ruggedadj.¹adv.

Brit.

/ˈrʌɡᵻd/, U.S.

/ˈrəɡəd/

Forms: Middle English rogget, Middle English roggyd, Middle English–1500s rogged, Middle English–1500s ruggyd, Middle English–1700s (1800s Scottish) ruggid, Middle English– rugged, 1500s–1600s rouged, 1600s rugg'd.

Origin: Of uncertain origin.

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < early Scandinavian (compare the Scandinavian forms cited at rug n.³ and ruggy adj.). Compare ruggy adj., which is evidently related, although the precise nature of the relationship is unclear. Perhaps compare also earlier ragged adj.¹, which shows considerable semantic similarity and some overlap.

A. adj.¹

†a. Hairy, shaggy. Of a horse: rough-coated. Cf. ragged adj.¹ 1. Obsolete (archaic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > hair > [adjective]

ruggedc1330

hairedc1380

hairya1400

hairish1570

valanced1603

capillary1656

crinal1656

crinose1727

hirsute1823

piliform1826

capilliform1835

trichoid1867

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > villosity or ciliation > [adjective] > hairiness > rough hair

ruggedc1330

shacky1565

shack1577

shacked1577

shaga1596

shaggy1796

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a coat > rough-coated

ruggedc1330

raggeda1425

rough-coated1601

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [adjective] > having particular type of coat

ruggedc1330

pen-feathered1737

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 1501 Þat oþer dragoun..hadde..A rugged taile so a fende.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Ellesmere) (1868) l. 2883 This woful Theban Palamon With flotery berd and rugged [Hengwrt ruggy] asshy heeres.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 439 Roggyd, or rowghe, hispidus, hirsutus.

1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 1591 Iacob supplanted..esau, Whiche tokenythe ‘row’ or ellys ‘hery’, And it signifyeth þat oure lord ihesu Supplanted the deuyl, oure ruggyd enmye.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 322/2 Rogged with heare, poillu.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. ix Experience teacheth, that of a rugged colte, commeth a good horse.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vi. sig. F3 The Lyon whelpes she saw how he did beare, And lull in rugged armes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. iv. 99 Approach thou like the rugged Russian Beare.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 118 Parch'd is his Hide, and rugged are his Hairs.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 96/1 If horses see the fire, they are prodigiously frightened and will grow rugged.

1798 T. Gisborne Poems 30 Cowards, well beware The wolf or rugged bear!

1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. II. v. vii. 65 A rugged mop of hair, not a little resembling the shag of a Newfoundland dog.

1888 M. V. F. Livingston Tales of King Arthur xvi. 89 After him came a boar, black as midnight,—a rugged and horrible beast, roaring hideously.

b. Of cloth or a garment: hairy, coarse; woven with a rough surface. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric with specific qualities > [adjective] > coarse or rough

roughOE

sackena1450

rugged1558

homespun?1589

shaggy1664

nubbly1829

nubby1935

1558 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories Archdeaconry Richmond (1853) 126 ij turfill hatts, ij ruggid hatts.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ii. vii. 136 Prophetes..whose ordinarie habite seemes to be a rugged hairie garment.

1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 24 His Breeches were of rugged woollen.

1687 M. Taubman London's Triumph 8 The rest of the Mariners in Indian stripes and ruggid Yarn Caps.

1795 Cypriots II. xxviii. 146 One of his hosts lent him his own pillow, a mat wove with small osiers, and spread as a covering over him his own rugged coat.

1826 T. Hood Irish Schoolmaster xx, in Whims & Oddities 128 Like tears dried up with rugged huckaback.

1863 in All Year Round 320/1 The knotty and rugged mass of wool and tow upon which has let me down, of course, into a deep hollow.

2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 10 May (Travel section) 8/1 It [sc. the hotel room] was comfortable..with richly rugged wool blankets..on the bed.

a. Having irregular projections, broken into irregular prominences; rough, uneven. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective]

unevenc1275

rudea1393

craggeda1400

knaggedc1430

raggedc1450

raggy1483

cocklya1529

rugged1528

knaggy1552

unlevel?a1560

craggy1568

scraggy1574

balkish1577

cockling1582

cockled1600

unequal1613

salebrous1633

scragged1641

inequal1661

unevenly1683

hummocky1767

snaggly1794

snaggy1806

hobblya1825

shreddy1835

scraggly1869

bobbly1909

pebbly1923

snaggled1938

1528 T. Wyatt tr. Plutarch Quyete of Mynde sig. ciii ^v Flyes slyp of whan they crepe vpon smoth glasses, & in rough & rugged places thei cleue esely.

1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Scabratus, made rough or rugged, as it were a thyng that is scalde.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 103 The blacke hath the ruggedder barke.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 393 If the nailes be ragged and rugged, it is not amisse to apply [etc.].

1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. H5^v He much perplexed is..Where to make choice to enter his rugg'd saw.

1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. vi. ii. 146 The Rugged-Oyster..is of a dull ash-colour.

1751 T. Gray Elegy iv. 6 Beneath those rugged elms.

1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 9 This rag is rugged and stubborn, and will not hew to a smooth face.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality xiv, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. IV. 298 The little bare feet which caught..hold of the rugged side of the oak.

1838–9 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 16 The low rice-fields, all clothed in their rugged stubble.

1859 A. Helps Friends in Council New Ser. II. iii. 66 Smooths everything that would otherwise be rugged in domestic life.

1900 H. L. Keeler Our Native Trees 286 Bark—Light or dark gray, with shallow fissures and closely appressed scales. In old trees it becomes very rugged.

2002 V. Coren & C. Skelton Once more, with Feeling xlviii. 298 It is beautifully castle-themed, with rugged grey walls, arched windows and an olde worlde cage.

b. Of ground or terrain: having a broken, rocky, and uneven surface; not level, irregular. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > rough

sharpc893

roughOE

foec1400

rupt?a1425

aspera1492

scragged1519

smarta1525

ruggeda1533

crabbed1579

broken1599

tutty-nosed1681

ruggish1838

a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1535) f. 110^v O worlde..that..leadest vs out of the brode way wandryng by thy narow pathes, and bryngest vs into the rugged waye.

1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 383/1 Confragosus locus,..a rough, rugged, rockie or stumbling ground: vphill and downehill.

1593 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia f. 157^v She..pursued on her rugged way: letting no day passe, without new and new perplexing the poore Ladies minds.

1656 A. Cowley Anacreontics ix The Wheel of Life no less will stay In a smooth then Rugged way.

1673 Humours Town A 3 b Men generally arrive at Wisdom by such rugged steps of self-experience.

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 14 Hills that were so high and rugged..that our hands were as well employed as our feet.

1717 G. Berkeley Jrnls. Trav. Italy 21 May in Wks. (1955) VII. 275 The road very rugged with stones.

1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V III. x. 243 Clambering up the rugged track with infinite fatigue as well as danger.

1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 71 Is this the rugged path, the steep ascent, That virtue points to?

1820 J. Keats Lamia i, in Lamia & Other Poems 13 At the foot of those wild hills, The rugged founts of the Peræan rills.

1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. viii. i. 181 The Bahmani kings..had suffered severe losses in that rugged and woody country.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 22 Our island home is rugged, and does not admit of cavalry.

1909 P. W. Browne Where Fishers Go 146 Off Cape Charles the coast again becomes broken and rugged.

1955 Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 305 The rugged coastline has some of the highest cliffs in England.

1995 M. C. Love Better Takeoffs & Landings xi. 207 Making emergency landings in rugged terrain can require that you alter the previously discussed emergency-landing techniques.

c. Botany. Of a leaf: having a rough or uneven surface; not smooth; (also) irregularly shaped (cf. ragged adj.¹ 2a). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > plant defined by leaves > [adjective] > having leaves of particular texture

rugged1587

bristle-leaved1601

rough-leaved1633

nervifoliousa1682

asperifoliate1687

lanifica1693

lanigerous1706

thick-leaved1707

smooth-leaved1731

flake-feathered1848

laniflorous1855

porophyllous1858

leiophyllous1881

1587 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnius Herbal for Bible xxiii. 130 Heath or Tamariske is a little small Tree or Plant of lowe growth..bearing a rugged or rough leafe.

1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxvii. 241 I shall describe it [sc. Hops] thus, it comes up with severall sprouts like Sparrowgrass, runs up & climbs on any thing it meets withall, bears long stalk., hairy, and rugged leaves, broad like the Vine.

1676 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 630 The leaves are rugg'd like to a Borage leaf.

1715 J. Petiver in Philos. Trans. 1714–16 (Royal Soc.) 29 243 Leaves..more rugged and cordated at the Footstalk.

1796 T. Martyn Lang. Bot. (ed. 2) Rugged or Scabrous.., rough with tubercles, or prominent stiffish points.

1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) iii. 728 The black mulberry is a middle-sized tree, with a whitish bark, and broad, sub-quinquelobate, bluntish, and rugged leaves.

1871 Country Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 114/1 Primroses wake up from their winter pillows of rough, rugged leaves.

1940 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 27 585/2 The ability of the mature leaves to endure anaerobiosis is approximately equal to that of the relatively rugged leaves of Pelargonium zonale.

3. Of a person, character, etc.: austere, severe, not gentle. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern

wrothc893

retheeOE

stithc897

starkOE

sternOE

hardOE

dangerous?c1225

sharpa1340

asperc1374

austerec1384

shrewda1387

snella1400

sternful?a1400

unsterna1400

dour?a1425

piquant1521

tetrical1528

tetric1533

sorea1535

rugged?1548

severe1548

hard-handed1611

Catonian1676

tetricous1727

heavy1849

acerbic1853

stiff1856

Catonic1883

tough1905

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective]

heavyc825

retheeOE

stithc897

hardeOE

starkOE

sternOE

dangerous?c1225

sharp?c1225

unsoftc1275

sturdy1297

asperc1374

austerec1384

shrewda1387

snella1400

sternful?a1400

dour?a1425

thrallc1430

piquant1521

tetrical1528

tetric1533

sorea1535

rugged?1548

severe1548

iron1574

harsh1579

strict1600

angry1650

Catonian1676

Draconic1708

tetricous1727

alkaline1789

acerbic1853

stiff1856

acerbate1869

acerbitous1870

Draconian1876

Catonic1883

?1548 Compar. betwene Antipus & Antigraphe sig. A.iii^v Right rougheli and rashli, and wel ouer sene With ruggid reason, vnclerkly conueied Ye cowcher of stones, reproued I wene The proper antipus.

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxv. 160 Take Cato, or if he be too harsh and rugged, choose some other of a softer mettle.

a1625 J. Fletcher Pilgrim i. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Fffff4/1 Signor Alphonso, ye are too rugged to her, Believe too full of harshnesse.

1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 149 My Lord Mayor said, That the answer did not look with a rugged face.

1773 Life N. Frowde 25 I began to be reconciled both to him and his looks, Which at first seem'd so rugged and unsociable.

1796 C. Burney Mem. Life Metastasio I. 21 The first breach of contract with the rugged advocate was in the beginning of 1721.

1817 A. Bonar Serm. II. xix. 423 We..dislike those rugged pastors who will make no allowance for the follies of the age.

1836 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece II. 267 Characters like that of Aristides, even when there is nothing rugged and forbidding in their exterior, are seldom loved.

1926 Times 9 Dec. 9/4 They would have been quite content to leave it to the prickings of human reason and the rugged tuition of hard facts.

1956 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples II. v. iv. 167 Strafford..harangued the nobility at York in rugged, violent terms. The reception was cool and disappointing.

a. Of weather, climate, etc.: rough, stormy, inclement.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy

reigheOE

stormya1200

wilda1250

troublec1374

rougha1400

stormishc1430

rude?a1439

boistous1470

troublous1482

wair?a1500

tempestuous1509

blusterous1548

rugged1549

stormful1558

troublesome1560

turbulent1573

ruggy1577

rufflered1582

oragious?1590

boisterous?1594

broily1594

unruly1594

procellousa1629

gurly1718

coarse1774

ugly1844

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Tim. Ded. f. i There is none so rugged a wynter, but some profyte aryseth of the feldes.

1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 231 Serue them in hard and rugged weather, whereby they are hindred to be abroad.

1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 22 in Justa Edouardo King He..question'd every gust of rugged wings, That blowes from off each beaked Promontorie.

1709 ‘B. Slush’ Navy Royal 11 Now which way can we imagine, that a Gentleman..will abandon his Children..over to rugged Storms, and more rugged Commanders.

1773 Life N. Frowde 25 He was..of the most inviting Carriage that ever I observed upon the rugged Element he was employed in.

1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors iv. 77 The Commodore Preble has lost..seven [sc. whales] by sinking after they were ‘turned up’, and three from alongside in rugged weather.

1874 C. M. Scammon Marine Mammals N. Amer. 311 A rough sea, accompanied with blowing weather, is termed by whalers ‘rugged weather’.

1905 New Eng. Mag. Mar. 3/1 A rugged climate makes a rugged people.

1957 W. Dykeman & J. Stokely Neither Black nor White xiv. 265 Bishop Asbury had toiled against rugged weather, well-nigh impassable mountains and the hardships of frontier life.

2009 Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois) (Nexis) 11 Jan. f1 At first word of rugged weather, a man will go to the window and look out.

b. That involves great effort or hardship. Now frequently in weakened sense: tough, difficult.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective]

arvethc885

uneathOE

arvethlichc1000

evilc1175

hardc1175

deara1225

derfa1225

illc1330

wickeda1375

uneasy1398

difficul?a1450

difficile?1473

difficulta1527

unready1535

craggy1582

spiny1604

tough1619

uphill1622

shrewda1626

spinousa1638

scabrous1646

spinose1660

rugged1663

cranka1745

tight1764

thraward1818

nasty1828

upstream1847

awkward1860

pricklyc1862

bristling1871

sticky1871

rocky1873

dodgy1898

challengeful1927

solid1943

ball-busting1944

challenging1975

the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > full of hardship

hardOE

soreOE

starkOE

difficult1562

flinty1613

rugged1663

rough1709

rude1735

tough1890

1663 E. Gayton Relig. of Physician 9 The subtil Emperour did ask, What desp'rate service, or what rugged task He'd undergo, to gain his Liberty?

1701 J. Collier tr. M. Aurelius Conversat. with Himself x. xxxiii. 198 He improves his Value, and raises his Character, by making a right use of a Rugged Accident.

1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 139 Then throw that shameful pittance from thy hand, But ill apply'd to such a rugged task.

1794 E. Jerningham Siege of Berwick i. 13 From the happy hour I first call'd her mine, unto this moment, she has with unremitting fortitude attended me through many a rugged day.

1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 69 Thinking on rugged hours and fruitless toil.

1838 R. W. Emerson Wks. (1906) II. 203 So it is in rugged crises, in unweariable endurance..that the angel is shown.

1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars vi. 295 It must have been hard for the weak and sickly..to stand that rugged old Cambridge life.

1942 Yank 7 Oct. 7 ‘Rugged’ the Destroyers call the Tank Hunting Course.

1973 J. Pattinson Search Warrant v. 81 If things get really rugged I just put the bite on my old man.

2002 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) (Nexis) 3 Jan. d3 They fought back from a pretty rugged situation.

a. Lacking in culture and refinement; rough, unsophisticated.Applied to a person, sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense A. 7.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [adjective]

rudea1382

roida1400

borel1513

rustical?1532

illiberal1535

waste?1541

rusticc1550

illiterate1556

ruggedc1565

profane1568

unskilful1572

raw?1573

clownish1581

home-born1589

rough-hewn1593

unpolished1594

artless1598

home-bred1602

unbevelled1602

incult1628

museless1644

uncultivated1646

incultivateda1657

uncultivate1659

incultivate1661

unpolite1674

uncult1675

repent1684

uncultivated1725

uncultured1777

unenlightened1792

cultureless1824

sloven1856

philistinic1869

undoctrined1869

Philistine1871

Philistinish1871

roughneck1906

lowbrow1907

low-level1916

no-brow1922

bohunk1957

bakya1960

the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > specifically of persons

boistousc1300

rudec1405

blunt1477

rustyc1485

rough?1531

sillya1547

ruggedc1565

unrefined1582

unpolished1594

unfashioned1606

inurbane1623

incult1628

ungenteel1633

roughsome?c1660

unpolite1674

inelegant1735

untutored1751

unrarefied1835

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined

boistousc1300

untheweda1325

uplandisha1387

unaffiled1390

rudea1393

knavishc1405

peoplisha1425

clubbedc1440

blunt1477

lob?1507

robust1511

borel1513

carterly1519

clubbish1530

rough?1531

rustical?1532

incondite1539

agrestc1550

rusticc1550

brute1555

lobcocka1556

loutisha1556

carterlike1561

boorish1562

ruggedc1565

lobbish1567

loutlike1567

sowish1570

clownish1581

unrefined1582

impolished1583

homespun1590

transalpinea1592

swaddish1593

unpolished1594

untutored1595

swabberly1596

tartarous1602

porterly1603

lobcocked1606

lob-like1606

cluster-fisted1611

agrestic1617

inurbane1623

unelevated1627

incult1628

unbrushed1640

vulgar1643

unhewed1644

unsmooth1648

hirsute1658

loutardly1658

unhewn1659

roughsome?c1660

sordid1668

inhumanea1680

coarse1699

brutal1709

ramgunshoch1721

tramontane1740

uncouth1740

no-nationa1756

unurbane1760

turnipy1792

rudas1802

common1804

cubbish1819

clodhopping1828

vulgarian1833

cloddish1844

unkempt1846

bush1851

vulgarish1860

rodney1866

crude1876

ignorant1886

yobby1910

nekulturny1932

oikish1959

yobbish1966

ocker1972

down and dirty1977

c1565 ‘T. C.’ tr. G. Boccaccio Galesus Cymon & Iphigenia sig. B.vii Alecto, flie from Limbo lake, and scudde from Plvtos denne: And with your aide, assiste my Uerse, directe my rugged Penne.

a1625 J. Fletcher Wife for Moneth v. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhhhh4^v/1 Though he be stubborne, And of a rugged nature, yet he is honest.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 301 They are very humane and noble in their natures; differing..very much from the Turks, who are rugged and barbarous.

a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 96 Force is a rugged Way of making Love.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. v. xi. 285 The rugged Manners of Northern Boors.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiv. 284 Its inhabitants are a luxurious and effeminate race,..incapable..of giving any opposition to this rugged enemy.

1799 H. More Strict. Mod. Syst. Fem. Educ. (ed. 4) I. 149 It drives the gentle spirit to artifice, and the rugged to despair.

1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. ii. 34 We have still about us some rugged foresters of the old Woodstock breed.

1849 M. Arnold World & Quietist 21 The rugged Labourer Caught not till then a sense..Of his omnipotence.

1897 N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 10 Apr. 492/2 It is among the more cultivated and not the more rugged society that we see these cases.

1911 E. London Disp. 28 Oct. 3 To present the rugged backvelder in his true colours.

1949 Jrnl. Criminal Law & Criminology 39 450 Those persons were so raw and rugged in thoughts and manners that their ‘resocialisation’ had to be considered vain.

2004 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 25 Apr. (Taste section) d12 This is..more truly rugged food where flavour, not style, is the focus.

b. Of sound, language, etc.: rough, harsh; rude, unpolished.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective]

hardOE

rudea1375

stern1390

rougha1400

discordanta1425

stoutc1440

hoarse1513

harsh1530

raughtish1567

rugged1567

dissonant1573

harshy1582

jarry1582

immelodious1601

cragged1605

raggeda1616

unmusicala1616

absonousa1620

unharmoniousa1634

inharmonical1683

unharmonic1694

inharmonious1715

craggy1774

pebbly1793

reedy1795

iron1807

dry1819

inharmonic1828

asperated1835

sawing1851

shrewd1876

coarse1879

callithumpian1886

dissonantal1946

ear-bending1946

sandpaper1953

1567 T. Drant tr. Horace Pistles in tr. Horace Arte of Poetrie sig. G.viii To Alexander Cherilus was welcum at those tymes: Who gaue him crownes (a princelie gift) for raggie rugged rymes.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ii. sig. Cc7 But ah my rymes to rude and rugged arre.

1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 45 Declaming in rugged and miscellaneous geare blown together by the foure winds.

1673 J. Milton Sonnets xi, in Poems (new ed.) 56 Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek.

1697 J. Dryden Ded. Æneis in tr. Virgil Wks. sig. e4^v It seldom happens but a Monosyllable Line turns Verse to Prose, and even that Prose is rugged, and unharmonious.

1710 A. Philips Pastorals iv. 21 So sweet a Scene ill Suits my ruggid Lay.

1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music vi. 111 Eschylus is uneven, concise, abrupt, and rugged.

1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. App. i. 427 Most of the hymns composing the Védas are in a language so rugged as to prove [etc.].

1849 C. Brontë Shirley III. ii. 41 Your accent..has no rugged burr.

1905 C. Bigg tr. in Church's Task under Rom. Empire iii. 87 For all that Latin sage or Greek has taught, And all that heaven to earth has nearer brought, In dulcet verse or rugged prose expressed, Flowed from thy lips, which bettered still the best.

1957 N. Frye Anat. Crit. 256 It is more likely to be the harsh, rugged, dissonant poem..that will show in poetry the tension and the driving accented impetus of music.

2002 Vibe Jan. 124/1 ‘Nahmeanyeheard’ typifies the LP's rugged sound with its abrasive funk and braggart rhymes.

†a. Of the forehead or brow: wrinkled with care or displeasure; frowning. Also in figurative contexts. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > textures or states of skin > [adjective] > wrinkle

rivelledlOE

frounced1422

rivelling1481

wrinkleda1529

rideled1530

writhled1565

rugged1590

furrow-faced1607

shrivelled1607

corrugated1623

furrow-fronted1640

seamed1656

pursed1676

corrugate1745

crow's-footed1831

crow-footed1834

lined1839

crowed1851

wrinkled1859

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene sig. Qq So you great Lord, that with your counsell sway [T]he burdeine of this kingdom mightily, With like delightes sometimes may eke delay, The rugged brow of carefull Policy.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. ii. 29 Sleeke o're your rugged Lookes, Be bright and Iouiall.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 164 Such object hath the power to soft'n and tame Severest temper, smooth the rugged'st brow.

1783 H. J. Pye Progress of Refinement iii. 81 Bold Chivalry employ'd her earliest care To smooth the rugged brow of frowning War.

1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xv. 152 His eyebrows..smoothed their rugged bristling aspect, and became serene.

b. Of a person's features or appearance: rough-hewn, craggy; weather-beaten; strongly marked. Now frequently: attractively masculine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > types of face > [adjective]

flatc1400

hardc1400

low-cheeredc1400

large?a1425

ruscledc1440

well-visagedc1440

platter-faced1533

well-faced1534

full-faced1543

fair-faced1553

bright-faceda1560

crab-faced1563

crab-snouted1563

crab-tree-faced1563

long-visaged1584

owlya1586

wainscot-faced1588

flaberkin1592

rough-hewn1593

angel-faced1594

round-faced1594

crab-favoured1596

rugged1596

weasel-faced1596

rough-faced1598

half-faced1600

chitty1601

lenten-faced1604

broad-faced1607

dog-faced1607

weaselled-faced1607

wry-faced1607

maid-faced1610

warp-faced1611

ill-faceda1616

lean-faceda1616

old-faceda1616

moon-faced1619

monkey-faced1620

chitty-face1622

chitty-faceda1627

lean-chapt1629

antic-faced1635

bloat-faced1638

bacon-facea1640

blue-faced1640

hatchet-faced1648

grave1650

lean-jawed1679

smock-faced1684

lean-visaged1686

flaber1687

baby-faced1692

splatter-faced1707

chubby1722

puggy1722

block-faced1751

haggard-looking1756

long-faced1762

haggardly1763

fresh-faced1766

dough-faced1773

pudding-faced1777

baby-featured1780

fat-faced1782

haggard1787

weazen-face1794

keen1798

ferret-like1801

lean-cheeked1812

mulberry-faced1812

open-faced1813

open-countenanced1819

chiselled1821

hatchety1821

misfeatured1822

terse1824

weazen-faced1824

mahogany-faced1825

clock-faced1827

sharp1832

sensual1833

beef-faced1838

weaselly1838

ferret-faced1840

sensuous1843

rat-faced1844

recedent1849

neat-faced1850

cherubimical1854

pinch-faced1859

cherubic1860

frownya1861

receding1866

weak1882

misfeaturing1885

platopic1885

platyopic1885

pro-opic1885

wind-splitting1890

falcon-face1891

blunt-featured1916

bun-faced1927

fish-faced1963

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. Proem sig. A2 The rugged forhead that with graue foresight Welds kingdomes causes, & affaires of state.

1617 T. Middleton & W. Rowley Faire Quarrell iii. sig. F3^v Y'aue a good face now, but 'twill grow rugged.

1624 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 2) iii. ii. v. iii. 441 Her corall lippes will be pale & blew, her skinne rugged.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 126 Like their griely Prince appears his gloomy Race: Grim, ghastly, rugged .

1782 F. Burney Cecilia V. x. viii. 331 Tears running quick down his rugged cheeks.

1799 C. B. Brown Edgar Huntly I. vi. 135 His aspect was noble and ingenious, but his sun-burnt and rugged features bespoke a various and boisterous pilgrimage.

a1817 J. Austen Persuasion (1818) III. iii. 43 His face the colour of mahogany, rough and rugged to the last degree, all lines and wrinkles.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. xix. 246 There seemed the very opposite testimony in the rugged face.

1890 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxxv A dry-wood fire had been lit,..the glare beating upon their rugged faces.

1930 J. Buchan Castle Gay i. 22 His features were rugged but not unpleasing.

1961 Ebony June 46/2 His Midwestern drawl charmed many and his rugged good looks won him hordes of female admirers.

2003 Amer. Cowboy Nov.–Dec. 53/1 The movie company..applied makeup to Villa's rugged visage.

7. Of a rough but strong or sturdy character.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective] > straightforward or frank

right fortha1382

plaina1393

free-hearteda1398

round1487

opena1535

sincere1539

frank1555

pert1567

single-hearted1574

single-minded1577

direct1586

open-hearted1593

open-breasted1594

transparent1600

unclose1606

unminced1648

even down1654

unreserved1654

rugged1678

plain sailing1707

whole-footed1744

sturdy1775

heart-in-mouth1827

jannock1828

straightforward1829

direct-dealing1830

undiplomatic1834

straight-ahead1836

straight-up-and-down1859

man to man1902

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective] > of mind, operations: broad, deep, strong

stronga1393

profounda1450

reachinga1500

ingenious1509

spacious1609

vast1610

vigorous1640

rugged1678

wide1717

broad1832

oceanica1834

in depth1959

1678 S. Speed tr. Valerius Maximus Romae Antiquae Descriptio iii. viii. 149 But the mind of Socrates, clad with the strength of Vitility, produced a more rugged Example of firm Resolution.

1710 J. Humfrey Wisdom towards Wicked iii. 31 It is true, all Men have not the same Ingenuity and affable Nature; some Men are of a more robustick Way and rugged Constitution.

1783 H. J. Pye Progress of Refinement i. 20 In the regions whence Favonius blows, A hardy race Hesperia's vales disclose: With sinews firm the rugged offspring rise And brave the force of less auspicious skies.

1827 T. Carlyle in Edinb. Rev. June 186 He has an intellect vehement, rugged, irresistible.

1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington 184 Whose life was work, whose language rife With rugged maxims hewn from life.

1873 J. A. Symonds Stud. Greek Poets v. 150 In his style Simonides has none of Pindar's rugged majesty.

1931 Amer. Speech 6 185 Frequent adjectives of encomium in book reviews are..romantic, rugged, ruthless.

1966 Listener 10 Mar. 363/2 Nicholas Maw's..string quartet, a closely-knit, rugged work, product of a rich and fertile imagination.

1976 Gramophone Dec. 1057/2 Jochum's reading has a rugged truth combined with poetic sensibility.

1991 Arena Summer 129 R. M. Williams, the Australian outdoorsman's clothier..has been described as the Ralph Lauren of Down Under. But for sheer rugged authenticity there's no comparison.

a. Chiefly U.S. Of a person: strong, sturdy; robust, vigorous.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective]

sprindeOE

livelyOE

kaskc1300

wightc1300

courageousc1386

wighty14..

wieldya1413

ablec1440

tall of hand1530

sappy1558

energical1565

energetical1585

greenya1586

stout1600

strenuous1602

forceful?1624

actuous1626

vigorous1638

vivid1638

high-spirited1653

hearty1665

actuose1677

living1699

full-blooded1707

executive1708

rugged1731

sousing1735

energic1740

bouncing1743

two-fisted1774

energetic1782

zestful1797

rollicking1801

through-ganging1814

throughgoing1814

slashing1828

high-powered1829

high pressure1834

rip-roaring1834

red-blooded1836

ripsnorting1846

zesty1853

dynamic1856

throbbing1864

goey1875

torpedoic1893

kinky1903

zippy1903

go-at-it1904

punchy1907

up-and-at-'em1909

driving1916

vibranta1929

kinetic1931

zinging1931

high-octane1936

zingy1938

slam-bang1939

balls-to-the-wall1967

balls-out1968

ass-kicking1977

hi-octane1977

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust

strongeOE

hardOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

steel to the (very) backa1300

stalworthyc1300

wightc1300

stable13..

valiant1303

stithc1325

toughc1330

wrast1338

stoura1350

sadc1384

wighty14..

derfc1440

substantialc1460

well-jointed1483

felon1487

robust1490

stalwart1508

stoutya1529

robustous?1531

rankc1540

hardy1548

robustious1548

stout1576

rustical1583

rustic1620

iron1638

robustic1652

swankinga1704

strapping1707

rugged1731

solid1741

vaudy1793

flaithulach1829

ironbark1833

swankie1838

tough as (old) boots or leather1843

skookum1847

hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862

hard-assed1954

nails1974

1731 J. Hempstead Diary 13 Oct. (1901) 241 A Rugged Hardy young man..went to the House of Samll Parke.

1815 J. Pickering in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 3 ii. 514 We often hear the expression, a rugged, i.e. robust boy.

1848 ‘P. Peppergrass’ Shandy M'Guire xi. 151 'Am afeered..it 'ill kill yer reverence—an' you not so rugged as ye us't to be.

1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table xii. 358 I'm getting along in life, and I ain't quite so rugged as I used to be.

1920 Herald of Gospel Liberty 29 Apr. 426/2 He was a husky, rugged lad, able to bear his burden.

1943 Billboard 9 Oct. 61/1 Despite his age he is still rugged enough to give an enemy plenty to worry about.

1999 Kansas City (Missouri) Star (Nexis) 28 Jan. 18 Brian is a rugged kid. He goes out and plays hard. He takes a real beating. But he's tough. He can take it.

b. Originally U.S. Of a manufactured object: strongly constructed, capable of withstanding rough usage. Also in extended use.

ΚΠ

1898 Proc. Engineers' Club Philadelphia 15 273 A simple, rugged construction, that will stand unlimited abuse and permits of a simple feed and a simple discharge.

1921 Wireless World 29 Oct. 477/2 The whole design has been made robust, or, as our American friends would say, ‘rugged’.

1960 Pract. Wireless 36 302/1 The mains transformer should be a rugged component capable of secure attachment to the chassis to survive the hazards of transport.

1978 Detroit Free Press 16 Apr. (Gardening Guide) 6 (advt.) This 19.9 hp grounds maintenance tractor is specially designed for big jobs where you need rugged, dependable power.

2006 A. Steffen et al. Worldchanging (2008) 172/2 Flexible thin-film and organic-plastic solar panels are extremely rugged and adaptable.

†B. adv.

Ruggedly; roughly, harshly; unevenly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb]

sternlyc897

sharplyc900

stitha1000

hardlyOE

starklyOE

sterna1175

stithlya1300

hardilyc1300

ruggedlya1382

austerely?a1400

smartlya1400

unsternlya1400

acerbly?a1425

brussly1481

sore1484

shrewdly1490

dourlya1500

severely1548

roundly1567

severe1599

strictly1602

fiercely1611

Draconically1641

rugged1661

1661 J. Davies Civil Warres 344 Finding how rugged they moved as to his interest.

1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. i. 22 For those that do his Business best, In Hell, are us'd the Ruggedest.

1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 4 Thus labour's early days did rugged roll.

Compounds

C1.

rugged individualism n. originally and chiefly U.S. independence or self-sufficiency of character, hardy self-reliance; spec. individualism as a social and economic ideal, esp. as associated with the free-market economic system of the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries.

ΚΠ

1897 J. G. Rogers Gospel in Epistles xi. 220 The stern and rugged individualism which finds no charm in the fellowship of kindred souls.]

1898 Godey's Mag. May 548/1 He [sc. Lorenzo Dow] was shaped for other uses; of a rugged individualism, untempered by schooling, uninfluenced by example.

1928 H. Hoover New Day 154 We were challenged with a peace-time choice between the American system of rugged individualism and a European philosophy of diametrically opposed doctrines—doctrines of paternalism and state socialism.

2001 N.Y. Times 10 June iv. 15/4 Our national political discussion is often polarized between those who see America as a land built solely on the strength of rugged individualism and others who ascribe our strength to collective action.

rugged individualist n. originally and chiefly U.S. a hardy, self-reliant, independent person; an advocate of rugged individualism as a social or economic ideal.

ΚΠ

1913 Logansport (Indiana) Chron. 22 Feb. In an early day we were pioneers, rugged individualists, men of action.

1946 G. B. Shaw Geneva iii. 76 Your pose is that of the rugged individualist, the isolationist.

1999 A. Silverblatt et al. Media Literacy iv. 183 John Wayne remained the rugged individualist in each film, whether he was starring in a western or military drama.

rugged individuality n. originally and chiefly U.S. the fact or quality of being self-reliant or independent; social or economic independence; the advocacy of this.

ΚΠ

1852 Dwight's Jrnl. Music 18 Dec. 85/2 The first movement..reminded one repeatedly of Mendelssohn, and yet indicated plenty of a certain strong, rugged individuality besides.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia V. 403/1 Cypriots are a people of rugged individuality.

1997 Weekly World News 25 Feb. 2 Ronald Reagan..symbolizes everything that's great about America—optimism, rugged individuality and patriotism.

C2. Complementary.

rugged-looking adj.

ΚΠ

1821 J. M. Sherer Sketches in India 246 You may see before you many of the low rugged-looking hills which surround Gualior.

1888 G. M. Fenn Dick o' the Fens 11 A tall rugged-looking man..came slouching up.

1993 N.Y. Times 28 Nov. iv. 11/1 A few years ago I interviewed a rugged-looking, jut-jawed fellow.

Derivatives

ˈruggedish adj. somewhat rugged.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > somewhat

ruggedish1787

1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 78 Seed..ruggedish.

1850 W. H. Baxter et al. Suppl. in Loudon's Hortus Britannicus (new ed.) 683 Ruggedish.

2000 J. Colgan in J. Adams et al. Girls' Night In 26 Doug, being tallish, and ruggedish, was a bit of a looker for a herpetologist.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	rugged
释义	ruggedadj.¹adv. Brit. /ˈrʌɡᵻd/, U.S. /ˈrəɡəd/ Forms: Middle English rogget, Middle English roggyd, Middle English–1500s rogged, Middle English–1500s ruggyd, Middle English–1700s (1800s Scottish) ruggid, Middle English– rugged, 1500s–1600s rouged, 1600s rugg'd. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < early Scandinavian (compare the Scandinavian forms cited at rug n.³ and ruggy adj.). Compare ruggy adj., which is evidently related, although the precise nature of the relationship is unclear. Perhaps compare also earlier ragged adj.¹, which shows considerable semantic similarity and some overlap. A. adj.¹ 1. †a. Hairy, shaggy. Of a horse: rough-coated. Cf. ragged adj.¹ 1. Obsolete (archaic in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > hair > [adjective] ruggedc1330 hairedc1380 hairya1400 hairish1570 valanced1603 capillary1656 crinal1656 crinose1727 hirsute1823 piliform1826 capilliform1835 trichoid1867 the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > villosity or ciliation > [adjective] > hairiness > rough hair ruggedc1330 shacky1565 shack1577 shacked1577 shaga1596 shaggy1796 the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a coat > rough-coated ruggedc1330 raggeda1425 rough-coated1601 the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > body or parts of horse > [adjective] > having particular type of coat ruggedc1330 pen-feathered1737 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 1501 Þat oþer dragoun..hadde..A rugged taile so a fende. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Ellesmere) (1868) l. 2883 This woful Theban Palamon With flotery berd and rugged [Hengwrt ruggy] asshy heeres. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 439 Roggyd, or rowghe, hispidus, hirsutus. 1447 O. Bokenham Lives of Saints (Arun.) (1938) 1591 Iacob supplanted..esau, Whiche tokenythe ‘row’ or ellys ‘hery’, And it signifyeth þat oure lord ihesu Supplanted the deuyl, oure ruggyd enmye. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 322/2 Rogged with heare, poillu. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry IV f. ix Experience teacheth, that of a rugged colte, commeth a good horse. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. vi. sig. F3 The Lyon whelpes she saw how he did beare, And lull in rugged armes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. iv. 99 Approach thou like the rugged Russian Beare. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 118 Parch'd is his Hide, and rugged are his Hairs. View more context for this quotation 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 96/1 If horses see the fire, they are prodigiously frightened and will grow rugged. 1798 T. Gisborne Poems 30 Cowards, well beware The wolf or rugged bear! 1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. II. v. vii. 65 A rugged mop of hair, not a little resembling the shag of a Newfoundland dog. 1888 M. V. F. Livingston Tales of King Arthur xvi. 89 After him came a boar, black as midnight,—a rugged and horrible beast, roaring hideously. b. Of cloth or a garment: hairy, coarse; woven with a rough surface. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric with specific qualities > [adjective] > coarse or rough roughOE sackena1450 rugged1558 homespun?1589 shaggy1664 nubbly1829 nubby1935 1558 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories Archdeaconry Richmond (1853) 126 ij turfill hatts, ij ruggid hatts. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ii. vii. 136 Prophetes..whose ordinarie habite seemes to be a rugged hairie garment. 1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 24 His Breeches were of rugged woollen. 1687 M. Taubman London's Triumph 8 The rest of the Mariners in Indian stripes and ruggid Yarn Caps. 1795 Cypriots II. xxviii. 146 One of his hosts lent him his own pillow, a mat wove with small osiers, and spread as a covering over him his own rugged coat. 1826 T. Hood Irish Schoolmaster xx, in Whims & Oddities 128 Like tears dried up with rugged huckaback. 1863 in All Year Round 320/1 The knotty and rugged mass of wool and tow upon which has let me down, of course, into a deep hollow. 2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 10 May (Travel section) 8/1 It [sc. the hotel room] was comfortable..with richly rugged wool blankets..on the bed. 2. a. Having irregular projections, broken into irregular prominences; rough, uneven. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] unevenc1275 rudea1393 craggeda1400 knaggedc1430 raggedc1450 raggy1483 cocklya1529 rugged1528 knaggy1552 unlevel?a1560 craggy1568 scraggy1574 balkish1577 cockling1582 cockled1600 unequal1613 salebrous1633 scragged1641 inequal1661 unevenly1683 hummocky1767 snaggly1794 snaggy1806 hobblya1825 shreddy1835 scraggly1869 bobbly1909 pebbly1923 snaggled1938 1528 T. Wyatt tr. Plutarch Quyete of Mynde sig. ciii ^v Flyes slyp of whan they crepe vpon smoth glasses, & in rough & rugged places thei cleue esely. 1548 T. Cooper Bibliotheca Eliotæ (rev. ed.) Scabratus, made rough or rugged, as it were a thyng that is scalde. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 103 The blacke hath the ruggedder barke. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 393 If the nailes be ragged and rugged, it is not amisse to apply [etc.]. 1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. H5^v He much perplexed is..Where to make choice to enter his rugg'd saw. 1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. vi. ii. 146 The Rugged-Oyster..is of a dull ash-colour. 1751 T. Gray Elegy iv. 6 Beneath those rugged elms. 1789 G. White Nat. Hist. Selborne 9 This rag is rugged and stubborn, and will not hew to a smooth face. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality xiv, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. IV. 298 The little bare feet which caught..hold of the rugged side of the oak. 1838–9 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 16 The low rice-fields, all clothed in their rugged stubble. 1859 A. Helps Friends in Council New Ser. II. iii. 66 Smooths everything that would otherwise be rugged in domestic life. 1900 H. L. Keeler Our Native Trees 286 Bark—Light or dark gray, with shallow fissures and closely appressed scales. In old trees it becomes very rugged. 2002 V. Coren & C. Skelton Once more, with Feeling xlviii. 298 It is beautifully castle-themed, with rugged grey walls, arched windows and an olde worlde cage. b. Of ground or terrain: having a broken, rocky, and uneven surface; not level, irregular. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > ground > [adjective] > rough sharpc893 roughOE foec1400 rupt?a1425 aspera1492 scragged1519 smarta1525 ruggeda1533 crabbed1579 broken1599 tutty-nosed1681 ruggish1838 a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1535) f. 110^v O worlde..that..leadest vs out of the brode way wandryng by thy narow pathes, and bryngest vs into the rugged waye. 1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 383/1 Confragosus locus,..a rough, rugged, rockie or stumbling ground: vphill and downehill. 1593 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia f. 157^v She..pursued on her rugged way: letting no day passe, without new and new perplexing the poore Ladies minds. 1656 A. Cowley Anacreontics ix The Wheel of Life no less will stay In a smooth then Rugged way. 1673 Humours Town A 3 b Men generally arrive at Wisdom by such rugged steps of self-experience. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 14 Hills that were so high and rugged..that our hands were as well employed as our feet. 1717 G. Berkeley Jrnls. Trav. Italy 21 May in Wks. (1955) VII. 275 The road very rugged with stones. 1769 W. Robertson Hist. Charles V III. x. 243 Clambering up the rugged track with infinite fatigue as well as danger. 1780 W. Cowper Progress of Error 71 Is this the rugged path, the steep ascent, That virtue points to? 1820 J. Keats Lamia i, in Lamia & Other Poems 13 At the foot of those wild hills, The rugged founts of the Peræan rills. 1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. viii. i. 181 The Bahmani kings..had suffered severe losses in that rugged and woody country. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues IV. 22 Our island home is rugged, and does not admit of cavalry. 1909 P. W. Browne Where Fishers Go 146 Off Cape Charles the coast again becomes broken and rugged. 1955 Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 305 The rugged coastline has some of the highest cliffs in England. 1995 M. C. Love Better Takeoffs & Landings xi. 207 Making emergency landings in rugged terrain can require that you alter the previously discussed emergency-landing techniques. c. Botany. Of a leaf: having a rough or uneven surface; not smooth; (also) irregularly shaped (cf. ragged adj.¹ 2a). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > plant defined by leaves > [adjective] > having leaves of particular texture rugged1587 bristle-leaved1601 rough-leaved1633 nervifoliousa1682 asperifoliate1687 lanifica1693 lanigerous1706 thick-leaved1707 smooth-leaved1731 flake-feathered1848 laniflorous1855 porophyllous1858 leiophyllous1881 1587 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnius Herbal for Bible xxiii. 130 Heath or Tamariske is a little small Tree or Plant of lowe growth..bearing a rugged or rough leafe. 1652 W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved xxxvii. 241 I shall describe it [sc. Hops] thus, it comes up with severall sprouts like Sparrowgrass, runs up & climbs on any thing it meets withall, bears long stalk., hairy, and rugged leaves, broad like the Vine. 1676 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 630 The leaves are rugg'd like to a Borage leaf. 1715 J. Petiver in Philos. Trans. 1714–16 (Royal Soc.) 29 243 Leaves..more rugged and cordated at the Footstalk. 1796 T. Martyn Lang. Bot. (ed. 2) Rugged or Scabrous.., rough with tubercles, or prominent stiffish points. 1824 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) iii. 728 The black mulberry is a middle-sized tree, with a whitish bark, and broad, sub-quinquelobate, bluntish, and rugged leaves. 1871 Country Gentleman's Mag. Feb. 114/1 Primroses wake up from their winter pillows of rough, rugged leaves. 1940 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 27 585/2 The ability of the mature leaves to endure anaerobiosis is approximately equal to that of the relatively rugged leaves of Pelargonium zonale. 3. Of a person, character, etc.: austere, severe, not gentle. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern wrothc893 retheeOE stithc897 starkOE sternOE hardOE dangerous?c1225 sharpa1340 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 unsterna1400 dour?a1425 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 hard-handed1611 Catonian1676 tetricous1727 heavy1849 acerbic1853 stiff1856 Catonic1883 tough1905 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] heavyc825 retheeOE stithc897 hardeOE starkOE sternOE dangerous?c1225 sharp?c1225 unsoftc1275 sturdy1297 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 dour?a1425 thrallc1430 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 iron1574 harsh1579 strict1600 angry1650 Catonian1676 Draconic1708 tetricous1727 alkaline1789 acerbic1853 stiff1856 acerbate1869 acerbitous1870 Draconian1876 Catonic1883 ?1548 Compar. betwene Antipus & Antigraphe sig. A.iii^v Right rougheli and rashli, and wel ouer sene With ruggid reason, vnclerkly conueied Ye cowcher of stones, reproued I wene The proper antipus. 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxv. 160 Take Cato, or if he be too harsh and rugged, choose some other of a softer mettle. a1625 J. Fletcher Pilgrim i. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Fffff4/1 Signor Alphonso, ye are too rugged to her, Believe too full of harshnesse. 1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 149 My Lord Mayor said, That the answer did not look with a rugged face. View more context for this quotation 1773 Life N. Frowde 25 I began to be reconciled both to him and his looks, Which at first seem'd so rugged and unsociable. 1796 C. Burney Mem. Life Metastasio I. 21 The first breach of contract with the rugged advocate was in the beginning of 1721. 1817 A. Bonar Serm. II. xix. 423 We..dislike those rugged pastors who will make no allowance for the follies of the age. 1836 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece II. 267 Characters like that of Aristides, even when there is nothing rugged and forbidding in their exterior, are seldom loved. 1926 Times 9 Dec. 9/4 They would have been quite content to leave it to the prickings of human reason and the rugged tuition of hard facts. 1956 W. S. Churchill Hist. Eng.-speaking Peoples II. v. iv. 167 Strafford..harangued the nobility at York in rugged, violent terms. The reception was cool and disappointing. 4. a. Of weather, climate, etc.: rough, stormy, inclement. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > stormy reigheOE stormya1200 wilda1250 troublec1374 rougha1400 stormishc1430 rude?a1439 boistous1470 troublous1482 wair?a1500 tempestuous1509 blusterous1548 rugged1549 stormful1558 troublesome1560 turbulent1573 ruggy1577 rufflered1582 oragious?1590 boisterous?1594 broily1594 unruly1594 procellousa1629 gurly1718 coarse1774 ugly1844 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Tim. Ded. f. i There is none so rugged a wynter, but some profyte aryseth of the feldes. 1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 231 Serue them in hard and rugged weather, whereby they are hindred to be abroad. 1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 22 in Justa Edouardo King He..question'd every gust of rugged wings, That blowes from off each beaked Promontorie. 1709 ‘B. Slush’ Navy Royal 11 Now which way can we imagine, that a Gentleman..will abandon his Children..over to rugged Storms, and more rugged Commanders. 1773 Life N. Frowde 25 He was..of the most inviting Carriage that ever I observed upon the rugged Element he was employed in. 1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors iv. 77 The Commodore Preble has lost..seven [sc. whales] by sinking after they were ‘turned up’, and three from alongside in rugged weather. 1874 C. M. Scammon Marine Mammals N. Amer. 311 A rough sea, accompanied with blowing weather, is termed by whalers ‘rugged weather’. 1905 New Eng. Mag. Mar. 3/1 A rugged climate makes a rugged people. 1957 W. Dykeman & J. Stokely Neither Black nor White xiv. 265 Bishop Asbury had toiled against rugged weather, well-nigh impassable mountains and the hardships of frontier life. 2009 Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois) (Nexis) 11 Jan. f1 At first word of rugged weather, a man will go to the window and look out. b. That involves great effort or hardship. Now frequently in weakened sense: tough, difficult. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] arvethc885 uneathOE arvethlichc1000 evilc1175 hardc1175 deara1225 derfa1225 illc1330 wickeda1375 uneasy1398 difficul?a1450 difficile?1473 difficulta1527 unready1535 craggy1582 spiny1604 tough1619 uphill1622 shrewda1626 spinousa1638 scabrous1646 spinose1660 rugged1663 cranka1745 tight1764 thraward1818 nasty1828 upstream1847 awkward1860 pricklyc1862 bristling1871 sticky1871 rocky1873 dodgy1898 challengeful1927 solid1943 ball-busting1944 challenging1975 the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > full of hardship hardOE soreOE starkOE difficult1562 flinty1613 rugged1663 rough1709 rude1735 tough1890 1663 E. Gayton Relig. of Physician 9 The subtil Emperour did ask, What desp'rate service, or what rugged task He'd undergo, to gain his Liberty? 1701 J. Collier tr. M. Aurelius Conversat. with Himself x. xxxiii. 198 He improves his Value, and raises his Character, by making a right use of a Rugged Accident. 1730 J. Thomson Autumn in Seasons 139 Then throw that shameful pittance from thy hand, But ill apply'd to such a rugged task. 1794 E. Jerningham Siege of Berwick i. 13 From the happy hour I first call'd her mine, unto this moment, she has with unremitting fortitude attended me through many a rugged day. 1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 69 Thinking on rugged hours and fruitless toil. 1838 R. W. Emerson Wks. (1906) II. 203 So it is in rugged crises, in unweariable endurance..that the angel is shown. 1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars vi. 295 It must have been hard for the weak and sickly..to stand that rugged old Cambridge life. 1942 Yank 7 Oct. 7 ‘Rugged’ the Destroyers call the Tank Hunting Course. 1973 J. Pattinson Search Warrant v. 81 If things get really rugged I just put the bite on my old man. 2002 Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) (Nexis) 3 Jan. d3 They fought back from a pretty rugged situation. 5. a. Lacking in culture and refinement; rough, unsophisticated.Applied to a person, sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense A. 7. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [adjective] rudea1382 roida1400 borel1513 rustical?1532 illiberal1535 waste?1541 rusticc1550 illiterate1556 ruggedc1565 profane1568 unskilful1572 raw?1573 clownish1581 home-born1589 rough-hewn1593 unpolished1594 artless1598 home-bred1602 unbevelled1602 incult1628 museless1644 uncultivated1646 incultivateda1657 uncultivate1659 incultivate1661 unpolite1674 uncult1675 repent1684 uncultivated1725 uncultured1777 unenlightened1792 cultureless1824 sloven1856 philistinic1869 undoctrined1869 Philistine1871 Philistinish1871 roughneck1906 lowbrow1907 low-level1916 no-brow1922 bohunk1957 bakya1960 the mind > attention and judgement > bad taste > lack of refinement > [adjective] > specifically of persons boistousc1300 rudec1405 blunt1477 rustyc1485 rough?1531 sillya1547 ruggedc1565 unrefined1582 unpolished1594 unfashioned1606 inurbane1623 incult1628 ungenteel1633 roughsome?c1660 unpolite1674 inelegant1735 untutored1751 unrarefied1835 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > unrefined boistousc1300 untheweda1325 uplandisha1387 unaffiled1390 rudea1393 knavishc1405 peoplisha1425 clubbedc1440 blunt1477 lob?1507 robust1511 borel1513 carterly1519 clubbish1530 rough?1531 rustical?1532 incondite1539 agrestc1550 rusticc1550 brute1555 lobcocka1556 loutisha1556 carterlike1561 boorish1562 ruggedc1565 lobbish1567 loutlike1567 sowish1570 clownish1581 unrefined1582 impolished1583 homespun1590 transalpinea1592 swaddish1593 unpolished1594 untutored1595 swabberly1596 tartarous1602 porterly1603 lobcocked1606 lob-like1606 cluster-fisted1611 agrestic1617 inurbane1623 unelevated1627 incult1628 unbrushed1640 vulgar1643 unhewed1644 unsmooth1648 hirsute1658 loutardly1658 unhewn1659 roughsome?c1660 sordid1668 inhumanea1680 coarse1699 brutal1709 ramgunshoch1721 tramontane1740 uncouth1740 no-nationa1756 unurbane1760 turnipy1792 rudas1802 common1804 cubbish1819 clodhopping1828 vulgarian1833 cloddish1844 unkempt1846 bush1851 vulgarish1860 rodney1866 crude1876 ignorant1886 yobby1910 nekulturny1932 oikish1959 yobbish1966 ocker1972 down and dirty1977 c1565 ‘T. C.’ tr. G. Boccaccio Galesus Cymon & Iphigenia sig. B.vii Alecto, flie from Limbo lake, and scudde from Plvtos denne: And with your aide, assiste my Uerse, directe my rugged Penne. a1625 J. Fletcher Wife for Moneth v. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Hhhhhh4^v/1 Though he be stubborne, And of a rugged nature, yet he is honest. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 301 They are very humane and noble in their natures; differing..very much from the Turks, who are rugged and barbarous. a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 96 Force is a rugged Way of making Love. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. v. xi. 285 The rugged Manners of Northern Boors. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiv. 284 Its inhabitants are a luxurious and effeminate race,..incapable..of giving any opposition to this rugged enemy. 1799 H. More Strict. Mod. Syst. Fem. Educ. (ed. 4) I. 149 It drives the gentle spirit to artifice, and the rugged to despair. 1826 W. Scott Woodstock I. ii. 34 We have still about us some rugged foresters of the old Woodstock breed. 1849 M. Arnold World & Quietist 21 The rugged Labourer Caught not till then a sense..Of his omnipotence. 1897 N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 10 Apr. 492/2 It is among the more cultivated and not the more rugged society that we see these cases. 1911 E. London Disp. 28 Oct. 3 To present the rugged backvelder in his true colours. 1949 Jrnl. Criminal Law & Criminology 39 450 Those persons were so raw and rugged in thoughts and manners that their ‘resocialisation’ had to be considered vain. 2004 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 25 Apr. (Taste section) d12 This is..more truly rugged food where flavour, not style, is the focus. b. Of sound, language, etc.: rough, harsh; rude, unpolished. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > [adjective] hardOE rudea1375 stern1390 rougha1400 discordanta1425 stoutc1440 hoarse1513 harsh1530 raughtish1567 rugged1567 dissonant1573 harshy1582 jarry1582 immelodious1601 cragged1605 raggeda1616 unmusicala1616 absonousa1620 unharmoniousa1634 inharmonical1683 unharmonic1694 inharmonious1715 craggy1774 pebbly1793 reedy1795 iron1807 dry1819 inharmonic1828 asperated1835 sawing1851 shrewd1876 coarse1879 callithumpian1886 dissonantal1946 ear-bending1946 sandpaper1953 1567 T. Drant tr. Horace Pistles in tr. Horace Arte of Poetrie sig. G.viii To Alexander Cherilus was welcum at those tymes: Who gaue him crownes (a princelie gift) for raggie rugged rymes. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ii. sig. Cc7 But ah my rymes to rude and rugged arre. 1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 45 Declaming in rugged and miscellaneous geare blown together by the foure winds. 1673 J. Milton Sonnets xi, in Poems (new ed.) 56 Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek. 1697 J. Dryden Ded. Æneis in tr. Virgil Wks. sig. e4^v It seldom happens but a Monosyllable Line turns Verse to Prose, and even that Prose is rugged, and unharmonious. 1710 A. Philips Pastorals iv. 21 So sweet a Scene ill Suits my ruggid Lay. 1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music vi. 111 Eschylus is uneven, concise, abrupt, and rugged. 1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. App. i. 427 Most of the hymns composing the Védas are in a language so rugged as to prove [etc.]. 1849 C. Brontë Shirley III. ii. 41 Your accent..has no rugged burr. 1905 C. Bigg tr. in Church's Task under Rom. Empire iii. 87 For all that Latin sage or Greek has taught, And all that heaven to earth has nearer brought, In dulcet verse or rugged prose expressed, Flowed from thy lips, which bettered still the best. 1957 N. Frye Anat. Crit. 256 It is more likely to be the harsh, rugged, dissonant poem..that will show in poetry the tension and the driving accented impetus of music. 2002 Vibe Jan. 124/1 ‘Nahmeanyeheard’ typifies the LP's rugged sound with its abrasive funk and braggart rhymes. 6. †a. Of the forehead or brow: wrinkled with care or displeasure; frowning. Also in figurative contexts. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > textures or states of skin > [adjective] > wrinkle rivelledlOE frounced1422 rivelling1481 wrinkleda1529 rideled1530 writhled1565 rugged1590 furrow-faced1607 shrivelled1607 corrugated1623 furrow-fronted1640 seamed1656 pursed1676 corrugate1745 crow's-footed1831 crow-footed1834 lined1839 crowed1851 wrinkled1859 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene sig. Qq So you great Lord, that with your counsell sway [T]he burdeine of this kingdom mightily, With like delightes sometimes may eke delay, The rugged brow of carefull Policy. a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iii. ii. 29 Sleeke o're your rugged Lookes, Be bright and Iouiall. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 164 Such object hath the power to soft'n and tame Severest temper, smooth the rugged'st brow. View more context for this quotation 1783 H. J. Pye Progress of Refinement iii. 81 Bold Chivalry employ'd her earliest care To smooth the rugged brow of frowning War. 1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xv. 152 His eyebrows..smoothed their rugged bristling aspect, and became serene. b. Of a person's features or appearance: rough-hewn, craggy; weather-beaten; strongly marked. Now frequently: attractively masculine. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > types of face > [adjective] flatc1400 hardc1400 low-cheeredc1400 large?a1425 ruscledc1440 well-visagedc1440 platter-faced1533 well-faced1534 full-faced1543 fair-faced1553 bright-faceda1560 crab-faced1563 crab-snouted1563 crab-tree-faced1563 long-visaged1584 owlya1586 wainscot-faced1588 flaberkin1592 rough-hewn1593 angel-faced1594 round-faced1594 crab-favoured1596 rugged1596 weasel-faced1596 rough-faced1598 half-faced1600 chitty1601 lenten-faced1604 broad-faced1607 dog-faced1607 weaselled-faced1607 wry-faced1607 maid-faced1610 warp-faced1611 ill-faceda1616 lean-faceda1616 old-faceda1616 moon-faced1619 monkey-faced1620 chitty-face1622 chitty-faceda1627 lean-chapt1629 antic-faced1635 bloat-faced1638 bacon-facea1640 blue-faced1640 hatchet-faced1648 grave1650 lean-jawed1679 smock-faced1684 lean-visaged1686 flaber1687 baby-faced1692 splatter-faced1707 chubby1722 puggy1722 block-faced1751 haggard-looking1756 long-faced1762 haggardly1763 fresh-faced1766 dough-faced1773 pudding-faced1777 baby-featured1780 fat-faced1782 haggard1787 weazen-face1794 keen1798 ferret-like1801 lean-cheeked1812 mulberry-faced1812 open-faced1813 open-countenanced1819 chiselled1821 hatchety1821 misfeatured1822 terse1824 weazen-faced1824 mahogany-faced1825 clock-faced1827 sharp1832 sensual1833 beef-faced1838 weaselly1838 ferret-faced1840 sensuous1843 rat-faced1844 recedent1849 neat-faced1850 cherubimical1854 pinch-faced1859 cherubic1860 frownya1861 receding1866 weak1882 misfeaturing1885 platopic1885 platyopic1885 pro-opic1885 wind-splitting1890 falcon-face1891 blunt-featured1916 bun-faced1927 fish-faced1963 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. Proem sig. A2 The rugged forhead that with graue foresight Welds kingdomes causes, & affaires of state. View more context for this quotation 1617 T. Middleton & W. Rowley Faire Quarrell iii. sig. F3^v Y'aue a good face now, but 'twill grow rugged. 1624 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 2) iii. ii. v. iii. 441 Her corall lippes will be pale & blew, her skinne rugged. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 126 Like their griely Prince appears his gloomy Race: Grim, ghastly, rugged . View more context for this quotation 1782 F. Burney Cecilia V. x. viii. 331 Tears running quick down his rugged cheeks. 1799 C. B. Brown Edgar Huntly I. vi. 135 His aspect was noble and ingenious, but his sun-burnt and rugged features bespoke a various and boisterous pilgrimage. a1817 J. Austen Persuasion (1818) III. iii. 43 His face the colour of mahogany, rough and rugged to the last degree, all lines and wrinkles. View more context for this quotation 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola II. xix. 246 There seemed the very opposite testimony in the rugged face. 1890 A. Conan Doyle White Company xxxv A dry-wood fire had been lit,..the glare beating upon their rugged faces. 1930 J. Buchan Castle Gay i. 22 His features were rugged but not unpleasing. 1961 Ebony June 46/2 His Midwestern drawl charmed many and his rugged good looks won him hordes of female admirers. 2003 Amer. Cowboy Nov.–Dec. 53/1 The movie company..applied makeup to Villa's rugged visage. 7. Of a rough but strong or sturdy character. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > unaffectedness or naturalness > [adjective] > straightforward or frank right fortha1382 plaina1393 free-hearteda1398 round1487 opena1535 sincere1539 frank1555 pert1567 single-hearted1574 single-minded1577 direct1586 open-hearted1593 open-breasted1594 transparent1600 unclose1606 unminced1648 even down1654 unreserved1654 rugged1678 plain sailing1707 whole-footed1744 sturdy1775 heart-in-mouth1827 jannock1828 straightforward1829 direct-dealing1830 undiplomatic1834 straight-ahead1836 straight-up-and-down1859 man to man1902 the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective] > of mind, operations: broad, deep, strong stronga1393 profounda1450 reachinga1500 ingenious1509 spacious1609 vast1610 vigorous1640 rugged1678 wide1717 broad1832 oceanica1834 in depth1959 1678 S. Speed tr. Valerius Maximus Romae Antiquae Descriptio iii. viii. 149 But the mind of Socrates, clad with the strength of Vitility, produced a more rugged Example of firm Resolution. 1710 J. Humfrey Wisdom towards Wicked iii. 31 It is true, all Men have not the same Ingenuity and affable Nature; some Men are of a more robustick Way and rugged Constitution. 1783 H. J. Pye Progress of Refinement i. 20 In the regions whence Favonius blows, A hardy race Hesperia's vales disclose: With sinews firm the rugged offspring rise And brave the force of less auspicious skies. 1827 T. Carlyle in Edinb. Rev. June 186 He has an intellect vehement, rugged, irresistible. 1852 Ld. Tennyson Ode Wellington 184 Whose life was work, whose language rife With rugged maxims hewn from life. 1873 J. A. Symonds Stud. Greek Poets v. 150 In his style Simonides has none of Pindar's rugged majesty. 1931 Amer. Speech 6 185 Frequent adjectives of encomium in book reviews are..romantic, rugged, ruthless. 1966 Listener 10 Mar. 363/2 Nicholas Maw's..string quartet, a closely-knit, rugged work, product of a rich and fertile imagination. 1976 Gramophone Dec. 1057/2 Jochum's reading has a rugged truth combined with poetic sensibility. 1991 Arena Summer 129 R. M. Williams, the Australian outdoorsman's clothier..has been described as the Ralph Lauren of Down Under. But for sheer rugged authenticity there's no comparison. 8. a. Chiefly U.S. Of a person: strong, sturdy; robust, vigorous. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [adjective] sprindeOE livelyOE kaskc1300 wightc1300 courageousc1386 wighty14.. wieldya1413 ablec1440 tall of hand1530 sappy1558 energical1565 energetical1585 greenya1586 stout1600 strenuous1602 forceful?1624 actuous1626 vigorous1638 vivid1638 high-spirited1653 hearty1665 actuose1677 living1699 full-blooded1707 executive1708 rugged1731 sousing1735 energic1740 bouncing1743 two-fisted1774 energetic1782 zestful1797 rollicking1801 through-ganging1814 throughgoing1814 slashing1828 high-powered1829 high pressure1834 rip-roaring1834 red-blooded1836 ripsnorting1846 zesty1853 dynamic1856 throbbing1864 goey1875 torpedoic1893 kinky1903 zippy1903 go-at-it1904 punchy1907 up-and-at-'em1909 driving1916 vibranta1929 kinetic1931 zinging1931 high-octane1936 zingy1938 slam-bang1939 balls-to-the-wall1967 balls-out1968 ass-kicking1977 hi-octane1977 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust strongeOE hardOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 steel to the (very) backa1300 stalworthyc1300 wightc1300 stable13.. valiant1303 stithc1325 toughc1330 wrast1338 stoura1350 sadc1384 wighty14.. derfc1440 substantialc1460 well-jointed1483 felon1487 robust1490 stalwart1508 stoutya1529 robustous?1531 rankc1540 hardy1548 robustious1548 stout1576 rustical1583 rustic1620 iron1638 robustic1652 swankinga1704 strapping1707 rugged1731 solid1741 vaudy1793 flaithulach1829 ironbark1833 swankie1838 tough as (old) boots or leather1843 skookum1847 hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862 hard-assed1954 nails1974 1731 J. Hempstead Diary 13 Oct. (1901) 241 A Rugged Hardy young man..went to the House of Samll Parke. 1815 J. Pickering in Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 3 ii. 514 We often hear the expression, a rugged, i.e. robust boy. 1848 ‘P. Peppergrass’ Shandy M'Guire xi. 151 'Am afeered..it 'ill kill yer reverence—an' you not so rugged as ye us't to be. 1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table xii. 358 I'm getting along in life, and I ain't quite so rugged as I used to be. 1920 Herald of Gospel Liberty 29 Apr. 426/2 He was a husky, rugged lad, able to bear his burden. 1943 Billboard 9 Oct. 61/1 Despite his age he is still rugged enough to give an enemy plenty to worry about. 1999 Kansas City (Missouri) Star (Nexis) 28 Jan. 18 Brian is a rugged kid. He goes out and plays hard. He takes a real beating. But he's tough. He can take it. b. Originally U.S. Of a manufactured object: strongly constructed, capable of withstanding rough usage. Also in extended use. ΚΠ 1898 Proc. Engineers' Club Philadelphia 15 273 A simple, rugged construction, that will stand unlimited abuse and permits of a simple feed and a simple discharge. 1921 Wireless World 29 Oct. 477/2 The whole design has been made robust, or, as our American friends would say, ‘rugged’. 1960 Pract. Wireless 36 302/1 The mains transformer should be a rugged component capable of secure attachment to the chassis to survive the hazards of transport. 1978 Detroit Free Press 16 Apr. (Gardening Guide) 6 (advt.) This 19.9 hp grounds maintenance tractor is specially designed for big jobs where you need rugged, dependable power. 2006 A. Steffen et al. Worldchanging (2008) 172/2 Flexible thin-film and organic-plastic solar panels are extremely rugged and adaptable. †B. adv. Ruggedly; roughly, harshly; unevenly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adverb] sternlyc897 sharplyc900 stitha1000 hardlyOE starklyOE sterna1175 stithlya1300 hardilyc1300 ruggedlya1382 austerely?a1400 smartlya1400 unsternlya1400 acerbly?a1425 brussly1481 sore1484 shrewdly1490 dourlya1500 severely1548 roundly1567 severe1599 strictly1602 fiercely1611 Draconically1641 rugged1661 1661 J. Davies Civil Warres 344 Finding how rugged they moved as to his interest. 1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. i. 22 For those that do his Business best, In Hell, are us'd the Ruggedest. 1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 4 Thus labour's early days did rugged roll. Compounds C1. rugged individualism n. originally and chiefly U.S. independence or self-sufficiency of character, hardy self-reliance; spec. individualism as a social and economic ideal, esp. as associated with the free-market economic system of the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries. ΚΠ 1897 J. G. Rogers Gospel in Epistles xi. 220 The stern and rugged individualism which finds no charm in the fellowship of kindred souls.] 1898 Godey's Mag. May 548/1 He [sc. Lorenzo Dow] was shaped for other uses; of a rugged individualism, untempered by schooling, uninfluenced by example. 1928 H. Hoover New Day 154 We were challenged with a peace-time choice between the American system of rugged individualism and a European philosophy of diametrically opposed doctrines—doctrines of paternalism and state socialism. 2001 N.Y. Times 10 June iv. 15/4 Our national political discussion is often polarized between those who see America as a land built solely on the strength of rugged individualism and others who ascribe our strength to collective action. rugged individualist n. originally and chiefly U.S. a hardy, self-reliant, independent person; an advocate of rugged individualism as a social or economic ideal. ΚΠ 1913 Logansport (Indiana) Chron. 22 Feb. In an early day we were pioneers, rugged individualists, men of action. 1946 G. B. Shaw Geneva iii. 76 Your pose is that of the rugged individualist, the isolationist. 1999 A. Silverblatt et al. Media Literacy iv. 183 John Wayne remained the rugged individualist in each film, whether he was starring in a western or military drama. rugged individuality n. originally and chiefly U.S. the fact or quality of being self-reliant or independent; social or economic independence; the advocacy of this. ΚΠ 1852 Dwight's Jrnl. Music 18 Dec. 85/2 The first movement..reminded one repeatedly of Mendelssohn, and yet indicated plenty of a certain strong, rugged individuality besides. 1974 Encycl. Brit. Macropædia V. 403/1 Cypriots are a people of rugged individuality. 1997 Weekly World News 25 Feb. 2 Ronald Reagan..symbolizes everything that's great about America—optimism, rugged individuality and patriotism. C2. Complementary. rugged-looking adj. ΚΠ 1821 J. M. Sherer Sketches in India 246 You may see before you many of the low rugged-looking hills which surround Gualior. 1888 G. M. Fenn Dick o' the Fens 11 A tall rugged-looking man..came slouching up. 1993 N.Y. Times 28 Nov. iv. 11/1 A few years ago I interviewed a rugged-looking, jut-jawed fellow. Derivatives ˈruggedish adj. somewhat rugged. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [adjective] > somewhat ruggedish1787 1787 E. Darwin et al. tr. C. Linnaeus et al. Families of Plants I. 78 Seed..ruggedish. 1850 W. H. Baxter et al. Suppl. in Loudon's Hortus Britannicus (new ed.) 683 Ruggedish. 2000 J. Colgan in J. Adams et al. Girls' Night In 26 Doug, being tallish, and ruggedish, was a bit of a looker for a herpetologist. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). ruggedadj.² Brit. /rʌɡd/, U.S. /rəɡd/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rug n.³, -ed suffix². Etymology: < rug n.³ + -ed suffix². Compare earlier rug v.³ Provided or covered with a rug or rugs. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > [adjective] > covered > with or as with (specific) textile clouted1579 palleda1729 listed1827 draped1833 blanketed1835 silked1837 black-draped1845 baized1882 rugged1888 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Jan. 5/1 The snugly-cushioned, hot~bottled, rugged, and scented votaries of fashion. 1899 E. Œ. Somerville & ‘M. Ross’ Some Experiences Irish R.M. 275 Two horses, carefully rugged, were in it. 1914 O. Onions Mushroom Town ii. ii. 130 In that quiet and rugged and curtained room he was once more following the line of least resistance. 2009 Sunday Mirror (Eire ed.) (Nexis) 14 June A clean and odour-free carpet or rugged floor. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † ruggedv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rugged adj.¹ Etymology: < rugged adj.¹ Obsolete. rare. transitive. To make rugged. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > make uneven [verb (transitive)] unevenc1440 jag1568 unlevela1586 rugged1628 cockle1686 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xxix. 91 'Tis the World, that choaking vp the way, does rugged that which is naturally smoother. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2021). < adj.¹adv.c1330adj.²1888v.1628
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ruggedadj.1adv.

Compounds

Derivatives

ruggedadj.2

† ruggedv.

ruggedadj.¹adv.

ruggedadj.²