hist. Nueva México vi. 59/2 By which my rude pen, through shortcut, May succeed in so great a work.

2007 N. Clark Woman Pope iv. 41 Cleph has no use for words and uses his rude hands to win debates.

e. Of a historical period.

ΚΠ

a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 28 In the rude age when science was not so rife.

1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. iii. 168 So much were all these kind of inventions admired in those ruder and darker times.

1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iv. xxvi. 204 The fifteenth century was one of the most rude and illiterate ages.

1850 R. W. Mackay Progress of Intellect I. iii. 181 The genealogies of the gods are allowed to be a physical account of nature; the natural philosophy or rather belief of a rude age preserved in the form of narrative.

1903 W. Ward Probl. & Persons iii. 122 This does not mean that He cannot utilise ideas due to the imperfect knowledge of a rude age in conveying to it great truths.

1994 A. Desmond Huxley (1999) ii. xxviii. 580 Canon Liddon..did the job at St Paul's, insisting that Jesus wasn't ‘accommodating’ himself to a rude age.

4. Devoid of, or deficient in, culture or refinement; uncultured, unrefined. Also in stronger sense: uncivilized, barbarous.In some cases not clearly distinguishable from (and partly implying) sense A. 5 or A. 2.

a. Of a person. Also in weaker sense: †of lowly birth, common, humble (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined

boistousc1300

untheweda1325

uplandisha1387

unaffiled1390

rudea1393

knavishc1405

peoplisha1425

clubbedc1440

blunt1477

lob?1507

robust1511

borel1513

carterly1519

clubbish1530

rough?1531

rustical?1532

incondite1539

agrestc1550

rusticc1550

brute1555

lobcocka1556

loutisha1556

carterlike1561

boorish1562

ruggedc1565

lobbish1567

loutlike1567

sowish1570

clownish1581

unrefined1582

impolished1583

homespun1590

transalpinea1592

swaddish1593

unpolished1594

untutored1595

swabberly1596

tartarous1602

porterly1603

lobcocked1606

lob-like1606

cluster-fisted1611

agrestic1617

inurbane1623

unelevated1627

incult1628

unbrushed1640

vulgar1643

unhewed1644

unsmooth1648

hirsute1658

loutardly1658

unhewn1659

roughsome?c1660

sordid1668

inhumanea1680

coarse1699

brutal1709

ramgunshoch1721

tramontane1740

uncouth1740

no-nationa1756

unurbane1760

turnipy1792

rudas1802

common1804

cubbish1819

clodhopping1828

vulgarian1833

cloddish1844

unkempt1846

bush1851

vulgarish1860

rodney1866

crude1876

ignorant1886

yobby1910

nekulturny1932

oikish1959

yobbish1966

ocker1972

down and dirty1977

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. 2571 (MED) For ther be men so ruide some, Whan thei among the wommen come, Thei gon under proteccioun, That love..Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve..Hem lusteth of no ladi chiere, Bot evere thenken..Wher that here gold is in the cofre.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1145 Al were it that myne Auncestres weren rude Yet may the hye god..Graunte me grace to lyuen vertuously.

a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 8691 (MED) I am be-kome an Erde man And noon other crafft ne kan, A rud shepperde..And ha for-sake chyualre.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 146/1 He coude not conuerte the euyll, rude and wylde peple.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aii^v My wyt is grosse, my selfe rude, & my tong very barbarouse.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 355 They..spake shamefully..of them, like to rude people without all humanitie.

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene vi. iii. sig. Bb6^v The rude Porter that no manners had, Did shut the gate against him in his face.

1609 in W. Fraser Chiefs of Grant (1883) III. 299 Ane wyld and barbarous pairt..about the quhilk thair duellis..ruid people.

1624 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 2) Democritus to Rdr. 9 I am..a loose, plaine, rude writer,..I call a spade a spade.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 113 Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron II. vii. xv. 164 If we suppose rude Mankind without the Use of Language.

1751 T. Gray Elegy iv. 6 Beneath those rugged elms..The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep.

1770 W. Baker Peregrinations Mind v. 43 The lower order of people,..as being rude and unrefined, are more to be influenced by hopes and fears.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake i. 37 'Twere strange in ruder rank to find Such looks, such manners, and such mind.

1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul iii. iv. 427 Their dress, food, and manners, are like those of the rudest Dooraunees.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 424 When he is a rude and thoughtless schoolboy and when he is a refined and accomplished man.

1864 Ld. Tennyson Islet 10 A crew that is neither rude nor rash, But a bevy of Eroses apple-cheeked.

1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times iii. 60 We must now revert to still earlier times and ruder races of men.

1927 Harper's Mag. Oct. 582/2 They were rude viking-farers..worshipping heathen gods, and quite out of touch with European civilization.

1945 S. Gross tr. M. de Unamuno Perplexities & Paradoxes 141 The old man striving to use a fork and not his hands.., the youth daintily cutting his meat and peeling his peaches with studied elegance, and between them, the rude man who had made a fortune.

1995 T. Tibebu Making of Mod. Ethiopia i. i. 6 It [sc. the word zalan] has a double meaning: nomadic pastoralist, on the one hand, and rude, uncultured, uncultivated, on the other.

2001 S. Walton Out of It (2002) ii. 20 Foremost among the rude northern tribes of Thrace was an unconquered people called the Satrae.

b. Of a thing, feeling, action, practice, etc.

ΚΠ

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1049 Þare ware rostez full ruyde, and rewfull bredez.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Sii Grose folke of rude affection Dronkerdes, banysshed of trewe felyng.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxvi Not content with his grosse rudenesse, and rude dissimulacion.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 240 The citizens are valiant, though they bee of rude behauior.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 15 The Women are Apparelled in a fashion that seems to be rude and clownish.

1746 P. Francis tr. Horace Art of Poetry 319 The tragic bard,..Though rude his mirth, yet labour'd to maintain The solemn grandeur of the tragic scene.

1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe I. iii. 48 The other appointments of the mansion partook of the rude simplicity of the Saxon period.

1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth xxxviii With kind force and words of rude consolation, they almost lifted Denys on to the mule.

1911 G. Ferrero Women of Cæsars vi. 321 Poppæa Sabina..continually reproved Nero for his simple customs, his inelegant manners, and his rude tastes.

1963 N. Hampson Social Hist. French Revol. i. 6 This Court noblesse affected to despise the rude manners of the provincials.

2002 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 20 Oct. 9 No art [sc. Rococo] could be more at odds with today's taste for rude simplicity.

c. Of life, conditions, a country, a society, a historical period.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective]

wilda1300

bestiala1398

wilderna1400

savagine?a1439

barbaric1490

rudea1530

barbar1535

barbarous1538

pagan1550

uncivil1553

Scythical1559

raw?1573

savaged1583

incivil1586

savage1589

barbarian1591

uncivilized1607

negerous1609

mountainous1613

ruvid1632

ruvidous1632

barbarious1633

incivilizeda1645

alabandical1656

inhumanea1680

tramontane1740

semi-barbarous1798

irreclaimed1814

semi-savage1833

semiferine1854

warrigal1855

sloven1856

semi-barbaric1864

pre-civilized1876

wild and woolly1884

jungle1908

medieval1917

jungli1920

a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) ii. l. 1026 The folk were Rude off condityoune [a1500 Nero Roide of condicionys, a1550 Wemyss Off roid condicioun] and off fere.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 6 [City vice] wych al in the cuntrey & rude lyfe of them ys avoyded, by the reson that they lyfe not togydur aftur your cyvylyte.

1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Rusticus Rude and vplandish life in the countrey.

1613 T. Jackson Eternall Truth Script. i. 160 Præsaging that rude and sharking life, whereunto this wilde slippes progenie was ordained.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 94 This rude life our homely Fathers chose.

1769 W. Robertson View State of Europe Proofs in Hist. Charles V I. 212 Most of the American Tribes..are in a ruder and more simple state than the ancient Germans.

1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) I. iv. 257 In the New World, the state of mankind was ruder, and the aspect of Nature extremely different.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. xlix. 158 It was the design of Otho the third to abandon the ruder countries of the north.

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. iv. 206 A disorderly state of the church, arising from..the rude state of manners and general ignorance of the clergy.

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby III. vii. ii. 102 Parliamentary representation was the happy device of a ruder age.

1883 Fortn. Rev. May 695 Englishmen have ceased to watch over their local interests with the jealous vigilance of ruder times.

1946 C. Connolly Condemned Playground i. 70 In the rude society of Harar, Rimbaud was still famous for his wit, his erudition, and his anecdotes.

2001 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 2 Sept. f47/1 He would have done much better at Versailles, where he could have supped for hours... Instead, he must live in ruder times and dine with people like me.

a. Unmannerly, uncivil, impolite; offensively or deliberately discourteous.

(a) Of speech or an action.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective]

rudec1400

rudishc1450

discourteous1561

uncivil1596

incivila1616

dispunct1616

indiscreet1727

impolite1739

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. l. 230 (MED) Ryght so ferde reson by þe for þi rude speche.

c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 432 Ye han bigonne youre question folily... Almachie answerde..Of whennes comth thyn answeryng so rude.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1332 Þou sulde repent full rathe of þi ruyde wordez.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxvi. 225 Gerarde began to fall at rude wordes with Huon.

1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 431 Teach vs sweet Madame, for our rude transgression Some faire excuse.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 36 Neither their murmuring nor rude speeches could make me yield the place to them.

a1674 J. Milton To Cromwell in Lett. State (1694) p. xlv Through a Croud, Not of War only, but distractions rude.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 109. ⁋5 He..never said a rude thing in his Life.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1787) II. xix. 135 The profound respect..was insensibly changed into rude familiarity.

1833 J. Hall Soldier's Bride 88 If my feelings should not be assailed by rude remarks, they would be equally galled by supercilious looks and silent suspicions.

1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 330 The haughty insolence of the Ottomans displayed itself in the rudest and most offensive conduct.

1903 H. V. Esmond When we were Twenty-one i. 18 Ye won't make a single rude remark about the gradual disappearance of the hair on the top of my head.

1954 J. Griffin tr. J. Giono Horseman on Roof xiii. 400 Your interruption has already saved me from two or three rude words I had on the tip of my tongue.

1992 R. Kenan Let Dead bury their Dead v. 101 Phil furiously pushes me to his brothers: they jostle me about, making rude comments about my size, manhood, and intelligence.

2008 S. Schnurr et al. in D. Bousfield & M. A. Locher Impoliteness in Lang. iv. ix. 216 The various working groups..differ significantly in the ways in which members interact with each other,..in particular in respect to what is considered as impolite and rude behaviour.

(b) Of a person.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective] > specifically of persons

unhendc1275

uncourteous1303

rudec1425

bardish1641

unpolite1693

gobby1843

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 1337 (MED) Þei wern so rude to staren and to gase..Þis townysche folk do so comownly.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) 436 Nychtbour men..wer so rude for malice and invie.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 938 ‘I rek nocht of thy riches..,’ Said the rude Saraȝine in Ryall array.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. ii. 263 Why are you growne so rude ?

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 197 He..did..call me backe, and surely would have been rude with me, had I not gone up faster than he could follow me.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 277 These Slaves have power to beat the Turks if they are rude and insolent in their Taverns.

1718 Free-thinker No. 57. 2 I..hope you will not think me Rude in what follows.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1778 II. 216 Johnson: We have done with civility. We are to be as rude as we please.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 228 The crowd of rustics who had been rude to James when he was stopped at Sheerness.

1891 ‘J. S. Winter’ Lumley xii. 88 ‘We haven't found Blackwood rude at all,’ said Vere.

1930 M. Kennedy Fool of Family xv. 147 ‘How spikey you are!’ protested Fenella mildly. ‘Oh, yes. Keep your temper when I'm rude. You would.’

1968 D. Moraes My Son's Father v. 92 I was the apple of her eye, and my very presence in the flat, even when I wouldn't speak to her or was rude, made her happy.

2004 House & Garden Aug. 118/1 Occasionally, I meet rude, rebarbative wretches who happen to have exquisite taste.

b. Chiefly British. Considered improper or offensive through reference to a taboo subject, as sexual intercourse, defecation, etc.; indecent, smutty, lewd. Cf. dirty adj. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > moral or spiritual impurity > indecency > [adjective] > lewd, bawdy, or obscene

lewdc1386

filthy?c1400

knavishc1405

sensual?a1425

ribaldousc1440

dishonestc1450

bawdya1513

ribald?a1513

ribaldious?1518

slovenly?1518

ribaldry1519

priapish1531

ribaldish?1533

filthous1551

ribaldly1570

obscene1571

bawdisha1586

obscenous1591

greasy1598

dirty1599

fulsome1600

spurcitious1658

lasciviating1660

smutty1668

bawdry1764

ribaldric1796

un-Quakerlike1824

fat1836

ithyphallic1856

hot1892

rorty1898

rude1919

bitchy1928

feelthy1930

raunchy1943

ranchy1959

down and dirty1969

steamy1970

sleazo1972

1919 W. M. Gallichan Text-bk. Sex Educ. iv. ii. 203 The little girl..absorbs, in the innermost parts of her mind, the idea that this or that is a ‘rude’ topic, or a ‘naughty’ one.

1961 H. S. Turner Something Extraordinary ii. 27 Rude verses, under the counter pin-ups and obscene novelties.

1979 A. Carter Bloody Chamber 107 He made salads of the dandelion that he calls rude names, ‘bum-pipes’ or ‘piss-the-beds’.

1981 H. Jolly Bk. Child Care (new ed.) xxxiii. 312 Knowing what naked people look like..should be something that happens naturally. A child is then far less likely to become obsessed with ‘rude’ pictures.

1995 Home & School Feb. 26/1 Graham knew all the dirty songs going around the Grade 1 class at his school and giggled fiendishly at every rude joke.

2002 L. Purves Radio (2003) viii. 120 The heady experience of getting four rude words on the BBC in one sentence.

a. Chiefly of the sea, winds, and seasons: turbulent, violent, boisterous, rough.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [adjective] > rough

woodc900

drofc1000

bremea1300

scaldinga1300

sharp1377

wrothc1400

welteringc1420

rude?a1439

wawishc1450

wallya1522

robustuousa1544

troublesome1560

turbulent1573

boisterous?1594

lofty1600

enridged1608

hollow1705

ugly1744

testy1833

topping1857

seething1871

troughy1877

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy

reigheOE

stormya1200

wilda1250

troublec1374

rougha1400

stormishc1430

rude?a1439

boistous1470

troublous1482

wair?a1500

tempestuous1509

blusterous1548

rugged1549

stormful1558

troublesome1560

turbulent1573

ruggy1577

rufflered1582

oragious?1590

boisterous?1594

broily1594

unruly1594

procellousa1629

gurly1718

coarse1774

ugly1844

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iii. l. 2477 Ther shippis drownyd among the wawes rude.

c1450 (?a1370) Wynnere & Wastoure (1990) l. 42 So ruyde were þe roughe stremys and raughten so heghe That it was neghande nyghte or I nappe myghte For dyn of the depe watir.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5595 (MED) Þan ridis he to a Reuere, a ruyde & a hoge.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxv. 135 b These men of armes..came to the ryuer of Marke, the whiche is rude and depe.

?1590–1 J. Burel Passage of Pilgremer i, in Poems sig. O2 The Wyldbeists crap doun quietlie, The wedder was so rud.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (2nd issue) iii. i. 20 In cradle of the rude imperious surge.

1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xvi. 30 You are not worth the dust which the rude wind Blowes in your face.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 1074 The Clouds..pusht with Winds rude in thir shock.

a1771 T. Gray Imit. Propertius in Wks. (1814) II. 86 How the rude surge its sandy bounds control.

1775 R. B. Sheridan Rivals ii. i If the wind be keen, some rude blast may have affected her!

1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 34 Rude thunders rake the crags.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. ix. 267 Again, before long, the rude weather has driven him Southward.

1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 179 A rough rude space of flowing water.

1903 C. H. Hawes In Uttermost East xii. 218 Sheltered from the rude blasts and the cold current of the Okhotsk Sea, the banks were rich in flowers and rushes.

1940 H. Spring Fame is Spur ii. xi. 288 I was condemned to live in a shack, a hovel, with rude winds whistling in at the door.

2003 U.S. News & World Rep. 2 June 35/3 The Little Ice Age, from the 16th century to the 19th century, when both Europe and the United States endured many a rude winter.

b. Involving hardships or discomfort.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > full of hardship

hardOE

soreOE

starkOE

difficult1562

flinty1613

rugged1663

rough1709

rude1735

tough1890

1735 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. V. 181 The rude fatigues they had suffered during the storm.

1741 W. Shenstone Judgm. Hercules 30 The rude Voyage less depriv'd than eas'd; More tir'd than pain'd, and weaken'd than diseas'd.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles i. xxv. 33 For, to ourselves, the deck's rude plank Is easy as the mossy bank.

1820 P. B. Shelley Death iv. 3 Such is our rude mortal lot.

1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth xxxix Rude travel is enticing to us English.

1900 A. B. F. Young Relief of Mafeking iii. xii. 103 There was something impressive in the accident: the old book stoutly reminding the chance passer-by that present evil cannot affect the ultimate good, promising amid rude circumstances a time of quietness.

1945 G. W. Young in E. Shipton Upon that Mountain Foreword 7 A schism between the Shipton and the Tilman schools—whether a second shirt is or is not a superfluity for a three months' rude travel.

1992 W. H. Bartsch Doomed at Start iii. xiii. 156 Sleeping there under rude conditions, they were..being rained on almost every night.

2008 T. Stoner Comfort of Our Kind 61 It had been a rude journey leading to this helpless pain.

7. Of health: robust, vigorous.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good

rude1614

1614 in Lett. & State Papers Reign James VI (1838) 268 I am now na chikkin, drawing to three score; was neiuer werye ruide nor strong.

1662 A. Cokayne Trag. Ovid iii. i. 52 Health dares not be so rude as to forsake her.

1707 C. Cibber Double Gallant i. 5 She has her Physick for every hour of the Day and Night—for 'tis vulgar, she says, to be a moment in Rude perfect Health.

1792 in Ld. Auckland's Corr. (1861) II. 461 I flatter myself you are restored to rude health.

1839 L. C. Tuthill Young Lady's Home xii. 86 It has been thought vulgar to possess health—rude health.

1871 C. Kingsley At Last I. ii. 51 Health, ‘rude’ in every sense of the word, is the mark of the Negro woman.

1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 67 Frank rude health glowed in her face, on her fat red cheeks and in her unabashed blue eyes.

1952 Life 25 Aug. 122/2 I reassured him that the senator was in rude health, but that being a senator it was almost compulsory for him to sound like the Book of Job.

1996 Times 7 Feb. 9/1 The professor, a linguist, believes that English, far from being sick, is in rude good health.

2009 G. M. Malliet Death & Lit Chick iii. 242 The contrast with Portia could hardly have been greater—Portia with her clear eyes and skin, indicators of rude health—and of a clear conscience?

II. Senses relating to reaction.

8. Unpleasant to hear; discordant, harsh, unmusical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective]

hardOE

rudea1375

stern1390

rougha1400

discordanta1425

stoutc1440

hoarse1513

harsh1530

raughtish1567

rugged1567

dissonant1573

harshy1582

jarry1582

immelodious1601

cragged1605

raggeda1616

unmusicala1616

absonousa1620

unharmoniousa1634

inharmonical1683

unharmonic1694

inharmonious1715

craggy1774

pebbly1793

reedy1795

iron1807

dry1819

inharmonic1828

asperated1835

sawing1851

shrewd1876

coarse1879

callithumpian1886

dissonantal1946

ear-bending1946

sandpaper1953

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1851 (MED) Þe werwolf..went to him euene, wiþ a rude roring as he him rende wold.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 180 So hard thai blaw rude hornys wpon hycht.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 45 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 96 Rolpit reuthfully roth in a rude rane.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 56 So rude ane reird Wes neuir hard with no man in this erd.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. i. 89 Peace you vngracious clamors, peace rude sounds.

1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride i. i. 9 There's not a Slave..But should have..shook his Chains in Transport, and rude Harmony.

1746 P. Francis tr. Horace Art of Poetry 484 We laugh at him who constant brings The same rude discord from the jarring strings.

1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iv. 91 His rude voice like thunder shakes the shore.

1823 W. Scott Peveril I. iv. 122 This man's rude and clamorous grief.

1843 J. G. Whittier To J. P. 15 Even thy song Hath a rude martial tone, a blow in every thought.

1902 tr. M. Gorky Twenty-six & One 66 Twelve strokes of a bell, sonorous and measured, rang out. When the last one had died away upon the air, the rude tones of labor were already half softened.

1971 D. Wells & S. Dance Night People x. 138 You have to go through the first stage, where it's a ruder sound. To me, that also sounds good, more ‘jungle’.

2009 Time Out N.Y. 1 Jan. 78/3 Jodorowsky's psycho-Western rings out with rude noises: lots of raucous ‘evil guy’ laughter, bizarre lines of growled dialogue..and that fakey bullet-ricochet sound from all the Leone movies.

9. Unpleasant to smell; pungent, acrid. Also figurative.

ΚΠ

1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 258 That no rude savour maritime invade The nose of nice nobility.

1883 M. Adams Honorable Surrender xv. 254 She desired of the earth, not the rude odor of the soil, but the delicate, conventional perfume of violets.

1933 Carnegie Mag. Sept. 125/2 On the invisible walls of international division between Great Britain and the United States there has always been the alluring scent of roses, and never the rude smell of gunpowder.

1952 J. Stafford in Sewanee Rev. Summer 474 There was Cousin Augusta's offering of freesias,..their fragrance angelically struggling against the rude smells.

2003 A.-M. MacDonald Way Crow Flies 787 The congenial whiff of cowpies, the rude aroma of pigs and the fierce smell of chickens.

III. Senses relating to state or form.

10.

a. Of a natural product: unprocessed, untreated, unrefined, raw. In early use also: †made recently or of unripe ingredients (obsolete). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [adjective]

rough1364

rudec1384

crudec1386

rawa1398

unwroughtc1400

unwerkedc1430

uncured1622

unmanufactured1644

unworked1730

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark ii. 21 No man seweth a pacche of rude [L. rudis], or newe, clothe to an old clothe.

c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 93 (MED) Þer is tuo manerez of oile roset, complete and rude; Complete is made of ripe oile and of ful rosez ripe; Rude is made of vnripe oile and of rosez þat haþe [not] fully opned þair buddez.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. x. f. 9^v I my selfe sawe a masse of rude [L. rudem] goulde, (that is to say, such as was neuer molten).

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. 5 Great heapes of gold that never could be spent; Of which some were rude owre..others were new driven, and distent Into great Ingowes and to wedges square.

1610 Bible (Douay) II. Ecclus. xl. 4 Euen to him, that is couered with rude linen [L. lino crudo].

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy Democritus to Rdr. 54 Let him..suffer no rude matter vnwrought, as Tinne, Iron,..To bee transported out of his country.

1656 A. Cowley Davideis ii. 47 in Poems How is the Loadstone, Natures subtle pride, By the rude Iron woo'd, and made a Bride?

1742 tr. E. Odhelstierna in Acta Germanica I. 98 A pure pellucid ore like a carbuncle, and taken for rude red silver.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. ii. v. 437 Either the rude or manufactured produce.

1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 58 The production of metals from rude ores.

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby II. iv. ii. 8 The cotton..in its rude state.

1896 G. Eyre-Todd Sc. Poetry 18th Cent. II. 172 No poet, excepting Shakespeare, ever proved himself so capable of transmuting the rude ore of earlier suggestion into the fine gold of immortal song.

2002 E. Jameson in K. N. Owens Riches for All ix. 208 Older women hammered rude ore with stone mallets.

b. Unformed; unfinished; not given shape, order, or regularity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > completing > non-completion > [adjective]

incompletec1380

rudea1387

imperfecta1398

occasionala1398

unperfecta1398

unperfecteda1513

uncompleted1513

imperfected1552

unfinished1553

unconsummate1609

half-baked1627

illaborate1631

inconsummatea1641

uncrowned1743

stickit1784

unconsummated1813

incompleted1836

behindhand1853

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > absence of arrangement > [adjective]

unarrayedc1340

rudea1387

unordereda1500

unset1629

indisposed1692

unarranged1791

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 411 (MED) He..ordeyned hym a successour..ffor þe staat of holy chirche in Engelond, þat was ȝit ruyde and boistous, schulde nouȝt flecche.

1567 A. Golding in tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) Ep. Ded. sig. b.j^v That shapeless, rude, and pestred heape which Chaos he dooth call.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 27 You are borne To set a forme vpon that indigest Which he hath left so shapelesse, and so rude .

1631 D. Widdowes tr. W. A. Scribonius Nat. Philos. (new ed.) 57 Spirits having roote in the heart, be either absolute or rude, and to be finished in other parts.

1693 J. Ray Three Physico-theol. Disc. (ed. 2) i. i. 3 A rude and inordinate heap.

1706 N. Rowe Ulysses iii. i So Jove look'd down upon the War of Atoms And rude tumultuous Chaos.

1777 R. Trewman Princ. Free-masonry Delineated 218 'Ere God the Universe began, In one rude Heap all Matter lay.

1816 G. S. Faber Origin Pagan Idolatry I. i. ii.152 The earth was as yet a rude chaotic mass, dark, confused, and shapeless.

1883 Harper's Mag. Dec. 103/2 The fishes known as stone-toters, or sucker, are so named from their habit of piling up pebbles into rude mounds.

1951 R. Deferrari tr. Hugh of St. Victor On Sacraments i. 78 Spiritual nature..was made in its own nature and being, perfect in so far as pertains to spiritual substance, not as a lump or confused matter, or a rude mass or heap, or gathered accumulation.

2001 D. Westbrook Wordsworth's Biblical Ghosts 224 The sort of ‘adamantine’, impenetrable, stony permanence that the narrator..appropriates to himself in the rude heap of Michael's text.

c. Having a rough surface. Especially of stone: left in a natural rough state; undressed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective]

unevenc1275

rudea1393

craggeda1400

knaggedc1430

raggedc1450

raggy1483

cocklya1529

rugged1528

knaggy1552

unlevel?a1560

craggy1568

scraggy1574

balkish1577

cockling1582

cockled1600

unequal1613

salebrous1633

scragged1641

inequal1661

unevenly1683

hummocky1767

snaggly1794

snaggy1806

hobblya1825

shreddy1835

scraggly1869

bobbly1909

pebbly1923

snaggled1938

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [adjective] > dressed or hewn > not

rudea1393

self-faced1826

undressed1846

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3709 (MED) It hield all eggetol withoute, He was so ruide and hard of skin.

a1400 (?c1280) Nativity Mary & Christ (Stowe) (1975) l. 390 (MED) Hire honden bycomen stif and ded, as it were a reud bord.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. 773 This votiue altar also of a rude stone was erected for the happy health of the Emperour Gordian the Third.

a1646 J. Burroughes Saints Treasury (1654) 27 Shall we have an Altar of rude stone? Shall we not polish and make it fine and sumptuous?

1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire x. 339 The Northern Nations usually erected such Cirques of rude Stones for the Election of their Kings.

1723 H. Rowlands Mona Antiqua Restaurata i. 52 We have also long pitch'd Stones, or great rude Columns, standing sometimes singly, sometimes many together.

1800 W. Wordsworth Hart-leap Well i. 83 Three pillars of rude stone Sir Walter reared.

1863 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Church I. iii. 59 There were rude stones at Delphi..anterior to any temple.

1878 C. Stanford Symbols Christ (new ed.) i. 3 Conscious of such a spell upon our spirits at the sight of the rudest stone, the simplest mound.

1923 A. E. Richardson in R. Dircks Sir C. Wren 139 The walls externally, with the exception of the north front, which is of rude stone, presented..horizontal lines of brickwork.

1997 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 21 Dec. d6 The terraced front of the Paine house in Waltham, Mass., is constructed from the same rude stone found in the landscape around it.

11. Of language, composition, etc.: lacking in elegance or polish; deficient in literary merit.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective]

wanmola1325

rudea1393

lewdc1425

rustyc1425

unpolisheda1450

roidc1485

inelegant1509

gross1513

rough?1520

barbarous1526

ineloquent1532

inconcinnate1534

crabby1550

crabbed1561

uneloquent1565

unelegant1570

unkempt1579

unfiled1590

illiterate1598

unconceived1599

aliterate1624

incompta1628

scabbed1630

uncombed1633

uncompt1633

uncouth1694

coarse1699

slatternly1783

crude1786

warty1822

stumbling1859

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 3122 (MED) Y have do my trewe peyne With rude wordis and with pleyne..This bok to write as y behighte.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 9585 (MED) I rek noght, þogh þe ryme be rude, If þe maters þar-of be gude.

c1450 tr. G. Boccaccio De Claris Mulieribus (1924) 214 (MED) To Bochace..will I spedily Conuerte my style rude, without coloure Of rethoryke.

1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 112 My copye whiche was in dutche, and by me william Caxton translated in to this rude and symple englyssh.

1551 R. Robinson in tr. T. More Vtopia Epist. sig. ✠ iiii^v Rude, & vnlearned speche defaceth and disgraceth a very good matter.

1572 L. Mascall Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees Ep. Ded. sig. A.iiij To commende this my simple and rude worke vnto your Lordship.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 314 Rude verses in an old and overworne character.

a1696 M. Mackail in W. Macfarlane Geogr. Coll. Scotl. (1908) III. 1 It is very probable that the inhabitants of the Orcades of old did only speak Noords or rude Danish; but now..all speak the Scots language.

a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 15 Only from this rude tradition.

1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music §5. 50 The oldest Compositions among the Arabs are in Rythm or rude Verse.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vii. 225 His rude oratory roused and melted hearers who listened without interest to the laboured discourses of great logicians and Hebraists.

1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) viii. 271 The Apostles used freely a rude version of the Old Testament.

1922 A. F. G. Bell Portuguese Lit. iii. 189 He consoles himself, if not his reader, with the sincere conviction that his rude verse cannot detract from the greatness of the deeds which he describes.

1996 P. Blank Broken Eng. iv. 108 At once the rude dialect of ploughmen and an ancestral English, the northern dialect was prosecuted as provincial and defended as the wellspring of the national language.

12. Of inferior quality; not luxurious; basic in standard; coarse; unsophisticated.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > specifically of persons

boistousc1300

rudec1405

blunt1477

rustyc1485

rough?1531

sillya1547

ruggedc1565

unrefined1582

unpolished1594

unfashioned1606

inurbane1623

incult1628

ungenteel1633

roughsome?c1660

unpolite1674

inelegant1735

untutored1751

unrarefied1835

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1012 Right noght was she abayst of hir clothyng Thogh it were rude and somdel eek to rent.

a1450–1500 ( Libel Eng. Policy (1926) l. 269 (MED) The Scottes bene chargede..Out of Flaundres wyth lytyll mercerye..And halfe here shippes wyth carte whelys bare..Thus moste rude ware be in here chevesaunce.

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 283 The knychtis..delytit thame nocht..jn delicious metis na drinkis, bot jn rude bef and bacoun.

a1500 Bernardus de Cura (1870) 83 Geffe þame enwcht of drynk and metis rude Quhilk may suffice to seruandis and þer fude.

c1525 Rule St. Francis (Faust.) in J. S. Brewer & R. Howlett Monumenta Franciscana (1858) I. 576 (MED) Ther corde shalbe vyle and rewde, alle curiusnes put awaye.

c1598 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. 166 Use maiste to eate of reasonable rude & commoune meatis.

1700 J. Dryden tr. G. Boccaccio Cymon & Iphigenia in Fables 544 Rude Work well suted with a rustick Mind.

1770 T. Percy tr. P. H. Mallet Northern Antiq. I. Pref. p. x They..either went naked, or threw a rude skin over their shoulders.

1831 W. Scott Castle Dangerous i, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. III. 219 Their wants, with a very few exceptions, were completely supplied..by the rude and scanty produce of their..mountains and holms.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 332 The other section was destined to ruder and humbler service.

1928 R. Wright Forgotten Ladies i. 14 Here is the story of a Princess whose rude garments were actually turned to rich damask.

1933 W. Hatfield Desert Saga 4 The women's nardoo stones tap-tap-tapped all day grinding to rude flour the gravelly imperishable mulga seeds.

1987 V. Gornick Fierce Attachments 139 Before, we had always put the rude meals we ate on the table together.

2004 S. Zettel In Camelot's Shadow (2009) xvii. 238 He finally managed to make a small and smokey blaze by which to eat a rude meal of bread and smoked fish.

13. Of natural scenery or objects: rugged, rough; uncultivated, wild.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > [adjective] > scenic > wild

savagec1330

unbenec1400

rudec1405

scragged1519

austere?1580

stark1799

stern1812

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Manciple's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 66 Yet hath this bryd..Leuere in a Forest þ^t is rude and cold Gon ete wormes.

a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 12^v Cauea, an hol place or a rowde caue.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. vii. 50 Ane ald feld onprofitabill and rude.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 14 That Ryall raid ouir the rude mure.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 127 The first kinde of Veruayne groweth in rude places, about hedges, walles, wayes, streates and diches.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. iv. 64 Thy pallat the[n] did daine The roughest Berry, on the rudest Hedge.

1637 J. Milton Comus 13 Where may she wander now, whether betake her From the chill dew, amongst rude burs and thistles?

1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters ii. 95 In the middle of an open, rude common..stands a spring.

1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams III. v. 80 I arrived at the termination of this ruder scene, and reached that part of the county which is inclosed and cultivated.

1817 P. B. Shelley Mont Blanc iii, in Hist. Six Weeks' Tour 179 How hideously Its shapes are heaped around! rude, bare, and high, Ghastly, and scarred, and riven.

1867 M. E. Herbert Cradle Lands iii. 79 The rude rock remains uncovered.

1909 F. G. Allinson Greek Lands & Lett. xi. 220 Mountains and rivers, rude valleys and hostile villages offered no obstacles.

1962 H. H. Hoeltje Inward Sky v. 156 He bathed in a wild highland rivulet which brawled and tumbled and eddied through its rock-strewn bed in a rude forest.

1997 N.Y. Mag. 22 Dec. 108/3 I was certain the ailanthus thickets would grow into woods and spread out in the asphalt and take over. It was a rude place, untaming itself by degrees.

2005 K. L. Riley Lockport ii. 29 (heading) Opportunity beckons: a rude landscape transformed.

14.

a. Having a rough, inelegant, or rugged form. In early use also: †large or strong but clumsy or unattractive (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > [adjective] > coarse or rough

rudec1440

crabbed1603

rougha1616

undeliciousa1618

strong1713

coarsishc1817

Gamp-like1844

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1096 (MED) Bullenekkyde was þat bierne..Ruyd armes as an ake with rusclede sydes.

a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 2476 (MED) The Elefante, for she is grete and Rude, Goith with voole yeris fulli tweyne.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 794 Vpon ane rude Runsy he ruschit out of toun.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 262 'Tis not..your old-fac'd walles, Can hide you..Though all these English..Were harbour'd in their rude circumference.

a1771 T. Gray Ess. I in W. Mason Mem. Life & Writings (1775) 195 How rude soe'er th' exteriour form we find.

1772 W. Jones tr. Petrarch in Poems 91 Steep arching rocks..Form her rude diadem, and native throne.

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 233 Petals 4, rude, upright, blunt.

a1807 W. Wordsworth Prelude (1959) xii. 466 How oft high service is perform'd within, When all the external man is rude in shew.

1899 O. Seaman In Cap & Bells (1900) 87 Not that I wear, like Bergerac, A nose of rather rude dimensions.

1930 ‘J. Taine’ Iron Star xix. 339 When I first knew him he was not unhandsome, with a rude, rugged attractiveness.

1990 N. A. Mallory El Greco to Murillo v. 103 The rude features of the saint, also rendered with incomparable pictorial skill, are those of a fisherman or stevedore.

b. Constructed in a rudimentary or makeshift way; imperfect in design or execution. In early use also: †strong but roughly made (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude > roughly formed or made

rude1488

rough-hewn1530

rough1561

rough-hewed1563

roughcast1588

rough-wrought?1665

rough and tumble1855

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 115 Speris rud and lang.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xciii. 300 Huons spere was bygge & rude.

1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell sig. E3^v/2 Caron w^t his berde hore That rowyth w^t a rude ore.

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. vi. 264 But soone as he began to lay about With his rude yron flaile, they gan to flie.

1612 S. Sturtevant Metallica ii. 38 Rude-ware are such sort of Press-ware, which after they are pressed and moulded, require no further ornament; as Prest-pipes, Prest-tiles, Prest-brickes, Prest-stones.

1645 J. Milton On Christ's Nativity: Hymn i, in Poems 2 The Heav'n-born-childe, All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies.

1657 G. G. D'Ouvilly False Favourit Disgrac'd iv. 80 No bold-hand, Mannaging the rude sword, dare disobey Its brave Commanders noble charge.

1715 A. Pope Temple of Fame 16 There, on rude Iron Columns..The horrid Forms of Scythian Heroes stood.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. x. 415 The masts, sails, and rigging of these vessels are ruder than the built.

1814 W. Scott Diary 10 Aug. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. iv. 174 It is easy to descend into it by a rude path.

1843 G. Borrow Bible in Spain II. vi. 101 We saw others in the fields handling their rude ploughs.

1879 J. Lubbock Sci. Lect. v. 155 It is an error to suppose that the rudest flint implements are necessarily the oldest.

1906 Cosmopolitan Nov. 62/1 The general traverses the rude forest roads, difficult with November's mud and slush.

1929 M. W. Beckwith Black Roadways 27 Earthen bowls, hand turned and covered with a rude glaze, are always to be had in the Kingston market.

1958 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples IV. viii Here in the new lands of the West any man with an axe and a rifle could carve for himself a rude frontier home.

2002 Backwoods Home Mag. Nov.–Dec. 37/1 Cut or break branches from brush and trees to make an emergency ‘wikiup’, or rude shelter.

†15. Large in amount. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective]

mickleeOE

wideOE

largec1300

greata1325

muchc1330

mightyc1390

millionc1390

dreicha1400

rudea1450

massive1581

massy1588

heavy1728

magnitudinous1777

powerful1800

almighty1824

tall1842

hefty1930

honking1943

mondo1968

a1450 York Plays (1885) 277 Sir Pilate..and þou, With nede schalle ye namely be noyed... Youre richesse schal be refte you þat is rude.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) x. l. 812 Thai lugyt thar; At rud costis to spend thai wald nocht spar.

1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS f. 263^v Ane stane of woll thay mak with coistis ruid.

16.

a. Inexact; roughly accurate or correct. Also: preliminary.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > inaccuracy, inexactness > [adjective]

untruec1220

unrighta1393

amissa1398

unproperc1400

rudec1475

bada1522

haltinga1533

unjust1554

rustical1660

unaccurate1660

inaccurate1665

unprecise1742

unexact1758

imprecise1805

inexact1828

ungrammatical1843

bum1896

dot and carry one1900

seat-of-the-pants1935

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude > roughly accurate

rudec1475

c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 137 He that is infinite..settith in a meene, bigynnynge and ending in all His werkes vnder the celestiall meeuing, and by oo rude ensaumple, as the potter by the compace of oon molde makith diuers pottes of different bignesse.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) x. Prol. 83 Thus rude exemplys and figuris may we geif; Thocht, God by hys awin creaturis to preif, War mair onlikness than liknes to discern.

1659 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. 58 This way is a little too rude for guessing at Stars elevated but few degrees, or for Stars distant but few degrees from one another.

1673 M. Hale Ess. Fluid Bodies ix. 82 By this rude Experiment it seems the Column of four Foot of water, gravitated no more than one Foot of water.

1709 J. Walkinshaw Let. to Sir R. Sibbald 69 The Doctor's Reasoning holds as well in the Conoid as in the Sphæroid, and any rude Approximation was enough to his Purpose.

1793 A. Brown Serm. Dangers & Duties of Seafaring Life 19 Some rude guesses have been made with regard to the length of their life.

1843 H. Rogers in Edinb. Rev. Apr. 422 A rude metaphorical or analogical approximation to exact expression.

1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 601/1 Fig. 27 shows in a rude way the absorption by cobalt glass cut in wedge form, and corrected by an equal prism of clear glass.

1918 H. B. Irving Bk. Remarkable Criminals 214 This rude estimate of Holmes' veracity was..in some degree confirmed.

1997 Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Nexis) 16 May 22 Painted in rude approximation of abstract expressionist flourishes, they hang on the wall but refuse to cling to it.

b. Of a drawing, draft, etc.: rough, imperfect; not very accurate or finished.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped

rawa1398

rude1517

society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [adjective] > drawn roughly

rude1517

rough-drawn1625

1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xiv. 57 So shall theyr maters appere more pleasaunt Bysyde my draughtes rude and ygnoraunt.

1577 B. Googe in tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry Pref. p. ii I thought it good to send you here..a rude draught of the order.

1667 J. Glanvill Philos. Considerations Witches 36 Those seemingly rude lines and scrawls which he intends for the rudiments of a Picture.

1679 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation: 1st Pt. ii. 52 The King wrote to the Pope. A rude draught of it remains under the Cardinal's hand.

1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. vii. 110 Some rude design In crayons or in charcoal.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. iii. 140 The memorandums and rude sketches of the Master and Surgeon, who were not..the ablest draughts-men.

1888 Poor Nellie 176 People would often recognize the whereabouts of her rough rude sketches.

1890 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxv He held a pen..with which he had been scribbling in a rude school-boy hand.

1926 G. B. Cutten Threat of Leisure i. 2 It was during his respite from forced labor that primitive man..began his first rude drawings upon the walls of his cave.

1939 Speculum 14 477 A rude sketch of England..and a beautiful coloured itinerary for the information of pilgrims to the Holy Land, have been ascribed to him.

1965 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 85 147 The rude drawing seems clearly to show a naked male figure with double ruffles rising by his shoulders.

2002 A. Proulx That Old Ace in Hole xxiii. 243 It would have been a laughable scene to a disinterested looker-on, if I may judge from the effect a rude sketch produced on an untutored Indian.

17. Of an undeveloped or primitive character; rudimentary.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > unpreparedness > [adjective] > unready or immature

green?a1300

rawa1398

indigest1398

unmatured?a1425

unripea1500

unseasonable1515

unbuilded1519

inchoate1534

unripened1561

uncivil1572

unmellowed1573

unmanured1577

unblown1587

ungrown1593

unpolished1594

rudimental1597

rude1600

unsalted1602

unseasoned1602

unlicked1612

embryon1613

unbakeda1616

unbloweda1616

unfledged1615

unmellow1615

sappya1627

embryous1628

unconcocteda1631

unkneaded1633

immature1635

sucking1648

vacuous1651

embryo1659

unelaborate1663

unmature1673

unformed1689

undeveloped1736

infantile1772

uncultivated1796

unelaborated1817

fetal1820

embryotic1823

embryonic1825

embryonary1833

sophomoric1837

seedling1843

rudimentary1851

unwrought1869

juvenescent1875

vealy1890

under-developed1892

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 146 Other games there are also, but very rude.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 391 With such Gardning Tools as Art yet rude, Guiltless of fire had formd.

1728 R. Morris Ess. Anc. Archit. p. ix Ghiberto..brought Architecture from that rude Gothick manner.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 203 In the rude idolatry of the Arabs.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 983 This very rude and dangerous mode of exploding the inflammable gas, is still practised in a few mines.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 386 A rude and imperfect establishment of posts for the conveyance of letters had been set up by Charles the First.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 21 He has traced the growth of states from their rude beginning in a philosophical spirit.

1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xv. 438 Owing to the rude processes of manufacture usually employed to separate the fecula, it is seldom that more than fifteen per cent. is obtained.

1993 J. C. Chasteen tr. T. H. Donghi Contemp. Hist. Lat. Amer. (1996) i. 24 Maintaining this rude system of internal communications was a costly victory, however, in both economic and human terms.

B. adv.

In a rude manner; rudely. Now regional and nonstandard.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adverb]

unhendlya1225

uncourteously1338

rudelyc1405

rudec1460

roidlyc1480

homely1563

discourteously1572

uncivilly1577

indiscreetly1637

unhandsomely1662

incivilly1671

unpolitely1695

impolitely1736

incourteously1859

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adverb] > roughly or violently

unbesorrowlya1225

foulc1275

rowc1325

boistouslyc1386

rabbishlya1387

renishlyc1400

boistlyc1460

rudec1460

harshlyc1480

boisterly1520

roughly1560

rapfully1582

boisterouslya1586

thuggishly1887

c1460 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Northumberland) (1940) l. 734 Rude [c1405 Hengwrt Who so shal telle a tale after a man He moot reherce..Euerich a word..Al speke he neuer so rudeliche and large].

a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 3257 Then to the abbot..hath Gaffray spokyn rude and bustesly.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 623 The haire of men grew rude, and in length like womens.

1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) iii. ii. 336 In this case you shall by no meanes bestow them into the earth thus rude and carelesly.

1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 315 Caledon..swoor fu' rude..To mak it guid in law, man.

1795 J. Woodforde Diary 8 Sept. (1929) IV. 226 Jane behaved quite rude this Evening.

1824 J. D. Cochrane Narr. Pedestrian Journey through Russia (ed. 2) I. vii. 204 The most common of their nation will enter a Russian dwelling, behave rude and churlish,..and ultimately quit without the slightest thanks, acknowledgment, or appearance of feeling.

1860 S. Brooks Gordian Knot xliv. 327 I did not deserve it, for I spoke very rude to you.

1885 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 99 But ah, but O thou terrible, why wouldst thou rude on me Thy wring-world right foot rock?

1921 Photoplay July 96/3 ‘I apologize’, sez he, ‘if I acted rude.’

1988 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 20 Jan. b7 They play too rough and rude and make the Arabs feel like second-class citizens.

2008 B. S. Beh My Life as Boy in Jamaica 109 Donna started to behave rude on the street.

Compounds

C1.

a. Forming adjectives with past participles, as rude-carved, rude-fashioned, rude-growing, rude-made, rude-ripened, rude-rounded, rude-spun, etc.

ΚΠ

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus ii. iii. 199 What subtill hole is this, Whose mouth is couered with rude growing briers.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. i. sig. C4^v The couetous hunger..for a rude-spun cloake.

1689 tr. Martial Sel. Epigrams viii. 136 Ev'ry course Rude-spun Idea.

1796 T. Townshend Poems 23 Down the foaming rude-wash'd hills.

1797 R. Southey Joan of Arc iv A massy stone And rude-ensculptured effigy.

1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II i. xxi. 18 Mark many rude-carv'd crosses near the path.

1840 C. Norton Dream 196 Lift some poor wounded wretch..Forth in some rude-made litter.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. at Skew A rude-fashioned boat.

1877 W. Black Green Pastures & Piccadilly II. x. 145 The rude-spoken German ex-lieutenant.

a1889 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 185 Who built these walls made known The music of his mind, Yet here he has but shewn His ruder-rounded rind.

1928 E. Blunden Japanese Garland 20 Over the rude-ripened vale.

1930 E. Blunden Poems 128 There is a sluice through whose rude-masoned stones And fissured planks our timid river falls.

1964 Life 11 Dec. 23/1 Part of the fault lies with Shakespeare, who wrote for Othello some of his most sumptuous poetry—which no rude-spoken Moor could possibly handle.

2005 L. S. Carl in E. Gorman & M. H. Greenberg Adventures of Missing Detective 535 You rank pottle-deep measle! You rude-growing toad!

b. Forming parasynthetic and complementary adjectives, as rude-featured, rude-looking, rude-thoughted, rude-tongued, etc.

ΚΠ

1795 H. Summersett Fate of Sedley II. 61 He arose with an heart of gladness; and..pursued the rude fanged boar.

1797 R. Southey Joan of Arc vii On his head A black plume shadow'd the rude-featured helm.

1803 J. Kenney Society, with Other Poems 22 Stern as he was, rude-thoughted and untamed.

1839 S. Gray Spaniard v. ii. 117 Whom, rude-tongued youth?

1876 F. J. Bramwell in Nature 22 June 176/1 It is a rude-looking machine.

1907 J. H. Crawford From Fox's Earth to Mountain Tarn xxi. 258 In this angler's paradise..he sought the scarred, rude-featured tarn.

1922 A. Christie Secret Adversary xxiii. 269 The applicant proved to be a rude-looking carter well coated with mud.

1967 S. A. Coblentz Crimson Capsule iv. 34 They shoved through the bars some clay vessels filled with water and some rude-looking, dark biscuits.

2009 A. McGuire Hey, ‘Bring it On’ iii. 47 Despite it all I told my son to accept the shallow simple rude minded sun [sic] of a gun is your father.

C2.

† rude air n. Obsolete fresh air, the open air.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > open air

open air?a1425

open airs1683

rude air1737

out of doors1819

outdoors1859

open1874

1737 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 634/2 Though once a child, thou never would'st be young, A pamper'd carkass, and effeminate eyes, Rude air would incommode, or exercise.

1754 J. Hill Conduct Married Life (new ed.) II. v. 57 I would use Daughters to some Degree of Tenderness, because they are not accustomed to the rude Air.

1784 Unfortunate Sensibility II. 57 [I] had rarely been out but in a coach or a chair, so that I was almost a stranger to rude air.

rude awakening n. a severe disillusionment; a sudden arousal from complacency.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > disappointment > [noun] > a disappointment

balk1733

false dawn1832

rude awakening1895

coitus interruptus1900

swizzle1913

swizz1915

backfire1925

1826 C. S. M. Bury Alla Giornata I. vi. 187 She was aroused from this state of dreaming delight by the announcement of the Conte di Montescudajo. It was a rude awakening.]

1895 G. Allen Woman who Did vi. 71 Alan was often quite alarmed in his soul when he thought of the rude awakening that no doubt awaited her.

1912 T. Dreiser Financier v. 47 Life had given him no severe shocks nor rude awakenings.

1950 Pop. Mech. Jan. 168/2 Walter went out to peddle the medicine. But he got a rude awakening.

1975 R. Shea & R. A. Wilson Golden Apple iv. 248 Then comes the rude awakening: food riots, industrial stagnation, a reign of lawless looting and plunder.

2005 M. Rogers Schizophrenic in Japan 105 (heading) Alexander Graham Bell Was a thief—and other rude awakenings.

rude boy n. (a) (originally and chiefly Jamaican) any of a class of unemployed black youths inhabiting the poorer areas of Jamaica and typically seen as indolent and apt to commit petty crimes; a comparable youth in another society; (b) (with reference to such youths as a frequent subject of ska lyrics) a member of the subculture associated with ska, esp. in Britain.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [noun] > young > in Jamaica

rude boy1967

rudie1967

rude1975

1967 Caribbean Q. Sept. 39 Rude bwoy is that person, native, who is totally disenchanted with the ruling system; who generally is descended from the ‘African’ elements in the lower class... Rude bwoys are largely centred in those urban areas that suffer from chronic depression.

1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 11 June 3/1 The rude boys, rudies or just plain rudes are the street corner toughs, hustlers, petty thieves and dealers in ganja (marijuana).

1976 D. Hebdige in S. Hall & T. Jefferson Resistance through Rituals 152 The exotica of Rastafarianism provided distractive screens behind which the rude boy culture could pursue its own devious devices unhindered and unseen.

1980 N.Y. Rocker Mar. ‘Rude Boy’, nothing—Dammers is single-handedly reviving the classic ‘Ed Norton look’ for the early '80s.

2000 L. Bradley Bass Culture (2001) ix. 185 That's when the rude-boy era start[ed], and to many people it was like some sort of Robin Hood situation, with the rudies standing up for the oppressed.

2010 Thanet Times (Nexis) 10 Aug. 21 Finally, the act every fez-wearing rude boy had come to see, ska legends Madness hit the stage.

rude girl n. a female member of the subculture associated with ska, esp. in Britain; cf. rude boy n. (b).

ΚΠ

1979 Sounds 22 Dec. 12/2 I put in one [sc. an ad] saying ‘Rude girls wanted’ but all I got was a lot of dirty phone calls.

1984 S. Steward & S. Garratt Signed, sealed & Delivered i. 32/1 She dressed like the women in the audience... Rude Girls looked like Rude Boys.

2002 E. White Fast Girls vii. 151 She thinks of herself as ‘mostly a mod, a rude girl’.

Derivatives

† rude-like adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1614 W. Lithgow Most Delectable Disc. Peregrination sig. N3 The Carauan presented his rude like maiesty with water, bread, hearbs, figs, garlike, and such things as he had.

a1672 J. Livingstone in W. K. Tweedie Select Biogr. (1845) I. 308 A man rude-like in his clothing, and some of his behaviour and expressions.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	rude
释义	† ruden.¹ Forms: α. Old English–Middle English rude, early Middle English roude, late Middle English rud. β. Old English–early Middle English rutam (accusative), Old English–Middle English rute, early Middle English ruta. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin rūta. Etymology: < classical Latin rūta, probably < Hellenistic Greek ῥυτή , described by ancient authors as a Peloponnesian word; of unknown origin; perhaps a loanword (it is possible that classical Latin rūta and Hellenistic Greek ῥυτή may show parallel loans from a common source). Compare Old French rude (end of the 11th cent. in a gloss in Rashi), Old Occitan ruda , Catalan ruda (13th cent.), Spanish ruda (1250), Italian ruta (1306), and (with metanalysis of the definite article) Portuguese arruda (1172 as †arruta ). The Latin word was also borrowed into other Germanic languages; compare Middle Dutch rute (Dutch ruit , (regional: southern) ruite ), Middle Low German rūde , rūte (German regional (Low German) rūte ), Old High German rūta (Middle High German rūte , German Raute ). Compare later rue n.²In form rutam after the Latin accusative singular. With wild rue (compare sense 2) compare classical Latin rūta silvātica, rūta silvestris. Obsolete. 1. = rue n.² 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > medicinal trees or shrubs > [noun] > rue rudeeOE rue?a1200 herb-grace1548 serving-man's joy1671 countryman's treacle1745–7 herb of repentance1858 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. i. 26 Wið tobrocenum heafde & sarum, rude getrifeladu mid sealte & mid hunige. OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) xci. 132 Gif blod of nosum flowe genim ðas wyrte þe man rutam & þam gelice oðrum naman rudan nemneþ. ?a1200 ( tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Harl. 6258B) xci. 135 Wið eæȝena dimnysse rute leaf [OE Vitell. ðysse sylfan wyrte leaf] eta fastinde. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 11 Nim rudan ane handfulle. a1325 Glosses in Erfurt MS in Anglia (1918) 42 161 Rue, rude. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 137 (MED) Odour of wyne þe masticacioun, i. chewyng, palliateþ of ciperi; of onyonz..rute. 2. With distinguishing word: a plant resembling common rue; (perhaps) esp. meadow rue, Thalictrum flavum. Cf. rue n.² 2. ΚΠ eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. ii. 26 Wiþ þon ilcan eft wildre rudan gedeawre & getrifuladre seaw, gemeng wið aseownes huniges emmicel, smyre mid þa eagan. a1300 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 557/18 (MED) Ypis, i. herbe Johann, i. uelderude. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 122^v (MED) He cheseþ in meamur tapsiam, not old but recent, which Auicen semeþ to calle gumme of wilde rute. a1500 in T. Hunt Plant Names Medieval Eng. (1989) 206 [Piganum] wild ruwe vel smal rud. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online September 2021). ruden.² Brit. /ruːd/, U.S. /rud/ Forms: Middle English ruyde, Middle English rwd, Middle English– rude. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rude adj. Etymology: < rude adj. Compare post-classical Latin rudis uninstructed Christian (late 4th cent. in Augustine). 1. a. With plural agreement, in later use only with the. Uneducated or unsophisticated people; common people. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [noun] > person > collectively learned and lewedc1175 uncunning1338 rudea1350 unknowinga1400 unlearnedc1450 ignorant?a1513 simplec1535 ignorati1817 a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 36 (MED) Such tiding mei tide..of brudes bryht..In rude were roo wiþ hem roune. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 2268 Of shone and bootes..Loke..thou haue a paire And that they sitte so fetisly That these ruyde [Fr. vilain] may vttirly Merveyle..How they come an or off ageyn. a1500 (a1475) G. Ashby Dicta Philosophorum l. 534 in Poems (1899) 66 If a kynge wol be wytty and eke wise, He muste abstene from Rude & Unkunnyng..To th[e] moost wytty & wisest drawyng. ?1521 A. Barclay Bk. Codrus & Mynalcas sig. D His sight enfourmeth, the rude and ignorant. 1568 T. Howell Arbor of Amitie f. 18 Unto the weake shee was a strength,..Unto the rude, a lamp of light. 1616 T. Beard Retractiue from Romish Relig. x. 351 The Cattell and the Sheepe, that is, the rude and the ignorant doe drinke and refresh themselues. 1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. iii. 111 Whatsoever they have, to the good seems sufficient, to the rude too little. 1768 P. Pott Gen. Remarks Fractures & Dislocations 12 Can the method itself..be done properly by the rude, the inattentive, and the ignorant? 1787 Microcosm 16 July 405 The rude and the ignorant, in their advancement to an happier cultivation, may be permitted to indulge themselves with an occasional page of Addison. 1849 G. L. Craik et al. Pict. Hist. Eng. V. i. vi. 654/1 It works wild work amongst the rude and ignorant. 1892 W. Pater Wks. (1901) VIII. 228 Fritillaries.., Snake's heads, the rude call them, for their shape. 1905 Truth 2 Sept. 1 It isn't always plain when coves who drink are screwed, Though nine or ten would make them ‘shikkered’ in the lingo of the rude. †b. An uneducated or unsophisticated person. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ a1450 R. Spaldyng Katereyn in Anglia (1907) 30 539 (MED) Katereyn with hyre resons þat rwd þus sche rent. 2. a. With the and plural agreement. Impolite or discourteous people as a class. ΚΠ 1845 Southern Lit. Messenger Jan. 57/2 Courtesy is the only way to deal with the courteous, and the best way to deal with the rude. 1883 M. Dix Mem. J. A. Dix II. ix. 27 The rude were taught good-manners. 1920 E. G. Craig Theatre—Advancing Foreword p. xlvii ‘The Polite’ are often given to saying the rudest things behind one's back. The Rude are sometimes given to speaking better of us in private than one would imagine. 1993 Guardian 29 Oct. i. 2/1 The rude, the officious, the racist, the lazy and the lead-swinging will no long be able to rely on the generous salary. b. An impolite person. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [noun] > unmannerliness > unrefined manners or behaviour > person bearc1395 carter1509 kensy?a1513 clumpertonc1534 club1542 lout1548 clinchpoop1555 clout-shoe1563 loose-breech1575 clown1583 hoyden1593 boor1598 kill-courtesy1600 rustic1600 clunch1602 loblolly1604 camel1609 clusterfist1611 loon1619 Grobian1621 rough diamonda1625 hoyde1636 clodhopper1699 roughhead1726 indelicate1741 vulgarian1809 snob1838 vulgarist1847 yahoo1861 cave-dweller1865 polisson1866 mucker1884 caveman1907 wampus1912 yobbo1922 yenta1923 yob1927 rude1946 cafone1949 no-neck1961 ocker1971 1946 J. Masefield Poems 869 The rude, the pert, the thruster out of turn. 1961 J. Dawson Ha-ha iv. 74 No Brains' Trust will work so long as you've always got to have a gaggle of rudes and silly old sages to balance the bright young men. 2005 R. Asquith Love, Fifteen viii. 133 He says he wants a restaurant for ordinary people: ‘No rudes, dudes, chiefs or riff-raff, you get me?’ 3. slang. = rude boy n. at rude adj. and adv. Compounds 2. Cf. rudie n. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [noun] > young > in Jamaica rude boy1967 rudie1967 rude1975 1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 11 June 3/1 The rude boys, rudies or just plain rudes are the street corner toughs, hustlers, petty thieves and dealers in ganja (marijuana). 1997 Austin (Texas) Amer.-Statesman (Nexis) 26 July C1 On a local level, the rhythm of the rude has been reintroduced to Austin through the Jamaican Gold show on KOOP Sundays from 11 a.m. to noon. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). rudeadj.adv. Brit. /ruːd/, U.S. /rud/ Forms: Middle English reud, Middle English reude, Middle English rewede, Middle English rowde, Middle English rudee (transmission error), Middle English ruid, Middle English ruide, Middle English ruyd, Middle English ruyde, Middle English rwd, Middle English rwde, Middle English–1500s rewd, Middle English–1500s rewde, Middle English–1600s rud, Middle English– rude, 1500s riud; Scottish pre-1700 roud, pre-1700 rud, pre-1700 rued, pre-1700 ruid, pre-1700 ruide, pre-1700 ruyd, pre-1700 ruyde, pre-1700 rwd, pre-1700 rwde, pre-1700 rwid, pre-1700 rwyd, pre-1700 rwyde, pre-1700 1700s– rude. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French rude; Latin rudis. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman rud, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French rude, Old French (Lyons, rare) ruide (French rude ) (of scenery or objects) rough, rugged, crude (1212), (of people) lacking refinement, uncouth, uncivilized, barbarous (1213), (of a person's behaviour) impolite, ill-mannered (1213), ignorant, uneducated, untutored (second quarter of the 13th cent. or earlier), involving hardships or discomfort (1271), (of materials) hard to the touch (1306), (of objects, events, stories) unpleasant to see or hear (c1355), (of a person) hard-hearted, unkind, severe, pitiless (late 14th cent.), (of actions) violent, brutal (end of the 14th cent.), (of people) slow-witted, obtuse (1402), (of food) basic, plain (1426), (of a person's body) robust, vigorous, strong (1426), (of weather) inclement (1462) and its etymon classical Latin rudis unwrought, crude, unripe, unsophisticated, untaught, untrained, inexperienced, unfamiliar, of uncertain origin; probably related to rūdus (see rudera n.). Compare Old Occitan rude (14th cent.), Catalan rude (14th cent.), Spanish rudo (first half of the 13th cent.), Portuguese rude (14th cent.), Italian rude (1319). The French adjective was also borrowed into other Germanic languages; compare Middle Dutch ruut , (inflected) ruud- , German rüde (17th cent.). Compare roid adj. and discussion at that entry. A. adj. I. Senses relating to action, behaviour, capacity, or effect. 1. a. Of an animal: not having the power of reason. Now chiefly literary in rude beast (usually understood in other senses of the adjective). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > [adjective] > as opposed to man rudea1325 beastlya1393 brute-beastish1530 brutish1534 ignoble1602 subhuman1790 a1325 (?c1300) Northern Passion (Cambr. Gg.1.1) l. 1106 (MED) Þei..betin him whle hit wold last, Als þei wolde a rude beste. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 453 As in wilde wildernesse wexeth wilde bestes, Rude and vnresonable, rennenge with-out creperes [read croperes]. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 2215 (MED) Bestis, of resoun rude and blinde, Desire þe same by instymt of kynde. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 235 (MED) Þere he myghte a god in manere be..Now is he chaunged to a rude beste. c1450 (?a1422) J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Durh.) v. l. 650 To see þe beestis þat so humble be..The rude Asse and the oxe also. a1500 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Stowe) l. 16779 As wel thes Rude beestes as Men that were Resounable. 1587 W. Rankins Mirrour of Monsters f. 2^v Men do then transform that glorious image of Christ into the brutish shape of a rude beast. 1608 J. Day Humour out of Breath i. i. sig. B2 Apollo's lyre, whose sprightly fires Have tamed rude beasts and charmed men's wild desires. 1814 R. Mansel Free Thoughts upon Methodists, Actors, & Infl. of Stage 20 The christian religion was yet but newly Planted, and therefore..was carefully to be covered and defended from the injuries of rude beasts, and the contagion of those rank superstitious weeds that grew about it. 1856 J. Jones Poems 64 In front, exalted, but of date unknown, Rude beasts are destined to exist, in stone. 1902 N. D. Hillis Investm. of Infl. (2007) ix. 115 Some rude beast, in wild pursuit of prey, plunges through the swamp, shatters the reed, leaves it lying upon the ground, all bruised and bleeding. 1984 New York 3 Dec. 147/3 Through this nocturnal idyll stalk rude beasts: pigs with the fangs of vampire bats, more snarling canines. 2007 P. Burnham Careful Scattering 187 Light the light of Bethlehem In a stable by the Inn Where rude beasts are sheltering Beside a Child who will be King. †b. Of low intelligence; slow-witted. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 3305 (MED) Somme of hem þat of wit were rude For her party gonne to conclude Þat þei wold home ageyn retourne. c1475 (?a1449) in Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1934) ii. 458 Euery day she gynneth a bataile... She makith hir husbond rude as a dul asse, Owt of whos daunger impossible is to passe. c1500 Melusine (1895) 371/3 (MED) The vnderstanding of humayne Creature is to rude to vnderstande the spyce espirytuel. 2. Not gentle, violent, harsh; giving out unkind or severe treatment; marked by unkind or severe treatment of people or living things. a. Of an act, esp. a blow, assault, etc. Sometimes with the implication of suddenness or unexpectedness (cf. rude awakening n. at Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough rudea1375 savagea1393 rougha1398 roid?c1425 brutisha1513 brash1868 roughneck1906 to treat 'em rough1962 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 3849 (MED) He..demened him douȝtili with dentes ful rude; he slow..six grete lordes. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 812 Sir Percyvale deled so hys strokys that were so rude that there durste no man abyde hym. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 359 [They] Plungyt in the stalwart stour And rowtis ruyd about thaim dang. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cii^* Rude reknyng raise thair renkis betuene. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lviii. 198 The strokes was so rude that both knyghtes & horses fel to y^e erth. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 105 How now, what meanes Death in this rude assault? View more context for this quotation 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 326 The chief Bachir unbinds him, gives him three rude lashes with a whip. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1567 Lest evil tidings with too rude irruption Hitting thy aged ear should pierce too deep. View more context for this quotation 1743 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Odes (new ed.) I. i. xvii. 24 Nor here shall Mars intemperate wage Rude war with him who rules the jovial vine. 1799 T. Campbell Pleasures of Hope & Other Poems i. 105 'Twas his to mourn misfortune's rudest shock. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 46 If he attempted to subdue the Protestant feeling of England by rude means. 1868 M. Pattison Suggestions Acad. Organisation vii. 329 We have lately had some rude reminders..that something is wrong, somewhere. 1903 H. Alger Paul the Peddler x. 71 He was still engaged in earnest thought, when he felt a rude slap on the back. 1938 J. Marks Family of Barrett l. 621 She was so protected that merely to read Mrs. Howe's poem..is to feel that a rude blow has been struck. 1975 Times 12 Aug. 4/1 His role at the conference would be a rude slap in Canada's face. 2005 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 1 Apr. b2/2 Canada's stock market regulator got a rude surprise when it investigated the much-whispered practice of front-running. b. Of a personal quality, the hands, †a tool, etc. ΚΠ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 173 This Geant with his ruide myht Part of the banke he schof doun riht. a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 631 (MED) Sone he saw cumand a knight..With rude sembland and sterne chere. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1057 (MED) He..Raykez towarde the renke reghte with a ruyde will. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. i. 41 The noble Mortimer..Was by the rude hands of that Welchman taken. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) v. iv. 60 Ruffian: let goe that rude vnciuill touch. View more context for this quotation 1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 20 in Justa Edouardo King I come to pluck your berries..And with forc'd fingers rude Shatter your leaves before the mellowing yeare. 1645 J. Milton Il Penseroso in Poems 42 Where the rude Ax with heaved stroke, Was never heard. 1717 J. Breval Mac-Dermot iii. 22 Or boldly dare, a poor unpolish'd Swain, With his rude touch their sacred Charms profane? 1748 J. Hervey Medit. among Tombs in Medit. & Contempl. (ed. 4) I. 3 A sort of religious Dread stole insensibly on my Mind... Such as hushed every ruder Passion. 1813 Ld. Byron Bride Abydos ii. xxviii. 668 Hands more rude than wintry sky. 1850 ‘S. Yendys’ Roman i. 9 Like the shy Scared bird, to which the serpent's jaws are better Than his rude eyes. 1861 J. Tulloch Eng. Puritanism i. 94 The rude determination of this man made him master of every successive exigency. 1902 I. C. Hannah in F. A. Kirkpatrick Lect. Hist. 19th Cent. xvii. 371 One proud empire after another—from the Mediterranean to the Pacific—has gone to fragments at a touch from the rude hand of Europe. 1925 R. Cortissoz Personalities in Art xv. 213 They are rather massy figures, types of almost rude strength. 1952 K. Patchen Coll. Poems (1968) 416 Ah still they come Evenings like chalices Where little roofs and trees drink Until a rude hand Shatters them, one by one. 2000 H. A. Rosburg By Honor Bound (2003) xxxviii. 436 Rude hands grabbed at Honneure's shoulders. c. Of a person. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] > rough > specifically of person roughc1415 rudec1450 rackle1570 rowdy1835 c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 10 (MED) He that is hurte hath noon neede to be rudeliche treted..Thilke ben rude that ben felle and cruelle..And swiche ben no goode surgiens. a1500 (a1400) Ipomedon (Chetham) (1889) l. 6110 (MED) For one is comyne that workes hir woo, Wyth a rewde companyee..On euery syde her landes stroyede Wythe warre & wyth grette envye. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) viii. l. 1651 For he [sc. Henry, Abbot of Arbroath] wes rwyd, off gret lowrdnes, Wyth mony men he lathyd wes. 1623 in M. Wood Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1931) VI. 243 A verie greate..violence committed..be a number of rude rascall and mischeant people. 1693 S. Wesley Life our Blessed Lord x. 340 The rude Soldier shall with churlish Bands, Secure thy wither'd Arms and trembling Hands. 1733 J. Besse Abstr. Sufferings Quakers I. x. 262 Richard Snashfold..was hal'd away with much Violence at the Priest's Command, who when he came out, gave one of the rude Lads a piece of Money. 1760 Mod. Part Universal Hist. (new ed.) VI. xxi. iii. 141 The rudest soldiers and fiercest young people obeyed the dictates of their own minds. a1800 Lads of Wamphray 65, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1889) III. vi. 460/2 O but these lads were wondrous rude, When the Biddess~burn ran three days blood! 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. iii. vii. 207 With fire-words the exasperated rude Titan rives and smites these Girondins. 1863 M. Howitt tr. F. Bremer Greece & Greeks I. vi. 162 The old classical soil was trampled underfoot of the rude conqueror. 1934 F. A. Kirkpatrick Spanish Conquistadores xiv. 182 Any bully among the rude soldiers was allowed to inflict on him the most outrageous affronts. 2005 E. Acosta-Belén tr. L. Rodríguez de Tió in V. Ruiz et al. Latina Legacies v. 92 Once your sword is again idle And the rude tyrant defeated. 3. Inexperienced, inexpert, unskilled. Also: uneducated, unlearned; ignorant; lacking in knowledge or learning.Now coloured by, or merged with, sense A. 4. a. Of a person. Now usually accompanied by a synonym.In quot. a1382 with overtones of ‘immature, callow’, and in quot. 1701 of ‘superficial, inexact’. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [adjective] unlearedeOE untowenc1000 unwittyc1000 skillessc1175 uncouthc1220 lewda1225 lorelessa1300 simplea1325 layc1330 uncunning1340 untaughtc1340 unknowingc1350 rudea1382 roida1400 unquainta1400 ignorant?c1400 unlearnedc1400 misknowing?a1425 simple-hearted?c1425 unknownc1475 unkenningc1480 unweeting1483 nescienta1500 craftlessc1530 misliterate1532 sillya1547 ingram1553 gross1561 inscient1578 borowe1579 plain-headeda1586 empirical1588 rudeful1589 lack-learning1590 learnless?1593 wotless?1594 ingrant1597 untutored1597 small-knowing1598 uninstructed1598 unlearnt1609 unread1609 unware?1611 nescious1623 inscious1633 inscientifical1660 uninformed1702 unaware1704 unable1721 unsuspecting1776 inerudite1801 ill-informed1824 incognoscent1827 unminded1831 unknowledgeable1837 knowledgelessc1843 parviscient1862 clueless1943 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [adjective] rudea1382 roida1400 borel1513 rustical?1532 illiberal1535 waste?1541 rusticc1550 illiterate1556 ruggedc1565 profane1568 unskilful1572 raw?1573 clownish1581 home-born1589 rough-hewn1593 unpolished1594 artless1598 home-bred1602 unbevelled1602 incult1628 museless1644 uncultivated1646 incultivateda1657 uncultivate1659 incultivate1661 unpolite1674 uncult1675 repent1684 uncultivated1725 uncultured1777 unenlightened1792 cultureless1824 sloven1856 philistinic1869 undoctrined1869 Philistine1871 Philistinish1871 roughneck1906 lowbrow1907 low-level1916 no-brow1922 bohunk1957 bakya1960 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 370) (1850) 2 Chron. xiii. 7 Thei hadden the ouer hond aȝeinus Roboam... Bt Roboam was rude [L. rudis], and with ferde herte. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. 946 I am so rude in my degree And ek mi wittes ben so dulle. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 752 She was nought rude ne vnmete But couthe ynow of sich doyng As longeth vnto karolyng. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 558 (MED) I can no termys to speke of gemetrye..I am to rude clerly to diffyne..þis werk on euery parte For lak of termys longyng to þat arte. c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 215 (MED) God is therof wytnesse, the symplest men might iuge it and the rudest clerlye knowe it. ?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 50 Hely raise my renovne amang the rude peple. 1536 T. Cromwell in R. B. Merriman Life & Lett. T. Cromwell (1902) II. 27 They shall leave their cure not to a rude and unlerned person but to a good, lerned & experte curate. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Gen. xvi. Marginal Annot. Some obey whilest they are rude, or in low state, but hauing got a litle knowlege or aduancement disdaine their aduancers. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxvi. 141 The rude people taking pleasure in singing, or reciting them. 1701 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 3) i. 104 He confesses he has been but a rude Observer of them. c1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 11 The Country people being a Clownish rude people. 1787 T. Taylor Diss. Life & Theol. Orpheus i, in tr. Mystical Initiations 9 As he was a rude and unlearned youth, he confounded the chords. 1831 K. H. Digby Mores Catholici (1845) I. ii. i. 107/1 The blessed Pasuntius..fled to..far-distant monasteries, dissembling his name, that there, as if a rude and new monk, he might discharge the lowest offices. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 107 The London clergy..set an example which was bravely followed by their ruder brethren all over the country. 1865 J. B. Mozley 8 Lect. Miracles 209 The new religion was first promulgated by rude men unacquainted with learning and rhetoric. 1889 A. B. Bruce Training of Twelve (ed. 4) iv. 37 If He chose rude, unlearned, humble men, it was not because He was animated by any petty jealousy of knowledge, culture, or good birth. 1919 N. L. Meiklejohn Cart of Many Colors vii. 118 All over the island, fighting companies of country people were formed—rude, uneducated folk, many of them, but brave and willing to fight for liberty. 1947 E. Neff Poetry of Hist. ii. 28 The Spirit blew where it listed, and might stir to poetic utterance rude, unlettered men like the unknown authors of those Latvian songs. 1986 C. Levy in Boundary 2 Spring 43 Gramsci..appreciated education and self-education..and he did not share the syndicalist intellectual's fascination with the imagery of rude, uneducated worker intellectual-bashers. 2005 T. Parland Extreme Nationalist Threat in Russia vii. 193 The staff consisted of rude, uneducated people, whereas the employees of the FSB and other repressive institutions today are highly educated. b. Of †the mind, †an idea, or (in later use) a state of knowledge or belief. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [adjective] > of the mind, etc. simplea1325 rudec1405 untutored1597 c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 41 He knew nat Caton, for his wit was rude. c1450 J. Metham Palmistry (Garrett) in Wks. (1916) 92 (MED) Yff this forsayd lyne be brod and depe, yt sygnyfyth a rwde wytt and lytyl wysdam. a1525 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Adv. 19.2.4) i. Prol. l. 39 Ruyde is my witt, And semple to put all in wryte. 1638 F. Junius Painting of Ancients 8 Young children..follow the tender imaginations of their rude and unexercised conceits in making of..images out of clay. 1716 P. St. John Duty & Advantages of doing Good 3 God left not himself without a witness, even amidst the rudest ignorance of the heathen world. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 196 The liberty of choice was presented to the tribes: each Arab was free to elect or to compose his private religion: and the rude superstition of his house was mingled with the sublime theology of saints and philosophers. 1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 11 Jan. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) i. 28 His first rude and ignorant prejudice. 1860 R. H. Cobbold Pict. Chinese xxiv. 174 The Confucianist thinks it may be necessary for the rude uneducated mind. 1889 W. E. Gibbs in O. Cone Ess. Doctrinal & Pract. x. 242 What in rude ignorance men found in Divine Providence available for their progress toward the nobler life is efficient still. 1909 E. Gilliat Heroes of Mod. Crusades viii. 144 But, as a pioneer, having to fight against rude prejudice and the world's ridicule, he was one of the great ones of the century. 1953 P. Fuglum Edward Gibbon vi. 97 The ‘enlightened’ philosopher detests all that is rude, ignorant and impassioned. 1992 J. A. Crow Epic of Lat. Amer. (ed. 4) lvii. 570 The Gaucho was nominally a Catholic, but actually he had no religion at all outside of a few rude superstitions. 1997 C. K. Mahmood Fighting for Faith & Nation x. 247 It remains easier for us to exchange ideas with those who come into our parlor than with those who, refusing to leave their weapons at the door, challenge us, condemn us, even sentence us, with rude ignorance of the rules of the ‘academic freedom’ game. 2001 R. Copeland Pedagogy, Intellectuals, & Dissent in Later Middle Ages 23 Children and laity are yoked together in one thought, in one conceptual collocation, so that the impulsive dirty fingers of the child and the rude ignorance of the layperson are almost exchangeable attributes. †c. With in, of, to. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > inexperienced > in something spec. rudea1425 strange1561 unwitty1594 unexperimented1598 unversed1675 a1425 Benjamin Minor (Harl. 1022) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 165 A fleshle saule þe wilk is ȝitte rude in gastele studys. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) v. 3468 (MED) Al-þouȝ þat I be boistous and rual, He gaf me charge þis story to translate, Rude of konnynge, called Iohn Lydgate. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) 2 Cor. xi. 6 Though I be rude in speakynge, yet I am not so in knowledge. 1534 R. Whittington tr. Cicero Thre Bks. Tullyes Offyces i. sig. A.2 Suche as be rude of the greke tongue. 1561 N. Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 9 Albeit we be ruid of letteris and iugement. a1639 H. Wotton Short View Life Duke of Buckingham (1642) 20 We must consider him..yet but rude in the profession of Arms. 1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 64 Some of them [sc. our Ministers] might have been rude in speach, yet not in knowledge. 1711 J. Upton Ascham's Schoolmaster ii. 159 The Books be not many nor long, nor rude in Speech, nor mean in Matter. 1784 tr. G. B. de Mably Observ. Manners, Govt., & Policy Greeks i. 6 The Grecians..were but rude in the art of war, yet had made a considerable progress in the sciences. 1841 T. Macaulay in Museum of Foreign Lit. 42 44/1 He was altogether rude in the art of controversy. 1844 T. Macaulay in Edinb. Rev. Apr. 289/1 It [sc. the National Assembly] was no longer, as on the day when it met, altogether rude to political functions. d. Of the hand or a tool. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > inability > unskilfulness > [adjective] > inexperienced youngOE unfraisted?a1400 rudec1489 raw1534 unfleshed1542 untraded1542 fresh water?1548 unpractised1551 unexperienced1569 unacquainted1581 prenticea1586 fresh-watered1590 unsifted1604 unseen1606 unexperient1609 inexperienced1626 low water1643 inexperient1670 unproficient1794 nyoung1852 punk1907 raggedy-ass1930 c1489 J. Skelton Dethe Erle of Northumberlande l. 142 in Poet. Wks. (1843) I. 11 What nedeth me for to extoll his fame With my rude pen? 1529 T. Wolsey in Hist. MSS Comm: Cal. MSS Marquis of Salisbury (1883) I. 7 in Parl. Papers (C. 3777) XXXVI. 1 At the Loge w^t the rude hand and hevy hert of hym that ys assurydly yo^rs w^t herte and prayer. 1533 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1846) 3rd Ser. II. 276 Scribled yn hast..with the rewde honde of your owne.., John Tregonwell. 1607 G. Markham Cavelarice ii. 233 Where ignorance and a rude hand hath done hurt, there with art and cunning to amend those faults with the helpe of these instruments. 1693 J. Dryden tr. Ovid Metamorphoses i, in Examen Poeticum 35 Imperfect shapes: in Marble such are seen When the rude Chizzel does the Man begin. 1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. iii Here the rude chisel's rougher strokes I traced. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 247 Abolition and total destruction... The shallowest understanding, the rudest hand, is more than equal to that task. View more context for this quotation 1850 C. Brontë in E. Brontë Wuthering Heights Pref. p. xxiv He wrought with a rude chisel, and from no model but the vision of his meditations. 1906 B. T. A. Evetts tr. E. Babelon Man. Oriental Antiq. i. 24 The outline of the figures is timid and uncertain, the details are disproportioned, as if the rude chisel which carved them had been held in the unskilful hands of a child. 1952 H. T. Wilkins Secret Cities Old S. Amer. iii. 124 There are some sixty symbols, or hieroglyphs, written in a rustic..and naïve manner with the forefinger of a rude hand. 1992 M. Encinias et al. tr. G. P. de Villagrá Hist. Nueva México vi. 59/2 By which my rude pen, through shortcut, May succeed in so great a work. 2007 N. Clark Woman Pope iv. 41 Cleph has no use for words and uses his rude hands to win debates. e. Of a historical period. ΚΠ a1547 Earl of Surrey Poems (1964) 28 In the rude age when science was not so rife. 1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. iii. 168 So much were all these kind of inventions admired in those ruder and darker times. 1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iv. xxvi. 204 The fifteenth century was one of the most rude and illiterate ages. 1850 R. W. Mackay Progress of Intellect I. iii. 181 The genealogies of the gods are allowed to be a physical account of nature; the natural philosophy or rather belief of a rude age preserved in the form of narrative. 1903 W. Ward Probl. & Persons iii. 122 This does not mean that He cannot utilise ideas due to the imperfect knowledge of a rude age in conveying to it great truths. 1994 A. Desmond Huxley (1999) ii. xxviii. 580 Canon Liddon..did the job at St Paul's, insisting that Jesus wasn't ‘accommodating’ himself to a rude age. 4. Devoid of, or deficient in, culture or refinement; uncultured, unrefined. Also in stronger sense: uncivilized, barbarous.In some cases not clearly distinguishable from (and partly implying) sense A. 5 or A. 2. a. Of a person. Also in weaker sense: †of lowly birth, common, humble (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined boistousc1300 untheweda1325 uplandisha1387 unaffiled1390 rudea1393 knavishc1405 peoplisha1425 clubbedc1440 blunt1477 lob?1507 robust1511 borel1513 carterly1519 clubbish1530 rough?1531 rustical?1532 incondite1539 agrestc1550 rusticc1550 brute1555 lobcocka1556 loutisha1556 carterlike1561 boorish1562 ruggedc1565 lobbish1567 loutlike1567 sowish1570 clownish1581 unrefined1582 impolished1583 homespun1590 transalpinea1592 swaddish1593 unpolished1594 untutored1595 swabberly1596 tartarous1602 porterly1603 lobcocked1606 lob-like1606 cluster-fisted1611 agrestic1617 inurbane1623 unelevated1627 incult1628 unbrushed1640 vulgar1643 unhewed1644 unsmooth1648 hirsute1658 loutardly1658 unhewn1659 roughsome?c1660 sordid1668 inhumanea1680 coarse1699 brutal1709 ramgunshoch1721 tramontane1740 uncouth1740 no-nationa1756 unurbane1760 turnipy1792 rudas1802 common1804 cubbish1819 clodhopping1828 vulgarian1833 cloddish1844 unkempt1846 bush1851 vulgarish1860 rodney1866 crude1876 ignorant1886 yobby1910 nekulturny1932 oikish1959 yobbish1966 ocker1972 down and dirty1977 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. 2571 (MED) For ther be men so ruide some, Whan thei among the wommen come, Thei gon under proteccioun, That love..Ne schal noght take hem be the slieve..Hem lusteth of no ladi chiere, Bot evere thenken..Wher that here gold is in the cofre. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Wife of Bath's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1145 Al were it that myne Auncestres weren rude Yet may the hye god..Graunte me grace to lyuen vertuously. a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 8691 (MED) I am be-kome an Erde man And noon other crafft ne kan, A rud shepperde..And ha for-sake chyualre. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 146/1 He coude not conuerte the euyll, rude and wylde peple. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Aii^v My wyt is grosse, my selfe rude, & my tong very barbarouse. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 355 They..spake shamefully..of them, like to rude people without all humanitie. 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene vi. iii. sig. Bb6^v The rude Porter that no manners had, Did shut the gate against him in his face. View more context for this quotation 1609 in W. Fraser Chiefs of Grant (1883) III. 299 Ane wyld and barbarous pairt..about the quhilk thair duellis..ruid people. 1624 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 2) Democritus to Rdr. 9 I am..a loose, plaine, rude writer,..I call a spade a spade. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 113 Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear. View more context for this quotation 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron II. vii. xv. 164 If we suppose rude Mankind without the Use of Language. 1751 T. Gray Elegy iv. 6 Beneath those rugged elms..The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep. 1770 W. Baker Peregrinations Mind v. 43 The lower order of people,..as being rude and unrefined, are more to be influenced by hopes and fears. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake i. 37 'Twere strange in ruder rank to find Such looks, such manners, and such mind. 1815 M. Elphinstone Acct. Kingdom Caubul iii. iv. 427 Their dress, food, and manners, are like those of the rudest Dooraunees. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 424 When he is a rude and thoughtless schoolboy and when he is a refined and accomplished man. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Islet 10 A crew that is neither rude nor rash, But a bevy of Eroses apple-cheeked. 1865 J. Lubbock Prehist. Times iii. 60 We must now revert to still earlier times and ruder races of men. 1927 Harper's Mag. Oct. 582/2 They were rude viking-farers..worshipping heathen gods, and quite out of touch with European civilization. 1945 S. Gross tr. M. de Unamuno Perplexities & Paradoxes 141 The old man striving to use a fork and not his hands.., the youth daintily cutting his meat and peeling his peaches with studied elegance, and between them, the rude man who had made a fortune. 1995 T. Tibebu Making of Mod. Ethiopia i. i. 6 It [sc. the word zalan] has a double meaning: nomadic pastoralist, on the one hand, and rude, uncultured, uncultivated, on the other. 2001 S. Walton Out of It (2002) ii. 20 Foremost among the rude northern tribes of Thrace was an unconquered people called the Satrae. b. Of a thing, feeling, action, practice, etc. ΚΠ c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1049 Þare ware rostez full ruyde, and rewfull bredez. ?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Sii Grose folke of rude affection Dronkerdes, banysshed of trewe felyng. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV f. ccxxvi Not content with his grosse rudenesse, and rude dissimulacion. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. v. 240 The citizens are valiant, though they bee of rude behauior. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 15 The Women are Apparelled in a fashion that seems to be rude and clownish. 1746 P. Francis tr. Horace Art of Poetry 319 The tragic bard,..Though rude his mirth, yet labour'd to maintain The solemn grandeur of the tragic scene. 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe I. iii. 48 The other appointments of the mansion partook of the rude simplicity of the Saxon period. 1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth xxxviii With kind force and words of rude consolation, they almost lifted Denys on to the mule. 1911 G. Ferrero Women of Cæsars vi. 321 Poppæa Sabina..continually reproved Nero for his simple customs, his inelegant manners, and his rude tastes. 1963 N. Hampson Social Hist. French Revol. i. 6 This Court noblesse affected to despise the rude manners of the provincials. 2002 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 20 Oct. 9 No art [sc. Rococo] could be more at odds with today's taste for rude simplicity. c. Of life, conditions, a country, a society, a historical period. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective] wilda1300 bestiala1398 wilderna1400 savagine?a1439 barbaric1490 rudea1530 barbar1535 barbarous1538 pagan1550 uncivil1553 Scythical1559 raw?1573 savaged1583 incivil1586 savage1589 barbarian1591 uncivilized1607 negerous1609 mountainous1613 ruvid1632 ruvidous1632 barbarious1633 incivilizeda1645 alabandical1656 inhumanea1680 tramontane1740 semi-barbarous1798 irreclaimed1814 semi-savage1833 semiferine1854 warrigal1855 sloven1856 semi-barbaric1864 pre-civilized1876 wild and woolly1884 jungle1908 medieval1917 jungli1920 a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) ii. l. 1026 The folk were Rude off condityoune [a1500 Nero Roide of condicionys, a1550 Wemyss Off roid condicioun] and off fere. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 6 [City vice] wych al in the cuntrey & rude lyfe of them ys avoyded, by the reson that they lyfe not togydur aftur your cyvylyte. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Rusticus Rude and vplandish life in the countrey. 1613 T. Jackson Eternall Truth Script. i. 160 Præsaging that rude and sharking life, whereunto this wilde slippes progenie was ordained. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 94 This rude life our homely Fathers chose. View more context for this quotation 1769 W. Robertson View State of Europe Proofs in Hist. Charles V I. 212 Most of the American Tribes..are in a ruder and more simple state than the ancient Germans. 1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) I. iv. 257 In the New World, the state of mankind was ruder, and the aspect of Nature extremely different. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. xlix. 158 It was the design of Otho the third to abandon the ruder countries of the north. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. iv. 206 A disorderly state of the church, arising from..the rude state of manners and general ignorance of the clergy. 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby III. vii. ii. 102 Parliamentary representation was the happy device of a ruder age. 1883 Fortn. Rev. May 695 Englishmen have ceased to watch over their local interests with the jealous vigilance of ruder times. 1946 C. Connolly Condemned Playground i. 70 In the rude society of Harar, Rimbaud was still famous for his wit, his erudition, and his anecdotes. 2001 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 2 Sept. f47/1 He would have done much better at Versailles, where he could have supped for hours... Instead, he must live in ruder times and dine with people like me. 5. a. Unmannerly, uncivil, impolite; offensively or deliberately discourteous. (a) Of speech or an action. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective] rudec1400 rudishc1450 discourteous1561 uncivil1596 incivila1616 dispunct1616 indiscreet1727 impolite1739 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. l. 230 (MED) Ryght so ferde reson by þe for þi rude speche. c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 432 Ye han bigonne youre question folily... Almachie answerde..Of whennes comth thyn answeryng so rude. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1332 Þou sulde repent full rathe of þi ruyde wordez. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxvi. 225 Gerarde began to fall at rude wordes with Huon. 1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 431 Teach vs sweet Madame, for our rude transgression Some faire excuse. View more context for this quotation 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 36 Neither their murmuring nor rude speeches could make me yield the place to them. a1674 J. Milton To Cromwell in Lett. State (1694) p. xlv Through a Croud, Not of War only, but distractions rude. 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 109. ⁋5 He..never said a rude thing in his Life. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1787) II. xix. 135 The profound respect..was insensibly changed into rude familiarity. 1833 J. Hall Soldier's Bride 88 If my feelings should not be assailed by rude remarks, they would be equally galled by supercilious looks and silent suspicions. 1847 L. H. Kerr tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Servia 330 The haughty insolence of the Ottomans displayed itself in the rudest and most offensive conduct. 1903 H. V. Esmond When we were Twenty-one i. 18 Ye won't make a single rude remark about the gradual disappearance of the hair on the top of my head. 1954 J. Griffin tr. J. Giono Horseman on Roof xiii. 400 Your interruption has already saved me from two or three rude words I had on the tip of my tongue. 1992 R. Kenan Let Dead bury their Dead v. 101 Phil furiously pushes me to his brothers: they jostle me about, making rude comments about my size, manhood, and intelligence. 2008 S. Schnurr et al. in D. Bousfield & M. A. Locher Impoliteness in Lang. iv. ix. 216 The various working groups..differ significantly in the ways in which members interact with each other,..in particular in respect to what is considered as impolite and rude behaviour. (b) Of a person. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adjective] > specifically of persons unhendc1275 uncourteous1303 rudec1425 bardish1641 unpolite1693 gobby1843 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 1337 (MED) Þei wern so rude to staren and to gase..Þis townysche folk do so comownly. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) 436 Nychtbour men..wer so rude for malice and invie. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 938 ‘I rek nocht of thy riches..,’ Said the rude Saraȝine in Ryall array. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. ii. 263 Why are you growne so rude ? View more context for this quotation 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 197 He..did..call me backe, and surely would have been rude with me, had I not gone up faster than he could follow me. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 277 These Slaves have power to beat the Turks if they are rude and insolent in their Taverns. 1718 Free-thinker No. 57. 2 I..hope you will not think me Rude in what follows. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1778 II. 216 Johnson: We have done with civility. We are to be as rude as we please. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xviii. 228 The crowd of rustics who had been rude to James when he was stopped at Sheerness. 1891 ‘J. S. Winter’ Lumley xii. 88 ‘We haven't found Blackwood rude at all,’ said Vere. 1930 M. Kennedy Fool of Family xv. 147 ‘How spikey you are!’ protested Fenella mildly. ‘Oh, yes. Keep your temper when I'm rude. You would.’ 1968 D. Moraes My Son's Father v. 92 I was the apple of her eye, and my very presence in the flat, even when I wouldn't speak to her or was rude, made her happy. 2004 House & Garden Aug. 118/1 Occasionally, I meet rude, rebarbative wretches who happen to have exquisite taste. b. Chiefly British. Considered improper or offensive through reference to a taboo subject, as sexual intercourse, defecation, etc.; indecent, smutty, lewd. Cf. dirty adj. 2a. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > moral or spiritual impurity > indecency > [adjective] > lewd, bawdy, or obscene lewdc1386 filthy?c1400 knavishc1405 sensual?a1425 ribaldousc1440 dishonestc1450 bawdya1513 ribald?a1513 ribaldious?1518 slovenly?1518 ribaldry1519 priapish1531 ribaldish?1533 filthous1551 ribaldly1570 obscene1571 bawdisha1586 obscenous1591 greasy1598 dirty1599 fulsome1600 spurcitious1658 lasciviating1660 smutty1668 bawdry1764 ribaldric1796 un-Quakerlike1824 fat1836 ithyphallic1856 hot1892 rorty1898 rude1919 bitchy1928 feelthy1930 raunchy1943 ranchy1959 down and dirty1969 steamy1970 sleazo1972 1919 W. M. Gallichan Text-bk. Sex Educ. iv. ii. 203 The little girl..absorbs, in the innermost parts of her mind, the idea that this or that is a ‘rude’ topic, or a ‘naughty’ one. 1961 H. S. Turner Something Extraordinary ii. 27 Rude verses, under the counter pin-ups and obscene novelties. 1979 A. Carter Bloody Chamber 107 He made salads of the dandelion that he calls rude names, ‘bum-pipes’ or ‘piss-the-beds’. 1981 H. Jolly Bk. Child Care (new ed.) xxxiii. 312 Knowing what naked people look like..should be something that happens naturally. A child is then far less likely to become obsessed with ‘rude’ pictures. 1995 Home & School Feb. 26/1 Graham knew all the dirty songs going around the Grade 1 class at his school and giggled fiendishly at every rude joke. 2002 L. Purves Radio (2003) viii. 120 The heady experience of getting four rude words on the BBC in one sentence. 6. a. Chiefly of the sea, winds, and seasons: turbulent, violent, boisterous, rough. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [adjective] > rough woodc900 drofc1000 bremea1300 scaldinga1300 sharp1377 wrothc1400 welteringc1420 rude?a1439 wawishc1450 wallya1522 robustuousa1544 troublesome1560 turbulent1573 boisterous?1594 lofty1600 enridged1608 hollow1705 ugly1744 testy1833 topping1857 seething1871 troughy1877 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy reigheOE stormya1200 wilda1250 troublec1374 rougha1400 stormishc1430 rude?a1439 boistous1470 troublous1482 wair?a1500 tempestuous1509 blusterous1548 rugged1549 stormful1558 troublesome1560 turbulent1573 ruggy1577 rufflered1582 oragious?1590 boisterous?1594 broily1594 unruly1594 procellousa1629 gurly1718 coarse1774 ugly1844 a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) iii. l. 2477 Ther shippis drownyd among the wawes rude. c1450 (?a1370) Wynnere & Wastoure (1990) l. 42 So ruyde were þe roughe stremys and raughten so heghe That it was neghande nyghte or I nappe myghte For dyn of the depe watir. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5595 (MED) Þan ridis he to a Reuere, a ruyde & a hoge. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxv. 135 b These men of armes..came to the ryuer of Marke, the whiche is rude and depe. ?1590–1 J. Burel Passage of Pilgremer i, in Poems sig. O2 The Wyldbeists crap doun quietlie, The wedder was so rud. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (2nd issue) iii. i. 20 In cradle of the rude imperious surge. View more context for this quotation 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xvi. 30 You are not worth the dust which the rude wind Blowes in your face. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 1074 The Clouds..pusht with Winds rude in thir shock. View more context for this quotation a1771 T. Gray Imit. Propertius in Wks. (1814) II. 86 How the rude surge its sandy bounds control. 1775 R. B. Sheridan Rivals ii. i If the wind be keen, some rude blast may have affected her! 1807 J. Barlow Columbiad i. 34 Rude thunders rake the crags. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. ix. 267 Again, before long, the rude weather has driven him Southward. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 179 A rough rude space of flowing water. 1903 C. H. Hawes In Uttermost East xii. 218 Sheltered from the rude blasts and the cold current of the Okhotsk Sea, the banks were rich in flowers and rushes. 1940 H. Spring Fame is Spur ii. xi. 288 I was condemned to live in a shack, a hovel, with rude winds whistling in at the door. 2003 U.S. News & World Rep. 2 June 35/3 The Little Ice Age, from the 16th century to the 19th century, when both Europe and the United States endured many a rude winter. b. Involving hardships or discomfort. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > full of hardship hardOE soreOE starkOE difficult1562 flinty1613 rugged1663 rough1709 rude1735 tough1890 1735 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. V. 181 The rude fatigues they had suffered during the storm. 1741 W. Shenstone Judgm. Hercules 30 The rude Voyage less depriv'd than eas'd; More tir'd than pain'd, and weaken'd than diseas'd. 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles i. xxv. 33 For, to ourselves, the deck's rude plank Is easy as the mossy bank. 1820 P. B. Shelley Death iv. 3 Such is our rude mortal lot. 1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth xxxix Rude travel is enticing to us English. 1900 A. B. F. Young Relief of Mafeking iii. xii. 103 There was something impressive in the accident: the old book stoutly reminding the chance passer-by that present evil cannot affect the ultimate good, promising amid rude circumstances a time of quietness. 1945 G. W. Young in E. Shipton Upon that Mountain Foreword 7 A schism between the Shipton and the Tilman schools—whether a second shirt is or is not a superfluity for a three months' rude travel. 1992 W. H. Bartsch Doomed at Start iii. xiii. 156 Sleeping there under rude conditions, they were..being rained on almost every night. 2008 T. Stoner Comfort of Our Kind 61 It had been a rude journey leading to this helpless pain. 7. Of health: robust, vigorous. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > [adjective] > of health: good rude1614 1614 in Lett. & State Papers Reign James VI (1838) 268 I am now na chikkin, drawing to three score; was neiuer werye ruide nor strong. 1662 A. Cokayne Trag. Ovid iii. i. 52 Health dares not be so rude as to forsake her. 1707 C. Cibber Double Gallant i. 5 She has her Physick for every hour of the Day and Night—for 'tis vulgar, she says, to be a moment in Rude perfect Health. 1792 in Ld. Auckland's Corr. (1861) II. 461 I flatter myself you are restored to rude health. 1839 L. C. Tuthill Young Lady's Home xii. 86 It has been thought vulgar to possess health—rude health. 1871 C. Kingsley At Last I. ii. 51 Health, ‘rude’ in every sense of the word, is the mark of the Negro woman. 1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 67 Frank rude health glowed in her face, on her fat red cheeks and in her unabashed blue eyes. 1952 Life 25 Aug. 122/2 I reassured him that the senator was in rude health, but that being a senator it was almost compulsory for him to sound like the Book of Job. 1996 Times 7 Feb. 9/1 The professor, a linguist, believes that English, far from being sick, is in rude good health. 2009 G. M. Malliet Death & Lit Chick iii. 242 The contrast with Portia could hardly have been greater—Portia with her clear eyes and skin, indicators of rude health—and of a clear conscience? II. Senses relating to reaction. 8. Unpleasant to hear; discordant, harsh, unmusical. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective] hardOE rudea1375 stern1390 rougha1400 discordanta1425 stoutc1440 hoarse1513 harsh1530 raughtish1567 rugged1567 dissonant1573 harshy1582 jarry1582 immelodious1601 cragged1605 raggeda1616 unmusicala1616 absonousa1620 unharmoniousa1634 inharmonical1683 unharmonic1694 inharmonious1715 craggy1774 pebbly1793 reedy1795 iron1807 dry1819 inharmonic1828 asperated1835 sawing1851 shrewd1876 coarse1879 callithumpian1886 dissonantal1946 ear-bending1946 sandpaper1953 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1851 (MED) Þe werwolf..went to him euene, wiþ a rude roring as he him rende wold. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) v. l. 180 So hard thai blaw rude hornys wpon hycht. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 45 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 96 Rolpit reuthfully roth in a rude rane. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 56 So rude ane reird Wes neuir hard with no man in this erd. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. i. 89 Peace you vngracious clamors, peace rude sounds. View more context for this quotation 1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride i. i. 9 There's not a Slave..But should have..shook his Chains in Transport, and rude Harmony. 1746 P. Francis tr. Horace Art of Poetry 484 We laugh at him who constant brings The same rude discord from the jarring strings. 1757 W. Wilkie Epigoniad iv. 91 His rude voice like thunder shakes the shore. 1823 W. Scott Peveril I. iv. 122 This man's rude and clamorous grief. 1843 J. G. Whittier To J. P. 15 Even thy song Hath a rude martial tone, a blow in every thought. 1902 tr. M. Gorky Twenty-six & One 66 Twelve strokes of a bell, sonorous and measured, rang out. When the last one had died away upon the air, the rude tones of labor were already half softened. 1971 D. Wells & S. Dance Night People x. 138 You have to go through the first stage, where it's a ruder sound. To me, that also sounds good, more ‘jungle’. 2009 Time Out N.Y. 1 Jan. 78/3 Jodorowsky's psycho-Western rings out with rude noises: lots of raucous ‘evil guy’ laughter, bizarre lines of growled dialogue..and that fakey bullet-ricochet sound from all the Leone movies. 9. Unpleasant to smell; pungent, acrid. Also figurative. ΚΠ 1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 258 That no rude savour maritime invade The nose of nice nobility. 1883 M. Adams Honorable Surrender xv. 254 She desired of the earth, not the rude odor of the soil, but the delicate, conventional perfume of violets. 1933 Carnegie Mag. Sept. 125/2 On the invisible walls of international division between Great Britain and the United States there has always been the alluring scent of roses, and never the rude smell of gunpowder. 1952 J. Stafford in Sewanee Rev. Summer 474 There was Cousin Augusta's offering of freesias,..their fragrance angelically struggling against the rude smells. 2003 A.-M. MacDonald Way Crow Flies 787 The congenial whiff of cowpies, the rude aroma of pigs and the fierce smell of chickens. III. Senses relating to state or form. 10. a. Of a natural product: unprocessed, untreated, unrefined, raw. In early use also: †made recently or of unripe ingredients (obsolete). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > [adjective] rough1364 rudec1384 crudec1386 rawa1398 unwroughtc1400 unwerkedc1430 uncured1622 unmanufactured1644 unworked1730 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark ii. 21 No man seweth a pacche of rude [L. rudis], or newe, clothe to an old clothe. c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 93 (MED) Þer is tuo manerez of oile roset, complete and rude; Complete is made of ripe oile and of ful rosez ripe; Rude is made of vnripe oile and of rosez þat haþe [not] fully opned þair buddez. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. x. f. 9^v I my selfe sawe a masse of rude [L. rudem] goulde, (that is to say, such as was neuer molten). 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. 5 Great heapes of gold that never could be spent; Of which some were rude owre..others were new driven, and distent Into great Ingowes and to wedges square. 1610 Bible (Douay) II. Ecclus. xl. 4 Euen to him, that is couered with rude linen [L. lino crudo]. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy Democritus to Rdr. 54 Let him..suffer no rude matter vnwrought, as Tinne, Iron,..To bee transported out of his country. 1656 A. Cowley Davideis ii. 47 in Poems How is the Loadstone, Natures subtle pride, By the rude Iron woo'd, and made a Bride? 1742 tr. E. Odhelstierna in Acta Germanica I. 98 A pure pellucid ore like a carbuncle, and taken for rude red silver. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. ii. v. 437 Either the rude or manufactured produce. View more context for this quotation 1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 58 The production of metals from rude ores. 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby II. iv. ii. 8 The cotton..in its rude state. 1896 G. Eyre-Todd Sc. Poetry 18th Cent. II. 172 No poet, excepting Shakespeare, ever proved himself so capable of transmuting the rude ore of earlier suggestion into the fine gold of immortal song. 2002 E. Jameson in K. N. Owens Riches for All ix. 208 Older women hammered rude ore with stone mallets. b. Unformed; unfinished; not given shape, order, or regularity. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > completing > non-completion > [adjective] incompletec1380 rudea1387 imperfecta1398 occasionala1398 unperfecta1398 unperfecteda1513 uncompleted1513 imperfected1552 unfinished1553 unconsummate1609 half-baked1627 illaborate1631 inconsummatea1641 uncrowned1743 stickit1784 unconsummated1813 incompleted1836 behindhand1853 the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > absence of arrangement > [adjective] unarrayedc1340 rudea1387 unordereda1500 unset1629 indisposed1692 unarranged1791 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 411 (MED) He..ordeyned hym a successour..ffor þe staat of holy chirche in Engelond, þat was ȝit ruyde and boistous, schulde nouȝt flecche. 1567 A. Golding in tr. Ovid Metamorphosis (new ed.) Ep. Ded. sig. b.j^v That shapeless, rude, and pestred heape which Chaos he dooth call. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 27 You are borne To set a forme vpon that indigest Which he hath left so shapelesse, and so rude . View more context for this quotation 1631 D. Widdowes tr. W. A. Scribonius Nat. Philos. (new ed.) 57 Spirits having roote in the heart, be either absolute or rude, and to be finished in other parts. 1693 J. Ray Three Physico-theol. Disc. (ed. 2) i. i. 3 A rude and inordinate heap. 1706 N. Rowe Ulysses iii. i So Jove look'd down upon the War of Atoms And rude tumultuous Chaos. 1777 R. Trewman Princ. Free-masonry Delineated 218 'Ere God the Universe began, In one rude Heap all Matter lay. 1816 G. S. Faber Origin Pagan Idolatry I. i. ii.152 The earth was as yet a rude chaotic mass, dark, confused, and shapeless. 1883 Harper's Mag. Dec. 103/2 The fishes known as stone-toters, or sucker, are so named from their habit of piling up pebbles into rude mounds. 1951 R. Deferrari tr. Hugh of St. Victor On Sacraments i. 78 Spiritual nature..was made in its own nature and being, perfect in so far as pertains to spiritual substance, not as a lump or confused matter, or a rude mass or heap, or gathered accumulation. 2001 D. Westbrook Wordsworth's Biblical Ghosts 224 The sort of ‘adamantine’, impenetrable, stony permanence that the narrator..appropriates to himself in the rude heap of Michael's text. c. Having a rough surface. Especially of stone: left in a natural rough state; undressed. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] unevenc1275 rudea1393 craggeda1400 knaggedc1430 raggedc1450 raggy1483 cocklya1529 rugged1528 knaggy1552 unlevel?a1560 craggy1568 scraggy1574 balkish1577 cockling1582 cockled1600 unequal1613 salebrous1633 scragged1641 inequal1661 unevenly1683 hummocky1767 snaggly1794 snaggy1806 hobblya1825 shreddy1835 scraggly1869 bobbly1909 pebbly1923 snaggled1938 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [adjective] > dressed or hewn > not rudea1393 self-faced1826 undressed1846 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3709 (MED) It hield all eggetol withoute, He was so ruide and hard of skin. a1400 (?c1280) Nativity Mary & Christ (Stowe) (1975) l. 390 (MED) Hire honden bycomen stif and ded, as it were a reud bord. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. 773 This votiue altar also of a rude stone was erected for the happy health of the Emperour Gordian the Third. a1646 J. Burroughes Saints Treasury (1654) 27 Shall we have an Altar of rude stone? Shall we not polish and make it fine and sumptuous? 1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire x. 339 The Northern Nations usually erected such Cirques of rude Stones for the Election of their Kings. 1723 H. Rowlands Mona Antiqua Restaurata i. 52 We have also long pitch'd Stones, or great rude Columns, standing sometimes singly, sometimes many together. 1800 W. Wordsworth Hart-leap Well i. 83 Three pillars of rude stone Sir Walter reared. 1863 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Church I. iii. 59 There were rude stones at Delphi..anterior to any temple. 1878 C. Stanford Symbols Christ (new ed.) i. 3 Conscious of such a spell upon our spirits at the sight of the rudest stone, the simplest mound. 1923 A. E. Richardson in R. Dircks Sir C. Wren 139 The walls externally, with the exception of the north front, which is of rude stone, presented..horizontal lines of brickwork. 1997 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times (Nexis) 21 Dec. d6 The terraced front of the Paine house in Waltham, Mass., is constructed from the same rude stone found in the landscape around it. 11. Of language, composition, etc.: lacking in elegance or polish; deficient in literary merit. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] wanmola1325 rudea1393 lewdc1425 rustyc1425 unpolisheda1450 roidc1485 inelegant1509 gross1513 rough?1520 barbarous1526 ineloquent1532 inconcinnate1534 crabby1550 crabbed1561 uneloquent1565 unelegant1570 unkempt1579 unfiled1590 illiterate1598 unconceived1599 aliterate1624 incompta1628 scabbed1630 uncombed1633 uncompt1633 uncouth1694 coarse1699 slatternly1783 crude1786 warty1822 stumbling1859 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 3122 (MED) Y have do my trewe peyne With rude wordis and with pleyne..This bok to write as y behighte. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 9585 (MED) I rek noght, þogh þe ryme be rude, If þe maters þar-of be gude. c1450 tr. G. Boccaccio De Claris Mulieribus (1924) 214 (MED) To Bochace..will I spedily Conuerte my style rude, without coloure Of rethoryke. 1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 112 My copye whiche was in dutche, and by me william Caxton translated in to this rude and symple englyssh. 1551 R. Robinson in tr. T. More Vtopia Epist. sig. ✠ iiii^v Rude, & vnlearned speche defaceth and disgraceth a very good matter. 1572 L. Mascall Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees Ep. Ded. sig. A.iiij To commende this my simple and rude worke vnto your Lordship. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 314 Rude verses in an old and overworne character. a1696 M. Mackail in W. Macfarlane Geogr. Coll. Scotl. (1908) III. 1 It is very probable that the inhabitants of the Orcades of old did only speak Noords or rude Danish; but now..all speak the Scots language. a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 15 Only from this rude tradition. 1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music §5. 50 The oldest Compositions among the Arabs are in Rythm or rude Verse. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vii. 225 His rude oratory roused and melted hearers who listened without interest to the laboured discourses of great logicians and Hebraists. 1861 A. P. Stanley Lect. Eastern Church (1869) viii. 271 The Apostles used freely a rude version of the Old Testament. 1922 A. F. G. Bell Portuguese Lit. iii. 189 He consoles himself, if not his reader, with the sincere conviction that his rude verse cannot detract from the greatness of the deeds which he describes. 1996 P. Blank Broken Eng. iv. 108 At once the rude dialect of ploughmen and an ancestral English, the northern dialect was prosecuted as provincial and defended as the wellspring of the national language. 12. Of inferior quality; not luxurious; basic in standard; coarse; unsophisticated. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > specifically of persons boistousc1300 rudec1405 blunt1477 rustyc1485 rough?1531 sillya1547 ruggedc1565 unrefined1582 unpolished1594 unfashioned1606 inurbane1623 incult1628 ungenteel1633 roughsome?c1660 unpolite1674 inelegant1735 untutored1751 unrarefied1835 c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1012 Right noght was she abayst of hir clothyng Thogh it were rude and somdel eek to rent. a1450–1500 ( Libel Eng. Policy (1926) l. 269 (MED) The Scottes bene chargede..Out of Flaundres wyth lytyll mercerye..And halfe here shippes wyth carte whelys bare..Thus moste rude ware be in here chevesaunce. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 283 The knychtis..delytit thame nocht..jn delicious metis na drinkis, bot jn rude bef and bacoun. a1500 Bernardus de Cura (1870) 83 Geffe þame enwcht of drynk and metis rude Quhilk may suffice to seruandis and þer fude. c1525 Rule St. Francis (Faust.) in J. S. Brewer & R. Howlett Monumenta Franciscana (1858) I. 576 (MED) Ther corde shalbe vyle and rewde, alle curiusnes put awaye. c1598 King James VI & I Basilicon Doron (1944) I. 166 Use maiste to eate of reasonable rude & commoune meatis. 1700 J. Dryden tr. G. Boccaccio Cymon & Iphigenia in Fables 544 Rude Work well suted with a rustick Mind. 1770 T. Percy tr. P. H. Mallet Northern Antiq. I. Pref. p. x They..either went naked, or threw a rude skin over their shoulders. 1831 W. Scott Castle Dangerous i, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. III. 219 Their wants, with a very few exceptions, were completely supplied..by the rude and scanty produce of their..mountains and holms. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 332 The other section was destined to ruder and humbler service. 1928 R. Wright Forgotten Ladies i. 14 Here is the story of a Princess whose rude garments were actually turned to rich damask. 1933 W. Hatfield Desert Saga 4 The women's nardoo stones tap-tap-tapped all day grinding to rude flour the gravelly imperishable mulga seeds. 1987 V. Gornick Fierce Attachments 139 Before, we had always put the rude meals we ate on the table together. 2004 S. Zettel In Camelot's Shadow (2009) xvii. 238 He finally managed to make a small and smokey blaze by which to eat a rude meal of bread and smoked fish. 13. Of natural scenery or objects: rugged, rough; uncultivated, wild. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > [adjective] > scenic > wild savagec1330 unbenec1400 rudec1405 scragged1519 austere?1580 stark1799 stern1812 c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Manciple's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 66 Yet hath this bryd..Leuere in a Forest þ^t is rude and cold Gon ete wormes. a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 12^v Cauea, an hol place or a rowde caue. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. vii. 50 Ane ald feld onprofitabill and rude. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 14 That Ryall raid ouir the rude mure. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball 127 The first kinde of Veruayne groweth in rude places, about hedges, walles, wayes, streates and diches. a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. iv. 64 Thy pallat the[n] did daine The roughest Berry, on the rudest Hedge. View more context for this quotation 1637 J. Milton Comus 13 Where may she wander now, whether betake her From the chill dew, amongst rude burs and thistles? 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters ii. 95 In the middle of an open, rude common..stands a spring. 1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams III. v. 80 I arrived at the termination of this ruder scene, and reached that part of the county which is inclosed and cultivated. 1817 P. B. Shelley Mont Blanc iii, in Hist. Six Weeks' Tour 179 How hideously Its shapes are heaped around! rude, bare, and high, Ghastly, and scarred, and riven. 1867 M. E. Herbert Cradle Lands iii. 79 The rude rock remains uncovered. 1909 F. G. Allinson Greek Lands & Lett. xi. 220 Mountains and rivers, rude valleys and hostile villages offered no obstacles. 1962 H. H. Hoeltje Inward Sky v. 156 He bathed in a wild highland rivulet which brawled and tumbled and eddied through its rock-strewn bed in a rude forest. 1997 N.Y. Mag. 22 Dec. 108/3 I was certain the ailanthus thickets would grow into woods and spread out in the asphalt and take over. It was a rude place, untaming itself by degrees. 2005 K. L. Riley Lockport ii. 29 (heading) Opportunity beckons: a rude landscape transformed. 14. a. Having a rough, inelegant, or rugged form. In early use also: †large or strong but clumsy or unattractive (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > [adjective] > coarse or rough rudec1440 crabbed1603 rougha1616 undeliciousa1618 strong1713 coarsishc1817 Gamp-like1844 c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 1096 (MED) Bullenekkyde was þat bierne..Ruyd armes as an ake with rusclede sydes. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) l. 2476 (MED) The Elefante, for she is grete and Rude, Goith with voole yeris fulli tweyne. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 794 Vpon ane rude Runsy he ruschit out of toun. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 262 'Tis not..your old-fac'd walles, Can hide you..Though all these English..Were harbour'd in their rude circumference. View more context for this quotation a1771 T. Gray Ess. I in W. Mason Mem. Life & Writings (1775) 195 How rude soe'er th' exteriour form we find. 1772 W. Jones tr. Petrarch in Poems 91 Steep arching rocks..Form her rude diadem, and native throne. 1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 233 Petals 4, rude, upright, blunt. a1807 W. Wordsworth Prelude (1959) xii. 466 How oft high service is perform'd within, When all the external man is rude in shew. 1899 O. Seaman In Cap & Bells (1900) 87 Not that I wear, like Bergerac, A nose of rather rude dimensions. 1930 ‘J. Taine’ Iron Star xix. 339 When I first knew him he was not unhandsome, with a rude, rugged attractiveness. 1990 N. A. Mallory El Greco to Murillo v. 103 The rude features of the saint, also rendered with incomparable pictorial skill, are those of a fisherman or stevedore. b. Constructed in a rudimentary or makeshift way; imperfect in design or execution. In early use also: †strong but roughly made (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude > roughly formed or made rude1488 rough-hewn1530 rough1561 rough-hewed1563 roughcast1588 rough-wrought?1665 rough and tumble1855 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 115 Speris rud and lang. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xciii. 300 Huons spere was bygge & rude. 1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell sig. E3^v/2 Caron w^t his berde hore That rowyth w^t a rude ore. 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. vi. 264 But soone as he began to lay about With his rude yron flaile, they gan to flie. View more context for this quotation 1612 S. Sturtevant Metallica ii. 38 Rude-ware are such sort of Press-ware, which after they are pressed and moulded, require no further ornament; as Prest-pipes, Prest-tiles, Prest-brickes, Prest-stones. 1645 J. Milton On Christ's Nativity: Hymn i, in Poems 2 The Heav'n-born-childe, All meanly wrapt in the rude manger lies. 1657 G. G. D'Ouvilly False Favourit Disgrac'd iv. 80 No bold-hand, Mannaging the rude sword, dare disobey Its brave Commanders noble charge. 1715 A. Pope Temple of Fame 16 There, on rude Iron Columns..The horrid Forms of Scythian Heroes stood. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. x. 415 The masts, sails, and rigging of these vessels are ruder than the built. 1814 W. Scott Diary 10 Aug. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. iv. 174 It is easy to descend into it by a rude path. 1843 G. Borrow Bible in Spain II. vi. 101 We saw others in the fields handling their rude ploughs. 1879 J. Lubbock Sci. Lect. v. 155 It is an error to suppose that the rudest flint implements are necessarily the oldest. 1906 Cosmopolitan Nov. 62/1 The general traverses the rude forest roads, difficult with November's mud and slush. 1929 M. W. Beckwith Black Roadways 27 Earthen bowls, hand turned and covered with a rude glaze, are always to be had in the Kingston market. 1958 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples IV. viii Here in the new lands of the West any man with an axe and a rifle could carve for himself a rude frontier home. 2002 Backwoods Home Mag. Nov.–Dec. 37/1 Cut or break branches from brush and trees to make an emergency ‘wikiup’, or rude shelter. †15. Large in amount. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] mickleeOE wideOE largec1300 greata1325 muchc1330 mightyc1390 millionc1390 dreicha1400 rudea1450 massive1581 massy1588 heavy1728 magnitudinous1777 powerful1800 almighty1824 tall1842 hefty1930 honking1943 mondo1968 a1450 York Plays (1885) 277 Sir Pilate..and þou, With nede schalle ye namely be noyed... Youre richesse schal be refte you þat is rude. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) x. l. 812 Thai lugyt thar; At rud costis to spend thai wald nocht spar. 1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS f. 263^v Ane stane of woll thay mak with coistis ruid. 16. a. Inexact; roughly accurate or correct. Also: preliminary. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > inaccuracy, inexactness > [adjective] untruec1220 unrighta1393 amissa1398 unproperc1400 rudec1475 bada1522 haltinga1533 unjust1554 rustical1660 unaccurate1660 inaccurate1665 unprecise1742 unexact1758 imprecise1805 inexact1828 ungrammatical1843 bum1896 dot and carry one1900 seat-of-the-pants1935 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped > rough or rude > roughly accurate rudec1475 c1475 tr. A. Chartier Quadrilogue (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1974) 137 He that is infinite..settith in a meene, bigynnynge and ending in all His werkes vnder the celestiall meeuing, and by oo rude ensaumple, as the potter by the compace of oon molde makith diuers pottes of different bignesse. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) x. Prol. 83 Thus rude exemplys and figuris may we geif; Thocht, God by hys awin creaturis to preif, War mair onlikness than liknes to discern. 1659 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. 58 This way is a little too rude for guessing at Stars elevated but few degrees, or for Stars distant but few degrees from one another. 1673 M. Hale Ess. Fluid Bodies ix. 82 By this rude Experiment it seems the Column of four Foot of water, gravitated no more than one Foot of water. 1709 J. Walkinshaw Let. to Sir R. Sibbald 69 The Doctor's Reasoning holds as well in the Conoid as in the Sphæroid, and any rude Approximation was enough to his Purpose. 1793 A. Brown Serm. Dangers & Duties of Seafaring Life 19 Some rude guesses have been made with regard to the length of their life. 1843 H. Rogers in Edinb. Rev. Apr. 422 A rude metaphorical or analogical approximation to exact expression. 1882 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 601/1 Fig. 27 shows in a rude way the absorption by cobalt glass cut in wedge form, and corrected by an equal prism of clear glass. 1918 H. B. Irving Bk. Remarkable Criminals 214 This rude estimate of Holmes' veracity was..in some degree confirmed. 1997 Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Nexis) 16 May 22 Painted in rude approximation of abstract expressionist flourishes, they hang on the wall but refuse to cling to it. b. Of a drawing, draft, etc.: rough, imperfect; not very accurate or finished. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective] > in specific way: defective or faulty > crude or undeveloped rawa1398 rude1517 society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [adjective] > drawn roughly rude1517 rough-drawn1625 1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xiv. 57 So shall theyr maters appere more pleasaunt Bysyde my draughtes rude and ygnoraunt. 1577 B. Googe in tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry Pref. p. ii I thought it good to send you here..a rude draught of the order. 1667 J. Glanvill Philos. Considerations Witches 36 Those seemingly rude lines and scrawls which he intends for the rudiments of a Picture. 1679 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation: 1st Pt. ii. 52 The King wrote to the Pope. A rude draught of it remains under the Cardinal's hand. 1746 P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace Satires ii. vii. 110 Some rude design In crayons or in charcoal. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. iii. 140 The memorandums and rude sketches of the Master and Surgeon, who were not..the ablest draughts-men. 1888 Poor Nellie 176 People would often recognize the whereabouts of her rough rude sketches. 1890 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxv He held a pen..with which he had been scribbling in a rude school-boy hand. 1926 G. B. Cutten Threat of Leisure i. 2 It was during his respite from forced labor that primitive man..began his first rude drawings upon the walls of his cave. 1939 Speculum 14 477 A rude sketch of England..and a beautiful coloured itinerary for the information of pilgrims to the Holy Land, have been ascribed to him. 1965 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 85 147 The rude drawing seems clearly to show a naked male figure with double ruffles rising by his shoulders. 2002 A. Proulx That Old Ace in Hole xxiii. 243 It would have been a laughable scene to a disinterested looker-on, if I may judge from the effect a rude sketch produced on an untutored Indian. 17. Of an undeveloped or primitive character; rudimentary. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > unpreparedness > [adjective] > unready or immature green?a1300 rawa1398 indigest1398 unmatured?a1425 unripea1500 unseasonable1515 unbuilded1519 inchoate1534 unripened1561 uncivil1572 unmellowed1573 unmanured1577 unblown1587 ungrown1593 unpolished1594 rudimental1597 rude1600 unsalted1602 unseasoned1602 unlicked1612 embryon1613 unbakeda1616 unbloweda1616 unfledged1615 unmellow1615 sappya1627 embryous1628 unconcocteda1631 unkneaded1633 immature1635 sucking1648 vacuous1651 embryo1659 unelaborate1663 unmature1673 unformed1689 undeveloped1736 infantile1772 uncultivated1796 unelaborated1817 fetal1820 embryotic1823 embryonic1825 embryonary1833 sophomoric1837 seedling1843 rudimentary1851 unwrought1869 juvenescent1875 vealy1890 under-developed1892 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. iii. 146 Other games there are also, but very rude. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 391 With such Gardning Tools as Art yet rude, Guiltless of fire had formd. View more context for this quotation 1728 R. Morris Ess. Anc. Archit. p. ix Ghiberto..brought Architecture from that rude Gothick manner. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall V. l. 203 In the rude idolatry of the Arabs. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 983 This very rude and dangerous mode of exploding the inflammable gas, is still practised in a few mines. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 386 A rude and imperfect establishment of posts for the conveyance of letters had been set up by Charles the First. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 21 He has traced the growth of states from their rude beginning in a philosophical spirit. 1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xv. 438 Owing to the rude processes of manufacture usually employed to separate the fecula, it is seldom that more than fifteen per cent. is obtained. 1993 J. C. Chasteen tr. T. H. Donghi Contemp. Hist. Lat. Amer. (1996) i. 24 Maintaining this rude system of internal communications was a costly victory, however, in both economic and human terms. B. adv. In a rude manner; rudely. Now regional and nonstandard. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > [adverb] unhendlya1225 uncourteously1338 rudelyc1405 rudec1460 roidlyc1480 homely1563 discourteously1572 uncivilly1577 indiscreetly1637 unhandsomely1662 incivilly1671 unpolitely1695 impolitely1736 incourteously1859 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adverb] > roughly or violently unbesorrowlya1225 foulc1275 rowc1325 boistouslyc1386 rabbishlya1387 renishlyc1400 boistlyc1460 rudec1460 harshlyc1480 boisterly1520 roughly1560 rapfully1582 boisterouslya1586 thuggishly1887 c1460 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Northumberland) (1940) l. 734 Rude [c1405 Hengwrt Who so shal telle a tale after a man He moot reherce..Euerich a word..Al speke he neuer so rudeliche and large]. a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 3257 Then to the abbot..hath Gaffray spokyn rude and bustesly. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 623 The haire of men grew rude, and in length like womens. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) iii. ii. 336 In this case you shall by no meanes bestow them into the earth thus rude and carelesly. 1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 315 Caledon..swoor fu' rude..To mak it guid in law, man. 1795 J. Woodforde Diary 8 Sept. (1929) IV. 226 Jane behaved quite rude this Evening. 1824 J. D. Cochrane Narr. Pedestrian Journey through Russia (ed. 2) I. vii. 204 The most common of their nation will enter a Russian dwelling, behave rude and churlish,..and ultimately quit without the slightest thanks, acknowledgment, or appearance of feeling. 1860 S. Brooks Gordian Knot xliv. 327 I did not deserve it, for I spoke very rude to you. 1885 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 99 But ah, but O thou terrible, why wouldst thou rude on me Thy wring-world right foot rock? 1921 Photoplay July 96/3 ‘I apologize’, sez he, ‘if I acted rude.’ 1988 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 20 Jan. b7 They play too rough and rude and make the Arabs feel like second-class citizens. 2008 B. S. Beh My Life as Boy in Jamaica 109 Donna started to behave rude on the street. Compounds C1. a. Forming adjectives with past participles, as rude-carved, rude-fashioned, rude-growing, rude-made, rude-ripened, rude-rounded, rude-spun, etc. ΚΠ 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus ii. iii. 199 What subtill hole is this, Whose mouth is couered with rude growing briers. View more context for this quotation 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. i. sig. C4^v The couetous hunger..for a rude-spun cloake. View more context for this quotation 1689 tr. Martial Sel. Epigrams viii. 136 Ev'ry course Rude-spun Idea. 1796 T. Townshend Poems 23 Down the foaming rude-wash'd hills. 1797 R. Southey Joan of Arc iv A massy stone And rude-ensculptured effigy. 1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II i. xxi. 18 Mark many rude-carv'd crosses near the path. 1840 C. Norton Dream 196 Lift some poor wounded wretch..Forth in some rude-made litter. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. at Skew A rude-fashioned boat. 1877 W. Black Green Pastures & Piccadilly II. x. 145 The rude-spoken German ex-lieutenant. a1889 G. M. Hopkins Poems (1967) 185 Who built these walls made known The music of his mind, Yet here he has but shewn His ruder-rounded rind. 1928 E. Blunden Japanese Garland 20 Over the rude-ripened vale. 1930 E. Blunden Poems 128 There is a sluice through whose rude-masoned stones And fissured planks our timid river falls. 1964 Life 11 Dec. 23/1 Part of the fault lies with Shakespeare, who wrote for Othello some of his most sumptuous poetry—which no rude-spoken Moor could possibly handle. 2005 L. S. Carl in E. Gorman & M. H. Greenberg Adventures of Missing Detective 535 You rank pottle-deep measle! You rude-growing toad! b. Forming parasynthetic and complementary adjectives, as rude-featured, rude-looking, rude-thoughted, rude-tongued, etc. ΚΠ 1795 H. Summersett Fate of Sedley II. 61 He arose with an heart of gladness; and..pursued the rude fanged boar. 1797 R. Southey Joan of Arc vii On his head A black plume shadow'd the rude-featured helm. 1803 J. Kenney Society, with Other Poems 22 Stern as he was, rude-thoughted and untamed. 1839 S. Gray Spaniard v. ii. 117 Whom, rude-tongued youth? 1876 F. J. Bramwell in Nature 22 June 176/1 It is a rude-looking machine. 1907 J. H. Crawford From Fox's Earth to Mountain Tarn xxi. 258 In this angler's paradise..he sought the scarred, rude-featured tarn. 1922 A. Christie Secret Adversary xxiii. 269 The applicant proved to be a rude-looking carter well coated with mud. 1967 S. A. Coblentz Crimson Capsule iv. 34 They shoved through the bars some clay vessels filled with water and some rude-looking, dark biscuits. 2009 A. McGuire Hey, ‘Bring it On’ iii. 47 Despite it all I told my son to accept the shallow simple rude minded sun [sic] of a gun is your father. C2. † rude air n. Obsolete fresh air, the open air. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > fresh air > [noun] > open air open air?a1425 open airs1683 rude air1737 out of doors1819 outdoors1859 open1874 1737 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 634/2 Though once a child, thou never would'st be young, A pamper'd carkass, and effeminate eyes, Rude air would incommode, or exercise. 1754 J. Hill Conduct Married Life (new ed.) II. v. 57 I would use Daughters to some Degree of Tenderness, because they are not accustomed to the rude Air. 1784 Unfortunate Sensibility II. 57 [I] had rarely been out but in a coach or a chair, so that I was almost a stranger to rude air. rude awakening n. a severe disillusionment; a sudden arousal from complacency. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > disappointment > [noun] > a disappointment balk1733 false dawn1832 rude awakening1895 coitus interruptus1900 swizzle1913 swizz1915 backfire1925 1826 C. S. M. Bury Alla Giornata I. vi. 187 She was aroused from this state of dreaming delight by the announcement of the Conte di Montescudajo. It was a rude awakening.] 1895 G. Allen Woman who Did vi. 71 Alan was often quite alarmed in his soul when he thought of the rude awakening that no doubt awaited her. 1912 T. Dreiser Financier v. 47 Life had given him no severe shocks nor rude awakenings. 1950 Pop. Mech. Jan. 168/2 Walter went out to peddle the medicine. But he got a rude awakening. 1975 R. Shea & R. A. Wilson Golden Apple iv. 248 Then comes the rude awakening: food riots, industrial stagnation, a reign of lawless looting and plunder. 2005 M. Rogers Schizophrenic in Japan 105 (heading) Alexander Graham Bell Was a thief—and other rude awakenings. rude boy n. (a) (originally and chiefly Jamaican) any of a class of unemployed black youths inhabiting the poorer areas of Jamaica and typically seen as indolent and apt to commit petty crimes; a comparable youth in another society; (b) (with reference to such youths as a frequent subject of ska lyrics) a member of the subculture associated with ska, esp. in Britain. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > ruffianly conduct > ruffian > [noun] > young > in Jamaica rude boy1967 rudie1967 rude1975 1967 Caribbean Q. Sept. 39 Rude bwoy is that person, native, who is totally disenchanted with the ruling system; who generally is descended from the ‘African’ elements in the lower class... Rude bwoys are largely centred in those urban areas that suffer from chronic depression. 1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 11 June 3/1 The rude boys, rudies or just plain rudes are the street corner toughs, hustlers, petty thieves and dealers in ganja (marijuana). 1976 D. Hebdige in S. Hall & T. Jefferson Resistance through Rituals 152 The exotica of Rastafarianism provided distractive screens behind which the rude boy culture could pursue its own devious devices unhindered and unseen. 1980 N.Y. Rocker Mar. ‘Rude Boy’, nothing—Dammers is single-handedly reviving the classic ‘Ed Norton look’ for the early '80s. 2000 L. Bradley Bass Culture (2001) ix. 185 That's when the rude-boy era start[ed], and to many people it was like some sort of Robin Hood situation, with the rudies standing up for the oppressed. 2010 Thanet Times (Nexis) 10 Aug. 21 Finally, the act every fez-wearing rude boy had come to see, ska legends Madness hit the stage. rude girl n. a female member of the subculture associated with ska, esp. in Britain; cf. rude boy n. (b). ΚΠ 1979 Sounds 22 Dec. 12/2 I put in one [sc. an ad] saying ‘Rude girls wanted’ but all I got was a lot of dirty phone calls. 1984 S. Steward & S. Garratt Signed, sealed & Delivered i. 32/1 She dressed like the women in the audience... Rude Girls looked like Rude Boys. 2002 E. White Fast Girls vii. 151 She thinks of herself as ‘mostly a mod, a rude girl’. Derivatives † rude-like adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1614 W. Lithgow Most Delectable Disc. Peregrination sig. N3 The Carauan presented his rude like maiesty with water, bread, hearbs, figs, garlike, and such things as he had. a1672 J. Livingstone in W. K. Tweedie Select Biogr. (1845) I. 308 A man rude-like in his clothing, and some of his behaviour and expressions. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.¹eOEn.²a1350adj.adv.a1325
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† ruden.1

ruden.2

rudeadj.adv.

Compounds

Derivatives

† ruden.¹

ruden.²