释义 |
slaven.adj.Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French esclave; Latin sclavus. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French esclave (in Old French also as esclas , esclaf , in Middle French also as esclauf ; French esclave ) slave (c1170), person who submits in a servile manner to the authority or direction of another or others (mid 14th cent. or earlier), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin sclavus, sclava slave (9th or 10th cent.; frequently from 12th cent. in British sources, also as esclavus , slavus ), apparently an extended use of Sclavus Slav n. (see note).Parallel forms in other languages. Compare (all ultimately < post-classical Latin sclavus ) Old Occitan esclau (13th cent.), Catalan esclau (13th cent.), Spanish esclavo (c1200), Portuguese escravo (15th cent.), Italian schiavo (13th cent.), and also Middle Dutch slave (Dutch slaaf ), Middle Low German slāve , Middle High German slave , schklafe (German Sklave , †Schlave ), Swedish slav , †eslav , †schlave , †sklaf (17th cent.), Danish slave , †sklave , †esclave (17th cent.), all in the sense ‘slave’. Compare also Arabic ṣaqlab (also ṣiqlābī ) Slav, slave, eunuch (10th cent.; probably < Greek: see below). Further etymology. It is usually assumed that post-classical Latin sclavus ‘slave’ shows an extended use of Sclavus Slav n. (with reference to the status of conquered Slavic peoples in the 9th or 10th cent.; for a similar semantic development, compare Welsh adj. 1b, 3, and see discussion at that entry). However, it is unclear whether the development took place in Latin or Greek (where σκλάβος is attested in sense ‘slave’ only considerably later: 12th cent.), and whether it originated in Central Europe, southern Italy, or the Balkans. An alternative suggestion, deriving post-classical Latin sclavus ‘slave’ from an unattested Byzantine Greek derivative of Hellenistic Greek σκυλάειν (variant of ancient Greek σκυλεύειν ) ‘to despoil a slain enemy’ (subsequently identified by folk etymology with Sclavus Slav n.), poses formal difficulties and is not supported by early evidence in Byzantine Greek or post-classical Latin. Compare a folk-etymological association of the post-classical Latin and Byzantine Greek words for ‘Serbia’ and ‘the Serbs’ with post-classical Latin servus serf n. (see the foreign-language forms and discussion at Serbian n.). Form history. The β. forms show a common simplification of the cluster scl- (compare slander v., slate n.1, slice v.1). A similar development is found in several other Germanic languages (compare the forms cited above). Compare also discussion at Slav n. A. n. I. Senses referring to a person. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave α. c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 10 in C. Horstmann (1887) 106 He was sone i-nome, Ase A sclaue forth i-lad and i-don In prisone. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil ix. v. 114 My fader..Twelf chosin matronis sall ȝou geif all fre, To be ȝour sclavis in captiuite. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. (1882–7) xlviii. 161 It is a sclaue, a crysten woman, whom we bought at Damiet. a1656 Bp. J. Hall (1659) 12 How many sclaves under the vassalage of an enemie fare better then thou didst from ingratefull man, whom thou camest to save? β. 1524 R. Copland tr. J. de Bourbon Syege Cyte of Rodes in sig. Diiiv They wolde not that they were slayne nor made slaues to the enmyes.1563 N. Winȝet (1888) I. 50 As thai war slawes, presoneris, and captiues in a raip.a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. ii. 310 Wee'll visit Caliban, my slaue, who neuer Yeelds vs kinde answere. View more context for this quotation1667 J. Milton xii. 167 Of guests he makes them slaves Inhospitably. View more context for this quotation1718 Lady M. W. Montagu 10 Apr. (1965) I. 401 You'l expect I should say something..of the Slaves.1764 O. Goldsmith 19 The wealth..Pillag'd from slaves, to purchase slaves at home.1809–10 S. T. Coleridge (1865) 73 They were preparing us to give up..the children of free ancestors to become slaves, and the fathers of slaves!1883 Aug. 331/1 He..helped a number of fugitive slaves to freedom by the ‘under-ground’ route.1909 E. Hill in E. Hill & O. F. Shafer 11 The slaves of ancient empires..were not recognised as ‘persons’, but they built the hanging gardens of Babylon.1968 N. Cruz & J. Buckingham (1993) xv. 205 I..became his slave. I had to do what he wanted..and he wanted me to prostitute for him to bring in the money.1974 9 June c5 Census-records, birth records, old plantation lists—anything which could shed light on how slaves lived and worked.2016 17 May 24/2 The man..told appalled doctors that he was a slave, owned by people who forced him to work as a gardener, never paid him and effectively kept him a prisoner in their house. 2. the mind > emotion > humility > servility > [noun] > servile person society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [noun] > devoted society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave > one comparable to slave society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to conditions > [noun] > drudge or slave-labourer 1521 in H. Bradshaw 3rd balade sig. s.iiii Be nowe beniuolent, whan I shall on the call Vnto thy slaue. 1600 172 Duronda..most villanously abused these two more then angelical creatures; by making them slaues to moyle and toyle, and putting them to all kinde of continuall beastly drudgery. 1685 J. Evelyn (1955) IV. 484 He..is..of nature cruell & a slave of this Court. 1774 O. Goldsmith II. 121 The women, therefore, of these countries, are the greatest slaves upon earth. 1849 T. B. Macaulay I. ii. 163 Oliver, the head of a party, and consequently, to a great extent, the slave of a party. 1920 D. H. Lawrence xxii. 327 Hermione would have been his slave—there was in her a horrible desire to prostrate herself before a man. 2013 10 June (Times2 section) 2 All I can do is imagine some poor overworked office slave at GCHQ in Cheltenham pulling his or her hair out, as they go through my conversation, line by line. the mind > will > necessity > [noun] > subjugation of the will to something else > one whose will is subjugated 1543 J. Bale f. 94v No where canne there dwell anye peple, but they make them captyue slaues vnto soche Idols. 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Cade xxiv Therefore Baldwin warne men folow reason, Subdue theyr wylles, and be not Fortunes slaues. 1604 W. Shakespeare iii. ii. 179 Purpose is but the slaue to memorie. View more context for this quotation 1620 T. Granger 102 He is the slaue of muddy Mammon. 1684 iii. 37 Well knowing that the Tartars are a People that use not to be very much slaves to their words. 1746 P. Francis tr. Horace in P. Francis & W. Dunkin tr. Horace i. i. 53 The Slave to Envy, Anger, Wine or Love. 1780 No. 87 The slaves of a weak, a childish, or a gloomy superstition. 1817 P. B. Shelley vi. xvii. 136 O War! of hate and pain Thou loathed slave. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato II. 150 [He] is the slave of his inveterate party prejudices. 1921 Z. Grey (1924) x. 232 ‘Why do you and I wear open-work silk stockings, skirts to our knees, gowns without sleeves or bodices?’ ‘We're slaves to fashion’, replied Eleanor. 1988 R. Tisserand (1990) iii. 48 Conventional medicine has become in most areas, a slave to the reductionist philosophy. 2006 1 Feb. 15 Where western musicians are slaves to the score, improvisation is vital to the ‘rag’ performance. the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > types of sexual behaviour > [noun] > sadism or masochism > person > with specific role 1901 I. iv. 81 My best beloved master, Do come tomorrow... Try to stay as late as possible if you wish to please your slave and make her very happy. 1921 F. Savage tr. L. von Sacher-Masoch 73 ‘You have awakened my dearest dream... To be the slave of a woman, a beautiful woman, whom I love, whom I worship.’ ‘And who on that account maltreats you.’ 1980 E. White in L. Michaels & C. B. Ricks 244 The way to ask someone to be your slave..is ‘are you into a bottom scene?’ 1995 22 Mar. 23/3 It is hard to imagine him as a stereotypical leather-clad, whip-wielding ‘master’ disciplining his ‘slave’. †3. the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > condition of being held in contempt > [noun] > state or quality of being contemptible > contemptible person 1530 T. Elyot tr. Plutarch sig. B.iiiv After your children be comen to yeres, whan they shulde be commytted to Tutours, than for the remnaunt of their educacion you muste be circumspecte, that you do not commytte the gouernaunce of them to slaues or villaynes, or to men vnstable, false, or deceitfull. c1560 in J. Raine (1845) 64 Thou art a slave and a knave to fynd fault with me. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. iii. 34 This yellow Slaue [sc. gold], Will knit and breake Religions. View more context for this quotation 1643 (1872) 8 For abuseing of Gilbert Brek, officiar, in calling of him loun, slaw, and knave. 1780 W. Cowper 615 Though the deist rave, And atheist, if earth bear so base a slave. 1819 W. Scott II. viii. 133 ‘And what is to be my surety,’ said the Jew... ‘The word of the Norman noble, thou pawnbroking slave,’ answered Front-de-Bœuf. the world > people > person > man > [noun] the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > roguery > rogue > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > evil nature or character > lack of magnanimity or noble-mindedness > [noun] > baseness or moral vileness > person 1567 G. Turberville sig. H.iv What madnesse may be more than such a Lorde to haue, Who makes the chieftaine of his bande a ruke and raskall slaue? 1600 W. Cornwallis I. xv. sig. I6 I come nowe from discoursing with an Husband-man, an excellent stiffe slaue. 1694 T. Southerne i. i. 19 You, Rascal, Slave; what do I keep you for? How came this Woman in? II. Senses referring to an animal or thing. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Hymenoptera > [noun] > suborder Apocrita, Petiolata, or Heterophaga > group Aculeata (stinging) > ant > slave ant 1817 W. Kirby & W. Spence II. xvii. 75 Certain ants are affirmed to sally forth from their nests on predatory expeditions, for the singular purpose of procuring slaves to employ in their domestic business. 1859 C. Darwin vii. 220 I opened fourteen nests of F. sanguinea, and found a few slaves in all. 1940 G. S. Carter xxii. 461 The other ants (e.g. the British Formica sanguinea) which use workers of other species as slaves..are no more parasitic than the carnivorous animal is on its prey, except in so far as they lose freedom by so doing. 2017 B. 284 (Article ID 20162249) 2/1 Obligate slavemakers..have lost the abilities to perform social tasks, such as brood care or nest defence and die when not fed by their slaves. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > types of machine generally > [noun] > other types society > computing and information technology > software > [noun] > system or utility programmes > other 1924 23 May 451/1 The effect is that one pendulum measures time and does no work, whilst the slave does all the work and has its precise timing done for it. 1975 D. Pitts (1976) xxix. 126 ‘The first move is to get hold of that master computer.’.. ‘That would stop the explosion?’ ‘It will if they haven't given final instructions to the slave.’ 1987 (Nexis) 15 Feb. f8 Start one program in each machine. One becomes the ‘master,’ the other the ‘slave’. 2013 (Nexis) 6 May The master and slaves continuously monitor the network, so failover was nearly instantaneous in our tests. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [noun] > sail set on a stay > jib or sail set on forestay > types of 1934 June 119/2 These craft [sc. Bristol Channel pilot cutters], when in the pilot service, carried a heavy mainsail roped up the leech, a staysail with two sets of reef points, and a working jib, generally known as ‘the slave’. 1970 E. J. March II. vii. 263 A ‘slave’ slightly larger [than the storm jib] and so called because it was almost permanently set. B. adj.society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > of or relating to slaves > having position or character of slave 1562 Bp. J. Pilkington Vision of Abdy in sig. Cc.v I will..make thee more vyle and slaue..than any people round about thee. 1850 T. Carlyle i. 35 Algiers, Brazil or Dahomey hold nothing in them so authentically slave as you are. 2003 J. H. Yoder i. xi. 69 Whether the concept of freedom is itself clearly defined, whether one is always either completely free or completely slave. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > control(s) > [adjective] society > computing and information technology > software > [adjective] > system or utility program 1904 Rep. His Majesty's Astronomer at Cape of Good Hope for 1903 6 in (Cd. 2143) XIX. 309 The Clock consists of two separate instruments:—(a) A pendulum... (b) The ‘slave-clock’ with a wheel train and dead-beat escapement, the pendulum of which has a period of vibration slightly shorter than one second. 1945 Nov. 94/1 (caption) Master and slave stations transmit synchronized pulses, and the difference in their times of arrival determines the position of the ship or aircraft. 1968 (Gen. Electric Co.) 31/2 Illegal Procedure—Caused when the program attempts to violate its access rights. This includes..slave program access of address base registers reserved [printed reversed] for use. 1998 Mar. 33 In addition to bolts into the head and cill on the slave door.., all double doors come with hooks and top/bottom shoot bolts operated from the handle on the main door. 2001 30 June 407/3 So-called master-slave telerobotic devices..include a slave limb that follows the motions of a person's arm that's yoked into a master arm across the room. 2014 S. King 287 It's a slave program... You can't use it to turn on a computer..but if it is on, you can run everything from your own computer. Phrases1686 H. Higden 30 We predestin'd Reprobates, Are persecuted by the Fates. Like Slaves must drudge and carry double, Tugging the labouring Oar of Trouble. ?1720 83 So the Man who with Yoaking is once but oppress'd Must drudge like a Slave, or toil like a Beast. 1892 F. Marryat 17 She can hardly keep bread in her mouth and a dress on her back, and works like a slave at her painting to make ends meet. 1955 N. Coward 15 Sept. (2000) 282 Pete is working like a slave, orchestrating all day long while I grind out lyrics. 2012 5 Oct. 57/1 The crisis at Kingfisher Airlines deepened last night after the wife of a company employee committed suicide and staff said that they were being treated ‘like slaves’ in a bitter row over unpaid salaries. P2. the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > evil spirit or demon > [noun] > of Muhammadan demonology > specific society > authority > subjection > service > servant > types of servant > [noun] > menial servant or drudge society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > one who compels > one who is compelled 1810 ‘A Briton’ 66 You are not likely to be one of the slaves of the lamp of Aladdin; and to build a palace that shall disappear in an instant, as it was raised by the breath of a moment. 1841 C. Dickens 1 July (1969) II. 319 I am bound to be..constant to my plans. I am a poor Slave of the Lamp. 1953 E. Coxhead v. 120 Their working life was a deadening one. They were as near as possible machines themselves, slaves of the implacable lamp. 2001 19 Dec. (Sports section) s3 Literature is intoxicating stuff and all those tempted by it become Slaves of the Lamp. Compounds C1. Now chiefly historical. society > authority > [noun] > those in authority > person in authority > master of slaves society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > types of song > [noun] > folk-song > black society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > servile or menial work 1613 G. Chapman iv. sig. H1 He had bought his bands out With their slaue blouds. 1791 W. Cowper 27 May (1982) III. 519 As for Politics..I reck not, having no room in my head for any thing but the slave-bill. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre (1799) III. 651 The violent remonstrances of our traders in favour of the inhuman slave-traffic. 1822 20 Oct. 1/4 The Continental Monarchs were but so many slave-masters. 1852 J. M. Ludlow 195 The tendency of the slave-system being to divide the white population. 1881 May 818/2 The plaintive slave songs..have won popularity wherever the English language is spoken. 1916 D. H. Lawrence 303 Life is now a matter of selling oneself to slave-work. 1971 June 11/1 We were so abhorrent to our slavemasters that legal barriers were instituted to prevent the natural process of assimilation. 1996 29 Apr. 10/5 They did the samba and the capoeira, a martial-arts step used in slave revolts. 2007 I. McDonald 72 There's a lot of old slave-days stuff down in the basements of this fazenda, including an iron slave-mask for gagging unruly peças that scares him. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave > collectively 1735 J. Atkins 259 A[nchored at] Anamboo..a noted Place of stopping, for all our Windward trading Ships, to compleat their Slave Cargoes. 1865 June 752 The last slave-coffle that shall ever tread the streets of Richmond. 1935 J. S. Huxley & A. C. Haddon ix. 279 A slave-class..of markedly different ethnic type from their masters. 2002 T. Pinchuck et al. (ed. 3) 108 By the end of the eighteenth century, the almost 26,000-strong slave population of the Cape exceeded that of the free burghers. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > places inhabited by slaves society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > trading vessel > [noun] > involved in slave trade 1796 H. M. Williams IV. vii. 177 The faithful historian of a slave-ship would perhaps admit, that there are horrors beyond the drowning scenes of Carrier, or the guillotines of Robespierre. 1837 H. Martineau II. ii. i. 49 The slave-quarter is large. 1860 E. B. Pusey 135 The great slave-mart at Delos. 1890 G. A. Henty 76 A warrant to search your slave-huts..for a runaway negro. 1901 W. Churchill i. iv. 35 A score of miserable human beings waiting to be sold at auction. Mr. Lynch's slave pen had been disgorged that morning. 1931 4 June 440/3 Characteristic..are the winding entrance gangways, a feature..in the..‘slave pits’. 1943 H. T. Kane iii. 256 A barn and a few slave houses are all that can be found today of the former grandeur of the Durands, among the trees. 1973 R. Dougall xi. 127 The great bulk of the work was carried out manually by wretched, scarecrow figures dressed in rags... They were gangs from the notorious Stalin slave camps in the Arctic. 1999 K. A. Appiah & H. L. Gates 1870/2 Slave vessels sailed from Europe with large crews, including surgeons, carpenters, coopers (barrel-workers), cooks.., sailors.., and others hired to guard slaves on the African coast and on the Middle Passage. 2018 R. Eddo-Lodge (rev. ed.) i. 4 The vast slave ships that transported African people across the Atlantic were severely cramped. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to conditions > [noun] > drudge or slave-labourer society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave > female 1607 T. Middleton ii. sig. E Where's this slaue-pander now? 1709 Ld. Shaftesbury 62 'Twas difficult to apprehend..what Publick [subsisted] between an Absolute Prince and his Slave-Subjects. 1813 P. B. Shelley v. 69 The slave-soldier lends His arm to murderous deeds. 1848 J. S. Mill I. ii. v. 294 No slave-labourers are worse fed, clothed, or lodged, than the free peasantry of Ireland. 1897 M. Kingsley iii. 70 I have myself seen..slave women who had suffered for theft. 1900 July 205 The honour that was paid to the slave-martyrs. 1980 F. Warner ii. 10 I gave the Emperor that slave-girl, Acte. 2018 No. 131 195 Ta-Nehisi Coates..tells the story of Hiram, a slave boy on a tobacco plantation in Virginia. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > one who enslaves or owns slaves society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > one who buys or sells slaves society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > acquisition of slaves by raiding > one who acquires by raiding society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > enslaving or using slave labour society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [noun] > trade in slaves society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > acquisition of slaves by raiding 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny I. 162 A merchant slaue-seller. 1735 J. Thomson 32 Extended in her hand the Cap, and Rod, Whose Slave-inlarging touch gave double life. 1799 13 July 4/2 The slave carrying ships were pestilential jails. 1828 J. F. Cooper II. xiii. 296 The confederation is nearly equally divided into slave-owning, and what are called free states. 1835 J. E. Alexander ix. 212 Many of the governors have held office solely for the purpose of enriching themselves by slave-dealing. 1863 W. Phillips v. 75 The pulpit preached slave-hunting. 1864 Jan. 10 The slave-dealing king of Dahomey. 1874 J. R. Green i. §3. 17 ‘They are English, Angles!’ the slave-dealers answered. 1893 Apr. 295 The son of a slave-broker in Cairo. 1933 A. N. Whitehead iii. 34 Mediaeval wars were dissociated from slave-raiding expeditions. 1946 2 Nov. 607/2 Slave-raiders were exhausting a wasting asset, the chief export of tropical Africa. 1957 V. W. Turner vi. 193 The mechanisms which formerly maintained the norms governing the relations of slave-owners and slaves could no longer operate. 2019 J. M. Metzl 141 A once slave-owning state, Tennessee long mandated separate and unequal health care. 1764 C. Churchill i. 11 Some slave-got Villain. 1788 W. Cowper 26 To a slave-cultur'd island we came. 1809–10 P. B. Shelley On an Icicle in T. J. Hogg (1858) I. iv. 160 Where patriotism..Plants liberty's flag on the slave-peopled shore. 1860 T. P. Thompson (1861) III. cxli. 120 The supply of slave-grown cotton. 1990 14 Mar. (Food Suppl.) 2/4 They [sc. abolitionists] refused to use any slave-produced product, and some made drastic changes in their diets. 2010 M. Titorenko 22 Row upon row of slave made goods pack this place from the floor to the ceiling. C5. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Hymenoptera > [noun] > suborder Apocrita, Petiolata, or Heterophaga > group Aculeata (stinging) > ant > slave ant 1840 W. Swainson x. 335 Not being then acquainted with the slave ants, it was natural for us to conclude..that these pupæ rightly belonged to those who were conveying them; and whom we supposed were their parents. 1934 30 May b11/2 I was watching the nest of some slave ants, which was, as usual, guarded by several sentinels. 2017 73 450 Slave ants cannot recognize that they are working for a queen to which they are totally unrelated. the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > arm or leg ornament > [noun] > bracelet or armlet > other types of bracelet 1889 7 Sept. 6/3 Though not a large collection, it includes a sample of nearly everything possessed by the natives of the Upper Congo... War horns of ivory; musical instruments of bone and wood; slave bangles of heavy copper; [etc.]. 1905 7 July 7/4 The bride was attended by her sister as bridesmaid. She wore cream ninon de soie..and a set of sables, were the gift of the bridegroom, whose present to the bridesmaid was a gold slave bangle. 1923 U. L. Silberrad ii. 33 A green-glass slave bangle. 1975 D. Gray ii. 20 She wore..a silver slave bangle on her right arm. 2007 (Nexis) 2 Aug. 9 Key looks..cuff bracelets and slave bangles in metallics and bright plastic. 1792 R. Hamilton 15 At four o'clock in the morning..the Slave-Bell rings:—there is no trifling here! all must..instantly obey the call, and speed them to their labour. 1852 W. B. Hoyt i. 18 Evening after evening he hears the peal of the slave bell, after which it is unlawful..to be found in the streets without a written permit from his owner. 1946 T. Macdonald 14 The old slave bells by the farmhouses were still rung to bring the coloured folk to work and to end the labour of their days, but all were now free men. 2011 (Nexis) 10 Feb. 16 As children we were fascinated by the large slave bell, not appreciating its significance. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > market for buying or selling slaves > block or platform for display of 1846 27 Feb. Washington and Alexandria continue to be slave marts, and their citizens crowd the slave block with human victims. 1907 R. Kipling (1909) 188 The Hajji had often gloatingly appraised his skill..at five thousand rupees upon any slave block. 1966 11 74 She was only eight when she was sold on the slave block. 2004 38 203/1 Although there seems to be some affection between Emily and her husband, the fact that Mr. Garie had actually purchased his ‘wife’ on the slave block skews domestic ideals of loving reciprocity. the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > jewellery > arm or leg ornament > [noun] > bracelet or armlet > other types of bracelet 1877 7 Apr. 224/3 In jewellery there is but one innovation, and..it is the slave-bracelet, and only owes its name to the fact that it was worn for the first time by the slave in the new piece Paul et Virginie [sc. an opera]. It is a nickel chain with a ball at one end. 1905 5 Dec. 10/7 Rigid bracelets are returning to favour, and the perfectly plain, heavy, round gold circlet, just large enough to slip over the hand, known as ‘the Slave bracelet’, is being largely bought. 1940 R. Chandler xxi. 164 An emerald..that..managed to look as phony as a dime-store slave bracelet. 1976 N. Botham & P. Donnelly xxii. 169 Her special gift for her husband—a platinum slave bracelet. 2019 M. Brennan (e-book, accessed 19 June 2022) The unfortunately-termed slave bracelet, also called a hand flower, links a bracelet to a finger-ring via decorations that extend over the back of the hand, and may have originated in India. 1845 8 Nov. 726/2 (heading) Not a horse-breaker, but a slave-breaker. 1881 F. Douglass xvi. 446 He had..hired me out to a noted slave breaker to be worked like a beast and flogged into submission. 1956 K. M. Stamp 188 If a master was too squeamish to undertake the rugged task of humbling a refractory bondsman, he might send him to a..professional ‘slave breaker’. 2019 A. J. Fuller in L. M. Harris et al. vi. 122 The Charleston workhouse was a hellish place where slave breakers worked fiendishly with whips to punish slaves chained like animals to the treadmill. society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > [noun] > captain or master > of specific type of vessel 1790 38 Slave Captains, tried in England, for murdering seamen. 1808 T. Clarkson I. 378 Norris had been formerly a slave-captain, but had quitted the trade. 2012 32 234 It is unlikely that a slave captain would have been charged for the murder of an African slave during the seventeenth or most of the eighteenth century. 1799 29 590/2 (index) Crosses the Jalouka wilderness, in company with a slave caravan. 1840 T. B. Macaulay Ranke's Hist. in (1897) 558 The marts of the African slave-caravans. 1909 B. T. Washington I. ii. v. 97 Long marches of the slave-caravans. 2020 Y. M. Juwayeyi xiii. 211 The goal was to..prevent slave caravans from travelling to the coast. 1821 171 They are a Caste of Parriars, which is higher than the Slave Caste. 1895 C. S. Horne 95 Members of the poor slave-castes must not approach nearer than ninety paces to a Brahmin. 2016 (Nexis) 20 Jan. Life for Mauritania's slave caste is ‘sub-human’, says Merzough, who said children born into the caste are condemned to a life of domestic servitude, violence and poverty. the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Africa > [noun] > West Africa 1702 D. Jones II. 1229 As for what they have in Africa, there is first the Isle of Goeree, or L' Islette de St. Louis, near Cape Vert, which is on the Slave Coast. 1875 I. 269 The Slave Coast extends from the river Volta to the Calabar river. 2019 50 12 The history of Lagos as a trade center and its situation on the slave coast lurk in the subtext of Okorafor's story of invasion from the sea. society > law > types of laws > [noun] > relating to ethnic minorities 1774 E. Long II. iii. v. 496 The Negroes in our colonies might..have fared better, if their masters had taken the Athenian slave code for their guide, instead of ransacking the statute-law of England for modes of judging and chastizing them. 1859 15 Sept. 1/2 New Mexico passed a slave code, protecting and maintaining slavery in the Territory as a democratic institution, and punishing all offenses against slave property. 1866 C. Sumner 31/2 Strike at the Black Code, as you have already struck at the Slave Code... You have already proclaimed Emancipation; proclaim Enfranchisement also. 1952 37 239 The legal questions involved..the right of Negroes to testify in court, a right heretofore denied under the slave codes. 2016 D. Olusoga ii. 70 The Slave Code divided Barbados society along the lines of race. All white men of all classes were accorded rights that were systematically denied to black people. society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > binding or fettering > [noun] > bond(s) or fetter(s) or shackle(s) > for the neck > stick for slaves 1863 28 The slaves..were soon collected and released, the slave forks being transferred to the necks of the dealers. 1898 11 Apr. 4/7 Many poor wretches fighting in fetters or in slave-forks. 2013 W. Mulligan in W. Mulligan & M. Bric 156 The slave fork was a staple part of many anti-slavery meetings. It was part of a conscious effort to appeal to European sensibilities. 1776 G. Sharp (title page) Tyrants, Slave-holders, and Oppressors. 1861 23 Nov. 525 An intention of alarming the slaveholders of the coast. 1982 3 i. 19 A majority of the planters attempted to surmount the moral conflict inherent in being a slave-holder. 1798 29 June (1851) 2058 At present the slaveholding parts of the State are burdened with the heaviest part of the State taxes. 1837 H. Martineau II. 77 This brought in an accession of slave-holding settlers. 1841 J. Sturge Let. 30 June in (1842) 33 If slave-holding were to be justified at all, the slave-trade must be also. 1863 J. H. Speke p. xxvi The whole system of slave-holding..is exceedingly strange. 1959 D. K. Wilgus 353 White songs in the slave-holding areas. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > sail > [noun] > sail set on a stay > jib or sail set on forestay > types of 1948 R. de Kerchove 685/2 Slave jib, a term used by yachtsmen to denote a working jib, almost permanently set. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > dynasty > [noun] > member of other specific Asian 1841 M. Elphinstone II. vi. i. 1 (heading) Slave kings. 1882 W. W. Hunter ix. 223 Kutab-ud-dín had started life as a Túrkí slave, and several of his successors rose by valour or intrigue from the same low condition to the throne. His dynasty is accordingly known as that of the Slave Kings. 1958 O. Caroe i. 17 The slave-kings who followed them in Delhi were, every one, a Turk. 2008 35 158 Thereafter came the Sultanate period with the Slave kings, the Khiljis, the Tughlaqs, the Sayyids, the Lodhis and Mughals (under whom Delhi flourished as probably never before) and finally the British. society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > forced, statute, or feudal work 1680 J. Atkins in J. Wareing (2017) Introd. 4 (modernized text) Since people have found out the convenience and cheapness of slave-labour, they no longer keep white men, who used to do all the work on the plantations. 1820 9 Feb. (1855) 1213 Free labor and slave labor cannot be employed together. 1871 C. Kingsley II. xvi. 285 Exclusive sugar cultivation had put a premium on unskilled slave-labour. 1966 24 Aug. 6/2 To be a houseman at Guy's is an honour awarded to top students... It is also, as elsewhere, slave labour at about 2s. 9d. an hour. 1982 F. McGuinness Factory Girls iii, in (1996) 33 Rebecca You have some of us nearly blinded at the rates you expect us to keep up. Vera It's hardly work anymore. It's slave labour. 2010 1 Feb. 33/2 Its many factories had been converted to military use, with slave labor producing Luftwaffe bombsights, time-delay fuses, and other hardware. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > market for buying or selling slaves society > occupation and work > working > labour supply > [noun] > employment exchange society > trade and finance > trading place > market > [noun] > for specific type of goods 1653 T. Fuller i. 4 How many of these persons being taken prisoners, and sold, like beasts in the slave-market, accounted themselves utterly undone for the losse of (the life of their Life) their Liberty? 1835 W. E. Channing iv. 87 Slave-markets..turn to mockery the language of freedom in the halls of Congress. 1871 E. A. Freeman (1876) IV. 92 Since Gregory had beheld the angelic children of Deira in the Roman slave-market. 1911 G. B. Shaw Getting Married Pref. in 179 We are in the slave-market, where the conception of our relations to the persons sold is..simply commercial. 1960 8 Feb. 2/2 The chances are that he will be a regular customer at the slave market for a few months. 2021 (Nexis) 6 Nov. Along with using Instagram as a host for online slave markets, the traffickers were also found using the platform's algorithm-based hashtags to boost the reach of their posts. the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > criticism > [noun] > types of morality 1893 6 140 Semitic slave morality, as he scornfully calls the law of love, must be replaced by Aryan master-morality as alone worthy to guide the conduct of the monstrous ‘Uebermensch’. 1907 G. B. Shaw Major Barbara Pref. in 153 Nietzsche..regarded the slave-morality as having been..imposed on the world by slaves making a virtue of necessity and a religion of their servitude. Mr Stuart-Glennie regards the slave-morality as an invention of the superior white race to subjugate the minds of the inferior races whom they wished to exploit. 2021 Summer 9 Building on Nietzsche's polemics, he argues that liberal ideology is a ‘slave morality’ that allows women and nonmasculine ‘bugmen’ to lord it over the strong. the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > other specific names or types of name 1845 A. Stewart 10 A Roman slave being set free, took the cognomen of his master for his sur or sir-name, and his slave name for his Christian. 1898 H. Kirke xi. 266 The old slave names, such as Venus, Adonis, Hercules, Pompey became surnames, so that we have Thomas Hercules, William Adonis. 1965 23 Feb. 9/3 He joined the black Muslim movement, ‘gave my slave name back to the white man’ and became Malcolm X. 2011 R. Bhattacharya ii. iii. 136 Akingbade..goes by this single epithet, Yoruba for ‘brave one who wears the crown’... Old friends call out to him as Charles. ‘Can I help it if certain ignorant specimens insist on calling me by my slave name?’ 1881 June 1004 An expedition of a third species (Amazons) had found a slave-nest to plunder, and were fairly on their march towards it. 1924 J. A. Thomson xiii. 73 When they utilise scouts who have discovered an underground slave-nest, the army sometimes loses its way. 2000 19 Aug. 116/2 When raiders took a potential queen from the slave nest, they raised her and allowed her to fly off to start a new colony. society > authority > power > [noun] > power of the people > of specific groups 1859 J. R. Bartlett (ed. 2) Slave Power, the political power of slaveholders; the body of slaveholders. 2012 26 113 Many of his contemporaries responded by raising their voices and their pens in protest of the Slave Power's threat to liberty. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > system or institution > state where slavery is legal the world > the earth > named regions of earth > America > North America > [noun] > United States > southern states > slave belt 1809 6 Nov. The citizens of our slave states, and the Northern slave holders have consented to and co-operated in the measures of this country for the arrestation and abolition of the slave trade. 1888 J. Bryce II. liii. 334 New States had been admitted substantially in pairs, a slave State balancing a free State. 2011 3 38 Even as late as 1910, 90 percent of the country's African Americans still lived in the former slave states. society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > binding or fettering > [noun] > bond(s) or fetter(s) or shackle(s) > for the neck > stick for slaves 1863 25 Apr. 263/2 They are all men who have been liberated from the slave-sticks. 1899 A. Werner 244 Once before I saw him there with people tied in slave-sticks. 2001 54 78 He personally saw ‘slave sticks’ carried by the black troops. On another occasion he commented on a slave stick, weighing 150 pounds, being on display at the Sports Club. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [noun] > slave > slave used by Nazis 1891 14 Oct. (4th ed.) [They] pledge themselves to do all in their power to bring about the social revolution, thereby destroying both master and slave-worker. 1919 20 Mar. 4/1 If Bolshevist rule in Russia continues it..would be an incalculable gain to Germany. It would provide her with slave workers by the million. 1940 10 Hordes have been transported into Germany as slave workers. 1971 P. D. James viii. 264 [They] were Jewish slave workers in Germany..they were given lethal injections. 2012 G. Pritchard 2 Allied troops found it difficult to control the bands of former slave workers and prisoners of war who rampaged across the German countryside in search of food and revenge. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2022). Slaven.2Etymology: translating Cree awahkān captive, slave; the disyllabic English forms reflect a local jargon variant with French suffix -ais. the world > people > ethnicities > North American peoples > peoples of British Columbia, Alberta, and Alaska > [noun] 1789 A. MacKenzie Let. 22 May in L. R. Masson (1889) 1st Ser. 30 Mr. Leroux arrived on the 22nd March from the other side of Slave Lake where he had seen a great number of Red Knives and Slave Indians. 1801 A. Mackenzie (1903) I. viii. 340 When this country was formerly invaded by the Knisteneaux, they found the Beaver Indians inhabiting the land about Portage la Roche; and the adjoining tribe were those whome they called slaves. They drove both these tribes before them; when the latter proceeded down the river from the Lake of the Hills, in consequence of which that part of it obtained the name of the Slave River. 1851 J. Richardson I. viii. 242 The comfort, and not unfrequently the lives, of parties of the timid Slave or Hare Indians are sacrificed. 1862 R. G. Latham lv. 391 The Beaver Indian is transitional to the Slave and the Chepewyan proper. 1875 H. H. Bancroft III. 587 A greater divergence from the stock language is observable in the dialect of the Tutchone Kutchin, which, with those of..the Slavé of Francis Lake..might almost be called a dialectic division of the Tinneh language. 1890 W. C. Bompas (title) Hymns in the Tenni or Slavi language. 1907 F. W. Hodge I. 440 Petitot restricted the term [sc. Etchareottine] to the Etcheridiegottine, whom he distinguished from the Slaves proper. 1932 D. Jenness xxiii. 390 In summer the Slave lived in conical lodges covered with brush or spruce bark. 1938 (Amer. Bible Soc.) 870/1 Slave... Spoken by Indians living along the Mackenzie River, northwestern Canada. 1946 J. J. Honigmann 16 He is married to a Slave woman and in his cultural affiliations and back~ground is more Slave than Cree. 1959 E. Tunis x. 132 There was a group, the Etchaottine (Slaves), who were kind to old people. 1974 18 Aug. 5/5 In the Territorial Capital of Yellowknife barmen have noticed a substantial reduction in the number of Dogribs seeking drink—and a corresponding increase in the number of Indians claiming to be members of the Chepeweyan and Slavey tribes. 1979 M. E. Krauss in L. Campbell & M. Mithun 862 These are all to a significant degree mutually intelligible, with Dogrib being the most divergent (not counting Slavey). 1981 VI. 79 No convenient name for this language exists, although Slave or Slavey was in 1980 commonly used as a self-designation by most speakers of Mountain, Bearlake, and Hare, as well as of Slavey proper. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1986; most recently modified version published online December 2020). slavev.1Etymology: < slave n.1 Compare enslave v.; also (Middle) Dutch and (Middle) Low German slaven , German sklaven , chiefly in sense 4. 1. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > be slave of [verb (transitive)] > enslave 1602 J. Marston ii. ii. sig. Dv Thou canst not slaue Or banish me. 1644 J. Birkenhead 21 Princes protect us from evill doers, who would..mercilesly slave our children. 1691 J. Wilson ii. i I lend a Hand to Slave my Country!—No. 1881 A. R. Ellis II. 60 Why did he go on board a Bristol ship, if not for slaving men? figurative.a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. i. 62 Let the..Lust-dieted man, That slaues your ordinance,..feele your powre quickly.1639 G. Daniel xlviii. 30 Who could never stoope To slave his vertue, for a servile Hope.society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > enslave oneself [verb (reflexive)] 1559 J. Aylmer sig. L3v Subiected and slaued to the proudest..nacion. 1608 G. Markham & L. Machin i. sig. A4 My recreant soule, Slaued to her beauty, would renounce all warre. 1652 C. B. Stapylton tr. Herodian 76 It slav'd them unto Macedon and Rome. 1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus II. 39 I first slaved to the yoke Both ox and ass. reflexive.1620 439 If they hope to obtaine any thing by their fauour..they must..slaue them-selues to Flatterie.?1620 S. Rowlands (Hunterian Club) 3 A Sicophant, that slaues himselfe to all.1868 W. J. Whitmore 21 To ‘slave’..a ball is to take it on with you in the game. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > control(s) > control by another device [verb (transitive)] 1952 Nov. 41/1 They have been named master-slave manipulators because all the seven degrees of freedom of the tongs are slaved to the single master handle. 1958 C. C. Adams et al. v. 132 The camera is synchronized with the National Bureau of Standards radio transmitter WWV, whose chief function is to broadcast time signals of incredible accuracy... It does this by means of a crystal clock..which is ‘slaved’ to WWV. 1978 21 Aug. 5/3 (advt.) Picture stabilization provided by an oscillating mirror slaved to the film perforations. 2. society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > be slave of [verb (transitive)] > treat as slave society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > set (person) to work > overwork the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > work animals 1699 M. Lister (new ed.) 218 The Ægyptian Kings built them Monuments, wherein they slaved their whole Nation. 1737 H. Bracken xx. 305 Brought on..by hard Riding and Slaving the Horse afterwards. 1820 W. Scott III. xi. 288 A man were better dead than thus slaved and harassed. 1925 E. O'Neill II. 154 Didn't he slave Maw t' death? the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > invective or abuse > abuse [verb (transitive)] > call names > specific 1719 G. London & H. Wise (ed. 7) p. iii The Nursery man is presently slaved and condemned for a cheating Knave. 3. intransitive (with it). the world > relative properties > relationship > imitation > imitate [verb (intransitive)] > slavishly or mechanically 1589 T. Nashe sig. Eii Some proude spirited princocks..gets him a liuerie Coate of their cloth, and slaues it in their seruile sutes. society > occupation and work > working > [verb (intransitive)] > work hard or toil 1852 W. M. Thackeray II. vii. 127 He found himself presently..slaving it like the rest of the family. 4. society > occupation and work > working > [verb (intransitive)] > work hard or toil 1707 in H. Playford (new ed.) III. 153 There's many more who slave and toil, Their living to get. 1766 C. Anstey viii. ii. 52 She slav'd all the Day like a Spitalfields Weaver. 1806 J. Beresford I. ii. 28 Slaving to drag up each, separately, out of its deep bed. 1847 C. Dickens (1848) xi. 97 Poor Berry..drudged and slaved away as usual. 1870 J. R. Lowell (1873) 1st Ser. 55 While he was still slaving at these bricks without straw. 1806 J. Beresford I. viii. 187 Reading newspaper poetry;—which..you occasionally slave through. society > occupation and work > working > [verb (transitive)] > overwork (time or life) the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > weary or exhaust [verb (transitive)] > esp. through labour 1864 M. E. Braddon ii I may slave my life out, and there isn't one of you will..help me. 1880 M. E. Braddon xlix You will slave yourself to death. 1891 July 184/1 What a hideous place was Pentonville to slave away one's life in. society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [verb (intransitive)] > trade in slaves 1726 1 I made a contract..to buy a Cargo to slave with on the Coast of Guinea. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1911; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † slavev.2Etymology: Related to sleave v. or slive v.1 Obsolete. rare. the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > breaking or cracking > break [verb (intransitive)] > crack, split, or cleave ?1523 J. Fitzherbert f. xliii That causeth the bowes to slaue downe the nether part. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert f. xl Cutte the settes..a lytell from the yerth, the more halfe a sonder and to let it slaue downewarde, and nat vpwarde. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1911; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.adj.c1300n.21789v.11559v.2?1523 |