Russiann.adj.
/ˈrʌʃn/, U.S. /ˈrəʃən/ A. n.
1.
a. A member of an East Slavonic-speaking people living primarily in Russia and neighbouring countries; a native or inhabitant of Russia, or (more widely) its former empire or the former Soviet Union; a person of Russian nationality. Cf. Russ n., Great Russian n., Little Russian n., White Russian n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of other European countries > [noun]
Georgian?a1425
Russian1538
Podolian1603
Lithuanian1607
Crimean1768
Ukrainera1815
Ukrainian1823
Latvian1941
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun]
Muscovite1535
Russ1537
Russian1538
Muscovian1577
Muscoviter1650
White Russian1659
Great Russian1783
bear1804
Rooshian1838
Soviet1920
Ivan1925
1538 T. Elyot Dict. at Scytæ They be nowe called Russyans, Moscouites, and Tartariens.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 31v The Russians and Moscouians.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 443 What did the Russian whisper in your eare? View more context for this quotation
1639 G. Daniel Vervicensis 515 As coldly Dull As the slaved Russian.
1674 A. Cremer tr. J. Scheffer Hist. Lapland 15 The Russians are generally tall, the Laplanders..very short; those are fat and corpulent, these lean and slender.
1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 16 Mar. (1965) I. 390 My Grooms are Arabs;..my Housemaids Russians.
1780 W. Coxe Acct. Russ. Discov. 139 The most inveterate fomenter of hostilities against the Russians.
a1837 Encycl. Metrop. (1845) XXIV. 225/1 Two principal branches are distinguished, rivals of each other, and still cherishing the bitterest animosity—the Russians great and little, and the Poles.
1864 Spectator No. 1875. 639 During the height of the Russian War, Russians were as safe in London as in St. Petersburg.
1934 G. B. Shaw Prefaces 359 The Russians were forced to set up an Inquisition or Star Chamber.
1945 Times 1 Jan. 4/1 The Russians are using an entirely new type of tank.
2000 N.Y. Times 31 Dec. iv. 5/3 The United Nations refugee commissioner..had to deal with new problems in the former Soviet Union, as Russians from the ‘near abroad’ tried to return.
b. A member of the Russian Orthodox Church.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > sect > Christianity > Greek Orthodoxy > [noun] > person > Russian
Russie1587
Russ1591
Russian1607
1607 T. Rogers Faith, Doctr., & Relig. 25 Which hold and affirme, that..the Holy Ghost proceedeth from the Father, but not from the sonne: as at this day..the Russians..maintaine.
1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. iii. 490 No man amongst them questions it, and all affirm it; particularly the Greek Church, the Russians, the Abyssines.
1729 T. Consett in tr. Present State Church of Russia Pref. p. xi The Catholick and Apostolick Faith of Grecians and Russians; that is, of the whole Eastern or Greek Church.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall VI. lxvii. 439 Of the sectaries of the Greek communion, the Russians were the most powerful, ignorant, and superstitious.
1840 Missionary Herald (Boston) Oct. 389/2 The Armenians, Russians, and Catholics have all introduced into their religion the worship of pictures.
1866 Chambers's Encycl. VIII. 388/2 The Russians adopt the same expedient with the Greeks, viz., of selecting the bishops from among the monks.
1904 A. Goodrich-Freer Inner Jerusalem ii. 18 The Greeks and Russians, like the Anglicans and the English Church Missionary Society, worship apart.
1945 N. Zernov Russians & their Church vi. 50 The Russians, together with the rest of the Eastern Christians, believed that the Church and the Empire were both instituted by God.
2005 D. H. Shubin Hist. Russ. Christianity II. v. 135 The word Hallelujah was repeated twice by Russians, while thrice by Greeks.
2. The Slavonic language of Russia; the official language of the (former) Soviet Union.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavonic > Russian
Russ1570
Russian1665
Russki1834
1665 Disc. conc. Devils & Spirits ii. v. 64 in R. Scot Discov. Witchcraft (ed. 3) They do many times express themselves in Irish, Welch, Latine, or Russian.
1696 H. Wanley Let. 17 Apr. 33 The first Russian that ha's been printed in England.
1718 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 16 Mar. (1965) I. 390 In Pera they speak Turkish, Greek, Hebrew, Armenian, Arabic, Persian, Russian, [etc.].
1790 tr. J.-B.-B. de Lesseps Trav. Kamtschatka I. 214 He speaks Russian with sufficient ease to make himself understood.
1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 106/2 There have been several translations of it into the present Russian.
1879 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1877–9 vii. 456 In Russian, as in French, a high final vowel is often unvoiced after a breath stop.
1906 U. Sinclair Jungle xxii. 263 He spoke in Russian..with the quaintest of baby accents.
1958 P. Gibbs Curtains of Yesterday 155 At the hotel,..he came in touch with an American who could speak Russian.
2004 K. C. Berkhoff Harvest of Despair viii. 193 In Kiev..most other locals spoke Russian or a mixture of Russian and Ukrainian.
3. Australian. An unruly animal (with reference to cattle and other livestock) . Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock > member of livestock > unmanageable
hilding1590
Rooshian1843
Russian1845
ladino1863
pebble1888
1845 D. Mackenzie Emigrant's Guide 118 These wild Russians, as they are here called, will..clear at the first leap a stockyard six feet in height.
1880 ‘Old Hand’ Experiences of Colonist (ed. 2) ii. 64 Only about twenty bullocks now remained to cross, but they were regular ‘Russians’, and were continually breaking away.
1945 S. J. Baker Austral. Lang. iii. 68 An old term worth noting, since it has been obsolete for half a century or more, is Russians for wild stock.
4. Denoting certain Russian commodities, as Russian wheat, and esp. Russian bonds, Russian stocks, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > leather > [noun] > Russia leather
Muscovy hide1604
Muscovy leather1604
Russia leather1632
Russian leather1642
Russia1724
yuft1799
Russia calf1807
Russian1848
1848 Daily News 14 Aug. 4/5 Spanish funds have increased in Price... Russians varied a good deal.
1862 J. H. Burton Book-hunter i. 41 The plebeian sheepskin and the aristocratic russian.
1885 S. B. Hemyng Stockbroker's Wife 155 Again the price of Russians dropped. Everybody seemed to be selling.
1897 Daily News 9 Dec. 11/4 The cargo market for wheat is still very quiet... Russians are still held far above the market value.
1914 Mining Jrnl. 4 July 633/1 Russians have not been active this week. Lena Goldfields are better, but Russian Minings reacted after the meeting.
1982 M. Pearton Knowledgeable State iii. i. 104 ‘Buying’ Russians in this way neatly relieved French Governments of one of their more pressing domestic concerns.
5. = Russian cigarette n. at Compounds 2b. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > thing which may be smoked > cigarette > other types of cigarette
Russian cigarette1851
papirosa1856
Egyptian1892
Russian1892
tickler1904
joystick1911
gyppy1920
king-size1920
Sobranie1923
virgin1923
Turk1926
roll-your-own1932
ready roll1949
roll-up1950
filter1956
filterless1956
rollie1964
Virginia1964
untipped1968
primo1986
1892 Whitehall Rev. 22 Oct. 8/1 She could tell Russians from Egyptians, and sometimes took a mild Havannah with her B and S in the smoking-room.
1937 R. Chandler in Dime Detective Mag. Nov. 43/2 There were three long cigarettes..Russians, with hollow mouthpieces.
1963 N. Freeling Because of Cats x. 163 He had juju cigarettes too; like Russians, with a big mouth piece, and pretty loose.
B. adj.
1.
a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of Russia, or (more widely) its former empire or the former Soviet Union; inhabiting or native to Russia, its former empire or the former Soviet Union. Cf. Russ adj., Great Russian adj., Little Russian adj., White Russian adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective]
Russian1583
Soviet1920
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Asia > native or inhabitant of Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [adjective]
Russa1525
Muscovite1577
Russian1583
Russie1589
Muscovitish1622
Russic1670
Great Russian1799
Black Russian1827
Russki1835
Rooshian1845
Soviet1920
Mordvian1953
1583 A. Hawkins in G. Peckham True Rep. Newfound Landes sig. ∫.iiiv The speckled Russian Furres, that Esterlings vs sendes.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 401 I will wish thee neuer more to daunce, Nor neuer more in Russian habite waite. View more context for this quotation
1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Hist. Descr. Worlde 155 Horsemen with all necessaries meete for the warre after the Russian manner.
1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures xxvii. 104 There we happened to meet with a Russian prisoner, that received us very charitably.
1697 J. Dryden in tr. Virgil Wks. Ded. sig. A Like the heat of a Russian-Summer, he ripened the Fruits of Poetry in a cold climate.
1728 J. Thomson Spring 7 If brush'd from Russian Wilds a cutting Gale Rise not.
1797 Encycl. Brit. I. 659/2 The great goose.., weighing near 25 or 30 Russian pounds.
1842 J. C. Prichard Nat. Hist. Man 198 The Russian peasantry have often light-brown, or flaxen, or red hair.
1883 W. R. Morfill Slavonic Lit. iii. 49 Kiev..was the first seat of the Russian nationality.
1920 S. Lewis Main St. xxiii. 280 Carrie's nuts about this Russian revolution.
1967 New Scientist 9 Feb. 325/1 Russian scientists..have spoken of the importance of manned space-stations in Earth-orbit.
2004 HMV Choice Mar. 29/1 With influences stemming from the Russian school of Mussorgsky and Scriabin.
b. Of a merchant: that trades with Russia or in Russian goods. Also (of trade): conducted with Russia or in Russian goods.
ΚΠ
a1631 J. Donne To Mr. E. G. in Poems (1912) I. 209 As Russian Marchants, thy selfes whole vessell load.
1663 F. Philipps Antiq. Præ-emption & Pourveyance for King iii. 215 The many priviledges and immunities procured for our Merchants.., as that of..the Russian or Muscovy Trade.
1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. Introd. p. ix The ballance of our Russian trade is usually about a million rubles in favour of that empire.
1845 Dublin Rev. June 509 The imports from Herat and Cashmir are principally shawls for home use and the Russian trade.
1860 Fraser's Mag. July 128/1 East and West Indian, as well as Russian merchants, and great shipowners lived in great style in Portland-place, Harley-street, [etc.].
1973 E. Green & A. Green tr. A. Attman Russ. & Polish Markets in Internat. Trade v. 116 In the Hanseatic Diet in Lübeck in 1549 among other topics the Russian trade was discussed.
2001 B. L. Walker Conquest of Ainu Lands vi. 169 Hidama merchants were [not] at the center of the ‘secret’ Russian trade.
2. Of, relating to, or written in the Russian language.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Balto-Slavic > Slavic > Russian
Russian1630
1630 tr. G. Botero Relations Famous Kingdomes World (rev. ed.) ii. 67 The Russian letter, corrupted from the Greekish.
1669 W. Aglionby Present State United Provinces iii. xxvii. 356 They had found..something written upon the Cross in Russian Characters.
1785 Edinb. Mag. Apr. 305/2 The proper meaning and the grammatical sense of the Russian words and phrases.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 567/2 The Russian grammar above-mentioned.
1842 Penny Cycl. XXII. 127 Some works..printed in the Russian character.
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 117 Russian cases, cases of special lay for type used in composing that language.
1926 A. N. J. Whymant Mongolian Gram. i. 1 As it is generally spelt according to Russian orthography.
1963 Cambr. Rev. 4 May 405/1 Voznesensky perpetuates..one specific trend in Russian poetry—the school of futurism.
2002 Pop. Sci. Aug. 60/1 An English word buried in a list of Russian expressions.
3. Designating animals, plants, and plant products native to, originating in, or associated with Russia. See also Compounds 2c.
ΚΠ
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 244/1 The Runt Pigeon or Russian Dove..are large Pigeons as big as young Hens.
1781 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 43 Russian Eagle.
1789 Trans. Soc. Arts l. 94 Commonly sold in the shops under the name of Turkey or Russian Rhubarb.
1797 Encycl. Brit. III. 520/2 The Russian cabbage was formerly in much greater esteem than at present.
1803 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. IV. i. 158 Russian Gadus, a third variety of the Weesle Gadus, under the above title is described by Mr. Walbaum.
1838 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 1 59/2 The door of the writing-room and the bookcases are made of beautiful Russian birch.
1882 Garden 9 Dec. 507/2 The name Russian is broadly applied to all apples developed from the Russian or Astrachan Crab wherever they may have originated.
1905 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 20 Sept. 7/3 The skin preserver said it was a Russian eagle.
1953 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 12 June 19/2 The forage crop grower has his troubles too with Russian pigweed common in the alfalfa seed fields of the prairie provinces.
1981 Russ. Rev. 40 338 Might not Kirgiz children learn to love the Russian birch tree before the native poplar?
2005 L. J. Newby Empire & Khanate v. 130 Depending on whether the root had been transported by land or sea, it was known as Russian or Chinese rhubarb.
Compounds
C1. Compounds of the noun.
Russian-speaker n.
ΚΠ
1900 H. H. Bancroft New Pacific xiv. 320 There are more English-speakers than Russian-speakers in the world.
1943 M. A. Pei Langs. for War & Peace xi. 377 The number of Russian speakers outside of Europe and Asia is not considerable.
1995 Economist 26 Aug. 40/1 The bigger headache..has been Transdnestria, the region populated by Russian-speakers (many of them Ukrainians rather than Russians).
Russian-speaking adj.
ΚΠ
1856 A. Money & G. H. Money Sevastopol ii. xi. 328 My Russian-speaking friend came..and, with him as an interpreter, all went smoothly enough.
1920 Russ. Economist 1 89 This riddle is being solved by Soviet diplomacy and with it by all the Russian-speaking people.
2005 M. F. Harrison Righteous Riches i. 35 At the local community college, the number of Russian-speaking students is..on the increase.
C2. Compounds of the adjective.
a.
Russian-born adj.
ΚΠ
1799 J. Scott tr. Ināyat Allāh Bahar-Danush II. xii. 65 Thou shameless Russian-born wretch, what abominable action is this?
1868 Rep. U.S. Commiss. Agric. 175 The Russian-born inhabitants were..almost without exception convicts from Siberia or elsewhere.
1938 Life 1 Aug. 46 Her Russian-born father..has been a member since the general strike of 1910.
2004 Gazette (Rockville, Maryland) 23 June 19/2 A Russian-born Israeli physicist, mechanical engineer and judo master.
Russian-Jewish adj.
ΚΠ
1850 I. Leeser tr. J. Schwarz Descriptive Geogr. & Hist. Sketch Palestine iii. 391 With commissions from the Russian Jewish congregation of Zafed.
1867 Jewish Herald 1 Oct. 155 Being..unable to converse with him freely, on account of his peculiar Russian-Jewish dialect.
1976 Times 15 May 14/8 Sholem Aleichem came from a middle class Russian-Jewish background.
2004 Heeb Winter 31/1 Your father's father was part of a Russian Jewish anarchist community.
Russian-looking adj.
ΚΠ
1849 Anglo-Saxon IV. 214 We care nothing comparatively for the queer spelling of Asser, or the Russian-looking letters of the Saxon Chronicle.
1932 D. L. Sayers Have his Carcase xxv. 337 The mysterious bearded gentleman..asked..for the portrait of a Russian-looking girl.
2007 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 1 Dec. r10 Why Chemnitz? This rather Russian-looking city..isn't a major tourist destination.
Russian-made adj.
ΚΠ
1842 C. H. Cottrell Recoll. Siberia ii. 45 Russian-made articles are now sold in Petersburg, as English ones.
1900 Westm. Gaz. 22 Nov. 11/1 In future only Russian-made goods are to be used in the department.
2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 6 Nov. 73/1 The Russian-made jeep-like vehicle known as a Gaz had two American special forces members and an Afghan interpreter inside.
b. † Russian chess n. Obsolete a form of chess played by four players with four sets of pieces.
Russian America n. now historical (a name for) the Russian colonial possessions in the Americas (chiefly in the present State of Alaska), prior to their purchase from Russia by the United States in 1867.
ΚΠ
1811 J. Black tr. A. von Humboldt Polit. Ess. New Spain II. 386 The new denominations of Russian America, or Russian possessions in the new continent, ought not to induce us to believe that the coast of the basin of Bering, the peninsula Alaska, or the country of the Tschugatschi, have become Russian provinces.
1861 W. H. Brewer Let. 29 Sept. in Up & down Calif. (2003) 192 A kind of soft coal known as ‘brown coal’ and ‘Tertiary coal’ is found, especially up in Russian America.
1911 N. Amer. Rev. Mar. 389 The Russian Fur Company..monopolized the trade in Russian America, our Alaska since 1867.
2001 D. M. Pletcher Diplomacy of Involvement i. 24 If delayed, he was to purchase furs in Russian America or coffee at Batavia in the East Indies.
Russian bagatelle n. now historical and rare a childish variation of bagatelle employing holes, pins, arches, and bells, also known as cockamaroo.
ΚΠ
1840 Times 12 Mar. 8/4 (advt.) Comprehending all the neat household furniture, portable water closet, Russian bagatelle table..and table clocks.
1885 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Oct. 6/2 Pellets will perform circuitous peregrinations, like the ball dancing through pins in Russian bagatelle.
1943 J. Leeming Games to Make & Play at Home 114 Cockamaroo or Russian Bagatelle..This is one of the most interesting of all the bagatelle-type games.
Russian ballet n. a form of ballet characteristic of or originating from Russia; spec. a style of ballet developed at the Russian Imperial Ballet Academy and popularized in the West by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes from 1909; also a group of dancers trained in this style. [In later specific use after French ballets russes (plural) in the name of Diaghilev's ballet company.]
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > dancing > ballet > [noun] > types of
ballet d'action1782
ballet romance1799
Russian ballet1817
ballet-drama1886
ballet blanc1927
ballet bouffe1934
symphonic ballet1936
ballet bouffon1958
1817 Times 26 Nov. 2/2 (advt.) To-morrow, She Stoops to Conquer; with The Russian Ballet; and The Youthful Days of Frederick the Great.
1909 Times 16 June 13/4 The wonderful Russian ballets which have been drawing Paris for some weeks past.
1947 Ballet Ann. 1 68 Diaghileff, in search of inspiration, made straight for Paris,..and so Russian ballet became Ballet Russe.
1998 Dancing Times 88 457/1 Many famous names, associated with pre-war Russian ballet..had not yet left the country.
Russian Bank n. (also Russian banque) a card game for two people, similar to solitaire, also known as crapette.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > others
laugh and lie down1522
mack1548
decoyc1555
pinionc1557
to beat the knave out of doors1570
imperial1577
prima vista1587
loadum1591
flush1598
prime1598
thirty-perforce1599
gresco1605
hole1621
my sow's pigged1621
slam1621
fox-mine-host1622
whipperginnie1622
crimpa1637
hundred1636
pinache1641
sequence1653
lady's hole1658
quebas1668
art of memory1674
costly colours1674
penneech1674
plain dealing1674
wit and reason1680
comet1685
lansquenet1687
incertain1689
macham1689
uptails1694
quinze1714
hoc1730
commerce1732
matrimonya1743
tredrille1764
Tom come tickle me1769
tresette1785
snitch'ems1798
tontine1798
blind hazard1816
all fives1838
short cards1845
blind hookey1852
sixty-six1857
skin the lamb1864
brisque1870
handicap1870
manille1874
forty-five1875
slobberhannes1877
fifteen1884
Black Maria1885
slapjack1887
seven-and-a-half1895
pit1904
Russian Bank1915
red dog1919
fan-tan1923
Pelmanism1923
Slippery Sam1923
go fish1933
Russian Banker1937
racing demon1938
pit-a-pat1947
scopa1965
1915 W. Del Mar Rules Russ. Bank 1 The game of Russian Bank is played by two persons each with a pack of fifty-two cards. The object of the game is to dispose of the cards.
1930 ‘E. Queen’ French Powder Myst. xv. 118 Not many people know how to play Russian banque.
2005 New Yorker 17 Oct. 158/1 We play three hands of Russian bank.
Russian Banker n. = Russian Bank n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > other card games > [noun] > others
laugh and lie down1522
mack1548
decoyc1555
pinionc1557
to beat the knave out of doors1570
imperial1577
prima vista1587
loadum1591
flush1598
prime1598
thirty-perforce1599
gresco1605
hole1621
my sow's pigged1621
slam1621
fox-mine-host1622
whipperginnie1622
crimpa1637
hundred1636
pinache1641
sequence1653
lady's hole1658
quebas1668
art of memory1674
costly colours1674
penneech1674
plain dealing1674
wit and reason1680
comet1685
lansquenet1687
incertain1689
macham1689
uptails1694
quinze1714
hoc1730
commerce1732
matrimonya1743
tredrille1764
Tom come tickle me1769
tresette1785
snitch'ems1798
tontine1798
blind hazard1816
all fives1838
short cards1845
blind hookey1852
sixty-six1857
skin the lamb1864
brisque1870
handicap1870
manille1874
forty-five1875
slobberhannes1877
fifteen1884
Black Maria1885
slapjack1887
seven-and-a-half1895
pit1904
Russian Bank1915
red dog1919
fan-tan1923
Pelmanism1923
Slippery Sam1923
go fish1933
Russian Banker1937
racing demon1938
pit-a-pat1947
scopa1965
1937 L. M. Jayson Mania vi. 78 ‘The man's a fiend about this game,’ Joe whispered to me. ‘Russian Banker, it's called, something like double solitaire.’
1970 R. Lowell Notebk. 121 Ford, playing Russian Banker.
Russian bath n. [after French bain de Russie (1768 in the passage translated in quot. 1770)] a bath similar to a sauna, in which steam is produced by throwing water over heated stones; also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > washing oneself or body > [noun] > bathing > a bath > hot air or steam bath
stew1390
stovec1485
stufe1541
stow1614
furo1615
Turkish bath1644
estuary1657
steam-bath1725
Russian bath1770
stufa1832
sweat-bath1877
sauna1881
shvitz1937
1770 tr. J.-B. Chappe d'Auteroche Journey into Siberia 54 This first trial put me so much out of conceit with the Russian baths [Fr. bains de Russie], that I would not venture into them again during my five months stay at Tobolsky.
1863 C. J. Lever Day's Ride in All Year Round 16 Feb. 455/1 It is a sort of intellectual Russian bath, in which the luxury consists in the exaggerated alternative between being scalded first and rolled in the snow afterwards.
2002 C. C. Jones Year Russ. Feasts (2003) 123 Birch branches hang from the rafters, drying to become brushes for use in the Russian bath.
Russian bear n. a bear from Russia; (spec.) a national personification of Russia, its former empire, or the former Soviet Union.The figure of the Russian bear has often been used by hostile observers to represent the size, power, and potential threat posed by the Russian state; it has also on occasion been adopted by the Russians themselves as a symbol of their nation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Ursidae (bear) > [noun] > genus Ursus > ursus arctos > brown or grizzly bear
bruin1481
Russian bear1607
game-beara1640
white bear1791
grizzly bear1807
grizzly1808
old man1886
silver-tip1886
1607 T. Dekker Whore of Babylon sig. D Oh, they ha snakes sleeky tongues, but hearts more rugged Then is the Russian Beare.
1737 A. Pope Epist. of Horace i. ii. 22 No Lord's anointed, but a Russian Bear.
1806 M. Edgeworth Leonora II. lxix. 121 It would really be pleasant to have a Czar at one's feet... The ancients represent Cupid riding the Numidian lion, and why should he not tame the Russian bear?
1925 Davenport (Iowa) Democrat & Leader 23 Sept. 6/3 To create in effect a West-European power bloc against the Russian bear.
1997 Mercator's World Sept.–Oct. 8/2 A cowering Western Europe in danger of being crushed by the Russian bear.
Russian boot n. a leather boot that extends to the calf, usually with a wide cuff; (in later use also) a leather boot loosely enclosing the calf.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > boot > [noun] > reaching to below knee
bootingc1300
sabatinec1460
brodequin1481
buskin1503
bottine?a1513
Russian boot1781
half-boot1787
Wellington1816
blucher1833
squaw boot1942
1781 D. Barrington Miscellanies 59 Russian boots..are also recommended.
1801 Port Folio 19 Dec. 405/2 All our young men of fashion wear..Russian boots high upon the leg.
1928 Daily Express 11 Oct. 5/5 Russian boot..fur-topped, fleece-lined.
2002 Daily Mail (Nexis) 7 June 5 She'd left that day..wearing Charles Jourdan black Russian boots.
Russian blouse n. a long loose-fitting shirt with wide sleeves, opening at the side, and hanging down over the trousers; (in later use also) a loose cotton or linen woman's blouse, embroidered with folk patterns, and gathered at the wrists and neck with drawstrings.
ΚΠ
1847 Morning Post 30 Oct. 7/1 There is nothing prettier for children of four or five years of age than the Russian blouse, in plaid satin amasone.
1851 Internat. Mag. 1 Oct. 432/2 The Russian blouse is made all in one piece, but opening on the left side.
1940 M. Dickens Mariana viii. 339 You could wear pea-green trousers and a blue Russian blouse and no questions asked.
2007 San Diego Union-Tribune (Nexis) 7 Jan. e6 I..saw her at the Carlyle one night wearing a Russian blouse by Saint Laurent.
Russian braid n. = Russia braid n. at Russia n. 7.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > ornamental textiles > ornamental trimmings > [noun] > braid > specific
parchment lace1542
lace1548
lacing1593
Naples lace1612
mignonette1721
struntain1793
French braid1809
lacet1822
Russia braid1825
Russian braid1839
soutache1856
mignardise1868
galloon1877
rickrack1880
Greek braid1894
vermicelli braid1904
tracing-braid1906
Paris binding1918
oak-leaf braid1934
1839 Lady Lytton Cheveley I. xiv. 171 Do you think you would be able to braid a velvet frock, a vilet velvet with narrow gold Russian braid, for my young lady?
1953 R. Senhouse tr. Colette Gigi 25 All she could see of Gilberte in the obscurity was a bush of hair and the Russian braid of her nightdress.
2000 Christchurch Press (Nexis) 1 Feb. 30 The hooded coat..features pearl beads, lovers'-knot ribbons, and russian braid.
Russian cigarette n. a cigarette produced in Russia; esp. = papirosa n.
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the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > tobacco > smoking > articles or materials used in smoking > [noun] > thing which may be smoked > cigarette > other types of cigarette
Russian cigarette1851
papirosa1856
Egyptian1892
Russian1892
tickler1904
joystick1911
gyppy1920
king-size1920
Sobranie1923
virgin1923
Turk1926
roll-your-own1932
ready roll1949
roll-up1950
filter1956
filterless1956
rollie1964
Virginia1964
untipped1968
primo1986
1851 Brit. Farmer's Mag. 2 428/1 Russian cigarettes, from Russian-grown tobacco.
1940 E. Hemingway For whom Bell Tolls ii. 20 [He] brought out one of the flat boxes of Russian cigarettes..with pasteboard cylinders for mouth pieces.
1992 Harper's Mag. June 21/2 At home a Cossack may smoke Dunhills or Camels, while in public he will smoke, and champion, Russian cigarettes.
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1784 W. Coxe Trav. Poland, Russia, Sweden, & Denmark I. 415 The Russians have also another method of playing at chess, namely, with four persons at the same time, two against two; and for this purpose the board is longer than usual, contains more men, and is provided with a greater number of squares.]
1865 H. M. Grant Let. 4 Feb. in M. M. Gordon H. M. Grant (1876) xiii. 222 During the last three weeks we have introduced the amusement of playing a game at chess with four sets of men (called Russian chess) on our dining-table.
1871 Routledge's Every Boy's Ann. 181 Who's for a game at Russian chess?.. The new board has been sent home and the two sets of chessmen made up.
Russian crash n. now historical a coarse linen fabric, frequently used for towelling, table runners, art needlework, etc. (cf. crash n.2).
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1815 N. Amer. Rev. July 221 For many years England has suffered no manufacture of any foreign nation, except Russian ‘crash’, and a few other coarse articles, to enter its ports.
1889 Good Housek. 13 Sept. 228 Take a yard and a quarter of gray Russian crash; the coarser the quality the prettier.
1985 News (Frederick, Maryland) 28 Oct. c10/3 Russian crash is coarse, heavy linen fabric.
Russian dancer n. a dancer of Russian origin; esp. a performer of Russian folk dances.
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1846 Era 25 Jan. 5/4 This charming Russian dancer will excite, no doubt, in Italy, the warm admiration she inspired at Paris.
1912 J. E. C. Flitch Mod. Dancing xi. 168 In their folk-dances the top-booted Russian dancers give a fine display of masculine vigour.
2001 Leader-Post (Regina, Sask.) (Nexis) 27 Feb. b4 Folk dances executed by a couple of seemingly inexhaustible Russian dancers clad in colourful authentic costumes.
Russian deal n. now historical high-quality pine timber from Russia; also as count noun.
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1820 House of Lords Sessional Papers CXVII. 22 By what Measure are the long Prussian and Russian Deals sold?
1904 A. C. Passmore Handbk. Techn. Terms 302 Russian Deal..sometimes called northern pine or red fir, is imported from Riga, Archangel, Petersburg, Oniga; considered the best timber for all-round use.
1995 H. Kaplan Russ. Overseas Commerce with Great Brit. xii. 229 We know from the 1767 Russian tariff that Russian deals were exported in a variety of sizes.
Russian diaper n. now historical a coarse linen damask produced in Russia, frequently in a diaper pattern (based on diamond or lozenge shapes).
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1810 Edinb. Advertiser 20 Nov. 1/3 (advt.) Also, large assortments of French Cambrics,..Russian Diapers,..&c.
1844 C. G. Gilroy Art of Weaving xii. 424 Damask table-cloths are also manufactured..in different parts of Russia... The texture is coarse, and is commonly known by the name of Russian diaper.
1957 L. E. Simpson & M. Weir Weaver's Craft (ed. 8) xiii. 165 Russian diaper.—This has a total of 26 threads to each pattern,..and it can also be used quite successfully as a border to some of the other patterns, for curtains, covers, etc.
Russian dinner n. a style of dinner in which fruit and wine are placed at the centre of a table and courses are served from a sideboard; cf. à la Russe adv. 2.
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the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > main meal or dinner
mealeOE
dinnerc1325
dinea1425
Christmas dinner1581
Sunday dinner1602
corporation dinner1732
Russian dinner1805
boiled dinner1823
pickup1848
Robin Dinner1877
course-dinner1895
shore dinner1895
din-din1905
gala dinner1934
TV dinner1952
working dinner1956
steak dinnera1964
1805 J. Carr Northern Summer xii. 1 I will just give a brief sketch of a Russian dinner: upon a side-board in the drawing-room is always placed a table filled with fish, meats, and sausages.
1868 M. Jewry Warne's Model Cookery 56 The present fashion of Russian dinners is fast banishing the necessity for promiscuous carving.
1906 Living Age 13 Jan. 77/1 Using the simile of the Russian dinner which always begins with snacks eaten at the sideboard.
1996 Tulsa (Oklahoma) World (Nexis) 27 Sept. d1 The finale will be an authentic Russian dinner..served from tall tables laden with food and drink.
Russian doll n. (any of) a set of hollow wooden dolls, the smallest of which fits inside the next smallest, and so up to the largest; also figurative. Cf. matryoshka n.
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society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > doll > [noun] > wooden doll
Dutch doll1797
Russian doll1910
matryoshka1948
peg doll1950
kokeshi1959
1910 Pop. Mech. Dec. 775/1 The Russian doll can be had with as many as 23 separate figures, ranging in size from 10 in. to ¼ in., and each making one complete doll.
1937 K. Blixen Out of Afr. ii. 135 Those Russian wooden dolls which will unscrew, and have then got another doll inside them, and another inside that.
2004 High Country News 10 May 7/2 And instead of a list of solutions, Varmints leaves viewers with a Russian doll full of questions.
Russian dressing n. a savoury dressing with a mayonnaise base.
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the world > food and drink > food > additive > sauce or dressing > [noun] > salad dressing > other salad dressings
remoulade1733
French dressing1874
vinaigrette1880
Russian dressing1900
Roquefort dressing1910
Roquefort cheese dressing1911
Roquefort salad dressing1911
thousand island1916
green goddess1933
Roquefort1949
rouille1951
thousand isle1962
Caesar1978
1900 News (Frederick, Maryland) 24 Mar. Mix these thoroughly with a Russian dressing.
1938 L. Bemelmans Life Class ii. ii. 127 The salad, covered with Russian dressing, is a mixture of endives..pineapple..cream cheese with chopped chives.
2006 Time Out N.Y. 6 Apr. 30/4 But the surprise hit is..a combo of pork, ham and corned beef topped with Swiss, pickles and Russian dressing.
Russian eagle n. the double-headed eagle, one of the official state symbols of the (former) Russian Empire, the Russian Federation (since 1993), and the Russian Church; (also figurative) Russia or the Russian Empire, as symbolized by this.The double-headed eagle, the official symbol of the former Byzantine Empire, was adopted by the Russian state in 1472, and remained a state symbol of the Russian Empire until the 1917 Revolution. In 1993 it was again adopted as an official state symbol of the Russian Federation.
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1664 in G. Miege Relation of Three Embassies (1669) 177 Those two Sonnes of the Russian Eagle.
1854 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 24 59 A church built in 1834, and embellished by a Russian eagle.
1909 A. T. Wirgman Life of James Green II. xiv. 200 Our Bishop must have two heads like the Russian eagle.
2000 A. S. Tuminez Russ. Nationalism since 1856 iv. 116 The dream of a glorious panslav alliance under the imperial wings of the Russian eagle.
Russian Easter egg n. an artificial eggshell designed as a container for presents given at Easter.
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the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > [noun] > other ornamental objects
Stafford knot1552
cocked hat1835
bullen-nail1842
street jewellery1851
overdoor1873
Russian Easter egg1881
wally dug1904
1881 G. Houghton Evenings at Home in Spiritual Séance I. x. 131 In a small cardboard box I had with me, there was a Russian Easter egg in painted china.
1955 W. Gaddis Recognitions iii. v. 903 Like a Russian Easter Egg, this Thing had a tiny window in one end.
2008 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 2 June c1 Richard Marquis' funky, bright Russian Easter eggs (far more cartoonish than the classic Fabergé versions).
Russian egg n. [perhaps after French œufs à la russe, plural noun (1872 or earlier); compare German russische Eier, plural noun (1896 or earlier)] a poached or hard-boiled egg mixed with mayonnaise and frequently served with lettuce or a salad.
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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > egg dishes > [noun] > other egg dishes
poachéa1425
meseladea1450
potrona1450
malasadec1450
poached eggc1450
eggs in moonshine?1558
snow1597
fondue1806
Scotch egg1808
soufflé1813
scrabbed eggsa1825
Scotch woodcock1836
egg salad1873
prairie oyster1879
Adam and Eve on a raft1891
Russian egg1891
eggs Benedict1898
huevos rancheros1901
sabayon1906
oeuf en cocotte1909
shakshuka1930
piperade1931
thousand-year egg1961
1891 Arthur's Home Mag. Sept. 752/2 A bed of ‘Russian’ eggs.—Boil four or five eggs hard; shell and cut them in halves, removing the yelks carefully.
1932 M. F. Daniels tr. F. Nietlispach Cold Dishes & Hors-d'œuvre i. 16 Russian Eggs. Poach the eggs, strain and cool. Arrange on a lettuce leaf..cover with mayonnaise and sprinkle with..minced ham and a little chopped parsley.
1969 G. Lyall Venus with Pistol vii. 39 I yelled an order for..Russian eggs... It comes up a salad the size of the Garden of Eden.
2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 19 July 6 After a dinner of Russian eggs, leg of lamb and creme caramel,..we relax.
Russian embroidery n. Embroidery produced in Russia, esp. using repeated floral or geometric motifs based on traditional folk patterns; (also) embroidery produced in Russia for ecclesiastical purposes.
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1851 Publishers' Circular 1 Nov. 351 (advt.) A Specimen of Russian Embroidery.
1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 429/2 Russian Embroidery..is worked either upon hollands and washing materials..or upon cloth.
1997 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 27 Nov. e5 And don't forget eclectic items such as goat's milk soap, Peruvian sweaters, Russian embroidery and artificial Christmas trees.
Russian Empire n. now historical the empire consisting of Tsarist Russia and the territories it governed; (occasionally also) the Soviet Union viewed as resembling an imperial power.The Russian Empire originated in the expansion of the principality of Muscovy in the 15th–17th centuries, Ivan IV (‘the Terrible’) being crowned as the first Tsar in 1547. Peter the Great was the first Russian ruler to style himself imperator, ‘emperor’, in 1721. The Empire ended in the Russian Revolution of 1917, shortly after which the Soviet Union was formed.
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1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes I. ii. xi. 92 Ptolemey imagineth a line from Tanais Northwards; which well agrees to the method of our History, as including the most part of the Russian Empire.
1706 tr. P. M. de la Martinière New Voy. to North ix. 134 John Duke of Volodimir..seiz'd the City of Moscow, Capital of the Russian Empire, and expell'd the Tartars out of his Territories.
1825 Lancet 1 Jan. 470/1 The havoc occasioned by the disease [sc. cholera] was considerable in the southern part of the Russian empire.
1922 A. Toynbee Western Question in Greece & Turkey i. 25 The word ‘Balkanisation’..was coined..to describe what was done to the western fringe of the Russian Empire by the Peace of Brest-Litovsk.
1992 Economist 31 Oct. 6/1 Some of the assumptions underlying the Maastricht treaty do not adequately take into consideration the changed circumstances in Europe following the collapse of the Russian empire.
2002 O. Figes Natasha's Dance (2003) v. i. 300 It was in the spirit of the Byzantine tradition that the Russian Empire came to see itself as a theocracy.
Russian encephalitis n. any of several types of viral encephalitis occurring in parts of Russia; spec. = Russian spring–summer encephalitis n.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of nervous system > [noun] > disorders of brain > inflammation of brain > encephalitis > types of
meningoencephalomyelitis1900
chronic fatigue1908
leucoencephalitis1909
sleeping sickness1918
X disease1918
sleepy sickness1922
western equine encephalitis1933
St. Louis encephalitis1934
Russian encephalitis1940
panencephalitis1950
Murray Valley encephalitis1951
Iceland disease1954
Murray Valley fever1955
myalgic encephalomyelitis1956
ME1982
1940 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 7 Dec. 793/2 The Russian encephalitis is found only in woods and forests where Ixodes persulcatus lives on small rodents such as squirrels and hares.
1976 W. L. Drew Viral Infections i. 7 Group B [sc. arboviruses] includes the viruses of St. Louis encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue, as well as the viruses of Russian encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever found in Europe and Russia.
2002 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 15 June 2325/3 Soviet scientists could compare the bird blood samples with their own data on the two forms of Russian encephalitis to which it was thought KFD [= Kyasanur Forest disease] might be linked.
Russian Federation n. [In later use after Russian Rossijskaja Federacija.] a federation of Russian states; spec. (a) the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR, 1918–92), the largest of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (now historical); (b) (the official name for) Russia as constituted after the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1992.In earliest use as a hypothetical entity.
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the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun]
bear1794
Russian Federation1886
Soviet Union1918
Bolshevisia1919
Bolshevy1921
U.S.S.R.1927
narod1938
red land1942
Sov1967
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Russia, the Russian Empire, or the Soviet Union > [noun] > a Soviet Socialist Republic
Russian Federation1886
S.S.R.1926
1886 tr. ‘Stepniak’ Russ. Storm-cloud iv. 94 The great attractions of a free Russian federation on the masses of her [sc. Austria's] Slavonic population.
1928 Jrnl. Royal Inst. Internat. Affairs 7 255 The ever-increasing role played by Siberia in the Russian Federation.
1967 Sputnik Monthly Digest Nov. 64/2 P. Baranovsky, Merited Artiste of the Russian Federation, has drawn up an overall restoration plan for the ‘English House’.
1992 Guardian 18 Apr. 11/1 The full Russian parliament..decided yesterday that the country should have two official names—the Russian Federation, and Russia.
2007 Esquire Nov. 151/1 Resurrecting the rhetoric of the Cold war, the president of the Russian Federation has held his neighbours to ransom with the threat of cutting off energy supplies.
Russian Formalism n. the Russian Formalist school of literary criticism; = formalism n. 5a.
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society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary world > [noun] > literary movements or theories
romanticism1821
romantism1828
naturalism1845
realism1856
sensationism1862
symbolism1866
classicisma1878
eroticism1881
impressionism1883
sensitivism1891
verism1892
neoclassicism1893
veritism1894
social realism1898
neo-realism1908
futurism1909
Félibrism1911
postmodernism1914
vorticism1914
Dada1918
Dadaism1918
Scythism1921
Scythianism1923
Russian Formalism1925
surrealism1927
Neue Sachlichkeit1929
populism1930
Sachlichkeit1930
dirty realism1931
ultraism1932
thingism1935
formalism1943
organicism1945
lettrism1946
New Wave1960
socialist realism1967
catastrophism1969
pointillism1972
po-mo1986
1925 R. Strunsky tr. L. Trotsky Lit. & Revol. v. 162 The paradox consists in the fact that Russian Formalism connected itself closely with Russian Futurism, and that while the latter was capitulating politically before Communism, Formalism opposed Marxism with all its might politically.
1952 Compar. Lit. 4 72 The Futurist movement..was to become one of the main factors behind the emergence of so-called Russian Formalism.
1976 J. D. Andrew Major Film Theories iv. 79 Primarily a theory of poetic language, Russian Formalism sets out an entire theory of human activity.
2008 Slavic Rev. 67 1081 Much of Paul's early scholarship shows the influence of Russian formalism.
Russian Formalist adj. and n. (a) adj. designating a group of early 20th-cent. Russian literary critics and scholars who stressed the formal and inherent features of text rather than its content or context; of or relating to these individuals and their ideas; (b) n. a member of this group.
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1925 R. Strunsky tr. L. Trotsky Lit. & Revol. iv. 126 Futurism..is interesting because, in spite of the teachings of the Russian Formalist school, it did not shut itself in within the confines of art, but..connected itself with political and social events.
1937 Slavonic & East European Rev. 16 241 Mukařovský sketches the theory of metrics according to the principles of the Russian ‘formalists’.
1950 H. Levin Perspectives of Crit. 80 Our socio-historical approach needs to be balanced..by methods of formal analysis; we could do much worse than borrow a leaf from the books of Viktor Shklovsky and the Russian formalist school.
1989 Movie No. 33. 46/2 He uses the Russian Formalist concept of ‘motivation’ to categorise the function of stylistic elements.
2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 28 May 6/1 The proto-structuralism of the Russian Formalists and the Prague Linguistic Circle.
Russian hat n. a fur hat of Russian make or design, typically brimless and cylindrical with flexible ear flaps which can be tied under the chin or over the crown; cf. shapka n.
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1788 J. Pinkerton tr. G. J. Thorkelin Fragm. Eng. & Irish Hist. 3 He met with a man at the door cloathed in purple, with a Russian hat on his head.
1895 J. A. Gray At Court Amir vi. 79 Astrakhan..is used chiefly to cover the round or straight-sided Russian hats that Afghan Colonels and Captains wear.
1991 R. A. Jamieson Day at Office 128 It was Stuart, wrapped in a huge trench coat, his head near disappeared under a furry Russian hat.
Russian iron n. now historical = Russia iron n. at Russia n. 3a.
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society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > iron > [noun] > type of iron > other types of iron
landiron1428
wood-iron1536
bullate1591
bullet-iron1686
tough-iron1686
Russia iron1751
Russian iron1758
sable1785
Russia1805
stub-iron1820
bushel-iron1831
Russia sheet-iron1835
stub-nail iron1839
stub Damascus1845
Berlin iron1854
charcoal-iron1858
Bessemer iron1864
tank-iron1864
ship-plate1873
ingot iron1877
tank-plate1892
structural1895
Armco1914
1758 Scots Mag. July 341/2 In Siberia, where the Russian iron is produced, the wages and victuals of a labourer is but about a penny Sterling a-day.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 462 Those [files] made from the Russian iron, known by the name of old sable, called from its mark ccnd, are excellent.
1950 R. E. Flanders in J. E. Purchard Mid-cent. vi. 280 He made..stove piping out of ‘Russian iron’ as it used to be called.
2002 M. Leavy Greater Rochester i. 15 (caption) The boiler, clad in Russian iron, had a shimmering blue cast.
Russian leather n. = Russia leather n.
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society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > leather > [noun] > Russia leather
Muscovy hide1604
Muscovy leather1604
Russia leather1632
Russian leather1642
Russia1724
yuft1799
Russia calf1807
Russian1848
1642 G. T. Roger the Canterburian 3 He smells like a piece of Russian Leather of Arminius.
1773 Art of tanning & currying Leather 198 The Russian leather being thus printed, is smeared with Russia oil.
1892 W. L. Andrews Roger Payne 16 The materials used..as coverings for his bindings were almost without exception either straight-grained morocco or russian leather.
2002 K. Greenwood Murder in Montparnasse v. 64 She opened a small pouchy evening bag, a leather satchel, a Russian leather purse and a large silk drawstring bag.
Russian mat n. now historical a piece of Russian matting, used esp. for insulation or protective covering.
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1781 S. Greig Let. 25 Oct. in Mariner's Mirror (1980) 66 268 The Inflammatory property is rather inherent in the oyls as I find it will kindle Hemp, or Russian Matts in the same manner as it kindles Lamp-black.
1846 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom 372 The Russian mats of commerce are manufactured from the Tilia.
1987 Bedfordshire Mag. Summer 29 What happened to the bundle of Russian mats sent to Watford?
Russian matting n. now historical = Russia matting n. at Russia n. 2b.
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1818 R. McWilliam Ess. on Dry Rot 144 Many of the fir roots..are so fresh and tough that they are peeled off in thin flakes (like that which the Russian matting is made of).
1893 R. M. Garnier Hist. Eng. Landed Int. II. xi. 258 They were edged with thin planks..and sheltered in periods of frost and snow with Russian matting.
2008 Z. Bayatrizi Life Sentences iii. 89 His unwashed, bloodied body was wrapped in Russian matting and dropped into a hole.
Russian poker n. a card game for four players, each of whom competes with thirteen cards arranged into three poker hands, two of five cards and one of three.
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1883 Times 11 Apr. 10/3 The salon..where flighty young barristers and henpecked husbands..are fleeced at Russian poker.
1970 T. Lilley Projects Section x. 121 He plays Russian poker in the mess.
2000 Straits (Singapore) Times (Nexis) 13 Feb. 1 One of them..was fined $1,000 for playing Russian poker in a private bus that was used as a gambling den.
Russian Revolution n. one of several revolutions which have occurred in Russia; esp. the overthrow of the Tsar and the eventual establishment of the Bolshevik form of government in Russia between February and October (Old Style) 1917; cf. February Revolution n. at February n. Compounds 2, October Revolution n. at October n. Compounds 2, and revolution n. 9e.
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society > authority > lack of subjection > rebelliousness > revolution > [noun] > specific revolutions
American Revolution1779
revolution1784
French Revolution1789
revolution1790
Fructidor1793
Russian Revolution1805
agrarian revolution1824
February Revolution1848
October Revolution1917
revolution1917
cultural revolution1929
velvet revolution1989
1805 C. Wilmot Let. 7 Dec. in M. Wilmot & C. Wilmot Russ. Jrnls. (1934) ii. 208 The famous 28th of June 1762, the day of the Russian Revolution.
1907 I. Zangwill Ghetto Comedies 399 We are a Labour party... We have the whole Russian Revolution on our shoulders.
1917 Times 16 Mar. 7/1 (heading) The Russian Revolution. A great Revolution has been accomplished in Russia.
1945 ‘G. Orwell’ in Common Wealth Rev. Nov. 12/1 The failure of the Russian Revolution—failure, that is, in the sense that the Revolution has not fulfilled the hopes that it aroused twenty-five years ago.
2008 Caribbean Rev. Bks. Aug. 7/1 There was an obsession with the Russian revolution of 1917 and the fear that ‘reds’ might be infiltrating American society.
Russian roulette n. an act of bravado in which a person loads (usually) one chamber of a revolver, spins the cylinder, holds the barrel to his head, and pulls the trigger; in later use chiefly figurative, a dangerously unpredictable situation or enterprise.
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the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > [noun] > haphazardness or randomness > a matter of mere chance
lottery1585
haphazard1594
lucky bag1788
Russian roulette1937
1937 G. Surdez in Collier's 30 Jan. 16 ‘Did you ever hear of Russian Roulette?’.. With the Russian army in Rumania, around 1917,..some officer would suddenly pull out his revolver,..remove a cartridge from the cylinder, spin the cylinder, snap it back in place, put it to his head and pull the trigger.
1976 Lancet 9 Oct. 776/2 Abusive parents are often the scarred survivors of generations of reproductive russian roulette.
2005 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 3 July 4/1 Sick Australians are playing Russian roulette with their health by travelling overseas for cut-price surgery.
Russian sable n. a skin or pelt of the sable, Martes zibellina; the heavy dark fur of this, esp. as used to make coats.
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society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > skin or hide > skin with hair attached or fur > [noun] > of sable
sabelinea1200
sable14..
Russian sable1620
zibeline1869
1620 J. Taylor Praise of Hemp-seed 6 If Hempseed did not oft supply their boxes With Russian Sables, Miniuers, and Foxes.
1864 Sci. Amer. 5 Nov. 292/2 A great quantity of mink skins are sold to the inexperienced as real Russian sables.
1952 ‘M. Cost’ Hour Awaits 152 The fur was sable, and Russian sable.
1992 M. Riva Marlene Dietrich 596 Russian broadtail and silver-tipped Russian sables were a must to complete this picture of ladyhood.
Russian salad n. a salad consisting of diced cooked vegetables mixed with mayonnaise and vinegar, formerly also made with meat or seafood. [In later use probably after French salade russe (1872). The name now usually refers to a variety of the salad invented in the 1860s by Lucien Olivier, chef of a restaurant in Moscow (compare Russian salat oliv′e ‘Olivier salad’). Versions of the recipe started to appear in print from the end of the 19th cent.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > prepared vegetables and dishes > [noun] > salad
saladc1390
round salad1578
acetar1623
acetary1657
green salad1675
sass1775
potato salad1796
Russian salad1846
egg salad1873
sunomono1900
salade niçoise1907
Spanish salad1911
Waldorf salad1911
gado-gado1924
Spanish sauce1928
panzanella1937
side salad1940
Caesar salad1946
Cobb salad1947
wedge salad1949
chaat1954
fattoush1955
tabbouleh1955
pico de gallo1958
Caesar1978
caprese1978
1846 C. E. Francatelli Mod. Cook 364 Russian salad. First, cut a lobster in neat thin scollops,..then add a sufficient quantity of red mayonnaise sauce,..mix the whole together gently, and use this preparation to fill a border of vegetables.
1884 H. L. S. Lear Maigre Cookery 90 Russian Salad..is made with cooked beetroot, carrot, and parsnip in slices, with chopped gherkins and capers, and a sharp vinegar sauce.
1940 M. Dickens Mariana iii. 64 ‘I'll tell you something, Tich,’ said Uncle Geoffrey beginning on his Russian salad.
2008 P. Hensher Northern Clemency 153 She..took a forkful of Russian salad from her plate of cold food.
Russian scandal n. (a) a game in which a whispered message, after being passed from player to player, is contrasted in its original and final versions (cf. Chinese whispers n. at Chinese adj. and n. Compounds 7); (b) gossip inaccurately transmitted.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > chatting or chat > gossiping > gossip
jowl?c1225
trattle1513
tittle-tattle1570
tattle1583
clatter1596
street web1614
town talk1642
street-threada1661
clash1685
fetch-fire1784
street yarn1800
gossip1811
village gossip1847
Russian scandal1861
chopsing1879
cooze1880
reportage1881
skeet1900
scuttlebutt gossip1901
pussy-talk1937
mauvais languec1945
comess1970
he-say-she-say1972
gyaff1975
skinder1979
goss1985
gist1990
society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > parlour and party games > [noun] > other party or parlour games
drawing of glovesc1540
drawing gloves1599
substantives and adjectives1601
draw gloves1648
grinning-match1711
Move All1782
consequences1811
stagecoach1831
letters1845
Russian scandal1861
buzz1864
snap1865
slappy1868
apple-ducking1886
up Jenkins1889
piladex1895
telephone1910
hot potato1915
sardines1924
murder in the dark1930
pass the parcel1953
seven minutes in (also of) heaven1953
Chinese whispers1964
1861 Q. Rev. Apr. 348 There is a game called Russian Scandal, which is played in this fashion:—A. tells B. a brief narrative, which B. is to repeat to C., and C. to D., and so on.
1893 C. M. Yonge Girl's Little Bk. 17 Do not repeat it [sc. gossip]. You will probably make Russian scandal of it, and the next person will add to it.
1929 H. G. Wells King who was King ii. 59 When I was a boy at Templedale we used to play a game called Russian scandal.
1960 G. E. Evans Horse in Furrow xiii. 177 Stories passed from one to another are proverbially incorrect as ‘Russian scandal’.
2002 Herald Express (Torquay) (Nexis) 22 Nov. 31 Party games of the more distant past would have included favourites like Bobs, Russian Scandal, Proverbs, and Puss in the Corner.
Russian spring–summer encephalitis n. the form of viral encephalitis caused by the eastern subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus (a flavivirus), which occurs esp. in the spring and summer in Siberia, and is transmitted by the tick Ixodes persulcatus.
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1943 Science 12 Mar. 246/1 (heading) Close relation between Russian spring–summer encephalitis and louping-ill viruses.
1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) xv. 334/1 Louping ill appears at present to be confined to rough hill pastures in the British Isles, but related diseases involving the brain and spinal cord occur in Europe (tick-borne encephalitis, Russian Spring–Summer encephalitis) due to viruses of the same group.
2001 N. Jones Rough Guide Trav. Health ii. 376 A related illness known as Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) is found in Siberia, northeast China and Korea.
Russian stitch n. any of various stitches used in needlework, crochet, or knitting believed to have originated in Russia. [Perhaps compare French point russe (1848 or earlier). The Russian equivalent, russkij šov, is apparently not attested until later (1881 or earlier), and may show a calque from a Western European language.]
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1845 E. Jackson Pract. Compan. to Work Table 35 The Queen's Cushion. Single Berlin wool, in the Russian stitch.
1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 125/1 Ribbed Stitch..is also called Russian stitch. It is much used for babies' socks and muffatees.
1990 Paris (Texas) News 6 Nov. 1/4 Mrs. Paxton..said the Russian stitch is the most used in making Battenburg lace.
Russian tea n. †(a) an infusion of honey, pepper, and other ingredients (obsolete); (b) tea grown in the Caucasus or a drink made from this; (c) any tea laced with lemon or rum.
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the world > food and drink > drink > tea > [noun] > other types of tea
black tea1706
bohea1706
cocoa tea1747
caravan tea1798
Russian tea1799
hickory tea1868
sencha1874
Earl Grey mixture1884
Earl Grey tea1914
sergeant-major1923
Earl Grey1936
teh tarik1975
chai latte1994
1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire I. ii. i. 362 The true russian tea is a concoction of honey, water, and spanish pepper, and drank warm.
1862 M. B. Chesnut Diary 25 June in C. V. Woodward Mary Chesnut's Civil War (1981) xvi. 395 They had Russian tea, champagne, a samovar.
1884 G. Meredith Let. 24 Mar. (1970) II. 732 Bid him arrive by half-past five, that the thirsty troop may be refreshed by Russian tea.
1930 L. G. D. Acland Early Canterbury Runs v. 111 ‘Russian tea’ turned out to be ordinary tea well laced with rum.
1952 ‘R. Crompton’ William & Tramp vii. 217 She said he had lemon in his tea 'stead of milk an' I know that's called Russian tea.
1975 Times 1 May 15/3 There is Russian tea, a long leaf variety grown in the foothills of the Caucasian mountains.
1994 U. Hegi Stones from River ii. 53 Her father walked from the pay-library into the kitchen to make himself a cup of Russian tea.
c. In the names of plants and animals (cf. sense B. 3).
Russian Blue n. a breed of lightly built, short-haired cat with greyish-blue fur, green eyes, and large pointed ears; a cat of this breed.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Felidae (feline) > felis domesticus (cat) > [noun] > miscellaneous breeds of
blue cat1771
chartreuse1838
Maltese1857
Maltese cat1857
Abyssinian1871
Abyssinian cat1871
Russian Blue1872
Malay cat1881
chinchilla1889
longhair1889
Russian longhair1889
Maine cat1900
short-hair1903
British Shorthair1923
British Blue1929
Burmese cat1939
rex1958
rag doll1970
Maine Coon1971
1872 Derby Mercury 22 May 6/6 The patriarch of the exhibition..is a Russian blue cat, and said to be 18 years old.
1933 E. Buckworth-Herne-Soame Cats xxxvii. 164 Russian Blues, so called because they were originally brought from Russia, are now known as ‘Foreign Blues’.
1971 W. J. Burley Guilt Edged viii. 132 Trotsky is our cat—a Russian blue.
2003 G. Shteyngart Russ. Debutante's Handbk. v. xxv. 272 On the windowsill a bored cat, a hefty Russian blue, mewing and scratching at the freedom beyond.
Russian comfrey n. a hairy perennial comfrey, Symphytum x uplandicum (also called S. peregrinum), which is a natural hybrid of S. officinale and S. asperum and is widely naturalized in western and northern Europe.
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1881 T. Christy et al. Hydro-incubation (ed. 7) 58 I have also found that Russian Comfrey, chopped up fine, when they will not eat it in the whole leaf, also has a good effect, but not so rapidly.
1925 W. G. Smith in W. G. R. Paterson Farm Crops IV. 148 The Comfrey recommended as a crop plant is Prickly or Russian Comfrey.
2004 P. Whitefield Earth Care Man. iii. 50/1 Russian comfrey should always be used in preference to the native common comfrey as it's more productive and doesn't spread by seeding.
Russian kale n. any of several cultivated varieties of kale with flat rather than curly leaves, thought to have originated in Russia; also with distinguishing word.
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1818 Monthly Mag. Apr. 246/1 I received the seeds originally as those of the Russian Kale.
1908 Jrnl. Royal Hort. Soc. 33 292 This is not a new variety, and has long been known as Russian kale, but for some reason or other it has not become much known or grown.
1991 Martha Stewart Living Spring 60/3 Part of the cabbage family, Red Russian kale has coarse wavy leaves and a slightly bitter taste.
2005 J. Nollman Why we Garden 185 Along with a planting of purply Russian Kale and a dozen red-on-green rhubarb chards, a homegrown salad in January looks as colorful as a July salad.
Russian knapweed n. (a) a yellow-flowered knapweed, Centaurea ruthenica (rare); (b) a perennial Eurasian knapweed, Acroptilon repens (formerly included in the genus Centaurea), with pink-purple flowers and creeping roots, considered to be invasive weed in North America and certain other areas.
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1907 M. C. Sedgwick & R. Cameron Garden Month by Month 296 (table) Russian Knapweed..Centaurea Ruthenica..Large thistle-like flowers. Dark green ornamental leaves deeply divided.
1914 Through Leaves (Great West. Sugar Company) Jan. 395 This seed can be identified by the presence of Russian knapweed seed... Much harm is being done by its being introduced in Turkestan alfalfa.
1989 I. Frazier Great Plains x. 188 Before white men, the Great Plains had no Russian knapweed, no goat grass, no cow cockle, no summer cypress.
2005 Rangeland Ecol. & Managem. 58 487/2 Crops such as alfalfa produce dense shade under irrigation and have been used to suppress Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens L.).
Russian longhair n. now historical a former breed of stocky, long-coated cat with a relatively short tail; a cat of this breed; also Russian long-haired cat.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Felidae (feline) > felis domesticus (cat) > [noun] > miscellaneous breeds of
blue cat1771
chartreuse1838
Maltese1857
Maltese cat1857
Abyssinian1871
Abyssinian cat1871
Russian Blue1872
Malay cat1881
chinchilla1889
longhair1889
Russian longhair1889
Maine cat1900
short-hair1903
British Shorthair1923
British Blue1929
Burmese cat1939
rex1958
rag doll1970
Maine Coon1971
1889 H. Weir Our Cats 30 The Russian long-haired cat..differed from the Angora and the Persian in many respects.
1904 Encycl. Americana IV. at Cats, Domestic There is a Russian long-haired cat, but it has not gained much favor, being solitary in its habits, unsociable in character, coarse in body and fur.
1972 C. Ing & G. Pond Champion Cats of World 72 The Russian Longhair..apparently had an even more woolly coat, and a shorter tail.
2000 Cats Oct. 43/3 The Van was called by a variety of names, including Eastern Cat, Turkish Cat, Ringtail Cat and Russian Longhair.
Russian olive n. North American the oleaster Elaeagnus angustifolia, a spiny shrub with silvery leaves that is native to Europe and western Asia and naturalized in parts of western North America.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fruit-tree or -plant > [noun] > trees or plants bearing stone fruit > olive tree > types of > oleasters
oleaster1731
oleaster1824
Russian olive1886
wolf-willow1889
1886 Gardener's Monthly July 216/1 What is the Russian Olive advertised by some of our nurserymen, as well adapted to our northern climate?
1941 Evening Huronite (S. Dakota) 6 Mar. 7/1 A row of Russian Olive trees set four to eight feet apart very soon forms a dense hedge with many limbs near the ground.
1972 W. A. Weber Rocky Mt. Flora 173 The Russian Olive..is cultivated throughout the region at lower elevations.
2002 Horticulture July–Aug. 38/2 Adaptable workhorses like Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) and blue Russian sage (Perovskia atriplicifolia) anchor the backdrop.
Russian pointer n. now rare a variety or breed of rough-haired gun dog originating in Russia; a dog of this variety or breed.
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1800 S. Edwards Cynographia Brit. at Canis Avicularis There are other varieties of Pointer; as the Russian; in form like the Spanish.]
?1815 R. Lascelles Lett. Sporting ii. 165 It is on this account that emigration has so little effect upon the good qualities of a Russian pointer.
1842 W. Youatt Dog 144 The Russian pointer is a rough, ill-tempered animal.
1922 R. Leighton Compl. Bk. Dog iii. xi. 159 The most esteemed breeds..can be traced from the same source, such as the Russian Pointer, the German Pointer,..and..the English Pointer.
Russian pony n. now rare a breed of small, hardy, roan pony originally developed in Russia; a pony of this breed; cf. Cossack pony at Cossack n. 2b.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > miscellaneous breeds
Frison?a1400
jennet1463
garron1540
Galloway1598
ghoonta1613
Goonhilly1640
forester1712
yabu1753
Highland pony1768
Narragansett pacer1777
Suffolk punch1784
Nubian1790
Cleveland bay1796
cob1818
Conestoga1824
marsh tacky1826
Narragansett1826
Russian pony1829
Clydesdale1831
Turkoman1831
Morgan1841
tarpan1841
Waler1849
Percheron1855
Canuck1860
Anglo-Arabian1864
Anglo-Arab1869
Belgium1878
Palouse1881
standardbred1888
Belgium draught horse1889
saddlebred1891
Timor pony1895
Haflinger1899
Argentine1901
Belgian1907
palomino1914
Appaloosa1924
Trakehner1926
Lipizzaner1928
Tennessee walking horse1938
Bhotia1939
cremello1944
Akhal-Teke1947
Palouse horse1947
Tennessee walker1960
Falabella1977
1829 Amer. Farmer 11 Sept. 206/2 The American horse was rode by Mr. Whittenbury, and the Russian pony by Mr. Forth both of this town.
1903 A. Bennett Truth about Author xvi. 214 Arrival of the second post on a Russian pony that cost fifty shillings.
1936 A. W. Seaby Brit. Ponies 144 I stopped before a strange looking old light roan pony between the shafts of a sweep's cart. It was a Russian pony the owner averred.
Russian poplar n. North American any of several poplars native to north-east Asia, formerly extensively planted in North America, esp. Canada, for ornament or to form windbreaks.
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the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > poplars and allies > [noun]
popple1229
popple-tree1229
abele?a1300
poplar1371
black poplar1542
white poplar1542
poppling1570
cotton tree1633
tacamahac1739
Lombardy poplar1766
poplar pine1770
Po poplar1776
grey poplar1782
cottonwood1787
pine poplar1789
liard1809
white-backa1825
necklace poplar1845
silver poplar1847
weather-tree1847
hackmatack1873
bitter-weed1878
balsam-poplar1884
Russian poplar1884
Lombardy1917
1884 Trans. Mississippi Valley Hort. Soc. 2 108 The terminal points of the shoots were as clear and bright last spring as the wood of the Russian poplars.
1907 Canad. Forestry Jrnl. 3 133 The Russian Poplar does best when planted as cuttings, or trees one year old.
1950 E. A. McCourt Home is Stranger ii. 19 Around the farmyard ran a stunted, ill-kempt wind-break of Russian poplar.
2006 Gardening under Arch (Millarville Hort. Club, U.S.) iii. 76 Two rows of Northwest, Brooks, or Russian poplars for fast growth.
Russian thistle n. North American the tumbleweed Salsola kali (family Chenopodiaceae), a creeping prickly herb native to Eurasia, accidentally introduced to North America where it has become an invasive weed; also called saltwort.
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the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Chenopodiaccae (goose-foot and allies) > [noun] > glasswort or barilla
glass-weed1568
alkali1578
kali1578
glasswort1597
rock samphire1597
saltwort1597
soda1658
barilla1766
kelpwort1787
Salsola1801
roly-poly1857
Russian thistle1884
1884 Alton (Iowa) Rev. 14 Nov. 2/1 The Russian thistle is abroad in the land—claimed to have been brought over by the Dakota Mennonites.
1939 National Geographic Mag. Aug. 262/2 The Russian thistle..is a relative of beets and spinach in the family of the ‘goosefoots’.
1996 L. Erdrich Tales of Burning Love 363 She spun like a top and tumbled along the pointed tips of drifts, light as a balled dry weed, a Russian thistle.
Russian vine n. †(a) a birch tree (genus Betula) (obsolete rare); (b) any of several climbing plants native to Russia and other parts of central Asia; (in later use) spec. a fast-growing deciduous plant, Polygonum baldschuanicum (also Fallopia baldschuanica; family Polygonaceae), which has clusters of white or pink flowers and is sometimes cultivated as a screening plant (also called mile-a-minute).
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the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > climbing or creeping plants > non-British climbing or creeping plants > [noun] > other non-British climbing plants
bull-hoof1756
Russian vine1840
1840 W. Bradford Mem. Princess Daschkaw II. 416 Birch is indigenous in this soil, as shamrocks are in Ireland,..and so generally is this acknowledged, that the birch is commonly distinguished by the title of the Russian vine.
1875 Literary World 26 Nov. 342/2 There is..the fan-shaped foliage of the Russian vine, soon to be reddened by chill autumnal winds.
1948 N. Catchpole Flowering Shrubs & Small Trees vii. 156 A vigorous climber, and the quickest growing one known in our gardens..is commonly called the Russian vine.
2006 J. M. Hunter Tiny Garden 129/2 Russian vine (Fallopia baldschuanica) is often guilty of outgrowing its allotted space and taking over the whole garden.
Russian wheat aphid n. an aphid, Diuraphis noxia, that is a major pest of grain crops and grasses and is found in most large wheat- and barley-growing areas worldwide.
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c1981 Ann. Rep. S. Afr. Dept. Agric. & Fisheries 1 Apr. 1980 to 31 Mar. 1981 1 x. 33/1 Researchers have concentrated solely on the Russian wheat aphid D. noxia, which again assumed serious proportions in the Eastern Free State.
1987 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 12 Nov. c10 The Russian wheat aphid was first discovered in the United States in the spring of 1986.
2009 Jrnl. Econ. Entomol. 102 1255 The Russian wheat aphid..devastates wheat and barley production on all continents except Australia.
Russian wolfhound n. = borzoi n.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > hound > [noun] > borzoi
Russian wolfhound1863
borzoi1887
1863 Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper 31 May 5/2 A very handsome, fleet-like Russian wolf hound, the property of the Duchess of Manchester.., attracted a great deal of admiration.
1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Feb. 7/2 The Grand Duke owns seventy of these barzois or Russian wolfhounds.
1941 B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? viii. 157 She walked..with a haughty pride, the way one does with Russian wolfhounds.
2004 Adirondack Life Feb. 68 St. Godard used malamute–Russian wolfhound–greyhound crosses, meshing a sight hound's speed genes with the large freight dog's power and endurance.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† Russianv.
Obsolete. rare.
transitive. To force (a person) as a result of Russian influence or pressure.
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1756 H. Walpole Let. to H. Mann 25 Jan. The King of Prussia has been Russianed out of their [the French] alliance.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online September 2018).
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n.adj.1538
v.1756