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单词 shirk
释义

shirkn.1

Forms: Also 1600s shirke, sherk, shurk.
Etymology: Perhaps < German schurke (earlier schork , schurk ): see shark n.2
Obsolete.
A needy, disreputable parasite; one who makes a living by sponging on others, cheating at play, swindling, or the like; a sharper. = shark n.2
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > a charlatan, fraudster > [noun] > a sharper, swindler
hawk1548
huckster1556
shifterc1562
coney-catcher1591
sharker1594
shark1600
bat-fowler1602
guller1602
gull-groper1602
poop-noddy1616
int1631
shirk1639
knight of industrya1658
hockettor1672
biter1680
sharper1681
duffer1735
sharp1797
diddler1803
chevalier of industry1807
flat-catcher1821
thimble-man1830
thimblerigger1831
thimblerig1839
riggerc1840
chevalier of fortune1867
flim-flammer1881
spiv1929
sharpie1942
shrewd1954
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > [noun] > servile flatterer > parasite
clienta1393
lick-dishc1440
maunche present1440
scambler?a1513
smell-feast1519
parasite1539
hanger-on1549
parasitaster1552
waiter at the table1552
lick-trencher1571
hang-by1579
shadow1579
trencher-fly1590
trencher-friend1590
fawnguest1592
pot-hunter1592
lick-spigot1599
trencherman1599
shark1600
tub-hunter1600
zany1601
lick-box1611
by-hangera1626
cosherer1634
shirk1639
panlicker1641
clientelary1655
tantony1659
led friend1672
sponger1677
fetcher and carrier1751
myrmidon1800
trencher-licker1814
onhanger1821
tag-tail1835
sponge1838
lick-ladle1849
lick-platter1853
sucker1856
freeloader1933
bludger1938
ligger1977
joyrider1990
1639 J. Taylor Divers Crabtree Lect. 164 You are an Asse, a Shirke, a Rooke.
1668 S. Pepys Diary 8 Mar. (1976) IX. 109 He is a shirke, who owns his owing me 10l for his Lady two or three year ago, and yet cannot provide to pay me.
1681 E. Hickeringill Char. Sham-plotter (single sheet) (verso) When Shoals of these Shirks these Tories and Sham-Plotters, appear Bare-fac't in any Land or Nation, they are as Fatal..as Sword-Fishes, Sharks, and Whales, when thrown up in the Thames.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Shurk, a Sharper.
1710 Medley No. 12 Some..may be reckon'd tame Creatures, such as are those Shirks that ply about Great Tables.
1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Shirk, a sharping Fellow that lies upon the Catch, as the Shark-fish.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

shirkn.2

Brit. /ʃəːk/, U.S. /ʃərk/
Etymology: < shirk v.
1. One who shirks (work, obligations).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > undutiful person > [noun] > avoiding
shrinker1554
shirker1799
shirk1818
funker1826
gold brick1905
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > one who
skulkc1320
loundererc1425
old soldier1722
malingerer1785
skulker1785
shirker1799
shirk1818
slink1824
schemer1843
sconcer1843
scrimshanker1882
scrimshank1886
sooner1892
Weary Willie1896
slacker1898
slackster1901
sugarer1904
work-shy1904
gold brick1905
tired Tim (also Timothy)1906
lead-swinger1917
piker1917
gold-bricker1919
slinker1919
poler1938
skiver1941
1818 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 3 402 He..Reviled the Dutchers as Poltroons and shirks.
1883 A. Jessopp Arcady iv The shambling and scrofulous shirk whom you may find any night soaking at the pothouse.
2. An act or the practice of shirking. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] > avoidance > instance
shirk1863
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > opportunity for or an act of
come-off1678
mike1825
shirk1863
gold-bricking1901
scrimshank1903
lead-swing1952
skive1958
skive1980
1863 Sat. Rev. 29 Aug. 278/1 Small shirks may be apples of Sodom, but they clearly constitute with some people one of the main pleasures of life.
1877 F. J. Furnivall Leopold Shakspere Introd. 85 We saw the many shirks from doing his duty of which Hamlet was guilty.
1897 Daily News 3 June 5/7 Leisure—and shirk—have been the characteristics of the proceedings of this remarkable body.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

shirkn.3

Etymology: Probably < German dialect schirk (in Nemnich 1793).
Obsolete. rare.
The sturgeon.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > subclass Actinopterygii > [noun] > infraclass Chondrostei > order Acipenseriformes > member of family Acipenseridae (sturgeon)
sturgeona1300
sound1323
sturec1485
esox?1527
shirk?1706
isinglass-fish1740
hackleback1914
?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. ii. 27 For a Whale's Throat is narrower (to my knowledge then a Fish (called a Shirk) but of two Yards long).
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

shirkv.

Brit. /ʃəːk/, U.S. /ʃərk/
Forms: Also 1600s sherke, shurk, shirke, 1600s–1700s sherk.
Etymology: Belongs to shirk n.1; see shark v.1 1.
1.
a. intransitive. To practise fraud or trickery, esp. instead of working as a means of living; to prey or sponge upon others; rarely to pilfer (from another). Obsolete. Cf. shark v.1 1b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > act fraudulently, cheat [verb (intransitive)] > as way of life
shift1580
shark1608
shirk1633
to live upon the shark1694
spiv1947
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour [verb (intransitive)] > be a parasite or sponger
hang1535
lick1602
parasite1609
shirk1633
sponge1673
scunge1846
coat-tail1852
leech1937
freeload1940
lig1960
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > petty theft or pilfering > pilfer [verb (intransitive)]
pelfa1400
picka1555
befilch1566
filch1567
pilch1573
lurch1593
purloin1611
nim1622
shirk1709
pilfer1729
maraud1770
souvenir1897
1633 S. Marmion Fine Compan. iv. i. G 3 b Thou shalt follow the Court like a Baboone, when a thousand proper fellowes shall sherke for their ordinary.
1655 tr. C. Sorel Comical Hist. Francion iii. 74 How well he could practice the Lawes of pilfering, by sherking on his Disciples [Fr. friponant sur ses disciples], to feast his friends.
1699 Country Gentleman's Vade-mecum 77 I utterly lose my Pitty, when I see one of these Wretches shirking about in Rags.
1709 W. Reeves tr. Justin Martyr et al. Apol. (1716) I. 4 The Platonist Amelius,..upon reading the first Verses of his [S. John's] Gospel, cry'd out, Per Jovem Barbarus iste cum Platone nostro sentit, By Jove this Barbarian has been shirking from our Master Plato.
b. transitive. To obtain by cunning or by sponging. Also to shirk up. Obsolete. Cf. shark v.1 2.
ΘΠ
the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by irregular means
miswinc1400
sorn1563
shirk1635
sponge1676
whizzle1787
mooch1865
honeyfuggle1905
hot-stuff1914
scrounge1917
hum1918
ponce1938
organize1941
bludge1944
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > treat fraudulently, cheat [verb (transitive)] > obtain fraudulently
wilea1400
lurch1530
fox1596
shirk1635
rook1647
trick1662
pigeon1675
sharp1699
cheat1712
fob1792
snakea1861
wangle1888
slip1890
finagle1926
skuldug1936
swizz1961
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > commendation or praise > flattery or flattering > servile flattery or currying favour > flatter servilely or curry favour with [verb (transitive)] > sponge on > obtain by sponging
shirk1635
sponge1676
1635 E. Rainbow Labour 39 You that never heard the call of any Vocation..; that shirke living from others, but time from yourselves.
1672 J. Eachard Mr. Hobbs's State Nature Considered 34 Small mater that was shirk'd up in France from some of Cartes's acquaintance, and spoyled in the telling.
c. intransitive. To shift or fend for oneself. U.S.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > be independent [verb (intransitive)] > be self-sufficient
to suffice to oneselfc1475
to shift for oneselfa1513
to work out (one's own) salvation1535
reside1610
to stand on (also upon) one's own (two) feet1621
to stand on (also upon) one's own (two) legs1623
shirk1843
to fish for oneself1867
to live on one's hump1909
1843 C. Mathews Var. Writings 71/1 As for Harvest, let him shirk for himself.
1849 N. Kingsley Diary 76 I can shirk for myself pretty well after going through a campaign in the New Haven and California Joint Stock company.
1850 C. Mathews Moneypenny xviii He saves him from a house a-fire, and..he sends him off next morning to shirk for himself.
1861 Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. 4 515 You might just as well turn out your stall-fed..short-horn cow, and expect her to shirk for herself.
1874 2nd Rep. Vermont State Board Agric. 1873–4 422 They are then turned into the pasture to shirk for themselves.
2. intransitive.
a. To go evasively or slyly; to slink, to sneak away, out, etc. †rarely said of things.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going away > go away [verb (intransitive)] > go away suddenly or hastily > secretly or abscond
to run awayOE
elope1596
to step aside1620
abscond1652
shirk1681
decamp1751
levant1797
absconce1823
skip1865
skin1871
to shoot the crow1887
sneak1896
to go through1933
to take a run-out powder1933
1681 Arraignm.,Tryal & Condemnation S. Colledge 25 Mr. Dugd... You said Rowley was gone, the Rogue was afraid of himself, he was shirked away.
1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. ix. 214 Trying often to harpoon a floating pat of butter, which, as often, slips aside, or ducks and shirks under your knife.
1812 G. Colman Poet. Vagaries 139 Polyglot Behind the bed-curtain had got, Shirking, and dodging From his Co-Partner.
1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. xxii. 218 He and his comrades had been obliged to shirk on board at night, to escape from their wives.
1867 R. Broughton Cometh up as Flower II. xiv. 204 Sometimes..I managed to shirk out by myself..and dawdle..about the park.
1874 S. Baring-Gould Yorks. Oddities I. 236 I..came shirking round towards t'back door i't' yard.
b. To withdraw or draw back through lack of courage from one's word or from an engagement.
ΘΠ
the mind > emotion > fear > timidity > be timorous [verb (intransitive)] > hesitate or hang back through timidity
wondec897
arghc1175
scurnc1325
erch1584
to hang the winga1601
shirk1778
crane1823
the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > be cowardly or show signs of cowardice [verb (intransitive)] > shirk or skulk
skulk1626
shirk1778
to funk out1859
duff1883
to chicken out1931
fink1966
wimp1981
cowardize2003
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > withdraw from an engagement or promise
runOE
withdraw1340
waivec1386
to pass from (also of, fro)c1449
recoil1481
to go back1530
recant1585
resile1641
shirk1778
renegea1849
slink1853
welsh1870
to throw over1891
1778 S. Crisp Let. to F. Burney 8 Dec. Don't imagine..that I am retracting or shirking back from what I have said above.
1820 Ld. Byron Let. 7 Sept. (1977) VII. 172 One of the Cities shirked from the league.
3. transitive.
a. To evade (a person, his conversation, acquaintance, etc.); to avoid meeting, to dodge, ‘give the slip’ to. Now rare or Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > render unsociable [verb (transitive)] > avoid
voidc1374
eschew1377
avoidc1384
shirk1787
the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > contrive to escape or evade > a person or slip away from
aglya1250
outsteala1325
glide?1510
slip1513
betrumpa1522
to give (one) the slip1567
to get by ——1601
outslip1616
to give (a person or thing) the go-by1653
elude1667
to tip (a person) the picks1673
bilk1679
to tip (a person) the pikes1688
to give one the drop1709
jouk1812
double1819
sneak1819
shirk1837
duck1896
1787 F. Burney Diary June (1842) III. 378 They have all a really most undue dislike of her, and shirk her conversation, and fly to one another, to discourse on hunting and horses.
1801 M. Edgeworth Belinda II. xvii. 167 To punish her for shirking me, by the Lord, I'd [etc.].
1815 Zeluca I. 393 See, see—he's going to shirk Lady Kitty—he pretends he don't see her coming up.
1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 121 Nor would I..throw the slightest obstacle in the way of the escape of any one of the slaves who may be about to shirk their masters.
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 384/2 Us sailor chaps sometimes shirks the Custom-house lubbers, sharp as they are.
b. At Eton: to avoid meeting (a master, a sixth-form boy) when out of bounds. Also intransitive.
ΘΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > contrive to escape or evade > a person or slip away from > specifically a schoolmaster
shirk1821
1821 R. Durnford Rashleigh Letter-bag vi, in Etonian (1823) III. 182 I..began to consider..if I could have offended him by not shirking him out of bounds.
1869 ‘R. H. Blake-Humfrey’ Eton Boating Bk. Introd. 1 The necessity of all but the Sixth Form being obliged to shirk the Masters, and of all the Lower Boys having to shirk the Sixth Form.
1910 G. Smith Reminisc. iii. 38 If you met a master outside the nominal bounds you had to ‘shirk’, that is, to make a show of keeping out of sight.
4.
a. transitive. To evade (one's duty, work, obligations, etc.).
ΘΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (transitive)] > avoid
scuff1595
balk1631
evade1722
shirk1785
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from (action) [verb (transitive)] > avoid or shun > avoid (duty, work, or exertion)
shoot1543
scuff1595
to shuffle off1604
shirk1785
funk1834
gold-brick1918
dingo1930
squib1934
skate1945
1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Sherk, to sherk, to evade; to sherk one's duty.
1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful III. ix. 153 Father says we may, if we do our duty, and I don't mean to shirk mine.
1842 E. Miall in Nonconformist 2 377 They usually shirk the subject.
1861 ‘G. Eliot’ Silas Marner ix. 145 Let him..shirk the resolute honest work that brings wages, and he will presently find himself dreaming of a possible benefactor.
1880 L. Stephen Alexander Pope v. 126 This trick..was intended..to shirk responsibility.
b. transitive. U.S. To shift (responsibility, etc.) on to or upon (another person). Also with off.
ΘΚΠ
society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > be exempt from (a liability or obligation) [verb (transitive)] > transfer (a duty) to another
post1563
discharge1605
shirk1845
1845 J. R. Lowell Let. to C. F. Briggs 21 Aug. in Lett. (1894) I. 111 I would almost give half the rest of my life if I might shirk off upon somebody else all that is generally considered the pleasant result of a literary reputation.
1863 W. Phillips Speeches xvi. 368 Having shirked it on to the North.
c. intransitive. To practise evasion of work, one's duties, responsibilities, etc.
ΘΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (intransitive)] > avoid > habitually
shirk1853
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > abstain or refrain from action [verb (intransitive)] > avoid > avoid duty, work, or exertion
feignc1300
lurk1551
slug1642
skulk1781
malinger1820
mike1838
shirk1853
slinker1880
scrimshank1882
pike1889
scow1901
spruce1916
to swing the lead1917
bludge1919
to dodge the column1919
skive1919
to screw off1943
to do a never1946
to fuck off1946
to dick off1948
1853 W. M. Thackeray Eng. Humourists iii. 158 He was shirking at the tavern.
1865 J. G. Holland Plain Talks iv. 119 The disposition to shirk seems to be constitutional with the human race.
1886 W. H. Long Dict. Isle of Wight Dial. ‘He's ben and shirked off wi'out dooen his work’. ‘He's too windy by half, and he's sure to shirk out on't zomehow or nother’.

Derivatives

ˈshirking n.
ΘΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] > avoidance
shirking1638
funking1823
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun] > as alternative to work
shirking1638
the world > space > distance > distance or farness > [noun] > avoidance
avoidance1610
shirking1862
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion
blanching1642
skulking1805
soldiering1840
malingery1841
malingering1861
old soldierism1866
old soldiering1867
scrimshanking1881
shirking1899
gold-bricking1918
lead-swinging1930
skive1958
skiving1958
scowing1959
1638 J. Hollond Two Disc. Navy (1896) i. 54 'Twere safer..to give them a certain competent fee, than by an uncertain reward to expose them to shirking [Penn MS. sharking].
1862 Rep. Publ. Schools Comm. (1864) III. 283 (Eton) Have you any opinion as to the system of shirking?
1877 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 3) I. App. 621 Against plain facts and probabilities we have nothing to set except the shirkings and twistings of Dudo's rhetoric.
1899 M. Shearman et al. Football (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) (new ed.) 242 Any shirking..must be suppressed at once.
ˈshirking adj.
ΘΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [adjective] > avoiding duty
shirking1635
shirky1847
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [adjective] > cheating > instead of working
shirking1635
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [adjective] > that avoids or shuns > avoiding duty, work, or exertion
kid glove1856
malingering1862
scrimshanking1881
shirking1883
clock-watching1889
shirky1897
lead-swinging1930
skiving1959
1635 E. Rainbow Labour 40 Let this shirking generation be cast out.
1668 H. Rolle Abridgm. 53 You are a sherking Attorney.
1736 Disc. Witchcraft 42 These kind of shirking People, a Generation of impudent Liars.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island i. v. 38 ‘Search him, some of you shirking lubbers’,..he cried.
ˈshirker n. a person who shirks (duty, work, etc.).
ΘΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > undutiful person > [noun] > avoiding
shrinker1554
shirker1799
shirk1818
funker1826
gold brick1905
the world > action or operation > inaction > not doing > abstaining or refraining from action > [noun] > avoiding an action or condition > avoiding duty, work, or exertion > one who
skulkc1320
loundererc1425
old soldier1722
malingerer1785
skulker1785
shirker1799
shirk1818
slink1824
schemer1843
sconcer1843
scrimshanker1882
scrimshank1886
sooner1892
Weary Willie1896
slacker1898
slackster1901
sugarer1904
work-shy1904
gold brick1905
tired Tim (also Timothy)1906
lead-swinger1917
piker1917
gold-bricker1919
slinker1919
poler1938
skiver1941
1799 King George IV in Paget Papers (1896) I. 150 I can safely swear I never flinched one [glass],..& you well know I am not even upon indifferent occasions a Shirker.
1884 Macmillan's Mag. Nov. 4/1 Lord Malmesbury..was no shirker of work.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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