servagen.

Brit.

/ˈsəːvɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈsərvɪdʒ/

Forms: Middle English servayge, Middle English seuage (transmission error), Middle English–1500s seruage, Middle English– servage, late Middle English sauage (perhaps transmission error), late Middle English seruavage (transmission error), 1500s saruage, 1500s–1600s servadge.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French servage; Latin servagium.

Etymology: Partly (i) < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French servage, Middle French servaige (French servage ) state or condition of being a serf (first half of the 12th cent.), servitude, slavery, service owed to a feudal superior (all late 12th cent.), in Anglo-Norman also harshness, oppressiveness (early 13th cent. or earlier), subjection, submission (late 14th cent. or earlier; < serf (see serf n.) + -age -age suffix), and partly (ii) < post-classical Latin servagium (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources; < French). With sense 2c compare serfage n.Compare Old Occitan servage, servagi, Catalan servatge (15th cent.), Italian servaggio (mid 13th cent.).

†1. Slavery, bondage, servitude. Obsolete.In quot. 1567 as modifier with the sense ‘servile’ (cf. servile adj. 1).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun]

theowdomc893

thralshipc1200

thraldomc1275

thrallhead1297

servagec1300

thrall14..

bondage1330

dangera1375

servicea1382

servitutea1393

thaneheada1400

thrillagec1400

serviturea1422

servitudec1425

thrildomc1480

thirldom1489

thirlage1513

servilityc1530

slavedom1562

serviceage1594

bondmanship1611

bond-service1611

slaverya1616

slavishnessa1620

bond slavery1835

chattelship1857

chattelhood1871

thirl-band1871

thirl-service-

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 1999 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 164 Nov wolde ȝe holi churche In grete seruage do.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 56 (MED) Poille, palerne, and russye he putte to seruage To holde of hym by maystrye & to do til hym homage.

a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 5 (MED) Many a Reme þat were soget to Rome put away þe ȝook of here seruage and rebelled openly.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cxxviii. 468 The emperour of Almayne who hath..slayne my men, and some kepethe in saruage.

1567 G. Turberville tr. Ovid Heroycall Epist. 53 The selfe same man had Iole made in seruage yoke to toyle.

1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. Q4, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Scanderbeg declaring his wearisomnes of captiuity and seruage.

1674 Defensio Legis xxxvii. 66 The Debtee, would seize not only the Body, but the Children too of the Debtor: as Bond: to pay the Due in servage.

1821 Morning Post 13 Aug. All the country was to swell the domain of the Sultan, and the wretched inhabitants were to be reduced to a state of servage.

a1896 W. Morris Coll. Wks. (1910) 121 Needs must we say our country ‘was’, For now are we in servage base, Being but poor conquered folk, alas!

1920 Theosophical Path Sept. 283 A bandit..doth waylay those who fare forward towards that delectable mountain, and doth discomfort them, and put them in prison, or sell them to servage, or do them to death.

†a. Feudal homage, allegiance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > feudal homage or allegiance > [noun]

manredOE

manshipc1175

homagec1300

manheadc1325

servagec1325

servicec1325

manhood1340

servageryc1425

manrent1442

servitudec1500

trewage1592

homagy1610

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1059 Is noble seruage Dude to þe heye emperour.

a1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 769 All this I put in his seruage As to my lorde and dyde homage.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xxxiii. 105 He doth me yerely seruage by the seruyce of a rynge of gold.

1886 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 28 June 3/7 The presentation is merely an homage, a manifestation of loyalty from the subject to the monarch, a duty of reverence accomplished, an act of servage—to use an old term.

†b. A service, or its equivalent in money or kind, owed to a feudal superior. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun]

servicec1300

servagec1400

servitudec1500

serviceage1601

reddendoa1630

render1647

boon1656

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun]

gavelc725

tacka1300

servicec1300

customc1390

servagec1400

taskc1400

homage1440

under-aid1579

reddendoa1630

workdaya1634

render1647

darg-days-

c1400 (?c1280) Old Test. Hist. in F. J. Furnivall Adam Davy's 5 Dreams (1878) 85 Þat folk cried on hym a day, þat he a-legge scholde Þe seruage þat his fader hem made.

c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 122 I, Henry of Saunder, clerck, ȝafe..all my londe..with all seruices and seruages [L. seruagiis], men [etc.]..of the same londe.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. f. ccxv The Kyng, y^e which yerely oppressyth his subiectys with taskys & other greuouse seruagys.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 181/1 [Athelwulph] gaue to them..libertie and fredome from all seruage and ciuil charges.

1700 R. Brady Contin. Compl. Hist. Eng. 332 They said they were quit and discharged of all manner of servage.

1893 Jrnl. Derbyshire Archæol. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 15 59 Remise and quitclaim by Ralph Bugge to Will. Ulfy..of all manner of service, either of serfdom or servage, which the said Ralph had or could have had in the said Will. or in his retinue or chattels whatsoever.

c. The state or condition of being a serf; serfdom. Cf. serfage n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun]

churldomc1386

villainyc1386

bondshipc1440

servage1523

villeinage1531

culvertage1613

serfage1816

serfship1830

serfdom1850

unfreedom1884

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxi. f. cclix/2 The noble men hath great fraunches ouer the comons, and kepeth them in seruage. that is to say, their tenauntes ought by custome to laboure the lordes landes, to gather and bring home theyr cornes, [etc.].

1730 W. Thomas Dugdale's Antiq. Warwickshire (ed. 2) II. 645/1 He held 24 acres of Land..and had ten Cottiers, whereof sixe held of him in Servage; the other foure being Freeholders.

1831 D. Lardner Hist. Poland Cabinet Cycl. iii. 92 Servage was now abolished; every serf employed in cultivating the ground, or in colonisation, was declared entitled to the privileges of the peasant.

1968 Russ. Rev. 27 209 A huge crowd of former serfs..declared..that the tsar liberated them from servage.

2003 S. Miers Slavery Twentieth Cent. xiii. 208 This ‘serfdom’ (servage) helped to maintain political, economic, and social equilibrium.

†3. figurative. A state or condition (as of complete devotion, infatuation, etc.) likened to actual servitude or slavery; subjection, submission. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1330 (?c1300) Speculum Guy (Auch.) (1898) l. 238 Adam was þe forme man, Þat euere singyn bigan... His fredom was binomen him al And put in seruage as a þral.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. xxxi. 547 Þey þat beþ ichose makeþ passage fro fleisch to spirit..out of seruage and þraldome to þe fredom of blisse of Goddis owen children.

a1475 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Cambr. Gg.1.16) (1997) iii. xi. 79 O the holy state of religiouse servage [L. famulatus].

1584 J. Southern Pandora sig. B.i That death..Would haue hit the eyes, wherein I liue in seruage.

a1658 O. Sedgwick Bowels of Tender Mercy (1661) i. vii. We are ransomed, and delivered from the servage or slavery of sin, and Satan, and death.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	servage
释义	servagen. Brit. /ˈsəːvɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈsərvɪdʒ/ Forms: Middle English servayge, Middle English seuage (transmission error), Middle English–1500s seruage, Middle English– servage, late Middle English sauage (perhaps transmission error), late Middle English seruavage (transmission error), 1500s saruage, 1500s–1600s servadge. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French servage; Latin servagium. Etymology: Partly (i) < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French servage, Middle French servaige (French servage ) state or condition of being a serf (first half of the 12th cent.), servitude, slavery, service owed to a feudal superior (all late 12th cent.), in Anglo-Norman also harshness, oppressiveness (early 13th cent. or earlier), subjection, submission (late 14th cent. or earlier; < serf (see serf n.) + -age -age suffix), and partly (ii) < post-classical Latin servagium (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources; < French). With sense 2c compare serfage n.Compare Old Occitan servage, servagi, Catalan servatge (15th cent.), Italian servaggio (mid 13th cent.). †1. Slavery, bondage, servitude. Obsolete.In quot. 1567 as modifier with the sense ‘servile’ (cf. servile adj. 1). ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] theowdomc893 thralshipc1200 thraldomc1275 thrallhead1297 servagec1300 thrall14.. bondage1330 dangera1375 servicea1382 servitutea1393 thaneheada1400 thrillagec1400 serviturea1422 servitudec1425 thrildomc1480 thirldom1489 thirlage1513 servilityc1530 slavedom1562 serviceage1594 bondmanship1611 bond-service1611 slaverya1616 slavishnessa1620 bond slavery1835 chattelship1857 chattelhood1871 thirl-band1871 thirl-service- c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 1999 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 164 Nov wolde ȝe holi churche In grete seruage do. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 56 (MED) Poille, palerne, and russye he putte to seruage To holde of hym by maystrye & to do til hym homage. a1450 St. Katherine (Richardson 44) (1884) 5 (MED) Many a Reme þat were soget to Rome put away þe ȝook of here seruage and rebelled openly. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cxxviii. 468 The emperour of Almayne who hath..slayne my men, and some kepethe in saruage. 1567 G. Turberville tr. Ovid Heroycall Epist. 53 The selfe same man had Iole made in seruage yoke to toyle. 1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. Q4, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Scanderbeg declaring his wearisomnes of captiuity and seruage. 1674 Defensio Legis xxxvii. 66 The Debtee, would seize not only the Body, but the Children too of the Debtor: as Bond: to pay the Due in servage. 1821 Morning Post 13 Aug. All the country was to swell the domain of the Sultan, and the wretched inhabitants were to be reduced to a state of servage. a1896 W. Morris Coll. Wks. (1910) 121 Needs must we say our country ‘was’, For now are we in servage base, Being but poor conquered folk, alas! 1920 Theosophical Path Sept. 283 A bandit..doth waylay those who fare forward towards that delectable mountain, and doth discomfort them, and put them in prison, or sell them to servage, or do them to death. 2. †a. Feudal homage, allegiance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > feudal homage or allegiance > [noun] manredOE manshipc1175 homagec1300 manheadc1325 servagec1325 servicec1325 manhood1340 servageryc1425 manrent1442 servitudec1500 trewage1592 homagy1610 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1059 Is noble seruage Dude to þe heye emperour. a1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 769 All this I put in his seruage As to my lorde and dyde homage. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xxxiii. 105 He doth me yerely seruage by the seruyce of a rynge of gold. 1886 Daily Evening Bull. (San Francisco) 28 June 3/7 The presentation is merely an homage, a manifestation of loyalty from the subject to the monarch, a duty of reverence accomplished, an act of servage—to use an old term. †b. A service, or its equivalent in money or kind, owed to a feudal superior. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > [noun] servicec1300 servagec1400 servitudec1500 serviceage1601 reddendoa1630 render1647 boon1656 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] gavelc725 tacka1300 servicec1300 customc1390 servagec1400 taskc1400 homage1440 under-aid1579 reddendoa1630 workdaya1634 render1647 darg-days- c1400 (?c1280) Old Test. Hist. in F. J. Furnivall Adam Davy's 5 Dreams (1878) 85 Þat folk cried on hym a day, þat he a-legge scholde Þe seruage þat his fader hem made. c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 122 I, Henry of Saunder, clerck, ȝafe..all my londe..with all seruices and seruages [L. seruagiis], men [etc.]..of the same londe. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. f. ccxv The Kyng, y^e which yerely oppressyth his subiectys with taskys & other greuouse seruagys. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 181/1 [Athelwulph] gaue to them..libertie and fredome from all seruage and ciuil charges. 1700 R. Brady Contin. Compl. Hist. Eng. 332 They said they were quit and discharged of all manner of servage. 1893 Jrnl. Derbyshire Archæol. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 15 59 Remise and quitclaim by Ralph Bugge to Will. Ulfy..of all manner of service, either of serfdom or servage, which the said Ralph had or could have had in the said Will. or in his retinue or chattels whatsoever. c. The state or condition of being a serf; serfdom. Cf. serfage n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] churldomc1386 villainyc1386 bondshipc1440 servage1523 villeinage1531 culvertage1613 serfage1816 serfship1830 serfdom1850 unfreedom1884 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccclxxxi. f. cclix/2 The noble men hath great fraunches ouer the comons, and kepeth them in seruage. that is to say, their tenauntes ought by custome to laboure the lordes landes, to gather and bring home theyr cornes, [etc.]. 1730 W. Thomas Dugdale's Antiq. Warwickshire (ed. 2) II. 645/1 He held 24 acres of Land..and had ten Cottiers, whereof sixe held of him in Servage; the other foure being Freeholders. 1831 D. Lardner Hist. Poland Cabinet Cycl. iii. 92 Servage was now abolished; every serf employed in cultivating the ground, or in colonisation, was declared entitled to the privileges of the peasant. 1968 Russ. Rev. 27 209 A huge crowd of former serfs..declared..that the tsar liberated them from servage. 2003 S. Miers Slavery Twentieth Cent. xiii. 208 This ‘serfdom’ (servage) helped to maintain political, economic, and social equilibrium. †3. figurative. A state or condition (as of complete devotion, infatuation, etc.) likened to actual servitude or slavery; subjection, submission. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1330 (?c1300) Speculum Guy (Auch.) (1898) l. 238 Adam was þe forme man, Þat euere singyn bigan... His fredom was binomen him al And put in seruage as a þral. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. xxxi. 547 Þey þat beþ ichose makeþ passage fro fleisch to spirit..out of seruage and þraldome to þe fredom of blisse of Goddis owen children. a1475 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Cambr. Gg.1.16) (1997) iii. xi. 79 O the holy state of religiouse servage [L. famulatus]. 1584 J. Southern Pandora sig. B.i That death..Would haue hit the eyes, wherein I liue in seruage. a1658 O. Sedgwick Bowels of Tender Mercy (1661) i. vii. We are ransomed, and delivered from the servage or slavery of sin, and Satan, and death. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1300
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