单词 | bitter |
释义 | † ˈbittern.2 Obs. One who has charge of a ‘bit’ or fire-bucket; a fireman. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > extinguishing fire > [noun] > fire-fighting > fireman > specific bitterc1467 engineman1724 pipeman1763 vamp1877 nozzle man1885 pumper1912 smoke-jumper1940 tillerman1968 first responder1975 c1467 Eng. Gilds (1870) 371 That the Bitters be redy when eny parylle of fuyre ys. c1467 Eng. Gilds (1870) 382 That the bitters be redy with hur horses and bittes to brynge water. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online September 2011). ˈbittern.3 Naut. (See quots.)Hence, perh. bitter end at end n. 6b: but cf. bitter adj. 2b. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > anchoring equipment > [noun] > anchor rope or cable > turn of about the bitts bitter1627 bitting1769 weatherbitt1769 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. vii. 30 A Bitter is but the turne of a Cable about the Bits, and veare it out by little and little. And the Bitters end is that part of the Cable doth stay within boord. 1630 J. Taylor Wks. To let fall an anchor, which being done, the tide running very strong, brought our ship to so strong a bitter, that the fast which the Portugals had upon us brake. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 103 A ship is ‘brought up to a bitter’ when the cable is allowed to run out to that stop..When a chain or rope is paid out to the bitter-end, no more remains to be let go. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2016). bitteradj.n.1 A. adj. 1. a. One of the elementary sensations of taste proper (i.e. without any element arising through the nerves of touch): obnoxious, irritating, or unfavourably stimulating to the gustatory nerve; disagreeable to the palate; having the characteristic taste of wormwood, gentian, quinine, bitter aloes, soot: the opposite of sweet; causing ‘the proper pain of taste’ (Bain). ΚΠ OE Guthlac B 868 Nænig monna wæs of þam sigetudre siþþan æfre godes willan þæs georn, ne gynnwised, þæt he bibugan mæge þone bitran drync þone Eue fyrn Adame geaf, byrelade bryd geong. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 129 Ðet weter of egipte..þe wes sur and bitere. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6348 Water bitter sum ani brin. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. viii. 99 A lytille Broke of Watre, that was wont to ben byttre. a1616 Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. iv. 147 When I was sick, you gaue me bitter pils. View more context for this quotation 1626 Bacon Sylua Syluarum §21 The Second [water will have] more of the Tast, as more bitter or Biting. 1759 E. Burke Philos. Enq. Sublime & Beautiful (ed. 2) Introd. 8 All men are agreed to call vinegar sour, honey sweet, and aloes bitter. 1868 A. Bain Mental & Moral Sci. i. ii. 38 Taste proper comprehends sweet and bitter tastes..The acrid combines the fiery with the bitter. 1884 Cornhill Mag. 628 Bitter things in nature..are almost invariably poisonous. b. fig. Unpalatable to the mind; unpleasant and hard to ‘swallow’ or admit. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > [adjective] > unpleasant loatha700 unsweetc890 grimlyc893 unquemeOE un-i-quemeOE evila1131 sourc1175 illc1220 unhightlyc1275 unwelcomec1325 unblithec1330 unnetc1330 unrekena1350 unagreeablec1374 uncouthc1380 unsavouryc1380 displeasantc1386 unlikinga1398 ungaina1400 crabbedc1400 unlovelyc1400 displeasing1401 eschewc1420 unsoot1420 mislikinga1425 unlikelya1425 unlustya1425 fastidiousc1425 unpleasantc1430 displicable1471 unthankfulc1475 displeasant1481 uneasy1483 unpleasinga1500 unfaring1513 badc1530 malpleasant?1533 noisome1542 thanklessa1547 ungrate1548 untoothsome1548 ungreeable1550 contrary1561 disagreeable1570 offensible1575 offensive1576 naughty1578 delightlessa1586 undelightful1585 unwisheda1586 unpleasurable1587 undelightsomec1595 dislikeful1596 disliking1596 ungrateful1596 unsweet?a1600 distastive1600 impleasing1602 distasting1603 distasteful1607 unsightly1608 undelectable1610 disgustful1611 unrelishing1611 waspisha1616 undeliciousa1618 unwished-for1617 disrelishing1631 unenjoyed1643 unjoyous1645 mirya1652 unwelcomed1651 unpleasivea1656 sweet1656 injucund1657 insuave1657 unpalatable1658 unhandsome1660 undesirable1667 disrelishablea1670 uncouthsome1684 shocking1703 nasty1705 embittering1746 indelectable1751 undelightinga1774 nice and ——1796 unenjoyablea1797 ungenial1796 uncomplacent1805 ungracious1807 bitter1810 rotten1813 uncongenial1813 quarrelsome1825 grimy1833 nice1836 unrelished1863 bloody1867 unbewitching1876 ferocious1877 displeasurable1879 rebarbative1892 charming1893 crook1898 naar1900 peppery1901 negative1902 poisonous1906 off-putting1935 unsympathetic1937 piggy1942 funky1946 umpty1948 pooey1967 minging1970 Scrooge-like1976 sucky1984 stank1991 stanky1991 1810 S. T. Coleridge Friend (1865) 166 Some bitter truths, respecting our military arrangements. c. bitter lake n. = salt lake n.; spec. as the name of certain lakes in Egypt; (see also quot. 1882). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > lake > [noun] > other types pene-lake1668 salina1697 slough1714 salt lake1763 bayou1766 lagoon1769 cut-off1773 prairie1820 maar1826 boating lake1834 serpentine1837 soda lake1839 bitter lake1843 stream-lake1867 shott1878 crater-lake1879 playa1885 oxbow lake1887 kettle-hole lake1902 mortlake1902 oxbow1902 seepage lake1934 paternoster lake1942 soda pan1976 the world > the earth > minerals > mineral sources > [noun] > salt or soda lake salinec1450 salt-pan1494 pan1573 salt-wich1610 salina1697 salt-pond1697 salt lake1763 natron lake1821 soda lake1839 bitter lake1843 shott1878 soda pan1976 1843 E. Clarkson Suez Navigable Canal 7 The Bitter Lakes would fill up at any time from the Red Sea. 1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. iii. ii. 395 Saline lakes, considered chemically, may be grouped as salt lakes, where the chief constituents are sodium and magnesium chlorides with magnesium and calcium sulphates: and bitter lakes, which usually are distinguished by their large percentage of sodium carbonate as well as chloride and sulphate. 1957 Encycl. Brit. XXI. 517/2 Finally in the summer of 1869 the waters of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea were united [by the Suez Canal] in the Bitter lakes. d. bitter pepper: Xanthoxylon Daniellii of China ( Treas. Bot.). 2. transf. a. Of anything that has to be ‘tasted’ or endured: Attended by severe pain or suffering; sore to be borne; grievous, painful, full of affliction. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adjective] > bitter to the heart or mind bitter971 attery?c1225 bitingc1374 salt1513 bitterful?1526 wormwood1594 brinisha1617 971 Blickl. Hom. 229 Þu me ne syle on þone biterestan deað. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 4829 Her heo sculeð ibiden. bitterest [c1300 Otho biterest] alre baluwen. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 4827 For bittur hongur þat is bifalle. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy vi. 2502 Soche bargens are bytter þat hafe a bare end. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 40 Soom Greeks shal find yt bitter, before al we be slaghtred. 1828 Scott Fair Maid of Perth iii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 59 The time of separation now approached. It was a bitter moment. 1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VII. 285 For Eurydice she still reserved what she thought a bitterer death. 1850 Tennyson In Memoriam vi. 6 That loss is common would not make My own less bitter, rather more. View more context for this quotation b. to the bitter end: to the last and direst extremity; to death itself. So commonly used: but the history is doubtful: see bitter n.3 Cf. Bible: Prov. v. 4. ΚΠ 1849 Congress. Globe 12 Dec. 23, I am unfortunately among those who voted for the gentleman from Indiana, even ‘to the bitter end’. 1850 Congress. Globe 9 Apr. App. 434 Our defence is a just one, and will be maintained by us to the ‘bitter end’. 1921 L. Strachey Queen Victoria vi. 210 He would go on, working to the utmost and striving for the highest, to the bitter end. 1955 G. Greene Loser takes All i. ix. 62 A wife ought to believe in her husband to the bitter end. 3. a. Hence, of a state: Intensely grievous or full of affliction; mournful; pitiable. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adjective] out-sharpinga1382 bitterc1485 c1485 Digby Myst. iii. 997 Thys sorow is beytterar þan ony galle. 1594 Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. iii. 88 Nor can I vtter all our bitter greefe. View more context for this quotation 1611 Bible (King James) Job iii. 20 Wherefore is light giuen to him that is in misery, and life vnto the bitter in soule? View more context for this quotation 1815 Wordsworth White Doe of Rylstone ii. 31 Concealing In solitude her bitter feeling. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > ill-naturedness > sourness or bitterness of temper > [adjective] bitter?c1225 sour?c1225 envenomedc1375 envenomousa1420 crabbed1565 gallish1595 verjuice1598 vinegar-tart1599 soury1647 acrid1681 acrious1682 sourish1688 embittered1694 subacid1760 verjuiced1836 acidulent1837 vinaigrous1837 vinegar1847 vinegary1847 soured1848 acerbic1853 acidulous1865 acerbate1869 acerbitous1870 snake-headed1920 sour-pussed1952 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 94 Aȝein bittere ancres dauid seið þis fers. 4. Expressing or betokening intense grief, misery, or affliction of spirit. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adjective] > expressing or betokening bitterness sorec1200 bitterc1230 sadc1400 c1230 Hali Meid. 43 Marie Magdalene wið bittre wopes bireowseð hare gultes. c1330 Arth. & Merl. 1018 His moder..swithe bitter ters lete. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xxvii. 34 Esau..cried with a great and exceeding bitter cry. View more context for this quotation 1650 R. Stapleton tr. F. Strada De Bello Belgico ii. 29 No complaints were bitterer then the Abbots and Monks. 1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia I. iv. 75 Bursting into bitter tears. 1884 (title) ‘The Bitter Cry of Outcast London.’ a. Causing pain or suffering; injurious, baleful, cruel, severe. Obs. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > savagery > [adjective] grimlyc893 retheeOE grim971 bitterOE bremec1175 grillc1175 grimfula1240 cruel1297 sturdy1297 fiercea1300 fellc1300 boistousa1387 felonousc1386 savagea1393 bestiala1398 bremelya1400 felona1400 hetera1400 cursedc1400 wicked14.. vengeablec1430 wolvishc1430 unnatural?1473 inhuman1481 brutisha1513 cruent1524 felonish1530 mannish1530 abominate1531 lionish1549 boarish?1550 truculent?c1550 unhumanc1550 lion-like1556 beastly1558 orped1567 raw?1573 tigerish?1573 unmanlike1579 boisterous1581 savaged1583 tiger-like1587 yond1590 truculental1593 savage wild1595 tigerous1597 inhumane1598 Neronian1598 immane1599 Phalarical1602 ungentle1603 feral1604 savagious1605 fierceful1607 Dionysian1608 wolvy1611 Hunnish1625 lionly1631 tigerly1633 savage-hearted1639 brutal1641 feroce1641 ferocious1646 asperous1650 ferousa1652 wolfish1674 tiger1763 savage-fierce1770 Tartar1809 Tartarly1821 Neroic1851 tigery1859 Neronic1864 unmannish1867 inhumanitarian1947 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective] heavyc825 grimc900 strongeOE hardeOE drearyOE eileOE sweerOE deara1000 bitterOE tartc1000 smartOE unridec1175 sharp?c1225 straitc1275 grievousc1290 fellc1330 shrewda1387 snella1400 unsterna1400 vilea1400 importunea1425 ungainc1425 thrallc1430 peisant1483 sore?a1513 weighty1540 heinous?1541 urgent?1542 asperous?1567 dure1567 spiny1586 searching1590 hoara1600 vengible1601 flinty1613 tugging1642 atrocious1733 uncannya1774 severe1774 stern1830 punishing1833 hefty1867 solid1916 OE Beowulf 2692 Fyrdraca..heals ealne ymbefeng biteran bánum. a1225 St. Marher. 11 Þet balefulle wurm ant þet bittre best. a1300 Cursor Mundi 697 Þe nedder was noght bitter. 1330 R. Mannyng Chron. 35 He tok bittere Estrild, dukes douhter Orgare. a1616 Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iv. ii. 79 It is a bitter Deputie. View more context for this quotation 1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth ii. 72 The gouernement of the French was bitter. b. of instruments of torture. ΚΠ a1225 Juliana 17 Ibeaten wið bittere besmen. 1598 Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 i. i. 27 Naild, For our aduantage on the bitter crosse. View more context for this quotation 6. a. Characterized by intense animosity or virulence of feeling or action; virulent. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > bitterness > [adjective] bitter971 festereda1398 sourc1450 rancorous1566 infestered1570 amarulent1583 stomachous1590 enfested1591 fellifluous1656 vitriolic1841 971 Blickl. Hom. 25 Onbærnde mid þære biteran æfeste. 1377 Langland Piers Plowman B. xviii. 64 For a bitter bataille..Lyf and deth in þis derknesse her one fordoth her other. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) James iii. 14 If ȝe han bittir zeel, or enuy, and striuynges ben in ȝoure hertis. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 44 No medium betwixt not loving and bitter hating. 1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Hist. Jewish Wars ii. iii. §1 in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. Sabinus..made a bitter search after the kings money. 1838 Macaulay in G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay (1876) I. vii. 9 In politics a bitter partisan. 1849 Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 446 The bitter animosity of James. b. Const. to, against. ΚΠ 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Coloss. iii. 19 Men, loue ȝe ȝoure wyues, and nyle ȝe be bitter to hem [1611 against them]. 1609 Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iv. i. 69 You are too bitter to your country-woman. View more context for this quotation 1833 H. Martineau Tale of Tyne i. 20 She had..been bitter against them. 7. Of words (or the person who utters them): Stinging, cutting, harsh, keenly or cruelly reproachful, virulent. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > bitterness > [adjective] bitterc1175 stomaching1579 amarulent1583 stomachous1590 gall-ful1596 gall-wet1597 virulent1607 stomachful1610 rancorousa1616 gallsome1633 bitter-hearted1775 vitriolic1841 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > reproach > [adjective] > bitterly bitterc1175 c1175 Lamb. Hom. 95 He ne remde ne of bitere speche nes. ?c1200 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9786 Fulle off bitterr spæche. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. xi. 20 To taxe the common abuses and vice of the people in rough and bitter speaches. 1608 Shakespeare King Lear iv. 131 A bitter foole. View more context for this quotation 1611 Bible (King James) Job xiii. 26 For thou writest bitter things against mee. View more context for this quotation a1616 Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. v. 70 As fast as she answeres thee with frowning lookes, ile sauce her with bitter words. View more context for this quotation 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 433. ¶6 They would reproach a Man in the most bitter Terms. 1828 T. Carlyle in Foreign Rev. 1 442 Faust is no longer the same bitter and tempestuous man. 8. Of wind, cold, etc.: Sharp, keen, cutting, severe; hence of the weather: Bitingly cold. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adjective] > sharp or bitter fellc1330 snithinga1350 sharpc1435 hoar?a1500 sneaping1598 shrewd1603 bittera1616 snithe1671 cutting1798 stingy1823 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adjective] > very intensely cold > nipping or piercing snippinga1400 piercingc1425 sharpc1435 nipping1563 sneaping1598 eager1603 bittera1616 huncha1825 a1616 Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. vii. 185 Freize, freize, thou bitter skie. View more context for this quotation 1667 R. Boyle Origine Formes & Qualities (ed. 2) The Night proving very bitter..I found the Glasse crack'd..by the violence of the Frost. 1697 Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 110 To fend the bitter Cold. View more context for this quotation 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 308 The frosts are consequently bitter in winter. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. v. ii. 295 A cold bitter drizzling rain. 1875 M. Pattison I. Casaubon 255 He caught his death in the boat on a bitter Palm Sunday. B. n.1 1. a. That which is bitter; bitterness. lit. and fig. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > taste and flavour > sourness or acidity > [noun] > bitterness or acridity > bitter substance bitterOE austere1684 bittern1775 gall-drop1796 absinth1843 the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [noun] > that which is bitter bitterOE bitternessa1382 sourc1400 OE Cynewulf Elene 1244 Ic wæs weorcum fah, synnum asæled, sorgum gewæled, bitrum gebunden. a1240 Lofsong in Lamb. Hom. 215 Euer bið ðet swete abouht mid twofold of bittre. c1390 (a1376) Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. v. 99 Þat al my breste Bolleþ for bitter of my galle. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxi. 128 A little bitter mingled in our Cup, leaves no relish of the sweet. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. iii. vi. 192 Surfeited with the Sweets of Marriage, or disgusted by its Bitters . View more context for this quotation 1832 Tennyson Dream Fair Women lxxix, in Poems (new ed.) 142 All words,..Failing to give the bitter of the sweet. b. A bitter part. ΚΠ 1860 O. W. Holmes Professor at Breakfast-table iv. 104 When you can get the bitter out of the partridge's thigh, you can make an enlightened commonwealth of Indians. 2. A bitter medicinal substance: now usually in pl. bitters n., q.v. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > bitter medicine bitter1711 bitters1713 1711 Swift Lett. (1767) III. 101, I still drink Dr. Radcliffe's bitter. 1711 W. King et al. Vindic. Sacheverell 63 He..may..be provok'd to mix a little Bitter with his Wine. 1887 N.E.D. at Bitter, Mod. Camomile yields a useful bitter. 3. (A glass of) bitter beer. colloq. ΚΠ 1857 ‘C. Bede’ Mr. Verdant Green Married x. 78 Mr. Verdant Green and Mr. Bouncer..turned into the coffee-room of ‘The Mitre’ to ‘do bitters’, as Mr. Bouncer phrased the act of drinking bitter beer. 1863 Trollope Rachel Ray I. iii. 41 Going into Parliament..just as they pleased, like the modern heroes of the bitter cask. 1864 J. C. Hotten Slang Dict. (new ed.) 75 ‘To do bitters’, to drink beer.—Oxford. 1874 Hotten's Slang Dict. (rev. ed.) 84 ‘To do a bitter’, to drink beer.—Originally Oxford, but now general. 1894 G. Moore Esther Waters xxx. 236 A dozen pots of beer..and a few glasses of bitter. 1896 H. G. Wells Wheels of Chance ix, Every public-house..meant a lemonade and a dash of bitter. 1896 H. G. Wells Wheels of Chance xviii, A lemonade and bitter, please. 1901 Westm. Gaz. 8 June 6/3 A bitter having been brought, he quaffed it to his second's health. 1942 Penguin New Writing 14 133 The barmaid..replied there was nothing left but bitter and old-and-mild. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2016). bitterv.ΚΠ 897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care 425 Ðætte us biterige sio hreowsung. 2. trans. To make bitter; fig. to embitter (obs.). ΚΠ c1175 Lamb. Hom. 23 A lutel ater bitteret [h] muchele swete. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 229 Four þingesȝef mon þencheð..Maȝen maken him to soreȝen. & bittren his heorte. a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) i. xii. §5. 132 Men in sad taking, bitter'd with affliction. 1622 H. Sydenham Serm. (1637) 309 Shall I bitter vertue, & sweeten vice? 1713 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer (1742) i. 7 Such hasty Dryings, or Scorchings, are also apt to bitter the Malt. 1815 Encycl. Brit. IV. 131 This plant [Bog-bean] is used in the north of Europe to bitter the ale. 1911 J. C. Lincoln Cap'n Warren's Wards xv. 245, I managed to come out of it without lettin' it bitter my whole life. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online June 2016). bitteradv. = bitterly adv. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adverb] > in manner attended with bitter suffering bitter971 bitterlyc1000 bitinglyc1374 atterlichec1400 grillc1400 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adverb] > bitterly bitter1604 piercingly1834 nippingly1890 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adverb] > in a nipping or piercing manner (of cold) eagerly1603 bitter1604 nipping1795 piercingly1834 nippingly1890 the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adverb] bitterlyc1000 savouringly1647 bitter1824 971 Blickl. Hom. 195 Hit weorþeþ þe swiþe bitere forgolden. ?a1325 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 93 Þou salt hit rew bitter and sore. 1393 Langland Piers Plowman C. xvii. 220 The biterour he shal a-bygge bote yf he [wel] worche. 1604 Shakespeare Hamlet i. i. 6 Tis bitter cold, And I am sick at hart. View more context for this quotation 1707 C. Cibber Double Gallant (ed. 2) i. 7 My Lady is bitter Young and Gamesome. 1824 T. Campbell Wounded Hussar How bitter she wept o'er the victim of war! 1886 R. L. Stevenson Strange Case Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde 73 [A butler says] ‘This drug is wanted bitter bad, sir.’ This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online June 2016). > see alsoalso refers to : bitter-comb. form < see also |
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