| 释义 |
runningn. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: run v., -ing suffix1. Etymology: < run v. + -ing suffix1.With α. forms compare metathesized forms of run v. and see discussion at that entry. In Old English unmetathesized forms are attested only in sense ‘rennet’ (sense 22a); compare also the prefixed form gerinning coagulation (see quot. OE at sense 22b, and compare y- prefix). I. Movement using the legs and related senses. * Movement of a person or animal. 1. the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > [noun] > running OE Wærferð tr. Gregory (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. iv. 38 Sona on dægred com ærendraca to Iuliane..mid swiðe geswenctan horse for ærninge [L. uehementer equo in cursu fatigato]. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1963) 2 Kings xviii. 27 I beholde þe rennyng of þe formere as þe rennyng of Achymaas þe sone of Sadoch. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 167 Þere ofte he travaylede wylde bestes and took hem wiþ swifte rennynge [v.r. eornyng; ?a1475 anon. tr. rennenge; L. cursu]. c1400 (?a1300) (Laud) (1952) l. 2161 (MED) Now rist grete tabour-betyng, Blaweyng of pypes and ek trumpyng, Stedes lepyng and ek arnyng. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 553 Ther was no dore that he noolde heue of harre Or breke it at a rennynge with his heed. 1440 J. Capgrave (1977) l. 1176 There is now rennyng; þere is now waytynge. 1509 S. Hawes (1928) xi. 41 The gentyll best, they wyll regarde nothynge But to the swyne take course of rennynge. c1540 (?a1400) 2365 My horse..hote was of Rennyng. 1591 T. Cokayne B 3 Their hardie fighting and swift running. 1633 P. Fletcher Poeticall Misc. 91 in Jerusalem, thy burning If I forget; Forget thy running, My hand, and all thy cunning To th' harp to set. 1665 S. Pepys 30 Jan. (1972) VI. 25 I home..and in great fear to bed, thinking every running of a mouse really a thief. 1735 Sir J. Chardin in (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 386 Your running towards me. 1740 H. Bracken (ed. 2) II. vi. 167 The Horse is young and fond of running. 1776 G. White Let. 8 Jan. in (1789) 203 The pains which a beast suffers from the running of a shrew-mouse over the part affected. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin III. ii. 38 This is the only butterfly which I have ever seen that uses its legs for running. 1869 H. F. Tozer II. 310 In order to be less impeded in running and jumping. 1889 July 214/2 At no other hour were the pavements so thronged, was there such a crush of carriages,..such running and shouting. 1905 July 277 The tree-creeper, which nearly always begins his runnings and creepings at the bottom of the trunks. 1920 31 429 I'm tired from running. The mire is ankle deep. 1967 B. Herndon ii. 33 In spite of all the running he had to do to catch up. 2001 D. Burnie 118/3 Very long bones in the lower parts of its back legs—the ideal shape for running. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing on foot > [noun] eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius (Otho) (2009) I. xxvi. 502 Færð ðonne micel folc to, & yrnað ealle endemes, ða ðe hiora ærninge trewað. OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf (1927) 60 Bonum certamen certaui; cursum cosummaui : god gifeht ic gifæht; erning [corrected in MS to herning] ic giendade. a1425 (c1395) (Royal) (1850) Eccles. ix. 11 Rennyng [1560 Geneva the race] is not of swift men, nethir batel is of stronge men. c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 88 With Athalenta strive þou not now... To such a rennyng haue þou noon hast. a1500 in R. L. Greene (1935) 278 (MED) He is loved ouer all Among maydyns..In daunsyng, in pypynge, and rennyng at the ball. 1579 J. Jones i. xi. 23 Other exercises, as riding, running easily at Bace, at grinstole ball, boules, riding on horseback..I wil omitte. c1598 King James VI & I (1944) I. iii. 188 But the exercises that I uolde haue you to use..are rinning, leaping, urestling, [etc.]. 1625 P. Heylyn (rev. ed.) 391 The exercises were..running on foot, quoiting, wrestling, darting, shooting. a1626 L. Andrewes (1629) 221 To winne but a prize, at a running, or a wrestling..and all is but for a poore Silver game. 1728 E. Chambers at Gymnic Gymnic Games are those wherein the Body is exercised; such are Wrestling, Running, Dancing. 1781 E. Gibbon II. xviii. 87 He excelled in the gymnastic arts of leaping and running. 1801 J. Strutt ii. ii. 70 There is no kind of exercise that has more uniformly met the approbation of authors in general than Running. 1843 XXVII. 588/1 Leaping and running..generally accompany the wrestling as prize games. 1888 XVI. 383/2 He..was first-rate at running, jumping, and riding. 1908 A. Shrubb x. 66 Of all forms of pedestrianism..there can be nothing superior to cross-country running. 1970 12 June 17/1 Where's he going?.. Swimming? Or just riding in the country? Nope. He's going running. 2007 July 30/3 You can opt for either the duathlon or the aquathon (running and swimming). society > armed hostility > attack > raid > [noun] > action of raiding OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf (1927) 36 Oues quas pretioso sanguine tuo redemisti diabolica non sinas incursione lacerari : scip ða diorwyrðum blode ðinum eft gilesdest diowlica ne forlet ðu onerninge þætte ue sie tosliteno.] c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 11060 (MED) In þis manere þe barons bigonne hor vrning [v.r. ernyng]. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 13 Þe province was swiþe destourbed by rennynge [v.r. ernyng; ?a1475 anon. tr. incursions; L. incursione] of reses of straungers. a1450 ( tr. Vegetius (Douce) f. 109v Wiþstant þe sodeyn rennynge of enemyes. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour (Adv.) xviii. 688 Thai Suld hald thar fayis all that day Doand..With thar ronnyngis [1487 St. John's Cambr. saltis] that thai suld ma. c1536 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece (1821) II. 153 The Pichtis gat gret skaith be thair haistie and unavisit rinning on thair ennimes. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie (1895) II. 165 Tha war the only authoris of thift, rubrie, and rinning of forrayis. 1602 in D. Masson (1884) 1st Ser. VI. 360 For persuite and rynning of forrowis upon the said complenar. 1623 H. Cockeram Decursion, a running of souldiers on their enemies.] society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > [noun] > running 1752 Game at Cricket in Nov. 582/2 They [sc. the Umpires] are sole judges of all hindrances, crossing the players in running, and standing unfair to strike. 1833 Cricketers' Reg. 12 in 5 The steady manner in which Pilch bowled rendered the running very difficult throughout. 1877 VI. 580/1, 21 Or if in running the wicket be struck down by a throw..before his bat (in hand) or some part of his person be grounded over the popping crease. 1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. I. 225/2 The art of running between wickets, without coming to a misunderstanding with one's partner, is indispensable. 1906 A. E. Knight ii. 87 Some of the best running between wickets ever witnessed has been shown by Australian teams. 1976 23 July 39/3 With some firm strokes and quick running between the wickets [they] took the score to 61 all out after 17.3 overs. 2004 (Human Kinetics) (ed. 2) x. 67/1 If a fielder intentionally obstructs a batter in running, the umpire will signal ‘dead ball’ and allow any completed runs..to score. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > horse by performance > racing qualities 1798 J. Lawrence II. 194 What if after keeping the nag during all that long period,..he should at last..prove to have no running in him? 1821 9 35/1 Both horses finished full of running. 1843 C. J. Lever xxv. 174 Although the ground was trying, his breeding began to tell, and I could feel that he had plenty of running still in him. 1859 C. J. Lever xii. 99 He thinks I've running in me yet. 1919 J. Masefield (1920) 242 The fox was strong, he was full of running, He could run for an hour and then be cunning. 1999 R. Charlton 185 They will be very fit and full of running. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skating > [noun] > other types of skating 1816 372 The inhabitants of Friesland excell in bodily exercices, chiefly, in running in skates on the ice. 1838 Mar. 154 With us it is straight-forward running, and hence the local term of runners, applied to the fast skaters. 1878 S. H. Miller & S. B. J. Skertchly vi. 163 Here some of the fastest ‘running’ in the world might be seen. 1901 E. Gueyse xii. 130 Their skating consisted in running on the ice far enough to get a good start,and then sliding. 2. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] eOE tr. Bede (Tanner) v. vi. 400 Eala; hwæt ðu me micel yfel & lað dest mid þinre ærninge [L. o quam magnum uae facis mihi sic equitando]. c1460 (?c1400) l. 2402 (MED) Yeur rennyng & yeur trotting in-to an esy pase I shall turn or þat wee twyn. c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 283 in W. C. Hazlitt (1864) I. 230 Lordes came fro many a farre lande, And Ladyes also, that runnynge to see. 1563 in W. Robertson (1759) II. App. 14 We..pass our time in feasts, banquetting, masking, and running at the ring, and such like. 1625 P. Heylyn (rev. ed.) 391 The exercises were running with swift horses, whorlebats, [etc.]. a1630 F. Moryson in (1903) v. i. 465 They haue Tiltings, Runnings with lances against a Post Armed like a man at all peeces. 1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard ii. v. 211 The Duke..had invited all the Nobility and Gentry of the Country to Bordeaux to a publick running at the Ring. 1739 in J. Cheny p. v In case of Neglect or Refusal..such Owners and Riders shall be immediately declar'd incapable of Running or Riding any more. 1776 T. Mortimer (new ed.) II. 97 There were bear-baitings, fire-works, Italian tumblers, and a country wake, running at the quintain, and morrice-dancing. 1828 R. Thomson II. iv. ii. 282 Sports on the Thames, of running at a mark, or tilting, in boats with wooden spears. 1844 J. Donovan (ed. 2) II. 445 Funeral games,..wrestling, leaping, running on horseback and bounding with the lance. 1880 Oct. 606 It [sc. the day's sport] partook of the double nature of stalking and running on horseback. 1913 M. Sullivan i. 14 Beaumont was invited for Twelfthnight to a dinner, running at the ring, a play, [etc.]. 1995 No. 146 145 St Francis de Sales defended a whole range of pastimes as good in themselves, among them tennis, running at the ring, chess and draughts. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > [noun] > on the part of the horse 1577 in J. A. Picton (1883) I. 119 There was a running of horses..for a silver bell. 1607 E. Topsell 323 Virgill also describeth a swift and sluggish horsse most excellently in these verses; sending one of them to the Ring, and victory of running. 1704 No. 4000/4 Galloways..to be entred at the White-Horse Inn..14 days before the day of Running. 1731 J. Cheny 89 The Conditions of running for the same [prize], are different from those of all other Prizes. 1837 ‘Nimrod’ iii. 281 Many of them [sc. colts] die before the day of running. 1840 D. P. Blaine §1237 Plate such horses as may have good sound feet..the evening prior to their running. 1863 23 May 656 Lord Clifden, on the strength of his good two-year-old running,..had been made first favourite for more than twelve months. 1909 47 456/2 Suspended..in connection with the running of Capitano, the same horse that ran in New Orleans and the following winter. 1952 3 Nov. 91/2 Flight put him [sc. a horse] a little off his feed but not enough to hurt his running. 2001 (Nexis) Aug. 21 The highlight is the running of horses over very dusty terrain in the sloping light. the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > defeat or overthrow > loss or defeat [phrase] > not among the leading contenders society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > in competition or rivalry [phrase] > (not) among the leading competitors society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > [adjective] > not among leaders 1855 14 Nov. 2/4 The backers of Symphony began to show long faces, thinking that both her and the Wellington horse were out of the running. 1857 H. R. Helper ii. 167 When Cameron was clearly out of the running they did promise Cameron's supporters a place in Lincoln's Cabinet. 1869 J. S. Le Fanu III. viii. 104 She's up in limbo, and if her story be true, why then that boy of Ally's ain't in the runnin'. 1875 A. Trollope I. xvii. 109 She had understood that the two horses now in the running were Lord Nidderdale and Sir Felix. 1920 24 Dec. 15/2 Harvey Smurr, after being allowed to drop out of the running in the first half, closed with a rush and took second honors. 1949 M. Mead xvi. 341 His married daughter, who with each step that she takes towards maturity puts him more definitely out of the running. 1971 Mar. 23/1 Cemovic was promptly handed his second penalty and eliminated from the running. 2001 June 14/2 Nicolas Cage may be in the running to play Bruce Wayne in..Batman: Year One. the world > movement > impact > [noun] > forcible, heavy, or violent > collision 1538 T. Elyot Occursus, a runnynge agaynste one. 1740 V. iii. xvi. 291 There was no boarding, or running of one ship against another. 1771 J. Smeaton (1812) III. 256 The great wear and tear occasioned by the frequent running of the keels against the piers. 1797 VII. 376/2 The running of one ship against another. This happens sometimes by the violence of the wind. 1849 C. Lyell I. xvi. 290 We reached Wilmington without much delay, in spite of the ice on the rails, and the running of our locomotive engine against a cow. 1895 55 612 The injuries..were directly caused by the ‘forcible’ running of defendant's cart against plaintiff's. 1920 84 628/1 A complaint alleging that the running of a street car against an automobile was willful and wanton. 1950 J. M. Cohen tr. M. de Cervantes i. xxv. 206 The tearing of my garments,..the running of my head against the rocks. a1974 P. Blackett in P. Hore (2003) i. 10 The Harwich force urgently practised the running of torpedoes against towed targets. 4. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > action or occupation of pasturing 1577 in F. G. Emmison (1987) (modernized text) IV. 110 I will that James Cocke and Geo. Cocke shall have the running of the cattle they now have here until May day next. 1695 W. Kennett Gloss. at Porcus To grant pannage or free running of hogs in such a wood. 1725 G. Berkeley Let. 30 Dec. in (1871) IV. 117 You will also inform yourself whether Coll. Maccasland demands any thing for the running of my horse. 1753 J. Bartlet i. 4 A summer's grass is often necessary; more particularly to horses..who use little exercise, but a month or two's running, is proper for most. 1887 105 The enactment of laws prohibiting the running of cattle on the open plains. 1897 L. Lindley-Cowen vi. 116 The paddocks are depending upon..the running of sheep upon them to maintain their nutritive resources. 1935 28 81/1 Reference was made to the running of hogs in the woods in the Ozark mountain district. 1977 51 55 Also feasible was running of sheep, either alone or in combination with cattle. 2000 T. Rios & M. Sands iv. 127 Blaine also discusses the running of cattle on the reservation, indicating that his uncle was both a farmer and rancher. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > [noun] > order Insectivora > family Talpidae > genus Talpa (mole) > forming a burrow 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville 44 To hinder the running of Moles. 1812 Nov. 449 The tenant's first conjecture was, that they might be loosened at the root, by the running of moles. 1859 A. Watson x. 113 Much injury sometimes results from the running of moles in a garden, particularly in light soils. the world > food and drink > hunting > fishing > fish to be caught or as catch > [noun] > movement of fish 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré xxv. xxi. 1012 Together with the ropes,..they draw the Whale (wearied with running and labouring, and fainting by reason of the magnitude and multitude of his wounds..) a land. 1800 xii. 92 You can guess by the running of the Pike, what progress he hath made in his repast. 1851 H. Melville lxiii. 323 The instantaneous, violent, convulsive running of the whale upon receiving the first iron. 1877 J. J. Manley v. 134 There is no doubt about the ‘running’ of a Thames trout. It is a fierce rush he makes at your bait when he has made up his mind to rush at all. 1901 F. Mather 173 Murphy kept the bass out of some weeds, but could not prevent its running under the boat. the world > food and drink > hunting > hunting specific animals > [noun] > buffalo 1823 J. Franklin iv. 114 Mr. Herriot, to shew us the mode of hunting on horseback, or, as the traders term it, running of the buffalo, went in chase of a cow, and killed it after firing three shots. 1899 W. A. Fraser 187 Next to the running of buffalo, the baiting of the pale-face priest would be glorious sport. 1905 Nov. 555 A good many of the influences which govern the running of foxes have now been dealt with. 1936 G. Stanley 11 The Metis..had already been estranged by..an attempt to prohibit the running of the buffalo on horseback. 2009 S. Bechtel i. 4 Some people may imagine dogfighting as a genteel, misunderstood form of blood sport once practiced by the landed gentry, like the running of stags, foxhunting, or cockfighting. society > authority > office > appointment to office > choosing or fact of being chosen for office > [noun] > offering oneself as candidate 1830 20 Aug. 3/2 Such politicians..bet on a candidate's running for the Chief Magistracy of the Union or of a single State, precisely as they would bet on the running of a race horse. 1843 Oct. 342/1 The consequence of the running of two candidates by the Democratic party. 1870 7 July 1/1 He has never failed in getting such offices as he wanted, the record of his ‘running’ being about as good as that of any man in the country. 1910 24 Dec. 16/2 There was less excuse for his running on the liquor ticket. 1930 8 Apr. 4/2 The running of a candidate from Lehigh will cause..inconvenience. 1961 T. H. White iv. 86 Kennedy..felt that running for the Presidency was his most important full-time business and Senate attendance took second place. 1978 Jan. 52/2 He gave serious thought to running for chairman of the state Democratic party. 2008 K. F. Warren 68/2 Running on such a platform did not result in Roosevelt's election. the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > [noun] > teasing 1833 S. Smith xliii. 158 I feel a little put out with Dr Burnham for an unhansome running he gave me 'tother day. 1902 J. Corbin ii. 16 The freshman breakfast is nothing in the world but a variation of the ‘running’ that is given newcomers in those American colleges where fraternity life is strong. 1936 69 799/1 Much of this ‘running’, or badgering, is in the spirit of fun. ** Movement more generally. 9. the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > [noun] > moving swiftly > by propulsion or gravitation 1530 J. Palsgrave 264/2 Runnyng of a whele, peau. 1670 T. Blount Misaventure... Death by some outward violence, as the fall of a Tree, the running of a Cart-wheel, [etc.]. 1724 D. Defoe I. ii. 23 The Lap of his Coat catching in a Block, was drawn so hard in by the running of the Rope in the Block. 1772 Jan. 42/1 The motion and running of the wheels..may be seen through the transparency of the dial. 1832 9 New Ser. 61 For an improvement in the Running of Stones for Flour Mills. 1866 25 84 Their warping..will have no injurious effect whatever upon the running of the endless chains. 1896 10 17 At all such places stop-blocks..should be provided to stop this running amain. 1902 V. 106/2 Compressor, an instrument used on ship board for temporarily checking the running of the anchor-chain. 1948 G. Hackforth-Jones 33 If your boat has ‘roller furling’ taughten the halliards and see that the furling line is clear for running. 2010 T. Reilly vii. 152 Contemporary rods also contain line-runner rings with coated aluminum oxide on their inside to minimize resistance to the running of the line. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric manufactured in specific way > [noun] > woven > slipping of thread 1878 A. Barlow 360 On the breaking of a thread the ‘running’ would be stopped by the repeated twistings in a diagonal direction. 1922 12 Sept. 7/6 (advt.) The non-ravel barrier prevents running below the gold stripe at the knee. 1983 S. Thulin v. 29 Be sure to use tiny stitches to catch all threads well to prevent running. 2000 L. Wills iv. 47 The serger solves both of these problems, finishing the edges with looping to prevent running. 1610 C. Lever ii. iv. 203 In the casting of a stone or running of a Bowle..the strength of the arme giue the first motion to the bowle or stone. 1685 M. Prior in (1697) 197 So the first running of the lucky Dice, Does eager Bully to new Bets intice. 1714 T. Lucas 128 He us'd the false Dice.., which may be quickly perceived by the running of the Dice. 1749 43 Every Mathematician who has taken any Notice of the Running of Bowls. 1848 Jan. 145/1 The effects of gas, either on the lighting of billiard-tables, or the running of billiard-balls were undiscovered mysteries. 1850 H. G. Bohn et al. 564 If, after the striker has played, the adversary should obstruct or accelerate the running of the balls [etc.]. 1912 P. A. Vaile ix. 293 The defect..is sufficient to account for the very bad running of many golf balls. 1929 17 July 50/2 There are..many results likely in the running of the balls. 1989 R. Holt (1992) iii. 157 Here the running of bowls had largely become a club activity. 2003 (Nexis) 1 May The two [snooker] tables..both being reclothed because of the slow running of the balls. the world > plants > by growth or development > [noun] > growing unseasonably 1834 ‘M. Doyle’ (ed. 2) i. 41 The object in sowing Cauliflowers in this month as directed, is, to secure them against running. 1866 13 Sept. 224/2 The delay in earthing, and avoiding the bit-by-bit earthing-up, is one of the best securities against running or bolting. 1906 21 Apr. 244/1 Newer varieties [of cabbage] possess many improved qualities, such as greater freedom from ‘running’ or ‘bolting’. *** Travel, transportation, or conveyance. 12. society > travel > travel by water > action or motion of vessel > [noun] > running before wind 1600 F. Pretty in R. Hakluyt (new ed.) III. 823 It is not so much almost by an hundred and fiftie leagues, as we found by the running of our ship. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot i. 118 We reckoned our running to be ten miles an hour, though we carried only our Mainsail. 1693 N. Staphorst tr. L. Rauwolf Trav. Eastern Countries ii. ii, in J. Ray I. 132 We were forced nigh, and our Ship was in her full running, so that we could turn no way. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter iii. i. 295 A few days after our running off the coast of Mexico. 1855 A. B. Warner xxv. 259 By a system of dodging, running, and out-sailing,..he carried on his trade with Rhode Island as though no Squadron were in the way. 1875 F. G. D. Bedford (ed. 2) vi. 215 Running dead before the wind in a gig is very dangerous. 1884 14 June 784/1 In running a cutter has, so far as sails go, a very obvious advantage over the two-masted vessel. 1902 J. Gabe xii. 132 The America's average running was about 7½ knots per hour. 1955 41 183 The smallest storm-sails, used in running, may have had the ancient square shape. 1982 R. Olney & C. Bush iv. 51 Halfway..between running and a beam reach, is a ‘broad reach’. 2006 11 Dec. 30/5 Running before the wind looks easy at first, but it's the trickiest point of sailing. society > travel > travel by water > grounding of vessel > [noun] > deliberately society > travel > travel by water > grounding of vessel > [noun] > accidentally 1657 H. Pinnell tr. Crollius Translators Apol. sig. a I shall be a land mark to prevent thy running aground or splitting against the Rock. 1681 Bp. G. Burnet Pref. sig. e Learn to be so wise as to avoid the running on those Rocks. 1726 N. Uring 322 (heading) A particular Account of the Ship's running on Shore upon the Island of St. Michael's. 1781 51 612/2 Two of the officers gave it as their opinion, that the running on shore, and the consequent surrender, were matters not of choice, but of necessity. 1832 J. Hall 153 More than once he lost both boat and cargo by runnings on the snags and the sawyers of the Mississippi. 1863 15 275/1 The running ashore of the tug and her tow immediately before and after the collision. 1871 13 150/3 The sudden sheering of the tow..and consequent running upon a sunken rock. 1901 R. Campbell XXIV. 393 They must go on to prove that..there was no negligence which conduced to the running on the rocks. 2005 J. Diamond (2006) xv. 446 He was referring to the huge oil spill from the running aground off Alaska of Exxon's oil tanker. 13. society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > movement of vehicles > [noun] > movement of wheeled vehicle 1646 A. Ross viii. 75 Being in a ship I have discerned the running of horses and carts upon the shore. 1750 (Royal Soc.) 45 707 Many consider'd it [sc. an earthquake]..at first only as..the remote Running of a Coach or Chair. 1776 G. Semple 41 Notwithstanding the almost constant running of Carriages,..there did not fall one Handful of it. 1832 1 85/3 The snow has not prevented the running of carriages or freight waggons. 1885 1 Oct. 162/1 The greater steadiness in running of the whole vehicle which a stiff and stout axle-tree secures. 1899 E. Sanderson et al. X. 40 The car [of the hot-air balloon] being little more than a wooden platform with wheels to allow its running along on descending. 1906 11 Dec. 6/3 One would almost imagine that the running of a passengerless train from station to station,..would ‘grow’ on the conductors. 1922 E. Scrymsour iv. 36 The running of the trolleys up and down the roads. 1993 J. Cornell in B. H. North xviii. 217 The running of railway vehicles over track produces dynamic forces on both the vehicles and the track. society > travel > [noun] > travelling to and fro ?1764 J. Bush 3 The passage..is made much safer and more convenient, by..the running of a coach or two from Chester to the Head. 1839 28 Dec. It is the intention of the Commercial Steam Packet Company to renew the running of steam boats between this port and London. 1883 10 Nov. 9/6 The Standard Time for the running of Trains..will be changed to conform to the ‘Eastern Standard Time’. 1884 July 90 The running of these Trains is dependent upon the arrival of the Boats. 1920 11 Aug. 4/3 They [sc. plans] embrace all sorts of enterprises from the running of steamers to the raising of cotton. 1961 12 Jan. 1/1 Mr. Stout said the T.H.C. was not opposed in principle to the running of Sunday trains. 1994 T. Byrne (ed. 6) iv. 89 The provision of public transport through grants (including subsidies for the running of mini-buses in rural areas). society > trade and finance > merchandise > [noun] > smuggled or contraband goods 1699 N. Luttrell Diary in (1857) IV. 518 One Stapleton and Basse, sea captains, were tryed..for smugling and running of prize goods in time of war. 1718–19 c. 11 (title) An Act against clandestine running of uncustomed Goods. 1735 26 Apr. A Seizure was made of some Brandy... The next Morning several Persons concerned in the Running, endeavour'd to retake them. 1743 Feb. 75/2 By which Wool-running, should be effectively stopped. 1849 22 Sept. 324/1 It would be incorrect to state that the rentallers of our village, though not directly participating in the ‘running’ of goods, were totally ignorant of what was going on. 1884 S. Dowell IV. ii. iv. 216 Heavy penalties..were now imposed upon customhouse officers for neglect of duty in preventing the running of brandy. 1922 H. Kephart (new ed.) x. 227 The natural occupation for him is blockading or whiskey-running. 1948 A. J. Hanna & K. A. Hanna xiii. 182 None of these ventures..paid as well or gave as much excitement as did the running of rum. 1972 18 July 12/2 Charges connected with the running of guns to Northern Ireland. 2001 R. B. Lipschutz iv. 67 Various non-Communist warlords whose main trade was the running of drugs. society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > transport of goods in a vehicle > [noun] 1825 4 July The House went into committee..on the subject of regulating the running of timber down Connecticut. 1857 538 For the running of lumber in rafts over the same. 1880 38 603 [He] was to manage the logging in the woods and running of the logs to the mill. 1924 5 64 Owing to the running of logs down the brook with consequent high water, the fishing had been very poor. 1950 C. Bancroft i. 2 The dangerous felling of pines, the perilous running of logs, the great lumber barges with their snarling bargemen. 2000 W. E. Ellis iii. 77 The log booms..were outlawed in 1910 along with the running of loose logs. II. Course, succession; placement, arrangement. the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > course or direction of movement OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf (1927) 39 Da nobis domine quesumus, ut..mundi cursus pacificus nobis tuo ordine dirigatur : sel us driht' ue bid' þætte..middang'es erning sibsum' us ðinum endebrednisse sie girihtad. 1530 J. Palsgrave 263/2 Ronnyng or course of any thynge, decours. 1617 W. Raleigh (new ed.) Pref. sig. D3 All the Riuers in the world, though they haue diuers risings, and diuers runnings,..doe at last finde, and fall into the great Ocean. †17. the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > [noun] > continuous succession 1662 E. Stillingfleet iii. ii. §7 What ever is moved, must bee moved by something else, and consequently there must bee a running in Infinitum. 1672 J. Eachard Let. 3 in A Friend..had promised me the running of two or three Letters, in his Dialogue concerning Mr. Hobbs. 1662 in D. G. Hill (1894) IV. 47 Ensigne Daniell Fisher and Edward Richards were mutually chosin..to setle and determine the runinge of the Devision line. 1797 I. 305 The running and marking of the boundary line, between the colonies of East and West Florida, and the territory of the United States, have been delayed by the officers of His Catholic Majesty. 1870 Sept. 302/2 Pending the running of the boundary, neither party should exclude the other by force, or exercise complete and exclusive sovereign rights within the disputed limits. 1915 20 Aug. 231/2 We shall not dwell upon its [sc. astronomy's] so-called practical applications, such as the supplying of accurate time,..the making of accurate maps of the continents and islands, the running of boundary lines between nations,..and so on. 1998 111 1425 These small projects included the commissioners' service in signing bills of credit..and the running of boundary lines by the colony's agent. 1708 J. Kersey Seeling, (in Falconry) is the running of a Thread thro' the eye-lids of a Hawk. 1850 J. Greenwood 144 This term is..used to signify the running or drawing of a line on the ship. 1876 W. H. Preece & J. Sivewright 217 The poles having been properly fitted up, stayed or strutted,..and raised, the running of the wire is then proceeded with. 1911 Sept. 1033/1 A happy idea suggested the running of a rope over a pulley so as to make the work of drawing the water less tiring. 1981 (National Res. Council (U.S.)) iii. 94 The simple running of a wire in the early years of oil drilling..to measure feet drilled. 1994 10 June 1/3 They were liable..for the running of wires on utility poles owned by the Jamaica Public Service Company. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > [noun] > lacemaking > processes involved in 1817 M. Hall ii. iii. 109 The sedentary occupations of seaming, lace-running, of the tambour, &c. 1844 G. Dodd vii. 225 This working round of the outline is called ‘running’, while the filling-up of the interior parts is termed either ‘fining’ or ‘open~working’. 1880 Jan. 4 The ‘running’, or ornamentation, was done by women and children at their cottage homes. 1929 W. F. Neff iii. 94 Lace-running was done either in the homes of the ‘mistresses’..or in the workers' own homes. 2003 S. M. Levey in D. Jenkins II. xxiii. 851 A continuing demand for slightly patterned nets..stimulated..the dependent industry of lace running. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > stitch > running stitch > line of 1831 L. M. Child 188 Two thicknesses of silk are joined together by runnings, about an inch, or more, apart. 1845 M. J. Howell 46 As many runnings as you choose to introduce will each form a distinct puffing. 1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward 415/1 When Petticoats are to be Quilted, the Runnings should be well indented and the satin or silk set up puffily. 1900 28 July 6/6 Then come the gathers which have to be done with three runnings and very neatly finished off. 1935 G. G. Killin in A. S. Paterson et al. 228 The edge of shape is run round and each thread of the bars caught in while making the running. III. The flowing of liquids, and related senses. 22. the world > food and drink > food > substances for food preparation > [noun] > rennet OE (1955) 160 Coagulum, rynning. ?a1450 tr. Macer (Stockh.) (1949) 128 (MED) Mynte iuus medled with rynnynges wole nat suffre chese for to roote þat is made with þat rynnynges. 1530 J. Palsgrave 263/2 Ronnyng of chese, maisgre. 1562 W. Turner f. 2 As runnynge or chese lope maketh mylke runne together into cruddes. 1635 J. Swan vi. §4. 255 Mints put into milk will not suffer the milk to curd, although the runnet or running (as they call it) be put into it. 1770 B. Franklin Let. 11 Jan. in (1904) V. 175 I have since learned that some runnings of salt (I suppose runnet) is put into water, when the meal is in it, to turn it to curds. 1789 W. Marshall I. 331 Running, rennet; the coagulum in chees-making. 1825 W. Hone (1826) I. 561 Rennet, or running, as it is..called [in Penzance]. 1890 J. D. Robertson Running, rennet. the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > [noun] > state of being coagulated > coagulation OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius (Vitell.) (1984) clxiii. 206 Wið þa gerynnincge þæs worsmes ym ða breost genim þas ylcan wyrte.., syle þicgean anne cuculere fulne, þa breost beoð afeormude [L. pus crassius e pectore expellit].] a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. lxxii. 1331 Whey is þe wattry party of mylk, departed fro þe oþer party by rennyng and cruddynge, for rennynge ioyneþ togidres þe partyes of chese and of buttre, and departeþ þerfro þe whey. a1682 Sir T. Browne Extracts from Common Place Bks. in (1835) IV. 427 So many coagulations there are in nature; and though we content ourselves with one in the running of milk, yet many will perform the same. 23. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [noun] the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > venereal disease > [noun] > gonorrhoea OE (Northumbrian) ix. 20 Et ecce mulier quae sanguinis fluxum patiebatur duodecim annis accessit retro : & heonu wif ðiu blodes flouing uel iorning geðolade uel gedrog tuelf uinter uel tuelf ger geneolecde beienda. OE (Northumbrian) (headings to readings) xxxiii Mulierem a profluuio sanguinis sanat : þæt wif of herning blodes hæleð. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. ix. 20 A womman that suffride the flix, or rennynge, of blood [a1425 L.V. the blodi flux; L. sanguinis fluxum] twelue ȝeer. c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in (1888) 10 361 (MED) It is but a rennynge of the humeris vnkyndely. a1500 tr. Lanfranc (Wellcome) f. 32 (MED) Obtolmya is Apostume, swellyng or rennyng of humours of þe eyen. 1569 R. Androse tr. ‘Alessio’ ii. 32 To remedie the running of the reynes occasioned by a sharpe cause. 1597 W. Langham 55 Barley..stoppeth the running of the belly. 1607 E. Topsell 445 A very good and effectuall remedy against..the running of the raines. 1685 W. Clark iii. xvi. 112 His Body all with grievous sores o're spread, With Blood, and Ulcerous runnings pargetted. 1704 J. Swift x. 188 Since my Vein is once opened, I am content to exhaust it all at a Running. 1705 tr. W. Bosman viii. 110 The Wound Gangrenes, and at best turns to a running, which continues the whole Life. 1754 tr. J. Astruc (new ed.) I. iii. i. 262 If a virulent running be stopped, then the Blood necessarily partakes of the Infection by the reflux of the morbid Matter, and by this Means a Pox is the Consequence. 1804 J. Abernethy 165 A running came on from the urethra. 1855 J. Carr (ed. 2) 8 He always had some issue, running, rash, or other unhealthy appearance on his body, that caused him to be rejected as often as tried. 1877 24 Nov. 460/2 (advt.) I have cured the following diseases and habits of the horse by operating on their teeth, such as Coughing, Frothing, Drooling, Loss of Flesh, Hidebound, Discharging at the Nose, Scouring, Running at the Eyes. 1898 9 121 Until lately I have always had a slight thin running from the nose. 1946 27 190/2 Toxic effects were described and included running of the eyes, headache, coma, optic atrophy and peripheral neuritis. 2003 (Nexis) 21 Mar. 65 The best way to determine if a chemical agent has been released is by noticing whether you or the people around you are experiencing any symptoms such as:..profuse running of the nose. the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [noun] a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 153 A ryuer is euer lastyng rynnyng [L. perennis fluxus], ffor it renneþ continulich. (Harl. 221) 429 Rennyng [?a1475 Winch. Rennyge], of water or oþer lycure, manacio. a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) in (1968) 12 225 (MED) Water þat al hoot so springe Haue somwhere in here rennyng Over brimston her cours y-made. 1574 J. Baret D 566 A diall measuring houres by running of the water..Clepsydra. 1656 J. Harrington 179 An hour-glasse,..such an one as is to be of an houre and an halfe's running. 1685 H. Croft iii. 171 There can be no running of water, where the Earth, by reason of its spherical form, can have no Channels to receive the Rivers. 1723 J. Smith 36 A large Ulcer in the Foot, made by the running of melted Brass into the Shoe. 1750 tr. C. Leonardus 150 If carried in the left hand, it stops the running of tears of aged people. 1795 Princ. Occurr. 44/1 Mount Vesuvius is still covered with a thick cloud of ashes; all noise has ceased, and the running of the lava is stopped. 1823 J. Badcock 151 Flour, being..exposed to the constant running of water, until it comes off colourless, the gluten will remain. 1890 W. C. Russell I. viii. 160 Each broad soft brow was alive with runnings of flaming oil. 1900 tr. J. Deniker vi. 225 The running of water and sand has been utilised..in the construction of clepsydras and other primitive clocks. 1915 D. H. Lawrence ix. 231 She heard the sharp rain, and the deep running of water. 1977 N. Shepherd iv. 24 I have sat among boulders on an outer face of the hill, with two low sounds in my ears, and failed to locate either. One was the churr of ptarmigan, the other the running of water. 2005 R. Rose & T. Philpot iv. 71 He came to associate the spurting and flow of blood with the pouring and running of water. the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > swell 1622 R. Hawkins lxviii. 167 That is thought the better course,..because of the swift running of the tydes. 1674 R. Southwell in T. Birch (1757) III. 216 The eighth Miscellany is of the various course or running of tides. 1760 R. Heath 232 Strong Winds blowing the same Way with the Running of the Tide. 1789 J. Williams II. 214 Channels through chains of lofty mountains, were cut out by the running of these weighty tides. 1819 J. Macculloch II. 109 They were concealed by the state of the tide and the high running of the swell. 1838 Sept. 322/2 The sea would be so raging.., caused by out-winds, and the running of the ground seas coming from the main ocean. 1840 H. Raper iii. 130 The running of the waves causes the horizon to be in continual motion. 1883 R. L. Stevenson v. xxiv. 192 The difficulty of the shore and the high running of the surf. 1908 Aug. 612/2 The face of the Dahna seemed continually moving, strangely like the running of the sea off Aden. 1958 13 Feb. 28/6 As natural as the running of the tides and as difficult to stop. 2008 R. Robinson iv. 49 She turned her head, looking at the red sunset light, the running of the tide. the world > the earth > water > rivers and streams > stream > [noun] > rivulet or runnel c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring (1891) i. 3 He schal be as þe tre þat hijs sett by þe ernynges [E.V. doun rennyngis; v.r. rennyng; L. decursus] of waters. a1400 (a1325) (Trin. Cambr.) l. 11942 (MED) Wiþ erþe & wiþ euel witt þe watir rennyng [Vesp. wissing] gon he dit þat watir to þe lakes brouȝt. 1648 T. Gage 172 We presently met with a deep Barranca, or bottome, where was a running. 1650 in (1877) II. 101 The Bounds betwixt both is the naturall Passage of the Water in a small Running. society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > extraction from ore > smelting > result of 1516 Edinb. Hammermen f. 88v, in at Rining Rynnyne of twa auld knoppis. 1541 in J. B. Paul (1908) VIII. 125 Upoune the wirking of the clay,..setting of the mulde and rynnyng of the mettall. 1667 (Royal Soc.) 1 376 The first running of the Stone is Sulphur. 1719 D. Defoe 143 I had..two other Earthen Pots, as hard burnt as cou'd be desir'd; and one of them..glaz'd with the Running of the Sand. a1744 Lucas in (1908) 8 38 The Hearth [of a blast furnace] grows wider by using, so that their Runnings are much larger at the latter End than at the Beginning. 1782 (Royal Soc.) 71 264 A very easy and effectual remedy for that defect so long complained of in all kinds of brass ordnance, the running of the vent. 1791 J. Smeaton §291 Being so hot..as to give much trouble by the running of the candles. 1840 38 385 It presents no obstacle to the free running of iron in a furnace. 1882 A. Tolhausen tr. W. H. Uhland Suppl. 104 The slide-valve is of the same running of metal as the cylinder to ensure uniformity of wear. 1915 A. O. Backert x. 108/2 To soak up the runnings from the outsides of the pots and any steel that may be lost from the cracking of the crucibles. 1999 J. Brown (ed. 11) xvi. 248 Provide an insulating coating which promotes the running of the casting. society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhythm > [noun] 1533 T. More viii. p. ccccxxxi The rude rymelesse runnyng of a scottyshe ieste. 1589 G. Puttenham ii. iii. 57 Take this away from them, I meane the running of their feete, there is nothing of curiositie among them more then with vs. 1612 J. Brinsley iii. 18 Children wil learne that booke with most readinesse and delight through the running of the metre. 1658 E. Phillips Euphonie,..a gracefull sound, a smooth running of words. 1676 tr. B. Lamy Pref. sig. A6v Pleasure caused by the running of a Verse. 1729 S. Dunster tr. Horace (ed. 4) 41 It [sc. comedy] differs from meer Prose in nothing but its running in Metre. 1767 S. Fovargue xxv. 139 The Latin Language is a great Help to the Running of a Verse. 1809 W. Nicholson II. Cadence, in rhetoric and poetry, the running of verse or prose, otherwise called the numbers. 1905 19 179 Play of the poetical fancy..may even be necessary with a view to the smooth running of the verse. 1995 T. Cain in B. Jonson 89 Propertius is not known for the smooth running of his verse. 27. the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > [noun] > flow of liquor 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny I. 411 The right keeping of grapes, is in a small thinne wine of the second running. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. (rev. ed.) v. xxiii. 589 The second running of this beere (for it will beare but one besides the best) it will..be good for hind seruants. 1676 J. Dryden iv. 49 From the dregs of Life, think to receive What the first sprightly running could not give. 1707 J. Mortimer ii. 590 I should propose..to take only the first running of your Spirits to mix with your Cyder. 1753 W. Lewis 378/1 The liquor..is by some kept by itself, under the title of spirit; and the other runnings, which prove milky, fined down by art. 1764 S. Foote ii. 32 When..the sprightly first-runnings of life are rack'd off, you offer the vapid dregs to your deity. 1830 M. Donovan II. 363 The juice that exudes last will be of a lively acid sweet; the first portion, a heavy sweet without acidity; and the middle runnings will be intermediate. 1847 ‘M. Dods’ (ed. 8) App. 645 Let some of the wort run into a pail, which must be returned into the mash-tun till the running is perfectly clear. 1895 J. M. Thomson & A. G. Bloxam (ed. 8) 744 Furfurane, C4H4O, is found in the first runnings of the distillation of wood-tar. 1900 16 2 The ‘first runnings’ is washed firstly with conc. sulphuric acid. 1960 F. G. Mann & B. C. Saunders (ed. 4) i. 56 Evaporate the combined runnings or ‘effluent’ in order to obtain pure citric acid. 1994 Apr.–May 22/3 When making barleywines..some brewers only use the first runnings from the mash. the world > plants > part of plant > plant substances > [noun] > fluid, juice, or sap > production, rising, or running of 1744 G. Berkeley (ESTC T72826) §19 Theophrastus..observes that a good pine might be made to yield resin every year;..and that three runnings were as much as a tree cou'd bear. 1832 D. J. Browne 232 The scraping is a coating of sap which becomes solid before it reaches the boxes, and which is taken off in the fall and added to the last runnings. 1872 9 73 I have a plantation five or six years old, parts of which still grow fine fruit, with two runnings annually. 1921 C. Raymond 23 It is a short time to the running of the maple sap and to the willow catkins. 1938 5 May 19/5 The ideal ‘running’ weather is when there is a sharp frost at night followed by a warm day. 1999 (Nexis) 18 Mar. (Extra) 1 American Indians jabbed maples and collected the runnings in hollowed-out wooden logs. the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > [noun] > running of dye 1758 R. Dossie II. ii. vii. 215 To prevent the running of the ink..the following method may be practised. 1781 W. Cowper 25 Feb. (1979) I. 451 My Paper is so intolerably bad, as you may perceive by the running of the Ink, that it has quite worn out my patience. 1819 A. Schlichtegroll tr. A. Senefelder ii. i. 221 It is nearly impossible to draw on a stone already prepared with gum and bitten in, on account of the running of the ink. 1887 1/1 The [photograph] coating has become cooled and sufficiently hardened to prevent running. 1896 1 May 339/2 Any irregularity in the running of the color will become apparent. 1922 July 65 If it [sc. the stain] is connected with the running of a dye, treatment for the dye must be applied. 1959 I. Mellan & E. Mellan ix. 56 Repeat this procedure until the running of the dye stops. 2005 J. K. Fink ix. 368 Even if the printed image is contacted by water, running or bleeding of ink of the image must not take place. 1847 180 There is no longer a mystery in the running of Carnations. 1859 A. Watson xxi. 449 Tulips have a habit of change, technically called running, in which the striping and brightness of the flower disappear in one dull muddy color. 1889 16 Feb. 142/2 Running in Carnations is one of those things we cannot cure, and therefore, have to endure. the world > matter > gas > air > [noun] > leakage of air 1855 E. J. Hopkins 34 Sometimes a little air will escape through a groove-hole, and make its way up to some pipe, and cause it to produce a low, disagreeable, and continuous humming. This is called a ‘running’. 1881 W. E. Dickson iv. 50 The gluing on of these latter must..be very sound..in every part, or a running of wind might ensue. 1903 C. F. A. Williams App. E. 269 Running is one of the most troublesome difficulties with which the organ-builder has to contend. 1949 M. P. Conway ii. 37 Any deficiencies in the soundboards causing ‘runnings’ and ‘cipherings’. 2001 D. Gwynn x. 76 If the running is on one stop and one note, the problem may be in the upperboard. IV. Continuance; currency. 1544 in (2007) 1544/11/11 Nochtwithstanding the perpetuale rynnyng and standing oer of the seit of parliament. 1780 247 In March 1742, during the running of the last year of the long prescription. 1847 II. 445 Expenses in or about manufacturing salt at said springs during the running of any such lease. 1921 267 31 A coke broker's agent..cannot, during the car shortage periods of the running of the contract, buy any spot coke. 1962 9 22 The pivot trucks and the setting of the furniture were handled by the actors in full view of the audience, so that a large number of the cast were on the stage for almost the entire running of the play. 2004 A. H. Krieg 107 During the running of the campaign numerous polls are taken to ensure that the candidate is on track. society > trade and finance > money > circulation of money > [noun] 1788 J. Priestley iii. xvi. 137 Which value (by the running of guineas as they now do for twenty one shillings each) is yet further advanced. V. The operation of something 1830 July 43 This contrivance must keep the surface of the water in the boiler always between the above prescribed limits, whatever may be the rate of the evaporation, or of the running of the engine. 1910 127 214/2 It is the duty of the oiler..to do slight repairs and correct minor irregularities in the running of the machinery in that building. 1930 24 Oct. 534/3 A state of affairs which would cause the engine to be ‘rough’ in its running. 1972 S. H. Henshall iv. 75 Pre-combustion chamber hot member engines are characterized by their smooth running. 2000 18 Feb. 31/2 (advt.) The zoned heating system..benefits from the quiet running of Grundfos' single and three-phase variable-speed commercial circulators. 1880 88 378 While many of the other articles are absolutely essential to the running of the business of that foundry profitably and economically, many other not necessary. 1913 E. V. S. Fry vi. 45 Stage director... In full charge of the running of the play, beginning with its production. 1923 N. Anderson ii. 21 Most ‘jungle buzzards’, men who linger in the jungles from season to season, take an interest in the running of things. 1951 E. Jacques (2001) iv. 94 A more general discussion of the principles of consultation and their application to the day-to-day running of the department. 1972 808 Last season, the U.E.F.A. took over the running of this colourful competition, re-named it the U.E.F.A. Cup and clearly stated that only clubs which finished high in their respective domestic leagues will be accepted. 1986 20 Dec. (Saturday Review section) 25 It is to the credit of..a promoter in England..that he took over the running of the concert. 2007 V. Jewiss tr. R. Saviano i. 61 The meeting is a setup, a trap, a way to kill Paolo and whoever comes with him and to ratify a new era in the running of the cartel. Phrases1575 T. Churchyard f. 59v Well yet my minde, could neuer rest at hoem My shues wear maed, of running leather suer And boern I was, about the world to roem. 1611 R. Cotgrave Coureur,..also, a roamer, or wanderer abroad; one whose shooes are made of running leather; one that neuer keepes at home, or where he should be. c1690 Bogg-trotters March (single sheet) in H. E. Rollins (1931) V. 197 Our Brogues they were made of running Leather. 1714 7–10 Aug. A pair of Shoes made of Running Leather, very proper for famous Peace-Makers. 1764 T. Bridges II. v. 17 Think'st thou, I'm shod with running leather? 1832 W. Hone 1544 This child's shoes are made of running leather. He'll run from father and mother the deuce knows whither. 1864 A. S. Bushby tr. H. C. Andersen vi. 74 During that part of the day..people should keep themselves quiet, and not be scampering about; but our ‘shoes were made of running leather’. 1800 12 July He made excellent running during the late London Meeting. 1863 111 The favourite, making slow running, was followed by Medusa and Annie. 1891 Mar. 231 Have you heard that your step-son is making great running over at Noone. 1937 28 Oct. 19/1 He made strong running for about a mile and a quarter, and then began to lose his place. 2008 (Nexis) 18 Apr. After making such good running for so long, Everton are facing a fight for fifth place. P3. to make (all) the running and variants (in early use also to make running). the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (intransitive)] > set speed of movement or progress society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > race [verb (intransitive)] > in specific manner 1824 18 July 231/3 Orion made all the running in the early part of the race. 1833 July 397 He [sc. the jockey] is averse to making running, sometimes even to a fault. 1864 C. Dickens (1865) I. i. xiii. 122 He may make the running and come in first. 1896 N. Gould xxii. 245 I do not think he would have been placed if he had not made the running. 1969 10 May 6/5 Riding Pitz Palu,..he [sc. a showjumper]..made the running from start to finish. 1993 20 Feb. 9/4 Despite not being headed in his first three outings this time, it's a fallacy that he has to make the running. 2004 15 Sept. 71 Exeter and Coalporters made the running on the re-row with Exeter pulling out a lead of three quarters of a length by half way. b. figurative. 1852 C. A. Bristed iii. 75 Both mothers and daughters were always ready to keep up the conversation, never leaving him to make the running, as a sporting man might phrase it. 1876 Mar. 358/1 I'll make my running while..she is no longer under the immediate influence of that cad's society. 1902 ‘Mrs. Alexander’ vi Hubert Denham was making no end of running. He was..everything to the forsaken lady. 1923 J. Galsworthy 161 Dinner was certainly a disharmonic feast: little Mrs. Weymouth..and the Countess subdued, Radolin artificial, our scoundrel and myself had to make the running. 1971 11 Apr. 18/1 When he begins courting, he is unsure of himself, half-frightened of the girl, so she has to make the running. 1997 J. Coe (1998) xi. 200 I'm not getting a lot of input from you here, if you don't mind me saying. Joe and I seem to be making all the running. 1854 W. M. Thackeray (1855) II. v. 50 We fancy we've been making running, and suddenly we find ourselves nowhere. 1890 June 971 They never can make the running in the fierce competition of our time, and the less ambition they have the better for themselves. 1915 June 13/2 At Boulogne I made all the running; but it's not quite such plain sailing here. 1958 B. Magee 251 The Great Powers who now make the running in the world. 1974 21 Feb. 244/2 ITV first made the running in the coverage of election news. 2008 M. Sawyer ii. 72 The Australian Democrats were making the running on paid maternity leave. the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > advance, progress, or develop [verb (intransitive)] > lead the way the world > movement > rate of motion > move at specific rate [verb (intransitive)] > outstrip others or take the lead 1825 24 May 2/5 Rufus then took up the running. 1858 A. Trollope I. v. 123 But silence was not dear to the heart of the Honourable John, and so he took up the running. 1894 25 May 11/1 Totley waited on his field until nearing the distance, when he took up the running and eventually won by two lengths. 1955 22 195 When the entries from Oxford fall off after 1620 it is Cambridge, and Eton, that take up the running. 1996 29 Apr. 19/1 The 12–1 shot took up the running early on the final circuit. 1839 G. Dennis II. xiii. 319 He had entirely forgotten that a ‘running of bulls’ was to be held on the following day, and that this was the encierro. 1930 12 Jan. 7/7 One day not even a dog barks, and the next is furious with the running of the bulls. 1960 E. Hemingway in 5 Sept. 85/2 That year we stayed outside of town and drove to Pamplona twenty-five miles to arrive by six-thirty each morning for the running of the bulls through the streets at seven. 1987 41 206 The experienced correspondent meticulously documents the madcap running of the bulls and, as the crowd swells, he is slammed against a fence, and so is physically removed from the proceedings. 2000 (Nexis) 7 July 15 A young man was gored to death during a running of bulls at a festival in a small northcentral Spanish town. 1862 Sept. 371 The world had esteemed him when he first made good his running with the Lady Fanny. 1871 A. Trollope viii. 97 He lies as a matter of course,..thinking that it is by lies chiefly that he must make his running good. 1897 May 206/1 They did not mean to stay much longer, and Tebaldo was doing his best to make good his running in the short time that remained. Compounds C1. a. With following adverb, forming nouns of action corresponding to uses of run v. Cf. run v. Phrasal verbs 1. Some less widely used adverbial uses are treated at the relevant simple senses. (a) 1622 H. Peacham v. 39 Infection in Cities in a time of sicknesse, is taken by concourse, and negligent running abroad. 1675 R. Josselin 18 Mar. (1991) 583 An illnes in his feet from his running abroad brought the madnes out of his head. 1708 J. Norris ii. 76 The diffluency or running abroad of Water in a shatter'd or broken Vessel. 1719 D. Defoe 362 For almost seven Years she prevented my running Abroad. 1857 ‘G. Ferry’ Introd. p. xviii In all his runnings abroad, he had never been able to lay his hands upon his friend. 1916 F. D. Streightoff & F. H. Streightoff vii. 119 Restraining the running abroad of fowls and animals. ?1531 R. Whitford tr. Thomas à Kempis i. xx. f. xxiii If thou wylte withdrawe thy selfe from superfluous wordes & fro vnprofytable rennynges aboute. 1653 tr. L. van Aitzema 186 All superstitious customs, as the running about with Drums and Burgundian Banners. 1680 J. Moxon I. x. 187 The springing up of the Pole makes an intermission in the running about of the Work. 1708 (Royal Soc.) 25 2453 There was such a fermenting and running about of the Parts. 1796 N. Salmon I. 194 Discursio, a running about. 1826 ix. 214 Running pell-mell with the rest, too late..to form, in spite of the terrible runnings about, bawlings and flusteration of their officers. 1851 J. Fulton tr. A. Wiesinger 491 More natural..that the running about be represented as the consequence of idleness, than vice versa. 1902 J. Conrad 9 There was a moment of confusion, yelling, and running about. 1966 J. Derrick iv. 155 Traditional children's games..are mainly running-about games which are probably more suited to the playground..than to the classroom. 2001 Mar. 84/3 In practice, what this time-tripping really entails is plenty of running about, a lot of cutscene yakkage, [etc.]. 1533 tr. Erasmus x. sig. F.vi The departyng of the israelytes from Egypt is called flyght or ronnyng away. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane f. xxxvj Lest they shoulde call his iourney a runnynge awaye. 1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus 410 Runnings away of beasts ordaind for sacrifice. 1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius 197 What with Death, and running away,..they hardly arose to that Number. 1749 H. Fielding VI. xviii. iii. 183 He then mentioned the running away of the Uncle's Daughter. View more context for this quotation 1766 J. Entick (ed. 2) Flight,..a running away, heat of imagination. 1856 ‘Stonehenge’ 535/2 Running Away is only an extreme form of pulling in the gallop. 1866 ‘G. Eliot’ III. xlii. 129 Running away, especially when spoken of as absconding, seems..to offer a good modern substitute for the right of sanctuary. 1972 D. Ireland 9 You've done your dash. Any more running away and you'll be confined to pyjamas for a week. 2004 D. Edmonds & J. Eidinow xiii. 161 This running away had to do with his apprehension about females. 1538 T. Elyot Rècursus, a runnyng backe, a recourse. 1616 J. Bullokar Recursion, a running backe. 1707 Eddy, is the running back of the Water at and Place. 1780 T. Francklin tr. Lucian I. 150 It is the running back of streams to their fountain head. 1805 G. Hunter Jrnl. 26 Jan. in T. Berry et al. (2006) 197 Yesterday & to day there has been no current & indeed rather a running back of the water. 1879 254 The running-back gear consists of part of the traversing gear. 1954 D. Hudson & K. W. Luckhurst vi. 107 One prevalent cause of frightful injuries was the running back of walking-wheels attached to cranes. 2000 S. Raes iii. 101 A process that can be described as a running back of supply towards the Dutch consumer. 1609 P. Erondelle tr. M. Lescarbot xxiv. 275 Pits which they make in some discent of a hill, for the running downe of waters. 1707 J. Mortimer 324 A small piece of Tile to stop the running down of the Tap-root. 1796 N. Salmon I. 194 Decursia, a running down, a landing. 1856 C. Dickens in 28 June 554/2 The landsman was relating his experience..of a fearful running-down case in the Channel. 1890 Oct. 620 The running down, if I may so call it, of the powers of the body. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) I. i. 12 The forming is like the winding-up of the clock, the latter is like the running-down. 1968 29 Nov. 13/3 The running-down rate of the pulsar implies that it has a lifetime of the same order as the Crab nebula. 1987 G. Turner 136 As always..there was a running-down period before sleep. 2005 27 Mar. a8/5 We have seen the running down of our system of justice and our educational institutions. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > [noun] > operation at reduced speed 1548 f. cxxv To..stop thenglishmen to make sodain runnynges in, or rodes into the countrey of Beauuoys. 1683 J. Moxon II. 293 The too short or too far Running in of the Carriage. a1738 R. Helsham (1739) xvi. 256 By the running in of the water the air contained in the lower fountain is crowded into a smaller space. 1770 P. Luckombe 502 The Light and Easy, or Heavy and Hard Running in of the Carriage. 1806 W. M. Morison XXXIII. 14524 The prejudice..did arise..from the running in of mud and gravel, by speats and land-floods. 1845 W. D. Arnold et al. Football Rules of Rugby School in J. Smith (2007) 46 Running in is allowed to any player on his side, provided he does not take the ball off the ground, or take it through touch. 1905 4 Oct. 397/3 Then came..the running in of the new piston for two days with a belt upon the flywheel. 1935 39 159 Tapered piston rings reduce the running-in period considerably. 1971 6 Nov. 8/3 He added two more points with the running in of the conversion. 2005 (Radio Control Models & Electronics) Apr. 51/2 The first hour of the test was used for some careful running-in until the engine freed up. 1615 T. Adams ii. 81 Thus they couet the running on of time and age, and rest not till they haue concluded their sentence. 1674 N. Fairfax 42 God does as truly abide, after the way of his everlasting nowness, as other things do after the guise of their timesom running on and on, without being himself timesom, like them. a1736 W. P. Williams (1740) 1 295 The running on of Interest, and its carrying interest, was a Proof of its being a Debt. 1869 A. J. Ellis I. ii. vii. 648 Arising from the running on of i to a following vowel. 1891 16 401 A simultaneous running on of different brain-processes is..a condition of all unifying or relationing consciousness. 1976 P. Broome & G. Chesters (1995) 116 Notice the unchecked running-on of sentences. 1992 P. Porter 56 Words are worst, the devil's advocates..—they're the ratchets on the running-on of time. the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > state of being limited in amount > fact of running out a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 57 Vnmesurable..rennyng out of blood..comeþ of openynge of veynes þat springiþ out of þe lyuour. a1425 (c1395) (Royal) (1850) Lev. xv. 2 A man that suffrith the rennyng out [a1382 E.V. fluxe] of seed, schal be vncleene. a1500 Twelve Profits of Tribulation (Rawl.) in C. Horstmann (1896) II. 399 (MED) Tribulacions constreynen þe hert to turne into hym-selfe, & þe mo aduersitees þat ben aboute hym, þe fewer he hathe of rennyngis-oute fro hym-selfe. 1565 T. Cooper Procursus,..a course or runnyng oute of souldiours to skyrmyshe with their enemies. 1615 R. Rogers lxxxiv. 747 Wee see in the running out of the houreglasse, that [etc.]. 1666 S. Pepys 5 Jan. (1972) VII. 4 The..running-out of Cawse ways into the River. 1681 H. More 226 As it is usual with the Prophets, there is a running out from the Temporal deliverance of the Jews to the Spiritual deliverance. 1741 W. Ellis May 3 He run himself out of several hundred Pounds... The Reason they assigned me for his Running out was, [etc.] 1839 A. Ure 699 The finery furnace, or running out fire.., is a smelting hearth, in which..gray cast iron..is converted into white cast iron. 1891 86 By ‘running out’ is meant the disappearance of the characteristics of any variety... Running out, therefore, is not necessarily deterioration. 1904 1/1 The running out or recuperation of the gun will be accomplished without shock or jar. 1949 C. C. Lindegren xxvii. 2 The degeneration or ‘running out’ of hybrids showing heterosis has been one of the principal problems of hybrid vigor. 2008 D. L. Carper et al. (ed. 5) viii. 373/2 Cannot be enforced..because of the running out of a statute of limitations. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xix. 40 No man is gilty..of this rennyng to gidere. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 224v Þe mylk of þe figge tree haþ vertu of rennynge togidre to make chese. 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig sig. Mj [It] causeth the ronned and congeled mylke to be well and dyssolved frome the ronnynge togyder. 1547 A. Borde f. 20 A postume is no other thynge but a collection or a ronnynge togyther of euyll humours. 1580 C. Hollyband at Accourement A running togither, or assemblie of men. a1616 J. Smith (1632) lvi. 503 Secondly, there was a noyse and clattering of bones, a trembling and a running together of them. 1694 R. Blome tr. A. Le Grand v. xviii. 165/1 The Planets were formed of the Particles of the Third Element, from the running together whereof they became great Bodies. 1732 N. Bailey tr. Justinus ii. iv. 57 There is a running together of the Greeks, and the War is transferr'd to Sicily. 1757 tr. J. F. Henckel x. 177 The origination of this..seems to be owing to a caking or running together. 1839 A. Ure 321 To prevent this running together..the surfaces are renewed, by stirring up the ore. 1871 J. R. Lowell 268 Slurrings-over and runnings-together of syllables. 1897 29 Nov. 6/3 Printers' errors..known as ‘mixes’—that is the accidental running together of sentences..which have no connexion. 1927 F. Balfour-Browne iv. 103 The running together of a number of minute dark particles in the protoplasm. 2009 17 Dec. 99/1 One of the problems with Searle's characterization of his supposed opponents is a running together of different positions. 1707 E. Ward 33 [He] lays far more Stress upon the running up of Yards and Top-masts well after a Storm. 1774 105/2 We are at a great remove from the Greeks and Romans, with respect to the running up of buildings with the degree of rapidity they used to do. 1783 (Bath & West of Eng. Soc.) II. 55 Frequent horse-hoeings..retard the immediate growth and hastily running up of the plant. 1809 W. Irving II. vi. iv. 107 The Van Winkles..noted for running of horses and running up of scores at taverns. 1847 8 i. 15 The feeding qualities of the root are thereby preserved, the land is not drawn by running up, and the vegetables [etc.]. 1879 326 He..gives ‘run up’, when the handspikes are applied under the running up bolts. 1911 XX. 221/ They also use a valve in the buffer piston which relieves the springs of resistance in running-up. 1971 R. Brewer iii. 47 This ‘running up’ of a press to high speed may cause a paper-waste factor of 12 per cent and over. 1998 E. S. Steinfield (1999) iv. 108 Financial Reform Expansion and the running up of receivables have certainly been encouraged. (b) the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > dropping of fruit before ripe 1679 C. Merrit in (Royal Soc.) 12 1049 A small Channel in that end..for the running off of the baser Metals. 1715 J. Delacoste tr. H. Boerhaave 383 After the running off of this second stage..follows the third State. 1780 (Royal Soc.) 69 586 Trees, banks of sand and mud, &c. must necessarily hinder proportionably the free running off of the water. 1843 May 308 One of these runnings off was at the time of the accident. 1881 13 May 221/2 Sometimes this running-off process has to be performed in the dark. 1918 5 25 The connection between reverted wood and ‘running off’ of the fruit is not quite so clear. 1976 16 Nov. 55/6 A running off of excess inventories is invariably a key element in the decline of production associated with recession. 1996 R. M. Brennan in J. Janick & J. N. Moore II. 260 Running off can also be a problem in red currants. a1529 J. Skelton (?1530) sig. Giiiiv Cyrcumspeccyon inhateth all rennynge a stray. 1591 R. Percyvall Dict. at Aventamiento The running headlong. 1650 in (1891) 10 49 The Court conceiving the first occasion of the running Wild of the Cattell. 1665 R. Head I. lxxv. 458 This Bannyan..caused a Running a Muck. 1797 J. Adams Let. 21 Feb. in E. Quincy (1867) ii. 54 We may smile a little sub rosa at these runnings astray after stolen waters of our good friends. 1832 J. Vose vi. 103 The running low seldom attracts particular notice. 1858 6 Nov. 438/1 The furious unpatriotic running-a-muck on all our institutions. 1906 2 Apr. 7/2 The running astray of the weather has caused the opening games to be postponed. 1929 18 June 4/1 To insure that we use none but our own oil, and so hasten still further the running dry of our own wells! 2001 N. Williams (2003) 240 It might have been nothing but the running amok of hot, bloody-minded thugs. C2. ?c1475 in (1850) 2 207 (MED) A rynnyng patael [a1486 Morgan paytrell]. 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne i. xlviii. 155 In the middest of their running-race, [they] would cast and recast themselves from one to another horse. 1667 J. Evelyn 95 Dieting and breathing his Jockies for the next Running-match. 1714 120 I happened among your Ladiship's Footmen, who were making a Running Match between two of them. 1833 W. F. W. Owen et al. II. xvii. 124 A running contest commenced, the beast sometimes being pursued and at others pursuing. 1871 26 July 5/3 The running competitions were undoubtedly the most exciting feature of the day's proceedings. 1887 1 17 A complete set of dumb-bell, bar-bell, marching and running exercises. 1968 T. Ainslie vii. 108 Information about the running styles, preferred distances, [etc.]..of most horses. 1988 78 1563/1 Lack of cushioning in shoes has been hypothesized for some time as a cause of running injuries. 2006 May 40/2 You can train well with a running partner of any speed. b. 1843 8 Jan. [They] appeared, in running costume, for their flight of 120 yards. 1861 10 Nov. 13/3 His loins were girded with the usual kind of running drawers. 1908 8 July 1/2 On the breast of his white running shirt shone the American emblem. 1926 21 Jan. 9/5 Wearing brilliant red silk running skirts..the five crack Zuni Indians..worked out in the Coliseum yesterday. 1973 M. Graham xv. 223 From a school..there suddenly debouched figures in running outfits. 2008 May 74/2 You should spend the extra money for a running bra that doesn't ride up or chafe. (b) a1727 in (1791) 61 i. 199 No money allowed when I run any way under twenty miles. To find my own stockings and pumps, and to have my running clothes washed in the house. 1880 iv. 33 Everybody stared to see two fellows at such a time in running-clothes. 1991 Summer 3 Getting our running clothes on and lacing up our high-tech..training shoes. 1876 (Harvard Univ.) 28 Sept. p. iii/2, (advt.) Boating suits, running pants, etc., made to order. 1930 L. W. Olds i. 4 The running pants should have plenty of room in the hips. 2005 Oct. 85/3 To go commando or not is a question many a runner has to confront... Personally, I'm a convert to special running pants. 1885 G. N. Bankes xxxi. 363 The crew..rose up, attired in light zephyrs and running shorts, and placed themselves in line with their ringleaders,..their bodies craning forward ready for the start. 1912 E. W. Hjertberg xii. 54 The running shorts should be wide and should not sit tightly anywhere, whatever movement one happens to make. 2002 30 Nov. 40/1 When I started cycling, way back in the Eighties, I used to wear trainers, some criminally skimpy running shorts and a T-shirt. 1874 3 Aug. The [racehorse] managers also give a silver cup for the best running suit. 1905 J. Graham & E. H. Clark 9 Sufficient capital to purchase a running suit and a pair of spiked shoes. 2000 D. Chase Commendatori (HBO TV shooting script) 22 (stage direct.) in 2nd Ser. (O.E.D. Archive) The men all respectfully greet Zi Vittorio. The old ‘Guappo’ wears a Nike running suit and a rolled terry towel around his neck. OE tr. Bede (Corpus Cambr.) v. vi. 398 We becomon on anne smeðne feld & rumne; & wæs efne ærnignweg [eOE Tanner ærneweg]. Þa ongunnon þa geongan biddan þone bisscop..þæt he him alyfde þæt hi ærnan moston & cunnian hwylc hyra swiftust hors hæfde. lOE Bounds (Sawyer 517) in M. Gelling (1976) III. 761 Of bricweg on ærnincgweg. Of ærningewege on meosdene. 1538 T. Elyot Curriculum, a shorte space of tyme. Also a runnynge place. 1699 A. Boyer (at cited word) A fine running place. 1718 J. Ozell tr. J. Pitton de Tournefort I. vii. 234 They put us in mind of the Hippodrom, or Running-place for Horses. 1832 Dec. 199 The experiment of a closed track, however, was successfully tried..—the most perfect order was kept, and not a man intruded on the running track. 1852 21 Mar. 7/1 The grounds have been well attended during the week, and the running path has been in excellent order. 1912 May 65 The smoothly packed snow affords an excellent running place. 1933 S. Griffiths 2 The flatites after each race used to swarm on to the running-track in order to get a close view of the weighing out of jockeys. 1988 29 Dec. 18/4 There was a time when the Tan was Melbourne's best running venue. 2003 2 Sept. 62/3 Sneak 's looking forward to seeing buff boy Harvey getting all sweaty on the running track. 1819 Minutes Comm. on Beer 45/1 (table) in (House of Commons) V. To half the first cost, as about 14,000l. would be returned for 50,000 barrels by August, at 55s. per barrel, allowing for running expenses. 1856 6 367 Adding 29 cents to the running costs, and we have one dollar, and eighteen cents, as a close approximation to the expenses of working up and washing a ton of vein matter. 1897 11 314 The two running points of the present series-parallel controller. 1913 (ed. 5) i. 14 Depreciation is a large item generally included amongst running costs. 1949 T. Roscoe xvi. 203 The sea was a lake of glass. Guardfish prowled in at silent running speeds. 1980 Dec. 130/2 Mixing some gasoline with diesel fuel in extremely cold weather to prevent starting and running problems. 2005 M. Lewin vii. 81 Each agency had a large workforce, and running expenses kept on increasing. C3. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > branding-iron the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > branding or marking > brand 1876 ii. cv. 542 That it shall be unlawful for any person in branding any [animal]..to use what is known among stock-growers as a ‘running brand’. 1884 A. E. Sweet & J. A. Knox xii. 160 The other, called a running brand, is a long piece of iron curved at the end. 1934 4 Aug. 10/3 A running brand..[is] a brand made with a straight poker called a ‘running iron’, and used like a pencil. 2003 C. S. Chisholm (2009) iii. 224 John Chisum of New Mexico used the ‘running brand’—a single seared line running from shoulder to tail. society > trade and finance > illegal or immoral trading > [noun] > smuggling 1741 19 The English have lost the Woollen Trade, they are no Strangers to our Running Business, they lay all the Blame on us. 1809 E. A. Kendall III. 296 On the Province Point..I was taught to expect to find a store, inhabited, and in the bustle of the running business. 1867 W. McDowall xxxix. 559 Such seizures as these being matters of weekly occurrence, and strikingly illustrative of the extent to which the ‘running’ business was carried on. 2009 S. Kenyon ii. 45 Everyone in the shipping or running business knew of the infamous family of smugglers. society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > other specific games > [noun] > others 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe ii. f. 85v In lyke manner we all, euery one of vs, doe marche onwarde paynefully, in this warrefarre of Gods law, as it were in a runnyng game. 1602 R. Parsons ii. ix. f. 68 As if the knight would inferre also that because he vseth the word Curramus let vs runne, he would defend therby running games in England. a1817 J. L. Burckhardt (1822) 642 (Appendix I) The young men play..at a running game much resembling the ‘jeu de barre’, known on the continent of Europe. 1881 Nov. 9/1 He willingly lets us the farther field at the back of the farm, and we settle down to work on the running game. 1910 W. Camp viii. 306 Probably there is greater fascination in the running game than in any other department of foot-ball. 1962 5 Dec. c1/3 With their running game at its fastest, the Vikings built up a 22-4 first quarter lead. 2003 24 Aug. (Review Suppl.) 24/3 Both these running games are basically kiss chase without the kissing. 1752 Game at Cricket in Nov. 582/1 When the ball is hit up, either of the strikers may hinder the catch in his running ground. 1787 July 39/2 When the ball is struck up in the running ground between the wickets, it is lawful for the strikers to hinder its being catched. 1852 12 Dec. 6/3 The second race of five miles..takes place tomorrow..on the above running grounds. 1863 23 May 656 A few hours' dry weather would have brought the running-ground into first-rate order. 1927 E. V. Gordon 196 Let the adventurous steed of the sand's heaven explore the broad running~ground of ships. 2001 E. S. Sears v. 80/1 Each of the large cities had its own running grounds. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > branding-iron 1874 9 Sept. A recent law..prohibits the use of running irons in branding. 1894 July 101/2 The running-irons, or guachos,..are now considered bad form by progressive cattlemen. 1913 L. V. Kelly 16 But the running or round iron was most favored, as it was easily and secretly made by cutting a wagon-iron in two and using the rounded end. 1945 Aug. 89 Of a dying man, the puncher might say: ‘Death's got the runnin' iron on him brandin' him for the Eternal Range.’ 1981 L. L'Amour in 1 2/2 In the old open-range days he carried a running-iron and branded whatever he found on the range. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > external lanterns lights society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > parts and equipment of motor vehicles > [noun] > other exterior lights 1863 Rep. Secretary of Navy in (38th U.S. Congress, 1st Sess.) IV. No. 1. 801 (list of materials) 50 sets running lights, red, green, and white, regulation. 1881 439/2 Light,..the term for all lamps or lanterns used on ship-board; as, running lights, signal-lights, mast-head lights, etc. 1919 E. J. David xv. 266 We lost sight of the NC-3, her running lights being too dim to be discerned. 1949 9 Apr. 49/4 Check the wheel lug bolts frequently, check running lights before taking to the road. 1975 21 Aug. 3/2 Volvo cars..are to be fitted with ‘running lights’, special side lights switched on automatically with the ignition. 2002 H. Kunzru (2003) 251 For a while they stand and smoke, watching the running lights of the dhows on Back Bay. 1575 G. Gascoigne lxxix. 220 The second kinde of madnesse, is called running madnesse, and is likewise vncureable. But the byting thereof is not so venemous, nor so dangerous for other beastes, as the first is. 1688 R. Holme ii. vii. 136/1 Madness, of which there are several sorts: as Burning Madness, Running Madness, Dum Madness, Falling Madness, Sleeping Madness, Rewmatick, or the Slavering Madness. 1784 281 He contended that relaxation and the hot weather might produce upon the unfortunate patient that kind of madness peculiar to the canine species, known to the French by the name of La Rage Courante, or the Running Madness, which rarely or never terminates but with death. 1812 W. B. Daniel I. 186 Canine Madness was formerly divided into seven classes. Hot burning Madness and Running Madness were deemed incurable. 1918 31 38 All we are told of these diseases [of dogs] is that there are seven varieties of madness, of which only two, the Hot and Running madness, are true madness. 1894 W. Camp (new ed.) 255 Something of a kicking game should be practised daily, to the exclusion for a time of the running play. 1954 4 Dec. (B ed.) 11/3 The Rams pulled the old corner lot ‘sleeper’ pass on the first running play of the new season for a touchdown. 2007 (National ed.) 21 Nov. c16/2 His speed and quickness helped him lead the Packers' trademark running play, the power sweep. society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > operation of railways > permission to use other company's tracks 1847 12 May 3/3 A clause..giving the Ayr Company running powers over the Linwood branch down to Port Glasgow. 1865 Dec. The agreement with the Erie and Niagara Railway Company for running powers over that company's line. 1940 Apr. 129/1 To get to it, engines had to cross through the Great Northern yard, but running powers were allowed. 1994 S. R. Sharma II. ii. 74 The company is required to connect up with other lines, and within limits to allow to the latter running powers. 1847 Rep. Chester & Holyhead Railway Accident 13 in LXIII. 257 This inner rail thus forms an excellent check, its use being to prevent a train or carriage from being thrown off the running rail by any moderate oscillation, deflection, inequality in the rails, or other cause. 1923 P. Dawson in A. R. Bell et al. II. 197 The third rail is nominally situated in the six-foot way between the tracks, but at all curves..the third rail is installed alongside the running rail of greater radius. 1953 12 Sept. 6/4 To reduce the width of the course,..new running rails are placed about 20ft. from the stands side. 1992 Mar. 147/3 The other side of the loop is attached to one running rail, except when used with bullhead rail or through switches and crossings, where it is moved to the sleeper end. 1998 (Electronic ed.) 23 June While there were soft patches on the course, these could have been avoided by repositioning the running rail inwards about 20 feet. 1865 J. T. F. Turner 9 When the distance is great, by an admirable system of ‘running roads’, which fall one foot per 100 feet, the wagons are impelled by their own weight. 1945 10 116/2 It is by no means essential for their efficient operation that the running roads should be in first-class condition. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > saddle > types of saddle 1596–7 Compt Manis Auldcambus f. 22, in at Rining The ryning sadill. 1606 G. Markham (title) New instructions for hunting or running saddles, snaffles, shooes, and other implements. 1796 J. Hunter at Saddle There are several saddles in use, as the running saddle, which is very small and light, with round skirts. 1835 H. Harewood 283/2 The running saddle is a very small one with round skirts. 2008 S. Gulland (2009) xxi. 210 It was a workmanlike running saddle, well used. the world > animals > by habits or actions > habits and actions > [noun] > migration > season of 1807 D. R. Preston I. 185 As it was the running season of the elk, the whistling of that animal was heard in all the variety which the echoes could afford it. 1841 G. Catlin I. 249 The ‘running season’..is the time when they [sc. buffalo] congregate into such masses in some places, as to blacken the prairies for miles together. 1855 E. J. Lewis vi. 77 The habit of partial emigration that it [sc. the partridge] exhibits every autumn at the running season. 1882 A. Daunt x. 166 The running season seems to be about November. 1901 Jan. 27 It was yet early in the running season, and we thought the game would be there in the morning. 1972 No. 26 86 The rutting season, or running season..began in July and reached its height in August. 1990 A. Sidney & J. Cruickshank in J. Cruickshank i. ii. 46 Leave your horns once in a while. Don't use them all the time, just in running season. 1879 211 (advt.) Running Vests & Drawers trimd, any Colors. 1949 R. C. Hutchinson i. v. 52 He wore a running vest and a pair of loose serge trousers. 2009 C. Gifford 11 When you are starting out you need a running vest or t-shirt, shorts and good trainers. the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of dogs > [noun] a1425 Edward, Duke of York (Digby) 53 Þis wodenesse is ycleped rennynge wodenesse. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). runningadj. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: run v., -ing suffix2. Etymology: < run v. + -ing suffix2.See discussion of metathesized forms at run v. I. That moves using the legs, and related senses. * With reference to persons, animals, or boats. OE (Northumbrian) ix. 25 Cum uideret iesus concurrentem turbam : mið ðy gesæh se hælend þone iornende ðreat. OE Wærferð tr. Gregory (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. i. 261 Seo his moder..næmnað sunnan & monan,..& fleogende fugelas & yrnende hors [L. currentes equos]. a1425 (?c1350) (1964) l. 1067 (MED) I have a wele rinand page, Wil stirt þider right in a stage And bring him by to-morn at nyght. 1612 King James VI & I in H. Ellis (1824) 1st Ser. III. 104 To bidde a running man goe faster, quhiche is both unnecessarie and injuriouse. 1805 J. Carr ix. 179 These important personages of the night perambulate the town with a curious weapon like a pitch-fork, each side of the fork having a spring barb, used in securing a running thief by the leg. 1881 E. E. Frewer tr. E. Holub I. ii. 33 I have known an expert marksman bring down two running antelopes. 1921 Dec. 551/1 A jumping lion may be trusted to show the exuberance of his feelings by an occasional leap, but a running lion never. 1959 M. Lott III. lix. 369 Soldiers, trying to head off the running women, rode back and forth in front of them, waving their arms, shouting like cowboys. 1976 22 Nov. 17/2 Swift passing to the strong running wings..who each scored three tries. 1998 A. Garland 203 Looking beyond them, down thirty or forty metres of sodium-lamp light-pools, the running man had stopped running. 2003 C. Lewis 299 The ball person would have to close their eyes and throw the ball at the running children. 2. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dogs used for specific purposes > [noun] > sporting or hunting dog > miscellaneous kinds of c1425 Edward, Duke of York (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 58 Rennyng houndis hunten in diuers maners, for sum folowyng þe hert fast at þe frist..Oþer..rennyng houndis..hunten..moor slowly. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll.) 102 Thirty couple of blacke rennynge houndis com afftir with a grete cry. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil iv. iv. 46 The ryning hundis of cuplis sone thai kest. c1598 King James VI & I (1944) I. 189 The hunting..uith rinning houndis quhilke is the..noblest sorte thairof. 1619 172 Miso, because I hunted in his grounds Let lose his running dogges, and baukt my hounds. 1628 Orkney & Shetland Acts in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun (1840) II. 203 That no man sall keip running doggis that runnes fra hous to hous or throw the cuntrie slaeing thair nychtbouris sheip. 1687 R. Wolley tr. N. Besongne (new ed.) xxiv. 200 A Pack of Running-Hounds, to the number of 70. 1728 E. Chambers at Rechacing The keeping of running Dogs, to rechace the Deer into the Forests. 1837 W. Irving III. xi. 164 Some of the men, throwing themselves upon the ‘running horses’ kept for hunting, galloped off to reconnoitre. 1866 8 Sept. 2/2 (advt.) Beagle harriers.—For sale, five or six couple of running hounds and one and a half couple of puppies. 1892 21 May 325/1 Hound sale at Rugby... The running hounds, with the exception of Mr. Fernie's, were not to be compared with those offered last year. 1931 46 171 The hounds loosed are raches or running hounds. The method of procedure was to use raches who hunt by scent to rouse and rout out the game. 2002 S. Smith 227/2 This breed is often used with running hounds to bolt game from dens when they go to ground. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch 137 Hieron..sent certain running horses to the feast of games Olympicall. 1608 T. Dekker sig. I3 A Race of fiue myles by a Couple of Running-Horses. 1664 S. Butler ii. iii. 198 Some calculate the hidden fates Of..Running-Nags, and Fighting-Cocks. 1705 F. Fuller 34 When they [sc. jockeys] design to take the Bearings of a Running Horse. 1781 R. B. Sheridan iii. i A running horse does require more attendance than a coach-horse. 1837 ‘Nimrod’ iii. 67 In the United States, breeding and running horses are advancing with rapid strides. 1878 19 Jan. 677 (advt.) All classes of horses, from the heavy draft horse to the tender-footed running horse. 1894 29 Mar. 27/1 There are six running dogs and three pups, the property of Mr. Robinson. 1927 A. C. Smith ix. 72 Sir Woodman Burbidge has as many as eighty running dogs of all ages in his kennels. 1948 20 Aug. 18/1 The standardbreds..make running horses look like sissies. 1995 B. L. Hendricks 173/1 Development of this great running horse actually began..with the importation..of great numbers of Iberian, Barb, and Turkmen..horses. 1766 tr. F. Hasselquist 238 Cancer cursor, the Running Crab. This lives in the sea, and on the coasts about Egypt and Syria. 1792 II. 19 The ostrich, the swiftest of all running birds. 1868 II. 172/3 A New-Zealand species, seen by Cook, obtained from that navigator's companions the appellation of the ‘running-fish’. 1882 VI. 104 Tribe Geocores, or Land Bugs. The term ‘Running Bugs’ would, perhaps, better express the habits of the insects of this tribe, as some of them frequent the water and even run briskly over its surface. 1895 P. H. Emerson 392 The Running Toad..has a yellow stripe down his back. 1927 F. Balfour-Browne i. 12 Running legs usually being long and thin, jumping legs usually possessing very large thighs or femora, slow, walking legs being usually short and thick. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) I. xx. 544 If the clavicles..are broken, the bird cannot fly. They are rudimentary or absent in running birds. 1989 62 286 Philodromidae—Running crab spiders. 2002 S. J. Gould ix. 905 The rhinoceros clade once included agile running forms. 3. society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [adjective] > running errands 1540 (1814) 362/2 And gif ony man cumis on horsbak..that he incontinent send his hors hame agane with ane rynand [c1600 in Balfour Practicks (1754) 595 rinnand] boy. 1604 in E. Peacock (1872) 23 Running Recusant or Messanger among [them]... A common messenger from one Recusant to an other. 1689 No. 2446/4 One George Tough, a Scotch Running Footman, of short Stature. 1721 A. Ramsay 276 No broken China-bowls disturb the joy Of waiting handmaid, or the running-boy. 1791 13 July 11 Coaches..were generally accompanied by running footmen..whose assistance was often wanted to support the coach on each side, to prevent it from being overturned. 1851 H. B. Edwardes I. I. 63 A kossid (running messenger)..entered and presented a letter-bag. 1856 2nd Ser. 1 80/1 The sheriff and judges were preceded by two running footmen. 1881 W. Besant & J. Rice (1882) i. v. 41 Common hackney coachmen, messengers, running lackeys, and such varlets. 1903 Jan. 38 Beggars and idlers..were kept from being too troublesome by the waving stick and fierce shouts of my running attendant. 1968 31 530 We see a running footman or a messenger of the Sultan. 2009 J. Neill xv. 401 Robert Carr..started in the royal service..as a running-page, a boy who would run alongside the royal carriage. society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > group with special function or duty > [adjective] > organized for rapid movement 1592 H. Unton Let. 6 Jan. in (1847) 255 I respecte not the dangers soe much as I doe the discomodities of a runninge campe, wherin we have neither lodginge nor good victualls. 1624 J. Smith 152 That they should be as a running Army till this were effected. ?1630 R. Gordon (1813) 198 Earle Alexander..did alwayes manteyn a cursarie and runing guard. 1652–66 in J. T. Gilbert (1879) I. 41 A runinge armie consisting of 4,000 foote and 400 horse. 1726 30 Apr. A guilty Gloom hangs hovering o'er the Ships, And in the Minds of running Squadrons leaps. 1777 I. Backus I. ii. 148 The Indians annoyed them so by sudden assaults..that he was forced to keep a running army to oppose them all occasions. 1846 H. J. Leeke Let. 17 Oct. in J. A. Sharp (1858) 676 [Should] both ships run up with an enemy's running fleet,..St. Vincent could not show a port up. 1998 J. Ohlmeyer in J. Kenyon & J. Ohlmeyer iii. 80 On the confederate side the four provincial armies were supposed to consist of 6,000 foot and 400 horse, and the ‘running army’ of 2,000 foot and 200 horse. the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > [adjective] > running away 1647 (single sheet) Will the Conquerour in a Scottish dance Must lead his running Army into France. 1654 J. Thurloe Let. 16 Mar. in R. Vaughan (1838) I. 150 The last news we had of these running people was, that they were got as far as Chard. 1779 J. Hawthorn 13 Ginger ran, at half a dozen blows;..And what they lost upon on this running cock, Would buy a naked child a shirt or smock. 1862 W. G. Stevenson ii. 74 The retreat soon became a rout... The Confederates pressed them hard, and..did sad execution on the running men. 1897 Sir G. T. Goldie in 23 Jan. 13/1 It is more humane to shoot down promptly a few running carriers than to sacrifice the lives of some 2,000 men of a column. 1906 J. R. C. Ward v. 30 The guards having gone after the running men, he went after them. 1992 R. Young & J. D. Young 122 With a single shot, he downed the running prisoner. the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > [adjective] > moving swiftly and briskly 1662 R. Codrington tr. G. Ruggle ii. ii. sig. F3 (stage direct.) A Hawker, or running seller of Pamphlets. 1699 B. E. Running-stationers, Hawkers, or those that cry News and Books about the Streets. 1728 J. Gill 246 The keepers of the walls..; the one was a running watch, the other a standing one. 1771 S. Neville 28 Sept. (1950) vi. 123 I will by no means be exhibited as an unfeed lawyer or..a running Physician. 1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell I. 78 Persons..supplemental to the regular Priest..as ‘running Lecturers’, now here, now there, over a certain district. 1851 H. Mayhew I. 214/2 That order or species of the pattering genus known as ‘running patterers’, or ‘flying stationers’. 1881 13 387 Those men who have been employed for many years as dispensers and nurses, or to use a recognised term, ‘running doctors’. 1906 6 50 A donation to a ‘Running Preacher’ (not in church) is 6d. only. 1968 5 May 3/1 (in figure) Sister Lay Tin Lim (Scrub Sister)... Sister Ilsa Wolfe (Running Sister). 1998 D. Vlock iv. 122 The running patterer also speaks a professional cant influenced..by popular entertainments. society > communication > reading > reader > [noun] > other types of reader the world > action or operation > manner of action > carelessness > [adjective] > careless, not thorough > specifically of persons the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > [adjective] > acting with haste > carelessly > specifically of persons 1588 W. Lambarde (new ed.) iv. xiv. 553 Howsoeuer the booke..or the Statute..may seeme (to a running Reader). 1650 F. Cheynell To Rdr. sig. B8v I was seldome here to overlook the Presse, and can only glance over the Book now with a running eye. 1662 S. Fisher i. 12 The Bishops book viewed only by some running Reader, that eyes it not very warily. 1673 J. Glanvill ii. 19 I beseech you therefore not to content your selves with a single, and running reading. ?1734 ‘Pilgrim Plowden’ 167 One gape of complacency from the running reader of but a first-thoughted understanding. 1795 S. J. Pratt I. ii. 8 He who rides..through a country, cannot write any thing worth the attention even of a running reader. 1837 June 152 His work is intended for higher uses than running-reading. 1864 G. H. Calvert iii. 45 I want no running readers. I like those With pith to think while reading. 1920 15 July 46/2 One of the things the average running reader overlooks or does not absorb. 1977 71 793 Despite the readability of the author's style, the book is for the student rather than the running reader. society > travel > travel by water > [adjective] > farthest in rear of company > not sailing in company 1652 No. 63. 494 Their Running Gallies lye at Anchor about a league from the Navy. 1707 11 Apr. They had in their Company 4 other running Ships from Leghorne. 1751 May 239/1 Some gentlemen sent out three fishing vessels and two running vessels to fish for herrings. 1777 S. Cooper Let. 25 Oct. in B. Franklin (1986) XXV. 104 A running Vessell is immediately to sail for France. 1834 F. Marryat III. xxii. 290 I was sent home..in a running vessel. 1862 T. S. Paton 220/2 Concealment that the ship was a prize, and was to make a running voyage, will void the policy. 1876 O. B. Sansum 248 The consignees..said nothing about a prize going home for condemnation, or that she was a running ship. 1956 K. L. Roberts iv. 138 She was faster than a running vessel, which is fast enough to sail without convoy. ** With reference to devices that move easily or freely, and plants. 6. the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [adjective] > forming or of the nature of an axis > round or about an axis OE Ælfric (Hatton 115) 44 He [sc. se firmamentum] æfre gæð abutan swa swa yrnende hweowol. a1350 in R. H. Robbins (1959) 99 Þe whel ȝe torneþ to wo..in þe ronynge rynge of þe roe þat renneþ so rounde. a1450 (1969) l. 1073 Whyl I reste on my rennynge whel I schal not suffre, if þat I may. 1706 (new ed.) Truckle, a little running Wheel. 1741 D. Watson tr. Horace iii. x. 252 Lest the Rope go backward with the running Wheel of Fortune. 1832 9 New Ser. 61 The upper end of this iron bolt is hollowed out, and forms a step for the running spindle. 1875 12 361/1 If W be the weight of the disk, and k its ‘radius of gyration about its running axis’. 1917 E. J. O'Brien 9 The Light of the running spheres, doth glisten under our Nails. 1960 3 June 8/4 A 10-pounder being taken..on a single shallow-running spinner. 2002 D. Hrinkiw & M. W. Tilden viii. 130 Use nice, smooth-running wheels for your Solaroller. Flick a wheel with your finger—if it spins for quite a while, it has nice, energy-conserving bearings. the world > movement > transference > [adjective] > transferred > able to be 1459 Inventory Fastolf's Wardrobe in (1904) III. 181 Item, j. rynnyng bedde with a materas. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. (Rawl.) (1898) 215 (MED) Thou shalte haue many rynnynge engyns to make horribill Sownes to gasten thyn enemys. c1535 in (1886) 4 323 Wt ij ronnyng dores and a shittynge dore. 1558 in J. Raine (1835) I. 163 ij fether bedds, a trussinge bed, a ronnyng bedd. 1603 G. Owen (1892) 62 But use for the most part a runinge fold of hurdels of cloven oake about foure foote heighe. 1765 S. Johnson II. 537/1 A standing-bed, under which was a trochle, truckle, or running bed. 1858 28 Aug. 208/2 When it is to be conveyed from field to field, the two ploughing frames are folded back, so as to form..one long running frame, easily portable. 1895 Mar. 212 Holes were bored through the edges of the running board for pegs. 1916 A. Bennett xxx. 261 Two berths at right angles to one another, each a lovely little bed with a running screen of cashmere. 1955 H. C. King vii. 131 Herschel also considered introducing a running chair which could carry him from the ground to the gallery. 2004 B. Campbell tr. De Rebus Bellicis in 209 Its smoothly running frame set on four wheels..drags it to its military tasks. 7. the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > [adjective] > easily or freely > as a piece of mechanism society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [adjective] > moving or working (of rigging) 1336 Naval Acct. in B. Sandahl (1982) III. 138 (MED) Pro duobus rennendeteyes inde faciendis precium cuiuslibet petre cum factura inde xij d., lx s. c1450 Treat. Fishing in J. McDonald et al. (1963) 155 (MED) For a grond lyne rennyng and for the floyt set vppon the grounde lyne lying a x plumys. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 207 A rynnand cord thai slewyt our his hed Hard to the bauk and hangyt him to ded. 1580 A. Fleming sig. 2.v Not the rashe rimes of a running penne, not the bolde babling of an imagined lie..but the determinations of a deuout minde. 1581 Agreement conc. Galleon in E. G. R. Taylor (1959) i. xiii. 21 Standing tackle & runnyng roapes, pulleys, shyvers,..bootes, toppes. 1600 Dundee Shipping Papers in 10 68 With gowd saillis, caibellis and ankers and gowd reinning taikell. 1632 W. Lithgow iv. 153 They drawe in his middle together..with running cords. 1685 E. Browne (ed. 2) 218 Upon a line fixed to them, they put a running Pully, to which they fix another long rope. 1740 G. Smith tr. (rev. ed.) App. p. xliv The decorations..that are usually fixed to these running rockets. 1764 J. Ferguson 48 When the furrows become blunt and shallow by wearing, the running stone must be taken up. 1797 VIII. 669/1 For horses..who poke out their noses, a running snaffle is of excellent use. 1798 June 127/2 A running plummet must be placed on your line, which is a bullet with a hole through it. 1841 R. H. Dana 45 The parts between sheaves [of tackles] are called running parts. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher 557 Rack-block, a range of sheaves cut in one piece of wood, for running ropes to lead through. 1883 T. Box ix. 310 It would be expedient to reduce the strain on the chain by the use of several running pulleys. 1912 4 392 Renewable running rings which are very convenient with enclosed impeller pumps. 1947 June 181/1 Rough, badly worn guides..slow down a running line and may snag it. 1994 S. Coonts v. 65 The running cable whipped the dampner like a scythe. the world > movement > progressive motion > specific manner of progressive motion > [adjective] > easily or freely > as a fastening a1500 (?c1300) (Chetham) l. 3219 + 2 There Iosyan made with her hond On her gurdill a knott rennand. a1585 A. Montgomerie Flyting with Polwart (Tullibardine) in (2000) I. 149 They deimit quhat deid it suld die..The nixt said, ‘in a rynnand knot’. 1611 R. Cotgrave Laqs courant, a noose, grinne, snitle, running knot. 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot iii. 41 They use a certain Slip with a running-noose, which they can cast..about a Mans Neck, when they are within reach of him. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter i. vi. 65 A thong of several fathoms in length,..with a running noose at one end of it. 1821 W. Scott III. iv. 82 In your..profession [sc. piracy]..every man speaks under correction of the yard-arm, and a running noose. 1855 W. S. Dallas in III. 306 In the middle of the chamber a small upright stick is placed supporting two running loops of horse-hair. 1871 606 The simple running fastening..is not so secure, but chafes less than the crossed running knot. 1907 E. H. Mitchell ix. 225 A running eye is formed which is placed over one arm of the anchor. 1945 May 111/1 When used as the running knot on a lariat, the lariat loop..is made just large enough so that it will run freely on the standing part. 2002 83 2528/1 Adults were caught from below the cliff, using an 8 m long carbon fiber fishing pole with a nylon running noose. the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > [adjective] > climbing, spreading, or creeping OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens (1974) 250 Luxiriante [foliorum] uiriditate : up yrnendre grenesse, crescente.] 1548 W. Turner sig. C.viij Elatine..groweth amonge the corne & in hedges, it maye be named in englishe running Buckwheate or bynde corne. 1574 J. Baret B 1321 Renning Bucke, or binde corne, a weed so called like vnto withwinde. 1618 W. Lawson i. vii. 18 There is another way..to get not onely Plants for graffing: but Sets to remaine for Trees, which I call a Running Plant. 1634 J. Ford i. sig. B3 Hee's but a running weede, At pleasure to be pluck'd vp by the rootes. 1762 P. Collinson Let. 5 Oct. in J. Bartram (1992) 572 Gout-wort or what is called Podagraria is a notorious running Weed in a garden. 1786 J. Abercrombie 72 Beds of close running plants, as mint, &c. 1855 16 i. 111 Running weeds..being spudded up. 1881 26 May 420/2 It [sc. Ranunculus repens] is easily kept within bounds on a border like other running plants by doubling back the runners to their parent. 1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland (ed. 2) ii. xix. 569 The ground-nut... Under cultivation there are several varieties and numerous forms, divided primarily into ‘bunched’—stems erect and compact—and ‘running’—stems more or less procumbent. 2004 E. Whitney et al. iii. 42 One often sees hundreds of running oak stems in a dense green patch. These are all the same plant..connected by their root system. *** With reference to phenomena, immaterial things, and abstractions. 9. the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > [adjective] > passing rapidly from place to place a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1959) Exod. ix. 23 Þe lord ȝaue þonders & haul & dyuersly rennyng [L.V. rennynge aboute; L. discurrentia] leytes vpon þe erþ. 1562 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli i. f. 26 The disease that is called Erysipilas or Lychen,..the Frenche men call it feu volage, as it were a runnynge fyer. a1679 M. Poole (1685) II. sig. 5O4/1 Either Planets properly called, or rather Meteors called running Stars, inconstant in their motion, uncertain in their shining, making a little shew, but presently vanishing. 1697 T. Burnet (ed. 3) iii. xi. 63 The Conflagration will be only a superficial scorching of the Earth, with a running fire. 1715 tr. D. Gregory II. v. §1. 695 Democritus..said that he suspected that there were several Running Stars (that is, Comets). 1833 A. Sutton iii. 33 Frequent flashes of vivid running lightning, which seemed to search every corner of the earth. 1878 F. B. Hough 160 The forests were of the most valuable kinds..and suffered severely in these running fires. 1902 J. Conrad Heart of Darkness i, in (1903) 55 It is like a running blaze on a plain, like a flash of lightning in the clouds. 1921 7 228 Clouds etched with running lightning smote my eyes. 2002 S. Danius iv. 156 The running rays are warm to the touch as they spread across Dublin. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > characteristics > [adjective] > spreading or invasive a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1961) Lev. xiii. 12 Ȝif..out flowe þe rennynge [L. discurrens] lepre in þe skyn & couere al þe flesch fro þe hed vnot þe feet, [etc.]. c1475 (1969) 630 (MED) I haue a lytyll dyshes..Wyth a runnynge ryngeworme. 1562 W. Turner Bk. Natures Bathes Eng. List of Authors, in The rinnyng gout which rynneth from one joynte to an other. 1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius 441 Herpes, Some call it the shingles, some ye running worme, some wild fire. 1671 W. Salmon i. xiv. 33 Running pains in all the Extream parts of the Body. 1697 J. Headrich 40 In Wounds, in the Wolfe, in the Cruent, and running Herpes. 1727 R. Bradley (Dublin ed.) at Age If you are troubled with farinous or running Tetters. 1753 J. Bartlet xli. 297 (heading) Of the Running Thrush. 1784 tr. D. S. von Madai i. 6 Hence it proves a very efficacious Remedy for all Contractions of Nerves or in every Species of Palsy, in the running Gout [etc.]. 1818–20 E. Thompson (ed. 3) 329 Impetigo, Running Tetter. 1894 29 Dec. 524 One [hot water bottle] under each arm, one at the feet and the others where running chills may best indicate. 1952 J. Steinbeck xi. 95 His step-mother was standing over him with a damp cloth in her hand, and he could feel the little running pains as the water cut through. 1570 J. Foxe (rev. ed.) II. 1050/1 To stoppe the running brutes of their holy assemblies, they should write Apologies. 1598 J. Florio Gazzette, the daily newes or intelligence.., tales, running newes. 1612 J. Digbye Let. 2 July in (1885) 585 Of ye certainty hereof I cannot assure your Lordsp, receiving yt as yet but as a running rumour, &c. 1692 4 It was not kept secret, but it was known so, as all the Kingdom did ring of it... They would make this a sort of a running Account. 1701 tr. 30 There is a Running Report, that the French Cardinals offer'd him to consent to his Election. 1764 ‘C. Careless’ 88 What I have mentioned to you is only a running report, but perhaps it is not true. 1825 Oct. 100 The running rumours, whispers, cabals, stratagems, by which the indolent and interested endeavoured to delay their departure. 1858 H. C. Watson Let. 3 Jan. in C. Darwin (1991) VII. 1 A running notion seems to pervade botanical works to this effect. 1911 (Proc. before Comm. U.S. Senate) IV. 1123 I know only the general running rumor. I do not know that it is based on facts at all. 1999 A. Firman 9 Her fame lasted a week, the running tale of the neighbourhood. the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > inconstancy > [adjective] > capricious or whimsical c1449 R. Pecock (1860) 346 Bi his natural condicion and bi the rennyng condicioun of the world. c1450 (?a1405) J. Lydgate Complaint Black Knight (Fairf.) l. 458 in (1934) ii. 401 Now vp, now down, so rennyng is thy chaunce. a1516 H. Medwall ii. sig. g.iii Not he, but his wit runnynge is..to blame. 1561 T. Hoby Breef Rehersall in tr. B. Castiglione sig. Zz.iii To be wittie and foreseing, not heady and of a renning witt. 1579 S. Gosson Apol. Schoole of Abuse in f. 87 Newe cuttes are the paternes of running heads. 1603 R. Knolles 920 Of Maximillian the emperour, or of the duke of Moscovie, both men of running wits. 1653 R. Saunders i. 104 A Vagabond, one of an unsetled Running head. 1691 J. Dunton I. 9 What his industrious Toes do tread, his ready Fingers do write, his running Head dictating. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disordered pulse or circulation > [adjective] > rapid pulse 1821 R. D. Hamilton 43 The pulse now rises to an hundred and forty, or an hundred and sixty in the minute, and sometimes, though rarely, it cannot be counted; as the pulsations are hardly distinct, for it seems to be gliding under the finger, like the swift motion of a smooth stream; this is what I would call the running pulse. 1898 P. Manson xviii. 291 The pulse becomes small and running. 1901 W. Osler (ed. 4) i. 19 In the extreme prostration of severe cases it may reach 150 or more and is a mere undulation—the so-called running pulse. 1958 (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) xii. 153 If the pulse is over 160 beats per minute it is termed a running pulse and it cannot be counted accurately. **** With reference to actions accomplished while running or moving quickly. 12. the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > [adjective] > acting with haste > hasty or hurried a1400 (a1325) (Fairf. 14) l. 26732 (MED) Qua-sim wille ȝilde a-countis riȝt, he agh hit be-fore diȝt, & telle noȝt ouer wiþ rynnande [Vesp. reuand read renand] ras. a1627 W. Fowler tr. Petrarch Triumphs in (1914) I. 119 By his [sc. the Sun's] swift and rinning course which nothing might restrane. 1670 J. Milton ii. 72 The fourth Summer..he spent in settling and confirming what the year before he had travail'd over with a running Conquest. 1734 I. Watts 49 When persons, each for themselves, took a slight repast, in a running manner. a1753 S. Bownas (1756) 210/1 I made a kind of a running Visit; and when I was at Bristol, my Friends there were exceeding kind. 1831 23 July 322/3 A running glance may be sufficient to incite some readers to a further acquaintance with the original. 1837 J. Wood (ed. 3) 39/2 Cursory, in a running way. 1881 Ld. Wolseley Let. 29 Aug. in G. Arthur (1922) vi. 66 I took a running look over it [sc. the town] for half an hour, but was driven in by the rain. 1912 Sept. 6/1 Even a running perusal of Dr. Montessori's book will convince readers..of what has been and what is. 1962 Mar. 43/2 Most students leave school without ever being given more than a running glance at the subject of economics. 1995 S. B. Sahai viii. 162 A running glance at the steady erosion of some of the vital institutions. the world > food and drink > food > meal > [adjective] > qualities of meals 1618 J. Selden (new ed.) iv. 38 Sportulae, which at first in Rome denoted a kind of running banquets distributed at great mens houses to such as visited for salutation. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher v. iii. 63 Besides the running Banquet of two Beadles, that is to come. View more context for this quotation a1661 T. Fuller (1662) Surrey 96 A Running Collation to stay his Stomack, no set meal to satisfie his hunger. 1755 E. F. Haywood II. vi. ii. 203 At his earnest request I staid with him, and partook what might be more properly call'd a running banquet than a dinner. 1784 J. Woodforde 13 Apr. (1926) II. 128 Made a running dinner upon a Mutton-Stake about 1. o'clock. 1825 W. Scott Betrothed vii, in I. 103 I will take a running breakfast on the western battlements. 1991 J. Stead in C. A. Wilson v. 142 This between-meals banquet was sometimes called a ‘running banquet’, and often consisted of fresh fruit only. 13. the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > going swiftly on foot > [adjective] > performed with or accompanied by running a1500 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell (1845) I. 308 (MED) Smyte a rennyng quarter sory owte of thy honde. 1508 (Chepman & Myllar) sig. ciiii Twa rynnyng renkis raith the riolyse has tane Ilk freik to his feir. 1639 T. Fuller iii. viii. 122 Though the French King thought with a running pull to bear the citie away. 1812 25 July 340 They rushed upon the enemy on all sides, the cavalry and artillery in a trot, and the infantry making a running charge. 1838 10 Apr. So small that he can jump over his own head with greatest ease, if allowed a running start. 1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. I. 157/2 The matador raises his sword shoulder high, takes a steady aim and makes his running lunge. 1942 M. J. Rawlings (1996) xv. 185 He made a running attack at me. Quite naturally, I jumped out of his way. 1987 H. Norman (1989) iii. 83 She..returned to the shore, taking a few running steps to the blanket. 2000 25 Apr. 18/7 Rashid took a fine running catch at deep, wide mid-on. the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > upward movement > leaping, springing, or jumping > [noun] > one who or that which > leap augmented by run a1672 F. Willughby (2003) 172 Running Jumpe is when they run before they leape, which putting the bodie into motion makes them leape further. 1702 T. Yalden vi. 16 Strein'd at a running Jump, but mist the prize. 1720 D. Defoe 131 He had taken a running Leap..and with all his Might had thrown himself clear over our Palisadoes. 1792 tr. Comtesse de Genlis III. 243 He could clear at a running jump a space of twenty-one lengths of his own foot. 1853 C. Brontë Let. May in J. Barker (1994) xi. 298 However I shall take a running leap and clear them all. 1879 Aug. 446 Mr. Schmultz cleared the most ground in the running broad jump. 1914 E. A. Powell i. 18 Thompson took a running jump. 1949 2 July 47/2 The last trick, a running flip ending in a hand-to-hand catch. 1998 (Nexis) 8 Aug. 10 First equal in running high jump. 1896 W. Camp xi. 322 Study the possibilities of an unexpected kick from an ordinary running line-up. 1921 14 Dec. 250/3 In marked contrast to this smooth passing and running attack was the Princeton offense, which lacked team-work in getting the ball..[near] the basket. 1955 16 Aug. d1/1 The most important thing in pro football is pass defense... Running offense and running defense follow in that order. 1977 10 Oct. 177/1 Princeton, which has another useful quota of real heavyweights..has as well a sturdy running attack, now that Isom is paced by Larson. 1996 15 Nov. c7/1 The Chiefs have..an improved running offense thanks to Greg Hill. society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [adjective] > types of armed encounter 1651 No. 35 568 The William was taken by one of their Ships, after a running fight of two dayes continuance. 1659 S. Carrington 132 At length the Enemies having their bellies full, began to fire out of their Sterns, and like unto the Parthians to make a running fight of it. 1707 No. 4386/2 3 French Privateers..attack'd a Dutch Ship.., who maintain'd a running Fight. 1768 H. Brooke III. xvi. 164 They crouded away.., maintaining a running fight with their stern chace. 1789 Aug. 749/1 The Russian fleet have, by the running skirmish of the 26th ult. completely accomplished their object. 1823 Ld. Byron ii. xxi. 44 We'll make no running fight, for that were base. 1862 Jan. 169/1 A running engagement ensued, and both vessels were injured. The President finally gave up the pursuit. 1916 ‘Taffrail’ xvii. 317 Present..throughout the first shock of the engagement and the running fight which ensued. 1953 L. W. Schwarz xxx. 279 After a running battle between Jewish forces and the Arabs and British, 96000 Arabs fled from the city of Jaffa. 1996 D. Brimson & E. Brimson xii. 169 There was no way that the police would allow them to roam the streets and possibly stage a running battle around the stadium. 1738 J. Lacy 49 With an affected humility..passes thro' with a running Bow. 1845 XXV. 301/1 Nautical surveys are sometimes conducted under canvass when a landing cannot be effected, which is termed a running survey. 1870 9 86/1 The ships, as they ran along the coast, made a running sketch and nothing more. 1902 J. F. Moser 198 Lieutenant Rodman, with the steam launch, made a running sketch of the river and lake. 1921 S. E. Morison vii. 82 Within ten minutes she has made a running moor. 1964 Jan. 89/1 The 5/ 8th of a mile straightaway which we took with a running start after circling the course. 1973 30 Oct. 4/6 As he walked the Dalai Lama gave a running audience. 1998 12 June 39/1 A beat at the start may be a dubious benefit, but it will avoid the possible carnage that surrounds a running start in a fresh breeze. II. That flows, and related senses. 16. the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > [adjective] the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [adjective] OE (1955) 221 Flumen, flod uel yrnende ea. OE tr. (Vitell.) i. 238 Seoðe þonne his [sc. a badger's] sceallan on yrnendum wyllewætere [?a1200 Harl. 6258B on hyrnende willewætera] & on hunige. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 1796 Þe king..ladde him to londone..To an vrninde water. c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring (1891) 182 Þe ernand water stode. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 233 To seþe such codware wel nedeþ rennyng water of a welle oþer a streme. a1400 (Laud) (1932) 226 (MED) Þey..Receyued hit myd reuerence & rennande teris. c1475 tr. (Tripolitanus abbrev.) (1977) 358 Fissh that is norisshed in dede watyr nat reenynge. a1500 108/129 Than anon þe rennyng redolent river..of our saluacion plentvously efflowed. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Seneca in 310 A running streame is stayed by weedes and shallownesse. 1606 (1816) IV. 287/2 That na persone nor persones..lay in lochis and rynnand burnis ony grene lynt. 1678 E. R. i. 77 Those are Veins which are Vessels of quick or running Blood, and is that..his Blood is in continual agitation, and never ceaseth. 1719 D. Defoe 115 It was no more than a little Brook of running Water. 1799 W. Wordsworth 39 He murmurs near the running brooks A music sweeter than their own. 1826 11 5 I was alone, standing within a few rods of the running lava. 1878 T. H. Huxley (ed. 2) 135 To understand how running water usually effects denudation. 1949 ‘R. Lafayette’ in Nov. 141/2 A fair and open place near a running stream. 1992 D. Lessing 87 There was a beautiful running stream of water in the valley just below us. the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > [adjective] > material driven by current 1804 M. Lewis Jrnl. 19 Nov. in (1987) III. 249 The runing ice had declined. 1853 Aug. 190/1 I now heard the noise of a steamer ascending the river far below me, but of course she would steer wide of the running driftwood. 1862 27 Feb. 138/1 On account of the shallowness of the stream..and the running blocks of ice..[the expedition] was one of great difficulty. 1922 H. A. Cody xii. 101 The bark canoe seemed like a thing of life as it cut through the water... It had battled with running ice. 1959 M. Shand iv. 65 No more small boats could be used on lakes and rivers on account of the running ice. 2006 (Wisconsin Maritime Mus.) i. 26 Iowa was caught by running block ice in the Chicago harbor and sank. 17. a1170 ( Bounds (Sawyer 639) in M. Gelling (1976) III. 715 Of þam steorte on þone yrnendan mor, of þam yrnandan more on ælfsiges mor. 1619 T. Gainsford (rev. ed.) ii. xxx. 354 You may drinke from a running pipe luke warme water. 1685 R. Boyle vi. 70 The noise of a running Tap is wont to have almost the like operation upon Him. 1724 D. Defoe I. ii. 150 A running pipe of Water up to the uppermost Story. 1794 R. J. Sulivan I. 327 Water may rise..either by running channels or by sap or percolation. 1825 T. C. Hansard ii. xvi. 866 The brushing should be effected with the plate either under water or held under a running cock. 1831 W. Howitt 181 It is..abundant in several of the Midland counties, in running ditches and small rivulets. 1890 D. Salmon 244 I actually discovered the spring of water and traced its course, quite opposite to the direction of the water pipe named and which was not a running pipe. 1930 W. Faulkner 48 Jewel's hat droops limp about his neck, channelling water onto the soaked towsack tied about his shoulders as, ankle-deep in the running ditch, he pries with a slipping two-by-four, with a piece of rotting log for fulcrum, at the axle. 1946 19 Jan. 10/3 To clean the mats, the manufacturer suggests just holding them under a running faucet. 1972 D. Brewster 62 Even from some eighty yards' distance, Randall and Blundell rapidly felt the effects of the gas and ran back with smarting eyes and running cheeks to their car. 2001 L. Greenlaw iii. 219 June turned off the running basin tap. the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > letting or sending out > [adjective] > let out > leaking ?c1475 (BL Add. 15562) f. 104v Rynnynge, as a vessell, futilis. 1602 A. Willet iv. 26 People should conferre togither of those things they heare, that they be not as leaking and running vessels. 1637 S. Rutherford Let. 15 June in (1664) i. 237 That [drink] which we get in our borrowed, old, running-out vessels & our wooden dishes here. 1659 tr. F. Galindus Disc. Why Jesuits Generally Hated 16 in Women are a sort of running vessels, indefatigably talkative, and not much retentive of the secrets they are trusted with. 18. the world > matter > liquid > [adjective] a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 238 The wose and jus þer of is rennyng and som tyme clensynge and dryyinge. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 167 (MED) Vnguent is a þing vnctuous, not fluide, i. rynnyng, bot abidyng. a1450 in T. Austin (1888) 44 So þat it be renneng & not to styf. a1500 tr. (Rawl.) (1977) 5 (MED) Ete first þi rinning potage..and last þi stonding potage. 1666 R. Boyle 210 I obtain'd a considerable quantity of good running Mercury. 1728 E. Chambers at Revivification Gold, and other Metals,..may be recovered or revivified into running Mercury. 1784 (Royal Soc.) 74 341 The orange-coloured sublimate was washed out..and what running mercury was in it was separated. 1849 May 408/1 Clay when wet becomes a running substance. 1894 8 Mar. 193/1 Fill the holes with Portland cement formed into a running consistency with water. 1910 C. F. Swingle 297 Pushing or carrying the running cement into all of the remote corners and cavities. 1997 (Diagram Group) ii. iii. 149 The writing can be in white using white poster paint kept at a running consistency. the world > matter > constitution of matter > lack of density > [adjective] > loose texture > lacking cohesion 1598 R. Barret v. 127 A fortification made at Carthagena in Spaine [fell down], for being made of running sand. 1613 W. Browne I. i. 19 Hee'd shew his anger, by some floud at hand, And turne the same [hillock] into a running sand. 1740 T. Short iii. 305 Superficial Springs, and such as rise out of a hot running Sand, are much affected by the Heat of the Season. 1762 J. Smeaton (1812) I. 45 Should a running sand be met with in this passage, it might prove an insurmountable difficulty. 1877 22 This [railroad] company has continued its struggle with the running clay of its deep cuts. 1882 F. W. P. Jago Running ground, loose, sandy, or soft ground which falls in just as fast as it is excavated. 1926 R. H. Davis xvi. 124 The cowboy rose lightly from the running earth and instantly melted like a wet rag into the saddle. 1983 149 50 The sequence passes down into blue running sand at approximately 6 m. 2009 J. Norman xiii. 166/1 Sand is the most commonly encountered running soil, but other materials also behave like running soil. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [adjective] > discharge of putrid matter a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 80v Suche a rennynge reume hatte catarrus. ?a1425 f. 102v (MED) Coler also medled wiþ fleume makeþ a rennynge enpostume, and for þe moste partie he makeþ þat he renneþ to þe iointes. 1535 2 Sam. iii. 29 In the house of Ioab there ceasse not one to haue a renninge yssue and a leprosy. 1611 Lev. xv. 2 When any man hath a running issue out of his flesh. View more context for this quotation 1652 A. Ross vi. 411 He was much troubled with a running Canker in the Foot, called by Physitians, Phagedena. 1706 J. Marten tr. J. Groeneveld 284 Her Sore and Running Eyes, which she had from her Infancy, were also perfectly Cured. 1779 6 i. 430 The parts about the cicatrix swelled and grew painful, but did not break out into a running wound. 1807 E. Weeton 18 Nov. (1969) I. 50 As to the running eyes and noses of which you request me to give you the exact number. 1882 F. W. P. Jago Running-wound, a wound discharging matter. 1964 J. P. Clark 82 Do forgive my running nose. 1996 D. Benton v. 80 In this tradition conditions such as asthma, eczema, non-seasonal rhinitis (running nose), hay fever and urticaria (nettle-rash) are known as classic allergic reactions. 20. society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > duration of notes > tempo > [adjective] > specific tempo society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > rhythm > [adjective] > smoothly flowing or melodious c1440 (?c1350) in G. G. Perry (1914) 36 Ihesu..takes þam till wordis rynnand and curius, and leues þe prayere þat He vs kennede. 1589 G. Puttenham i. v. 7 It appeareth, that our vulgar running Poesie was common to all the nations of the world besides. 1593 T. Nashe f. 34 The young-men in their merry-running Madrigals..for thee, should haue honoured mee. 1608 A. Willet 231 So should church musike..be..not with diuisions and running catches. 1673 56 Without this all other Sermons are but empty sounds..; they are running divisions upon Religion to them that have not yet perceived the grounds. 1744 M. Delany (1861) II. 262 Her notes are more distinct, and there is something in her running-divisions that is quite surprizing. 1789 T. Twining tr. Aristotle 72 (note) The Trochaic or running metre here spoken of. 1848 53 7 The Italians..like easy running music which strikes the ear at once. 1882 Dec. 401/2 The author of this smoothly running poem was the Rev. S. F. Macdonald. 1908 Sept. 581/2 Schumann's music is especially noted for the rippling vivace style, rippling running music for the treble, and slow, firm bass work. 1921 Sept. 332 In his most distinctive pieces he abandons the ‘running’ verse of traditional English poetry. 1996 A. Wanner ii. 81 The tercets display..[his] virtuoso mellifluousness with their smoothly running succession of composite adjectives. 1628 O. Felltham lix. 170 The running Montaigne speakes of such an other. the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > [adjective] > relating to milk > curd > coagulating 1495 (de Worde) xix. lxxvi. sig. llij v/1 Rennynge mylke is made thycke in the mawes of certen beests. 1530–1 in J. Raine (1844) 5 2 qu. frumenti, rynnynge measour ad 9d. bus. 1541 in G. P. McNeill (1897) XVII. 712 iij ferlotis beir, rynnand met. 1563 Linlithgow Sheriff Court 12 June in at Rinand v firlottis ij pectis rynnand beir to be payit of the first of his beir schorne. 1601 in M. Wood & R. K. Hannay (1927) V. 284 The collectour of the multure..to..allow to the maltmen..twelf bollis rynnand met for ilk six laid. 1627 (1835) 4 Twa bollis beir and four bollis otis rining measour. 1627 (1835) 3 We walow it to be worth sex bollis..off rining wictuall. society > communication > writing > handwriting or style of > [adjective] > cursive 1575 35 This is lyke to be the mysreadinge of the prynter, yf the copye were hastelye wrytten in a ronninge hande. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in 276 He wrote a running hand. 1648 H. Hexham (at cited word) Loopen, To write with a Running hand. 1685 J. Matlock 22 The Running-Hand begets a great freeness and readiness in those Letters, in which it is composed. 1763 W. Massey ii. 26 A neat and expeditious running-hand, so necessary in every business. 1788 G. Colman i. 8 [He] cou'd dress wigs, write a running-hand, and preferr'd a sober, steady family. 1801 Oct. 930/1 Besides the hieroglyphic figures we find..inscriptions in a running writing. 1815 W. Scott I. xx. 322 He entered them in the catalogue in his best running hand. 1898 H. Frederic iv. 211 The legend inside the gold case was delicately engraved in small running script. 1900 A. H. Sayce x. 209 In Egypt the..running-hand of the scribe developed out of the primitive pictographs. 1942 22 396 Special attention to the question whether a running hand had as yet developed. 2007 V. Bates iii. 241 She goes to the blackboard and writes my name properly in running writing. III. That continues or extends in space. 24. the world > space > extension in space > [adjective] > without a break 1390–1 in J. T. Fowler (1899) II. 391 Freyns, tays, et rynnygorfrays. ?a1549 (1998) I. 328/1 Item one small Carpette with A runnynge border of white and grene. a1684 R. Pratt Note-bk. in R. T. Gunther (1928) 67 The frieze will be most graceful and pleasant if..filled with a running work of some noble leaf and flower. 1717 S. Croxall in J. Dryden et al. tr. Ovid vi. 181 Fresh Flow'rs, which Twists of Ivy intertwine, Mingling a running Foliage, close the neat Design. 1776 G. Semple 139 The first Course of the Grating is to be let in by a running Mortice. ?1788 J. Abercrombie 39 Any running boundary plantations extending along the borders or verges of parks. 1843 Jan. 2/1 The railing is simply a running fence, with cast-iron standards. 1849 G. C. Greenwell 45 Running Balk, a balk set in the direction of a drift, at its side, instead of across it, to form a support for the cross balks. 1882 R. Munro v. 277 A series of concentric circles connected by a running scroll design. 1941 9 July 2/1 The fire had crept along a running beam..almost into the interior of the chapel. 1995 K. McCloud (1998) 114/1 The simplest use of stencils is to repeat them to form a running border. the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [adjective] the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > longitudinal extent > [adjective] > having (more or less) length > and no breadth or thickness 1663 B. Gerbier 48 Work rated on running measure. 1686 in (1937) 10 Ffor Carving 168 foot Running measure of Arketts [in the circular windows]. 1703 R. Neve 121 Some Cornishes..are measur'd, and rated by the Foot Running-measure, i.e. by the number of Feet in length only. 1783 15 Oct. 16 Whether such as pay Duty by the running Yard or by the square Yard. 1794 J. Billingsley 62 The expence of a list wall may be thus calculated per rope of twenty feet running length. 1812 J. Smyth i. 14 Linens particularly..are generally measured by running measure. 1889 J. J. Welch iv. 73 It is usual to state the weight per square foot of material in the former case, and per running foot in the latter. 1921 16 582 It is estimated that a plantation in hedgerows will yield 5 kgs. of fruit per running meter. 1984 S. Terkel (1985) iii. ii. 109 Today, those same lots are worth $6,000 a running foot. 2005 (Nexis) 5 May 17 The system..required 0.29 litres of water per running metre of fire line. society > communication > book > matter of book > [noun] > title > running title 1626 W. Pinke tr. J. Cameron To Rdr. In many passages of this book beside the running title. 1688 G. Miége 130 Besides this general Title, there is commonly at the head of every Page a Title expressed in few Words, called the Running Title. 1708 R. Bentley Let. 10 June in I. Newton (1967) IV. 519 The old one was without a running Title upon each page. 1794 9 App. 512 The consulting all works of this kind is made incomparably more easy by indexes, and a running title to each chapter. 1816 App. ⁋11 The Collection now technically called The Fœdera, from the First Word of its Running-title. 1839 T. C. Hansard (1841) 85 He..places at the top..the running head, or line which indicates the title of the work or the subject of the page or chapter. 1888 July 322/2 Its convenience would have been enhanced by running chapter-headings in place of the general title, on every alternate page. 1902 G. B. Merrick Corrections From page 144 to 264 the running headline should read ‘Merrick Genealogy—James’. 1948 A. C. Kinsey et al. 781 The function of the orgasm. Sex-economic problems of biological energy. (Running title: The discovery of the orgone). 1988 I. Backus II. p. li Catchwords, running heads, text in rom., marginalia in ital., orn. initials. 2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam vi. 170/1 Like folios, running heads or feet are necessary in longer documents and the usual book style is to have the book title on the left-hand page and the chapter title on the right. IV. That continues in time or for a period. 26. the world > action or operation > continuing > [adjective] > continuous or without stop or pause (of action) 1492 in F. W. Weaver (1901) 300 That..there be in the churche of the seid priory euery day whiles the wordle standeth a rennyng masse ther seyd. 1602 J. Manningham 15 Apr. (1976) 86 A rich broker..whose..wife had..a running strong conceit in hir head that the sherifes sought..to apprehend hir. 1622 G. de Malynes 207 There are two manner of Lotaries, namely Standing Lotaries, and Running Lotaries:..the latter to bee drawne daily and at all conuenient houres. 1793 E. Burke (1844) IV. 159 There is a perpetual running allusion to events and actions, as well as new laws and customs. 1829 D. Hosack App. 451 The residue of the time occupied upon the bill..was in a running debate upon its minor details. 1865 E. B. Tylor iii. 36 With a running accompaniment of grunts. 1888 J. Bryce III. cxi. 603 The apparent coldness of the audience, which..refuses him the running encouragement of cheers. 1910 C. H. Jones I. xvi. 268 During this running debate of four days, Mr. Jones sustained with..success the difficult and distinguished position. 1966 17 Nov. 732/1 A series of comic set-pieces linked into a wildly slapstick context by carefully contrived running gags. 1975 4 Jan. 22/1 It [sc. the search for the Ark] is, of course, one of the great running stories of the world's press. 2000 B. Took Introd. 161 Some of the writers' favourite running jokes prove they've still got legs. 1694 T. Neale 2 Let Officers on purpose..be appointed to give out Bills with a running Interest on them of 6 per Cent. a1721 W. Moyle tr. in (1727) 13 In a Year's time, [the interest] amounts to nearly 20 per Cent. this is a running Income as high as the Produce of Nautick Interest. 1726 G. Berkeley (1871) IV. 134 They might have been paid the subsequent years out of the running income. 1799 Mar. 215/2 100l stock in the 3 per cent reduced,..the value of which, with the running dividend, was 46l. 12s. 1½. 1855 18 12 Charge running interest only on the money which come into the hands of Dr. Fall in 1828. 1867 27 June 8/2 They had met all their expenses..out of their running income, and their capital still remained in the bank. 1924 29 Nov. 874/1 Ability to pay 10s a year..for 14 years [would provide] a running yield of 9 per cent. 1973 7 Mar 21 At the issue price of £99½ the 1980 stock will give a running yield of 9·05 p.c. 1991 Jan. 42/1 Insiders reckon the company looks for a running annual yield of 18% on its investment, and does not rely on possible upside gains. society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > account or statement of > [adjective] > types of account society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease 1696 31 Wealthy Gentlemen, who have their Estates out either in Money upon Bonds and Mortgages, or in Lands upon running Leases. 1741 S. Richardson III. xxxii. 250 Makes up his running Accounts to Mr. Longman. 1757 G. G. Beekman Let. 28 Apr. in (1956) I. 301 The note..Looked..to have no Connection with their Runing Company Account. 1789 C. Durnford & E. H. East 2 438 A running contract,..where the party must determine the lease at a particular certain period, otherwise it continues the rest of the term. 1853 E. Bulwer-Lytton I. i. ix. 38 The Squire..gave him a running lease of seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, at a rent nearly nominal. 1891 C. Roberts 40 I had a running order on the store. 1910 ‘O. Henry’ xxiv. 291 Twenty-two sections, or 14,080 acres, partly under yearly running lease and partly bought under State's twenty-year-purchase act. 1952 C. Collins viii. 109 A system which had prevailed of cash payments and running accounts. 2006 Governance Issues Local Enterprise Devel. Unit Oral Evid. 6 in (H.C. 918) I do not think I can recall encountering an external company tendering for work and then being given a three year running contract. the mind > language > speech > [noun] > commenting or mentioning > commentary society > leisure > sport > broadcasting > [noun] > running commentary 1707 T. Hearne (1886) II. 68 He has put out short running Notes upon Ovid's Epistles. 1794 103 He went through the whole of the Chapter, and the Sermon was a running commentary upon it. 1821 Apr. 13/2 I subjoin most of the poem, allowing myself the benefit of making a running gloss upon it. 1822 W. Hazlitt II. xii. 274 His face is the running comment on his acting. 1868 G. V. Cox iv. 45 His subtle and ingenious narration of Aesop's Fable of the Dog and the Wolf, and his running comments on it. 1888 J. M. Barrie xii. 239 He loved to recite long screeds from Spenser, with a running commentary on the versification and the luxuriance of the diction. 1929 146 Tennis..provides excellent material for a running commentary. 1969 M. Pugh xvii. 124 I drank tea with my back to the floor but Katriona gave me a running commentary until Nell rejoined me. 1980 W. Dray ii. 35 One legitimately expects from an historian..a running explanation of the series of events and conditions he narrates. 2005 Dec. (Wireless Game Guide) 28/1 The game also includes a running commentary, just like TV broadcasters provide every weekend. 1780 A. Young (Dublin ed.) II. 224 The fleeces, on an average of a running stock, are three to a stone of 16lb. 1794 J. Sinclair XI. iv. 65 Many farmers keep what are called running stocks, i.e. buy in and sell out several times in the year. 1803 Aug. 305 Nothing but a running stock was..kept; that is to say, ewes are bought in at Michaelmas, and they and their offspring all sold off by the Michaelmas following. 1845 IV. 319 It is the practice here to keep what is called a running stock, which is sold in regular rotation. 1886 C. Scott 28 By a running ewe stock is understood the practice of buying-in ewe lambs to maintain the flock, and selling all the produce. 1821 R. H. Coote ii. vi. 164 It was for some time considered doubtful whether the Court would raise the maintenance by way of mortgage, for..there is some difficulty in accomplishing it, inasmuch as the maintenance is a running sum becoming due quarterly or half-yearly. 1883 46 538 The running totals are—Great Northern... 6,780 [miles]... Midland... 8,860... North Western... 10,400. 1914 July 92/2 When the building is completed, the running amount is closed, the sum total of the indebtedness incurred for advances and interest constituting a single loan. 1963 11 May 56/2 (advt.) New automatic cashier..gives an instantaneous running grand total of all mixed coins in dollars and cents. 1992 B. Geist xiv. 131 I kept statistics for our backyard baseball league: a running total of singles, doubles, triples and homers. 2000 6 June i. 5/8 A running total of 204 [missing laptops] is extraordinary. 1909 R. R. Marett iii. 109 In our running fight with the upholders of the sympathetic theory. 1945 2 June 3/2 Long-awaited semi-climax in running battle..between..[the] American Federation of Musicians, and the..Unity Party. 1953 J. Wain (1960) 250 The running fight between himself and society had ended in a draw. 1967 in G. Marx et al. 13 (heading) Running battle with Warner Brothers. 2005 T. Hall vi. 121 Anu..entered into a running battle with him to make improvements to the property. the world > time > duration > shortness or brevity in time > swift movement of time > [adjective] 1598 T. James tr. G. Du Vair 173 [If] this affection is founded on such a slipperie and running thing [sc. beauty; Fr. fondée sur vne chose si coulante & perissable], it is to bee feared least the heate thereof bee soone quenched. 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi 49 To prefix and give himselfe a law for his life, founded upon a running griefe [It. fondata sopra un corrente dolore], imagining it to be everlasting. 28. the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adjective] 1659 in (1821) III. 376 Upon the eighth day of September this running year 1659 Col. Nathaniel Utie came to our aforesaid South River. 1688 J. Dryden 3 That James this running Century may view, And give his Son an Auspice to the New. 1706 105 This may be encreased to near if not quite twenty two Millions by the end of the running year. 1729 Warkworth Vestry Minutes 14 Apr. in S. Webb & B. Webb (1906) I. vi. 216 Twice and a half the book of rates for or upon account of the poor for this running year. 1861 Mrs. H. Wood I. i. xv. 222 To make me forfeit my running quarter's salary. 1883 2 Apr. 4/8 It was generally hoped that, sterile in legislation as the running Session has been, [etc.]. 1900 R. Warburton vii. 113 If the repair of this road was not taken in hand during the running year, the grant would lapse. 1975 S. P. Ladas II. xii. 2004 Prior to six months after the expiration of the initial term of the international registration or the then running term of renewal. 2010 D. Otto-Riecke in R. Conrady & M. Buck 11 Over 90% of travel managers asked predicted a decline of business travel spending for the running year. the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > [adjective] > successive or following one after another 1642 in D. Littlejohn (1907) III. 37 Quhairin giff he failȝies tua termes rinning togidder the said tack to expyre.] 1682 W. Gough 240 Those Acts of Edward the third were exactly kept for eighteen years running. 1696 tr. G. de Courtilz de Sandras 232 He desir'd me to play him three hundred Pistoles a set, for three times running. 1719 A. Ramsay 76 To be a dummie ten years' running. 1758 J. Armstrong 34 It does not require a very exquisite Ear to write two smooth or even harmonious Lines running. 1795 10 Nov. 47/1 The French..attacked the Imperial troops, day after day, for twenty-two days running. 1815 J. H. Payne Trial Without Jury ii. in (1940) V. 29 My opinion is that the same accident could not happen twice running. 1848 J. H. Newman iii. viii. 367 He can speak seven hours running without fatigue. 1881 G. M. Craik I. viii. 201 This is the third Sunday running that I have [etc.]. 1907 E. von Arnim xxxi. 104 I do not pretend to think quite the same even two days running; if I did I would be stagnant. 1954 Jan. 94/2 The only other manager to finish second three times running was Eddie Dyer. 2007 J. McCourt vii. 318 Miranda/Maev..won a pot of money in the ship's mileage pool two days running. 29. society > trade and finance > money > [adjective] > ready money or cash 1662 Duchess of Newcastle Publick Wooing iv. xxxiv, in 402 Why if I had this current running money,..how I would bestow it for the good of the Common-wealth. 1680 J. Dryden iv. ii. 50 I have at present no running Cash to throw away. 1728 J. Swift 14 The running Cash of the Nation, which was about Five hundred thousand Pounds, is now less than two, and must daily diminish. 1769 in (1915) 10 134 Ordered, That Mr Jacques pay to Elizabeth Davis the sum of Forty Shillings running Curr[enc]y. 1799 A. Plumptre tr. A. von Kotzebue iv. 7 His pocket book is full of notes and bills of exchange, but unfortunately he is short of running cash. 1809 Let. 16 Apr. in J. Constable (1962) I. 31 It [sc. the repair project] will take away all the running cash,..leaving no superfluity. 1862 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1861: Agric. 112 in (37th Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 39) V A much less amount of running capital is required than for cotton factories, where it is frequently important to make heavy purchases of raw material. the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > general or prevalent 1697 E. Hatton (ed. 2) ix. 129 The Coarse of Exchange is the currant or running Price of Exchange to all places where there is any. 1705 12 Mar. 1/2 The present running Coins within this Province are so debased..by Rounding and Clipping. 1767 13 Mr. S–tt–n's seems to be pretty much a running practice. 1839 J. B. Felt 198 They propose that the delinquent States pay..their quota of this surplus at the running price. 1861 H. Mayhew (new ed.) III. 145/1 I generally get my 25s., that's my running price, though I try for my 30s. 1865 J. B. Mozley (1883) 166 Hence the confession of inferiority when this running supernaturalism was confronted by real miracles. 1916 159 190/1 [He agreed to] supply them with sand at $1 a load; teams at the running rate that was in existence at that time. 1937 26 Nov. 24/7 There were 190 boats with an average of 30 crans of..herrings. The running price was 30s. a cran. 1975 M. Bradbury (1977) iii. 50 The running motto was ‘Don't trust anyone over thirty.’ 2002 J. Margolis ii. 54 I refer here to..‘mainstream’ American philosophy, meaning by that the running practice of debating, extending,..and confining discussion to [etc.]. society > trade and finance > [adjective] > giving a certain turnover 1707 G. Farquhar i. 3 I have a good running Trade. 1736 Aug. 458/2 There are Multitudes of People in this Kingdom, who..just make a Shift to rub on, from Year to Year, upon Credit and a running Trade. 1835 A. Bell II. xcii. 337 Mistress Susannah Suet,..an opulent butcher's widow, with a running trade. 1841 I. xii. 203 You'll have seen better days, notwithstanding such a running trade, that will leave nought behind. 1994 14 Nov. 10/7 But he notes there are number of specialist groceries in Britain which appear to be doing a running trade in biltong from South Africa. the world > time > duration > shortness or brevity in time > [adjective] > temporary or provisional 1851 12 ii. 365 Occasionally..there is sown a ‘running’ crop of beans or seeds. V. That is in operation. the world > action or operation > [adjective] > in operation 1842 9 Apr. No. 101. 92 A dynanometer [sic] for measuring the power of running machinery. 1896 100 360/1 Sect. 9 does not prevent the cleaning of a fixed part of a running machine. 1916 6 May 645/2 All works as smoothly as a silent running motor car. 1936 29 Dec. 5/2 The turning movement of gears..should commence..the same moment when the clutch is engaged with the running engine. 1979 E. L. Doctorow xxviii. 164 And all around me the noise of running machines, conveyor belts, the creaking of pulleys, screeching of worked metal. 2000 July 234/2 If two of the running generators simultaneously fail, five minutes should be enough time to get the third operational. Phrasesthe mind > language > malediction > oaths > [verb (intransitive)] > oaths implying rejection 1871 24 Oct. 3/1 [Citing an Australian newspaper] The Courier ‘had better take a running jump at itself’, to use a colloquial idiom. 1901 W. Irwin vii Avaunt, false Life, with all your pride and pelf: Go take a running jump and chase yourself! 1933 M. Lowry ii. 76 You go and take a running jump at yourself. 1972 M. Gilbert xx. 180 I told her to take a running jump at herself. The only person who could make trouble for me would be old Henry Prior. 1984 Apr. 25/1 Smart girl told the middlemen bloodsuckers to take a running jump. 2003 P. Lovesey (2004) ix. 121 He'd root out the truth in his own way and the Big White Chief, to put it politely, could take a running jump. Compounds1552 R. Huloet Ffittle or runninge witted, futilis. 1580 iii. 99 These running headed louers are growen so perfect scholers by long continuance at this schoole. 1599 v. 17 A paradoxicall expositor,..a forlorne Pharisee, a running-headed fugitiue. the world > action or operation > ceasing > [adjective] > ceasing gradually the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > decreasing gradually 1637 S. Rutherford 13 Mar. (1848) cxxxi. 248 Alas! my riven dish, and the running-out vessel, can hold little of Christ Jesus. 1756 G. Smith tr. II. (new ed.) xv. 299 Try how long the running-out liquid will bear it up from sinking. 1785 Sept. 674/1 Small decked vessels, with a single mast, and a running-in bowsprit. 1843 Nov. 607 The dilated eye, pale membranes, the running down pulse, [etc.]. 1869 C. B. Garside iii. i. 245 The dying, who are counting the running down sands of their lives by minutes. 1901 11 July 3/2 A running-around insertion of either guipure or Valenciennes. 1973 L. Cooper xxiv. 177 For what was supposed to be a running-down business it all looked remarkably active. 2008 D. Stapleton (ed. 3) 29/3 Note that generally, Mobil One is not suitable for running-in engines. C3. a. In the names of plants which creep or send out runners; see also sense 8. 1818 W. P. C. Barton II. 203 Running Club-moss.] 1845 S. Judd i. ii. 8 She got running mosses..and mountain laurel blossoms. 1872 Jan. 25 Fill the shell with a rich loam, and plant in it Lycopodium, which is a species of running moss. 1952 42 145 Clavatum L... Running Moss, Running Pine. 1998 E. Bassett xi. 64 Creeping underfoot..are tiny evergreen plants, with names like running pine, ground cedar, and running moss. These members of the fern family are club mosses. 1829 A. H. Lincoln xxxvii. 193 At Christmas, the Pine, Spruce, and the beautiful Running or Ground Pine (Lycopodium,) belonging to the family of Ferns, are found in perfection. 1922 30 Two other varieties of flowerless evergreens, commonly known as the Running, or Ground pine and the Bouquet or Princess pine, belonging to the botanical order of club mosses, are extensively used. 2007 S. Olsen iv. 206/1 The evergreen running pine, synonym Lycopodium complanatum, sends up multitiered fountains of green shoots to 16 in. (40 cm) from spreading horizontal stems. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > non-British climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > Australasian 1898 E. E. Morris 247/1 K[ennedya] prostrata is called the Coral Pea..or Running Postman. 1917 H. H. Richardson I. i. ix. 87 The short-lived grass was picked out into patterns by the scarlet of the Running Postman. 1998 R. Olver & S. Olver 171 (caption) Tiny running postman (Kennedia prostrata) spotted in the eastern Stirlings, dwarfed by twigs and leaves. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > labiate plant or plants > [noun] > thyme or wild thyme 1548 W. Turner sig. G.ij Serpyllum..is of .ij. sortes. The one is called..in englishe runnyng tyme. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny II. 79 Take of wild running Thyme the weight of two deniers..Ervil floure twelue deniers or drams. 1836 T. Bridgeman 81 The beds of close-growing running plants, such as Mint, Running Thyme, and all other creeping herbs, will not admit well of digging. 2005 S. Campbell (ed. 2) 104/2 Balm, running thyme, costmary, savory and camomile were planted in individual beds. 1790 W. Marshall I. 211 Running twitch,—agrostis alba,—creeping bentgrass. 1811 T. Martyn in II. i. 315 It [sc. wood bent] is the sylvatica of Linnæus, polymorpha η of Hudson, and is known by the name of Running Twitch in some counties. 1923 23 Mar. 367/1 Another point in connection with lucerne growing is that the land must..be free from all forms of twitch. The running twitch or water grass is its worst enemy. b. the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > [noun] > average > types of 1883 46 519 The term ‘running-average’ must here be explained. By this is meant the average speed per hour while actually in motion from platform to platform, i.e. the average speed obtained by deducting stoppages.] 1929 56 302 If a corresponding ten day average, or, better, a running average of the sunlight for ten-day periods, were..used in place of the monthly averages of sunlight, more of this remaining variation might have been removed. 1962 M. K. Hubbert iv. 78 In Figure 44 is shown a five-year running average of the ratio of the gas discovered per year to the oil discovered per year for each year from 1941 to 1961. 2003 G. W. Harrington et al. vi. 92 (caption) Seven day running average nitrate production in the conventional treatment train at pH 9. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > [noun] > types of player 1891 6 Dec. 17/6 The extra work done..in running with the ball and interfering with the running backs. 1924 20 Dec. 38/4 There has been no running back in football history who had these baffling, bewildering qualities to such an extent. 1962 R. Walker ii. 28 Many ends would make outstanding running backs. 2007 (Nexis) 27 Apr. a76 The Bears are unlikely to keep four running backs on the 53-man roster. society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > mountaineering or climbing > [noun] > artificial aid > types of 1941 T. A. H. Peacocke ii. 26 Without the use of slings, running belays are unsatisfactory. 1956 R. C. Evans iii. 52 When negotiating a difficult pitch, the leader will, if possible, arrange running belays at intervals... He..drives a piton into a crack, and runs his rope through a snap-link clipped to the..piton. 1973 C. Bonington xx. 274 Don went up..quickly and smoothly without bothering to protect himself with running belays. 2007 Feb. 55/3 Precision teeth and threads allow modern ice screws [to] be placed quickly, providing strong running belays and belays. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > knot used by sailors > specific the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > a bond, tie, or fastening > [noun] > knot > any knot used by sailors > other specific sailors' knots 1710 C. Shadwell ii. 24 May I be hoisted over a Ship's side, with a Takle hook'd to a running bowling, with the knot under my left Ear. 1823 J. F. Cooper II. v. 81 It would have been more ship-shape to lower the bight of a rope, or running bow line, below me. 1839 C. F. Briggs I. xviii. 187 Added to my nautical acomplishments..the art of making running bowlines and turk's heads. 1883 89 Q. What is a running bowline used for..? A. It is used for throwing over anything out of reach, or anything under water. 1932 E. M. Brent-Dyer vii. 111 The rope was swung down, and as it stopped swinging, Miss Wilson knew that Jo had it safely. ‘Running bowline!’ she called down. 1968 E. Franklin 24 Running bowline, the knot which was universally used at sea whenever a noose was needed. Useful for commencing to tie a parcel. 2000 R. Mayne 243 A running bowline is one that has its standing part running through it as a noose. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > knot used by sailors > specific the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > binding or tying > a bond, tie, or fastening > [noun] > knot > any knot used by sailors > other specific sailors' knots 1726 110 I got ready another Rope, at the End of which I made a running bowling Knot, and the Noose so as to keep it open with one Hand. 1796 W. Spavens 128 A sling made near the end of it by a running bowline knott. 1832 Mar. 155 To prevent the line breaking or the hook snapping,..the device of a running bow-line knot, is always adopted. 1898 J. Bickerdyke v. 59 The running bowline knot is simply a bowline with the end of the rope brought through the loop. 2009 T. Shoemaker & J. E. Mack (ed. 2) xi. 192 A running bowline knot is used when a hand line or bull rope is to be tied around an object at a point that cannot be safely reached. the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [adjective] > through > allowing to pass through 1801 2 132 The gravel and clay..is wheeled on to a running Buddle (or inclined plane) where it is subjected to the action of a stream of water. 1839 A. Ure 749 The running buddle serves at once to sort and cleanse the ore. 1861 J. H. Pepper vi. 242 The standing buddle system..is not so perfect as the running buddle which is used at the Tamar works. 1939 4 164/1 The ‘smitham’ passed through the brake sieve into the tub, and from there was sent to the running buddle. 1990 64 279 (caption) Rough stone running buddle at Bonsall Leys, Derbyshire, probably constructed for lead dressing in the mid 19th century. a1613 G. Owen (1892) 88 Called the runinge Coale; for that when it first kindleth it melteth and runeth as wax, and groweth into one Clod. 1815 W. Davies II. xiv. 334 Binding or caking coal is called by the Welsh..glo rhing, probably an abbreviation of the English running coal. 1964 A. Nelson 382 Running coal, a term applied to bituminous coal on account of its tendency to soften and cohere when burning. 1993 J. Hatcher I. iv. xii. 422 Smiths' coal was frequently recognized as a distinct variety. In Scotland it was known as ‘smiddy coal’, in Wales as ring coal or running coal. society > travel > travel by water > [noun] > day when ship delayed in port > days including Sundays and holidays 1735 26 They arrived at their intended Port,..and waited Sixty Running Days, according to Charter Party. 1786 9 The Captain grants forty running Days for loading and unloading. 1816 G. J. Bell (1826) I. 577 In settling the lay-days,..the contract generally specifies ‘working days’, or ‘running days’... Under the latter, the days are reckoned like the days in a bill of exchange. 1886 T. E. Scrutton 212 A ship was chartered to load at London, with thirty running days. 1920 R. E. Annin 53 Running days. Consecutive days counted without a break. Working days. Running days with Sundays and holidays excluded from the count. 1976 C. J. Bysarovich Memorandum 10 Mar. in D. W. Nixon (1994) x. 345 So that we can keep the ship's off-hire time down to eight calendar running days. 2007 A. E. Branch (ed. 8) xv. 323/1 Ten running days on demurrage at the rate stated. society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > communism > [noun] > faults according to communist theory > one who commits society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [noun] > other types of servant 1925 tr. in 8 June 2/8 The Communists cry ‘overthrow imperialism’, but they themselves are the running dogs of red Russian imperialists. 1928 P. Monroe xi. 304 The intelligent Chinese..may believe that missionaries in general are but the ‘running dogs’..of the imperialistic business and political interests. 1961 tr. Mao Zedong IV. 284 Without a revolutionary party,..it is impossible to lead the working class and the broad masses of the people in defeating imperialism and its running dogs. 1969 R. Quest xxi. 119 This is how we worked—we were not a team and I was certainly not his running-dog. 1977 ‘J. le Carré’ i. iii. 56 Czarist imperialist running dogs drank tasteless coffee with divisive, deviationist, chauvinist Stalinists. 1999 S. Rushdie (2000) xvi. 512 The Chairman's favorite lickspittle lackey and running dog. society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > [noun] > type of firing 1629 tr. S. Pelegromius 27 They followed Eastward the one after the other, round about the Leager, as a running Fire. 1695 38 A treble Discharge was made of all our Artillery, and three Salvo's in a running Fire along the Lines. 1702 No. 3838/1 Her Majesty's Companies of Foot, with the Militia.., in two Lines, made as many running Fires. 1788 W. Gordon III. ii. 82 A second general discharge of all the musketry in a running fire. 1822 T. Creevey 16 Mar. (1903) II. 36 I kept up a kind of running fire upon Coke. 1861 W. G. Clark in F. Galton 22 The crowd kept up a running fire of vivas to pass the time. a1918 R. S. Bourne (1956) 82 A running fire of ideational badinage..took its place. 1938 9 July 1/5 Government tanks..trained a running fire on the advancing troops. 2004 J. Powers-Beck iv. 75 Bender looked at his foes in stolid silence but smiled widely as the running fire of comments continued. the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > [noun] > correspondence of size and shape > specific types of fit 1876 1/2 When the post c is fitted to the interval bore of the tube b it is made with what is known as a running fit—that is, so as to be readily slipped in and out of the tube without having any lateral play. 1908 S. H. Moore vii. 184 Two formulas are given for running fits; one for close running fits, to be used in ordinary work.., and the other for free running fits, to be used for high-speeds, heavy pressures, rocker shafts, etc. 1953 W. H. Armstrong iv. 51 A running fit is one in which an allowance is made so that a shaft will be free to rotate in a bearing. 1990 W. A. Livesey iii. 36/1 As it is not possible to make the piston a running fit in the cylinder bore and a perfect gas-tight seal, piston rings are fitted. society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > [noun] > position > bearing > position obtained from 1916 S. F. Card vii. 32 A running fix is the position obtained from two position lines by observations at different times, allowing for the run in the interval. 1942 (Air Ministry) 2 82 Here's a good tip to save yourself a running fix. 2003 J. Toghill iv. 66/1 Where two objects are too far apart for use as cross bearings, the transferred bearing procedure can be used to obtain a running fix. the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [noun] > hourglass 1480 Petty Customs Acct. in H. S. Cobb (1990) 185 Rynnyng glasses. 1589 Voy. W. Towrson in R. Hakluyt i. 121 Their men..tooke out their Compasses, and running glasses. a1691 R. Boyle (1692) 192 I practised some Observations..by very true running Glasses. a1786 J. B. Ladd (1832) 140 Oh, come not with thy bloodless face, Thy crooked scythe, thy running glass, Thy skeleton all bare! 1836 17 Sept. 305/1 Time shall no longer show his running glass. 1882 J. E. T. Rogers IV. xxi. 633 Ships were furnished with running-glasses, i.e. sand-glasses. 1985 D. B. Quinn ii. 25 Each vessel would have at least..six half-hour running glasses to help estimate speed and reckon time. society > communication > writing > handwriting or style of > [noun] > cursive 1741 W. Warburton II. iv. 115 One natural Effect that this Running-Hand Character would, in Time, produce, we must not here omit to speak of. 1784 T. Astle 106 The running hand Saxon letters are more like the pure or elegant Saxon which succeeded them. 1851 W. Flagg Let. 5 Jan. in (1986) 134 The varied Sinuosities of the writing of this running hand age. 1887 7 265 The letters were extremely small, closely packed, and slanting in running-hand style. 1996 R. Mistry (1997) i. 40 ‘See the shape of the two openings in the [violin] soundboard?’ ‘Oh, it looks just like a running-hand f.’ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > straps 1747 13 Jan. The brown Gelding is thirteen Hands high, with a Saddle, and a Bridle with a running Martingale to it. 1839 G. Greenwood 57 An easy snaffle, with a running martingale, will at least counteract the height of the hand, and the friction will..steady and counteract the unequal bearing on the horse's mouth. 1952 17 Apr. 7/4 The theory, apparently, is that the running martingale lessens the strong effect of the standing martingale and helps to keep the horse's head well placed. 2002 Jan. 80 (caption) Using a running martingale, a snaffle bit, and light rein cues can help teach your horse to respond willingly to handling maneuvers. the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > [noun] > average > types of 1929 4 Jan. 17/2 The resultant values of latitude were then tabulated against the mean value of the moon's hour angle for each group of stars, and the running mean taking three at a time gave the results..in Fig. 1. 1976 29 Apr. 772/1 In Fig. 2 the pecked curve represents the 3-block running mean of February maximum temperatures for six stations surrounding the tree location. 2007 W. J. Burroughs (ed. 2) v. 140 Every data point within its span is given equal weight. So an extreme winter will enter the running mean with a sudden jump and exit in the same way. society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > [noun] > mould or pattern 1813 ‘T. Martin’ 488/2 The plasterers,..in performing cornices in which ornaments are to be used take care to have projections in the running moulds. 1847 A. C. Smeaton (new ed.) 184 All cornices and mouldings, and all works where the running mould is used. 1911 XXI. 786/1 Plain, or unenriched, mouldings are formed with a running mould of zinc cut to the required profile. 1955 N. W. Kay 483/2 Solid cornices are..formed in the position they are to occupy, by a running mould, called a horse, which runs along guides fixed to the walls. 2007 J. Mortimore 294 Timber is used to construct the stock or horse..of the running mould. 1546 in (2007) 1546/7/7 This rynnand parliament aucht nocht to be fensit at this tyme of new becaus the said parliament was fensit in the beginnyng and thereftir continualy rynnand. c1556 (Publ. Rec. Office) f. 19v This was called the Running Parliamt. c1600 D. Moysie (1830) 50 Sundrie noblemen wer wreyttin for to be at the parliament then appoynted, quhilk wes called a rynning parliament. 1663 in L. B. Taylor (1954) IV. 254 With the advyce of this present runnant parliament. 1824 I. D'Israeli 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) II. 45 A Scottish Parliament, from its perpetual shiftings from place to place, was ludicrously nicknamed the running parliament. 1911 P. H. Brown II. v. ii. 32 It [sc. the Parliament of 1556] was known as the ‘Running Parliament’, a name given because it met at intervals. There were several other ‘Running Parliaments’ in Scottish history. society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > mending or repairing > [noun] > a mend or repair > temporary 1848 2 Dec. Cost of the raw material,..expenses of running repairs, taxes, and insurance. 1859 1 Mar. 9/6 The engine damaged, No. 8, has not been for general repairs at Wolverton for nine months, but she has had running repairs. 1913 (ed. 5) i. 16 He [sc. the chauffeur] should do most of the running repairs, such as tyre repairs. 1957 XVIII. 935/2 Facilities for servicing of, and running repairs to, cars and locomotives. 1973 K. Benton vii. 89 Your nose is shiny..Make some running repairs while we leave you for a moment. 1998 May 64/4 Outside help isn't allowed in XC racing.., so prepare to undertake running repairs yourself. society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > versification > metre > [noun] > variety of > common metre a1887 G. M. Hopkins (1918) Pref. 1 The poems in this book are written some in Running Rhythm, the common rhythm in English use, some in Sprung Rhythm, and some in a mixture of the two. 1957 N. Frye 263 The sixteenth century was a period of experiment, mainly in verse epos or running rhythm, to use Hopkins's term. 2001 98 433 For the war song itself Byron resorts to a ballad stanza, four lines of four stresses each in running rhythm. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [noun] > running rigging 1653 N. Buckeridge Let. 30 Nov. in (1973) 80 Alsoe A main stay, new runing riging for all ye other sales, Sale Cloth. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter ii. ii. 135 To unlay a cable to work into running rigging. 1840 R. H. Dana iii. 20 When first leaving port, studding-sail gear is to be rove, all the running rigging to be examined. 1890 29 Mar. 304 The guide-ropes, the halliards, the running-rigging of the scenic show beneath [sc. in a theatre]. 1947 (Dept. Fisheries, Brit. Columbia) (rev. ed.) 28 The essential equipment used for seining consists of a stout mast and heavy swinging boom, with the necessary standing and running rigging. 2002 D. Lundy (2003) i. 16 The precise, universal order of a wind ship's running rigging. society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > country-dance or dancing > [noun] > specific country-dances > American 1918 C. Sharp v. 9 The Running Set..differs materially from any other known form of the Country-dance. 1937 3 139 Linking in couples [the dancers] promenade round the room in exactly the same way as the Kentucky Running Set. 1964 W. G. Raffé 431/2 Danced by four couples (sometimes more), the Running Set consists of an Introduction and some fourteen figures, which follow each other without pause. 1998 S. Banes vi. 189 Four couples enter to dance a ‘running set’—a classic square dance with a caller. the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > [noun] > one who or that which harasses 1453 A. Paston in (2004) I. 40 Hese hors hath j farseyn and grete rennyng sorys in hese leggis. 1526 cccclxxiiii. sig. Bb.i/2 The leues layde on ronnynge sores or vlceracions healeth them. ?1590 W. Perkins xxiv. 57 In sinne, there are three things which are hurtfull to man: the first is Condemnation, which commeth of sinne: the seconde is, the disobedience of the law in sinne: the third is, the root and fountaine of sinne, originall corruption. These are three deadly woundes, and three running sores in the hearts and consciences of all sinners. 1697 R. Pierce i. ix. 186 His Illness first came after a Sqat upon his Hand; to which fell a Humour, and made it a Running Sore. 1781 J. Wesley 19 Nov. (1931) VII. 90 A gentleman whose leg had been ill for several years and had several running sores in it was advised by an old clergyman to discard his physicians and surgeons. 1839 Ld. Brougham 2nd Ser. I. 199 How can you cope to keep it [sc. Canada]?..Rely on it you only retain a running sore, the source of endless disquiet and expense. 1926 J. Devanny vii. 73 ‘What are grease boils?’ asked Margaret. ‘They are running sores, or ulcers which the shearers get on their legs and arms, usually through shearing wet sheep.’ 1956 H. Macmillan 21 July (2003) 576 Cyprus is a running sore. The situation regarding Russia is better, but the defence burden goes on. 2002 Dec. 14/3 Chechnya is a running sore for Putin. the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > [noun] > advantage over another > an advantage 1842 26 Dec. ‘I can't dwell.’—(neither could the crowd, for they had nearly all taken a running start of him). 1887 442 The superphosphates were well calculated to give plants a running start in life. 1929 D. Runyon in July 125/1 Dave the Dude is more corned than anybody else, because he has two or three days running start on everybody. 1978 5 June 39/3 His inability to keep down food will get him off to a running start on a new diet. 2007 D. Porter & D. Prince iv. 80 Arrive in Rome as early as you can to get a running start on the attractions. the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > sewn or ornamented textile fabric > [noun] > sewing or work sewn > stitch > running stitch 1802 H. Neuman I Pasos, running stitches with which clothes are basted. 1848 E. C. P. in C. H. Hartshorne 128 An inner line of yellow floss silk in a running stitch. 1899 E. T. Masters 5 A successful outlining, and one that is not so often used as it might be, is obtained by running stitch. 1925 Apr. 37/1 The bands of gingham..are edged with purple and gold running stitches side by side. 1967 E. Short iii. 86 Although traditionally carried out by hand in running or back stitch, the quilting can be done on the sewing machine. 2004 July 11/2 Quilt along the edges of the stripy borders by hand sewing a small running stitch through all three layers. society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > rope, cord, or line > cord or string > draw-string 1742 P. Delany II. xi. 152 They were obliged to wear linen breeches..which..were tied round the loins, with a running string. 1821 1 Oct. 23/2 The men's boots are drawn tight about their knees by the means of a running-string. 1971 3 136 Female dress consists of very short skirts..made by doubling lengths of sedge over a waist-cord and securing them with a running string. 1999 K. O'Sullivan i. 3 A little black..bag with a running string through the top edge was carried on the lady's arm. 1822 Dec. 640/2 Of the drawings..,about fifty may be published..; taking the original Journal of Mr Bruce in Barbary, as the running text of letterpress. 1903 11 235 The arrangement of the chronological tables is not very happy, with so many dates incorporated in a running text. 1974 17 335 This is a ‘photo-novelette’—a story told through photographs with ‘balloons’ of dialogue, accompanied by a running text. 2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam vi. 163/2 In running text they [sc. the names of websites] are sometimes shown bracketed by ‘less than’ and ‘greater than’ symbols..but italics would be just as clear and make more typographic sense. 1880 8 May 1/3 The drain pipes must..have all necessary tends and junction pieces, and a running trap where directed. 1912 (U.S. Public Health Service) 27 1784 A running trap of extra heavy pipe..with a double vent shall be placed on every house sewer at an accessible point. 1985 D. Holloway v. 61/3 The running trap, a P-trap with horizontal inlet and outlet. 2002 R. D. Treloar (ed. 2) vii. 276 Those [traps] fitted in a pipe run, called running traps. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.eOE adj.OE |
