adjuvantadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈadʒᵿv(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˈædʒəv(ə)nt/

Forms: 1500s adiuuant, 1600s adiuvant, 1600s– adjuvant.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin adjuvant-, adjuvāns, adiuvāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin adjuvant-, adjuvāns (of causes) contributory, use as adjective of present participle of adiuvāre to help, assist, aid, to help medically, to relieve, to benefit, to support, to facilitate < ad- ad- prefix + iuvāre juvate v.In senses A. 2 and B. 2b perhaps after French adjuvant (adjective) designating supplementary methods of medical treatment (1812; c1580 in Middle French in sense A. 1), (noun) substance added to a medicinal formulation to assist the action of the principal ingredient (1810). Sense B. 1 is apparently unparalleled in French until considerably later (1874).

A. adj.

1. That serves to help or assist; providing aid or assistance; auxiliary, facilitative; helpful.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > [adjective]

lastfuleOE

helpinga1300

helplya1300

helpfulc1384

assistanta1400

succourablec1400

helpyc1440

aidant1449

adjutoryc1475

subsiduous1490

aidable1509

aidinga1525

aidful1535

adjuvant1574

adjuvable1598

assistful1600

auxiliary1605

recureful1606

seconda1616

succouring1616

coadjuvanta1625

adjutant1645

adjutorious1657

assisting1659

subventive1674

relievablea1693

subventitious1693

affording1873

succourful1898

1574 R. MacIlmaine tr. P. de La Ramée Logike i. iii. 21 The instruments..are nombred amongest the causes adiuuantes.

1590 R. Harvey Theol. Disc. Lamb of God 39 God can by his omnipotency turne the adiuuant & mediat causes as he turneth the waters in the south.

a1615 P. Lily 2 Serm. (1619) 3 I doe not say they are principall causes, but instrumentall, adjuvant, secundary, inferiour causes.

1645 W. Greenhill Expos. Five First Chapters Ezekiel Ep. Ded. sig. ❧4^v It is my unhappiness that I cannot be sufficiently adjuvant to such Princely beginnings.

1705 J. C. Justif. Dissenters against Mr. Bennet's Charge 32 There is great Variety of Instrumental and adjuvant Causes.

1788 J. Martin Thoughts on Duty of Man I. 156 God doth not work faith in men for their endeavours, as the moving cause,—nor by them, as adjuvant, or assistant causes.

1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 645/2 Used as adjuvant respiratory organs.

1874 T. Webster Rep. Internat. Patent Congr. Vienna iv. 355 An examination system which should be adjuvant and advisory to the applicant.

1922 W. H. Ukers All about Coffee Foreword p. xi Coffee is something more than a beverage. It is one of the world's greatest adjuvant foods.

1960 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 21 184 In the external temptation of Eve, the devil himself was the principal efficient cause, whereas the serpent was merely..the instrumental or adjuvant cause.

2003 C. Wilson in J. Miller & B. Inwood Hellenistic & Early Mod. Philos. v. 93 Increasingly Cartesian immaterialist metaphysics is seen as adjuvant to Cartesian mechanism.

2. Medicine. Designating supplementary methods of medical treatment; (in later use) spec. designating therapies for cancer administered after removal of the primary tumour (usually surgically).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > types of treatment generally > [adjective] > other miscellaneous treatments

sublimate1585

heroical1769

Perkinean1798

Perkinistic1803

heroic1818

adjuvant1834

aggressive1837

calmative1871

bacteriotherapeutic1886

mechanotherapeutic1915

inhalational1944

non-invasive1968

invasive1972

vegetablized1974

multidisciplinarian1985

1834 Lancet 23 Aug. 755/1 The adjuvant treatment consists in placing the patient between warm blankets, but he must not be too heavily covered.

1896 Clinique 17 92 Of all our adjuvant resources electro-therapy is recognized as an important specialty.

1922 Med. Rec. 27 Nov. 922/2 Actinic rays should not be used alone in most cases but as an adjuvant treatment.

1941 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 28 June 961/1 In my original article..I reviewed 152 consecutive cases of acute gonorrhoea treated with sulphapyridine alone, without adjuvant therapy.

1958 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 2 Aug. 1712/1 Thio-TEPA for adjuvant chemotherapy.

1974 Cancer Chemotherapy Rep. 58 909/1 One can try to improve adjuvant chemotherapy by preselecting patients.

2008 Independent 29 Jan. (Extra section) 11/2 A doctor friend lent me a medical journal that contained some recent research into alternative forms of adjuvant therapy.

3. Immunology. Of, relating to, or containing an adjuvant (sense B. 3).

ΚΠ

1947 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1 305 It would be of great interest to identify the fraction or fractions which exert the adjuvant effect of mycobacteria.

1962 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 Feb. 594/1 The objective of this study was to determine whether an adjuvant vaccine containing influenza and adenovirus antigens would provide protection.

2010 Med. Hypotheses 74 544/1 The stratum corneum would be covered with bacterial products that may have an adjuvant effect on the applied vaccines.

B. n.

1. A person who or (more commonly) thing which helps or provides aid or assistance; an aid; an assistant, a helper.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > [noun] > that which or one who helps or means of help > a helper

helpend971

recurera1382

undertaker1382

bootc1420

profitera1425

suffrage1445

supplier1456

aidant1477

aider1483

adjutor1531

benefactor1532

assistant?1541

servant1562

aid1569

adjument1576

adjuvant1583

familiar1583

adjoint1603

opitulator1624

adjutator1832

1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. xxxvii. 46 The ointment of Alabaster..was an adiuuant and aide to all medicines.

c1600 Club Law (1907) iii. i. 39 They are but my adjuvants, I am the cheife agent in this matter.

1651 N. Biggs Matæotechnia Medicinæ Praxeωs (new ed.) 153 Nor ought a faithful Adjuvant or helper to lay load upon load, & add weaknesse to weaknesses.

1736 Beeriad 75 All the principal Springs, Wheels, and other adjuvants to Motion.

1747 J. Wetmore Vindic. Professors Church of Eng. 9 In producing an Effect, many efficient Causes may concur; one Principal, the rest Adjuvants, in Subordination.

1807 T. Trotter View Nerv. Dis. (1808) vii. 274 Cold lavation of the body must be allowed one of the best adjuvants to health.

1865 T. H. Huxley Ethnol. in Critiques & Addr. (1873) vii. 138 The value of philology as an adjuvant to ethnology.

1927 Harper's Mag. Oct. 534/1 Teachers and books and all the rest of the educational equipment are simply adjuvants to this end.

1972 Times 22 June 14/5 William Gowers..was his [sc. J. H. Jackson's] complement in achievement, an adjuvant rather than a rival.

2002 E. J. Talbot Reading Nelligan i. 35 The woman of his dreams is not one he wishes to seduce in the manner of Renaissance sonneteers. Rather, she is to be his intellectual helpmate, his adjuvant in the realm of the imagination and art.

a. Medicine. A medical or surgical treatment that is supplementary to another. Cf. adjunct n. 4.

ΚΠ

1786 Edinb. New Dispensatory ii. 151/2 Guaiac in form of decoction has been said to cure the venereal disease; and in this country it is frequently used as an adjuvant to mercury.

1817 Eclectic Repertory & Analyt. Rev. 7 88 Mr. Guerin strongly recommends as an adjuvant, cold applications, and powdered ice to the tumour itself.

1854 J. Tunstall Climate of Bath 60 Always remembering that climate is but one of the remedial agents, useful as a powerful adjuvant in treatment.

1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 83 It is an elegant stimulant tonic, especially useful as an adjuvant to more powerful bitters.

1901 W. Rose & A. Carless Man. Surg. (ed. 4) xvi. 400 A most valuable adjuvant in the treatment of fractures is massage.

1943 B. M. Dick in C. F. W. Illingworth Textbk. Surg. Treatm. xxviii. 381 Phrenicectomy is used as an adjuvant to other types of collapse therapy.

2005 G. Critser Generation Rx i. 101 Some doctors..had experimented with the drug off label..as monotherapy for seizures (instead of as an adjuvant).

b. Pharmacology. A substance added to a medicinal formulation to assist the action of the principal ingredient. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > substance increasing effect of medicine

adjuvant1810

potentiator1946

1810 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 306/2 The adjuvant or auxiliary, added to the basis, for the purpose of increasing its power, expediting its action, or rendering it more easily soluble in the juices of the stomach.

1856 G. B. Wood Treat. Pharmacol. I. 318 When used as an adjuvant or corrective of other medicines, the peel is generally employed in this form; half an ounce of it, well bruised, being added to a pint of the liquid.

1958 R. A. Waud in V. A. Drill Pharmacol. in Med. (ed. 2) 23/1 When a number of drugs are included in it, it may be divided into the following parts: a. Base. The important active ingredient. b. Adjuvant. A drug used to enhance the action of the base.

2003 P. N. Bennett & M. J. Brown Clin. Pharmacol. (ed. 9) i. 33/1 Traditional extemporaneous prescription-writing art, defining drug, base, adjuvant, corrective, flavouring and vehicle is obsolete, as is the use of the Latin language.

3. Immunology. A substance that enhances or modifies the immune response to an antigen with which it is administered.

ΚΠ

1929 Syst. Bacteriol. (Med. Res. Council) III. x. 356 (heading) Non-specific adjuvants [for raising the titre of tetanus antitoxin in horses].

1936 Jrnl. Allergy 7 454 The foregoing results using alum as an adjuvant show the constancy with which guinea pigs can be sensitized.

1987 R. E. Spier in J. Bu'Lock & B. Kristiansen Basic Biotechnol. xx. 523 Killed virus vaccines..are formulated at about 10¹¹ particles per dose and are mixed with materials called adjuvants which potentiate the effect of the injected immunogens.

2001 Dressage June 23/3 Some vaccine manufacturers added adjuvants to their vaccine, around 10 years ago.

Derivatives

ˌadjuvanˈticity n. Immunology the property of being an adjuvant (sense B. 3); the degree to which a substance acts as an adjuvant.

ΚΠ

1961 D. W. Dresser in Nature 16 Sept. 1169/2 The observed effect, for which the name ‘adjuvanticity’ seems to be suitable.

1988 Science 29 Apr. 658/1 The adjuvanticity of pertussis toxin in animal models is well documented.

2005 Vaccine 23 1993 It has been suggested that effective adjuvanticity of aluminum salts for protein antigens depends..on the degree of adsorption of the antigen to the adjuvant.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	adjuvant
释义	adjuvantadj.n. Brit. /ˈadʒᵿv(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈædʒəv(ə)nt/ Forms: 1500s adiuuant, 1600s adiuvant, 1600s– adjuvant. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin adjuvant-, adjuvāns, adiuvāre. Etymology: < classical Latin adjuvant-, adjuvāns (of causes) contributory, use as adjective of present participle of adiuvāre to help, assist, aid, to help medically, to relieve, to benefit, to support, to facilitate < ad- ad- prefix + iuvāre juvate v.In senses A. 2 and B. 2b perhaps after French adjuvant (adjective) designating supplementary methods of medical treatment (1812; c1580 in Middle French in sense A. 1), (noun) substance added to a medicinal formulation to assist the action of the principal ingredient (1810). Sense B. 1 is apparently unparalleled in French until considerably later (1874). A. adj. 1. That serves to help or assist; providing aid or assistance; auxiliary, facilitative; helpful. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > [adjective] lastfuleOE helpinga1300 helplya1300 helpfulc1384 assistanta1400 succourablec1400 helpyc1440 aidant1449 adjutoryc1475 subsiduous1490 aidable1509 aidinga1525 aidful1535 adjuvant1574 adjuvable1598 assistful1600 auxiliary1605 recureful1606 seconda1616 succouring1616 coadjuvanta1625 adjutant1645 adjutorious1657 assisting1659 subventive1674 relievablea1693 subventitious1693 affording1873 succourful1898 1574 R. MacIlmaine tr. P. de La Ramée Logike i. iii. 21 The instruments..are nombred amongest the causes adiuuantes. 1590 R. Harvey Theol. Disc. Lamb of God 39 God can by his omnipotency turne the adiuuant & mediat causes as he turneth the waters in the south. a1615 P. Lily 2 Serm. (1619) 3 I doe not say they are principall causes, but instrumentall, adjuvant, secundary, inferiour causes. 1645 W. Greenhill Expos. Five First Chapters Ezekiel Ep. Ded. sig. ❧4^v It is my unhappiness that I cannot be sufficiently adjuvant to such Princely beginnings. 1705 J. C. Justif. Dissenters against Mr. Bennet's Charge 32 There is great Variety of Instrumental and adjuvant Causes. 1788 J. Martin Thoughts on Duty of Man I. 156 God doth not work faith in men for their endeavours, as the moving cause,—nor by them, as adjuvant, or assistant causes. 1835–6 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 645/2 Used as adjuvant respiratory organs. 1874 T. Webster Rep. Internat. Patent Congr. Vienna iv. 355 An examination system which should be adjuvant and advisory to the applicant. 1922 W. H. Ukers All about Coffee Foreword p. xi Coffee is something more than a beverage. It is one of the world's greatest adjuvant foods. 1960 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 21 184 In the external temptation of Eve, the devil himself was the principal efficient cause, whereas the serpent was merely..the instrumental or adjuvant cause. 2003 C. Wilson in J. Miller & B. Inwood Hellenistic & Early Mod. Philos. v. 93 Increasingly Cartesian immaterialist metaphysics is seen as adjuvant to Cartesian mechanism. 2. Medicine. Designating supplementary methods of medical treatment; (in later use) spec. designating therapies for cancer administered after removal of the primary tumour (usually surgically). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > types of treatment generally > [adjective] > other miscellaneous treatments sublimate1585 heroical1769 Perkinean1798 Perkinistic1803 heroic1818 adjuvant1834 aggressive1837 calmative1871 bacteriotherapeutic1886 mechanotherapeutic1915 inhalational1944 non-invasive1968 invasive1972 vegetablized1974 multidisciplinarian1985 1834 Lancet 23 Aug. 755/1 The adjuvant treatment consists in placing the patient between warm blankets, but he must not be too heavily covered. 1896 Clinique 17 92 Of all our adjuvant resources electro-therapy is recognized as an important specialty. 1922 Med. Rec. 27 Nov. 922/2 Actinic rays should not be used alone in most cases but as an adjuvant treatment. 1941 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 28 June 961/1 In my original article..I reviewed 152 consecutive cases of acute gonorrhoea treated with sulphapyridine alone, without adjuvant therapy. 1958 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 2 Aug. 1712/1 Thio-TEPA for adjuvant chemotherapy. 1974 Cancer Chemotherapy Rep. 58 909/1 One can try to improve adjuvant chemotherapy by preselecting patients. 2008 Independent 29 Jan. (Extra section) 11/2 A doctor friend lent me a medical journal that contained some recent research into alternative forms of adjuvant therapy. 3. Immunology. Of, relating to, or containing an adjuvant (sense B. 3). ΚΠ 1947 Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1 305 It would be of great interest to identify the fraction or fractions which exert the adjuvant effect of mycobacteria. 1962 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 24 Feb. 594/1 The objective of this study was to determine whether an adjuvant vaccine containing influenza and adenovirus antigens would provide protection. 2010 Med. Hypotheses 74 544/1 The stratum corneum would be covered with bacterial products that may have an adjuvant effect on the applied vaccines. B. n. 1. A person who or (more commonly) thing which helps or provides aid or assistance; an aid; an assistant, a helper. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > [noun] > that which or one who helps or means of help > a helper helpend971 recurera1382 undertaker1382 bootc1420 profitera1425 suffrage1445 supplier1456 aidant1477 aider1483 adjutor1531 benefactor1532 assistant?1541 servant1562 aid1569 adjument1576 adjuvant1583 familiar1583 adjoint1603 opitulator1624 adjutator1832 1583 P. Barrough Methode of Phisicke ii. xxxvii. 46 The ointment of Alabaster..was an adiuuant and aide to all medicines. c1600 Club Law (1907) iii. i. 39 They are but my adjuvants, I am the cheife agent in this matter. 1651 N. Biggs Matæotechnia Medicinæ Praxeωs (new ed.) 153 Nor ought a faithful Adjuvant or helper to lay load upon load, & add weaknesse to weaknesses. 1736 Beeriad 75 All the principal Springs, Wheels, and other adjuvants to Motion. 1747 J. Wetmore Vindic. Professors Church of Eng. 9 In producing an Effect, many efficient Causes may concur; one Principal, the rest Adjuvants, in Subordination. 1807 T. Trotter View Nerv. Dis. (1808) vii. 274 Cold lavation of the body must be allowed one of the best adjuvants to health. 1865 T. H. Huxley Ethnol. in Critiques & Addr. (1873) vii. 138 The value of philology as an adjuvant to ethnology. 1927 Harper's Mag. Oct. 534/1 Teachers and books and all the rest of the educational equipment are simply adjuvants to this end. 1972 Times 22 June 14/5 William Gowers..was his [sc. J. H. Jackson's] complement in achievement, an adjuvant rather than a rival. 2002 E. J. Talbot Reading Nelligan i. 35 The woman of his dreams is not one he wishes to seduce in the manner of Renaissance sonneteers. Rather, she is to be his intellectual helpmate, his adjuvant in the realm of the imagination and art. 2. a. Medicine. A medical or surgical treatment that is supplementary to another. Cf. adjunct n. 4. ΚΠ 1786 Edinb. New Dispensatory ii. 151/2 Guaiac in form of decoction has been said to cure the venereal disease; and in this country it is frequently used as an adjuvant to mercury. 1817 Eclectic Repertory & Analyt. Rev. 7 88 Mr. Guerin strongly recommends as an adjuvant, cold applications, and powdered ice to the tumour itself. 1854 J. Tunstall Climate of Bath 60 Always remembering that climate is but one of the remedial agents, useful as a powerful adjuvant in treatment. 1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 83 It is an elegant stimulant tonic, especially useful as an adjuvant to more powerful bitters. 1901 W. Rose & A. Carless Man. Surg. (ed. 4) xvi. 400 A most valuable adjuvant in the treatment of fractures is massage. 1943 B. M. Dick in C. F. W. Illingworth Textbk. Surg. Treatm. xxviii. 381 Phrenicectomy is used as an adjuvant to other types of collapse therapy. 2005 G. Critser Generation Rx i. 101 Some doctors..had experimented with the drug off label..as monotherapy for seizures (instead of as an adjuvant). b. Pharmacology. A substance added to a medicinal formulation to assist the action of the principal ingredient. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > substance increasing effect of medicine adjuvant1810 potentiator1946 1810 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 306/2 The adjuvant or auxiliary, added to the basis, for the purpose of increasing its power, expediting its action, or rendering it more easily soluble in the juices of the stomach. 1856 G. B. Wood Treat. Pharmacol. I. 318 When used as an adjuvant or corrective of other medicines, the peel is generally employed in this form; half an ounce of it, well bruised, being added to a pint of the liquid. 1958 R. A. Waud in V. A. Drill Pharmacol. in Med. (ed. 2) 23/1 When a number of drugs are included in it, it may be divided into the following parts: a. Base. The important active ingredient. b. Adjuvant. A drug used to enhance the action of the base. 2003 P. N. Bennett & M. J. Brown Clin. Pharmacol. (ed. 9) i. 33/1 Traditional extemporaneous prescription-writing art, defining drug, base, adjuvant, corrective, flavouring and vehicle is obsolete, as is the use of the Latin language. 3. Immunology. A substance that enhances or modifies the immune response to an antigen with which it is administered. ΚΠ 1929 Syst. Bacteriol. (Med. Res. Council) III. x. 356 (heading) Non-specific adjuvants [for raising the titre of tetanus antitoxin in horses]. 1936 Jrnl. Allergy 7 454 The foregoing results using alum as an adjuvant show the constancy with which guinea pigs can be sensitized. 1987 R. E. Spier in J. Bu'Lock & B. Kristiansen Basic Biotechnol. xx. 523 Killed virus vaccines..are formulated at about 10¹¹ particles per dose and are mixed with materials called adjuvants which potentiate the effect of the injected immunogens. 2001 Dressage June 23/3 Some vaccine manufacturers added adjuvants to their vaccine, around 10 years ago. Derivatives ˌadjuvanˈticity n. Immunology the property of being an adjuvant (sense B. 3); the degree to which a substance acts as an adjuvant. ΚΠ 1961 D. W. Dresser in Nature 16 Sept. 1169/2 The observed effect, for which the name ‘adjuvanticity’ seems to be suitable. 1988 Science 29 Apr. 658/1 The adjuvanticity of pertussis toxin in animal models is well documented. 2005 Vaccine 23 1993 It has been suggested that effective adjuvanticity of aluminum salts for protein antigens depends..on the degree of adsorption of the antigen to the adjuvant. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1574
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