单词 | slump |
释义 | slumpn.1 Scottish. A large quantity or number; chiefly in phrases by or in (the) slump, rarely in a slump, as a whole, not separately or individually, collectively; in the lump. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > the whole or all > that is all or the whole [phrase] > all collectively en masse in generala1393 in gross1508 by the lump1522 in universal1532 at large1598 in the lump1624 in (the) massa1631 at the great1699 by or in (the) slump1795 en masse1802 in a slump1827 en bloc1861 in block1870 in (the) aggregate1973 (a) (b)1814 W. Scott Diary 10 Aug. in J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1837) III. iv. 175 Mariages and baptisms are performed, as one of the Isles-men told me, by the slump.1827 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 21 893 We would not give General Holt..for all the Greek chiefs in a slump.1866 J. S. Blackie Homer & Iliad I. 29 There is a tendency to fling away honest old traditions in the slump.1795 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XV. 344 The brae farms, and the pasture land, are let by slump; it is impossible to say what they rent per acre. 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (at cited word) Coft by slump. 1851 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm (ed. 2) II. 742 The grain is..paid in slump or advance at the middle of the year's engagement. CompoundsΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical number or quantity > [noun] > particular qualities > estimated or approximate estimation1508 slump number1721 approximate1784 precision1842 rounding1842 1721 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1830) III. 341 The slump number he has taken..from the Scots Mist. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > enumeration, reckoning, or calculation > [noun] > in round numbers slump reckoning1718 1718 R. Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 397 At a slump reckoning of 900 ministers at 1000 merks per piece. slump sum n. a lump sum. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > lump sum slump sum1844 lump sum1867 1844 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm III. 1052 In hiring,..it is not unusual to give a slump sum for the harvest. 1862 H. Beveridge Comprehensive Hist. India II. v. iv. 334 From this transaction alone a slump sum of fifty lacs..had been obtained. slump work n. = lump work n. at lump n.1 Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > lump work slump work1808 lump work1851 1808 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (at cited word) Slump wark, work taken in the lump. 1877 J. W. Dawson Origin of World viii. 189 Creation was not a sort of slump-work to be perfected by the operation of a law of developement. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022). slumpn.2 1. Stock Market. A heavy fall or sudden decline in the price or value of commodities or securities. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [noun] > decline in prices > sudden break1870 slump1888 1888 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 22 Dec. 4/2 There was another slump in oil on the Consolidated Exchange to-day... Opening at 893/ 4,..the price dropped to 877/ 8. 1895 Tablet 19 Oct. 623 In a single week there has been a slump to the extent of twenty-two million sterling. 1895 Daily News 20 Nov. 8/3 The Glasgow Commercial Exchanges to-day took a gloomy view, and prices fell with a slump. 2. transferred. a. A sudden or heavy decline or falling off; a collapse. spec. in Economics, a sharp or sudden decline in trade or business, usually accompanied by widespread unemployment; frequently with reference to a particular instance, esp. the Great Depression of 1929 and subsequent years. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > declining or falling off > sudden slump1888 society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy > states or trends of the economy inflation1821 economic cycle1832 recovery1843 downdraught1852 perfect competition1853 downturn1858 softness1872 slump1888 downtrend1890 sag1891 under-consumption1895 recession1905 downdrift1906 economic recession1908 air pocket1913 stickiness1913 trough1916 deflation1920 downswing1922 slowdown1922 scissors1924 scissors crisis1925 uptrend1926 reflation1932 depresh1933 upswing1934 stagnation1938 countercycle1944 fiscal cliff1957 turn-down1957 stagflation1965 soft landing1973 slumpflation1974 downer1976 1888 W. D. Howells Annie Kilburn xxv What a slump!—what a slump! That blessed short-legged little seraph has spoilt the best sport that ever was. 1896 Westm. Budget 3 Jan. 3/1 There is clearly no ‘slump’ in the matrimonial market. 1897 Leeds Mercury 10 July 11/4 It..became apparent that a slump in the demand for cycles had set in. 1922 H. A. Silverman Substance Econ. xv. 231 Industries grew to depend increasingly on one another... It became inevitable..that a ‘boom’ or a ‘slump’ in one branch should synchronize with similar conditions elsewhere. 1930 Engineering 10 Jan. 42/2 To discover opportunities for employment on such jobs during industrial slumps. 1936 J. M. Keynes Gen. Theory Employment iv. xvi. 218 In the succeeding ‘slump’ the stock of capital may fall for a time below the level which will yield a marginal efficiency of zero. 1936 N. Streatfeild Ballet Shoes vi. 89 ‘Well, I can't go back to Kuala Lumpur.’ ‘Why?’ ‘A thing called a slump.’ 1952 Granta 15 Nov. 12/1 We wanted to fight Fascism, War and the Slump. 1953 M. C. Scott Breakfast at Six iii. 24 Bought all this land—got it cheap in slump time. 1957 I. Cross God Boy (1958) iii. 27 Then there was the slump..and then I never did get a chance with that hotel in Wellington. 1976 Economist 16 Oct. 13/2 A record rise in mortgage charges during a building slump. b. Geomorphology. A landslide in which soil, sediment, or the like slides a short distance with some degree of cohesion and usually a slight backward rotation owing to the concavity of the surface of separation from the parent mass; movement of this kind; also, a mass of material that has so fallen. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > movement of material > [noun] > movement under gravity or water land-rushc1550 slide1664 landslip1679 pitting1686 rockfall?1797 shoot1820 landslide1822 run1827 mountain slide1830 slip1838 slough1838 mudslide1848 founder1882 creep1889 soil-creep1897 rock creep1902 slump1905 solifluction1906 slumping1907 slopewash1938 sludging1946 mass wasting1951 the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > slope > [noun] > of rocks or detritus shot-heuch1574 slide1664 scree1813 shot-brae1822 earthslide1829 talus1830 slip1838 rockslide1845 earthslip1859 landslip1872 spout1883 shingle-slip1900 slump1905 stone stripe1934 shingle slide1944 1905 T. C. Chamberlin & R. D. Salisbury Geol. I. iv. 218 (heading) Creep, slumps, and landslides. 1949 F. J. Pettijohn Sedimentary Rocks iv. 145 A structure of similar appearance..is reported from some limestones and dolomites. The cause of the folding may be due to subaqueous slump. 1954 W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. v. 104 Mantle rock..is moved downslope by creep, slump, other types of mass-wasting, and by sheet~wash. 1963 D. W. Humphries & E. E. Humphries tr. H. Termier & G. Termier Erosion & Sedimentation vii. 166 Water-laid phenomena (slumps, low-angle cross bedding) are observed, and suggest that eolian sands have been blown into a shallow sea. 1964 V. J. Chapman Coastal Vegetation i. 2 A large scale change induced by a major cliff-fall or slump. 1970 W. H. Matthews Geol. made Simple (rev. ed.) viii. 117 Slump is a common occurrence along the banks of streams. 1978 A. L. Bloom Geomorphol. viii. 178 An elaborate engineering technology has been developed to predict the surface of rupture beneath a slump in order to drill into it and drain the water from the vicinity. c. Engineering. The height through which the top of a mass of fresh concrete sinks when the mould containing it is removed, as in the slump test (see sense Compounds 2 below). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > concrete > [noun] > height through which fresh concrete sinks slump1920 1920 D. A. Abrams Design of Concrete Mixes (Bull. No. 1 , Structural Materials Res. Lab., Lewis Inst., Chicago) 13 Normal consistency..requires the use of such a quantity of mixing water as will cause a slump of ½ to 1 in. in a freshly molded 6 × 12-in. cylinder of about 1:4 mix. 1934 S. C. Hollister in L. C. Urquhart Civil Engin. Handbk. vii. 562 Concrete for buildings ranges from 4 to 6 in. slump. 1977 D. E. Branson Deformation of Concrete Structures i. 48 Creep correction factors... May be marginal but normally can be neglected for slumps up to 4 in. 3. gen. A slumping movement or fall. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > [noun] > heavy fall squatc1350 plump1596 gulch1671 sosh1687 soss1718 swaga1728 souse1774 dunt1828 swat1847 slump1850 gutser1918 1850 S. Judd Richard Edney i. 12 Move carefully!.. It is a slip, or a slump, all the way through. 1867 ‘T. Lackland’ Homespun i. 90 A..black snake..slid down with a slump..into the water. 1900 S. Hale Let. 29 Apr. (1919) 361 I let my huge bulk down with a slump. Compounds C1. General attributive. (In sense 2b.) slump bed n. ΚΠ 1974 Sedimentology XXI. 2 Exposures of banks and slump beds extend along the whole of the coast. slump bedding n. ΚΠ 1949 F. J. Pettijohn Sedimentary Rocks iv. 145 The disturbance is restricted to layers a mere inch or two thick. Such deformation is usually due to subaqueous slump or gliding and has been termed ‘slump’ or ‘glide bedding’. 1964 Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) v. 13 Slump bedding, disturbed strata interbedded between undisturbed strata, caused by flow of newly deposited sediment. slump block n. ΚΠ 1969 D. J. Easterbrook Princ. Geomorphol. xi. 228 During movement of a slump block, secondary slumps may develop and produce a stair-step-like series of parallel slump blocks. 1978 A. L. Bloom Geomorphol. viii. 178 Vegetation or even houses may be carried intact on the surface of a large slump block. slump series n. ΚΠ 1937 O. T. Jones in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 93 272 In view of the fact that a thick mass..may have been formed by successive sliding or slumping of sediments, it is proposed to speak of it as a slump series, and where it is reasonably certain that a mass is the result of a single episode, that mass is referred to as a slump sheet. A slump series is or may be..made up of several slump sheets separated by a greater or lesser thickness of normal mudstones. slump sheet n. ΚΠ 1976 Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 132 125 Sequence 4, in the upper part of the slump sheet, is most complexly deformed, showing closed and contorted folds. slump structure n. ΚΠ 1963 Geol. Mag. 100 205 The slump structures which characterize the Torridonian red sandstones of North-West Scotland. 1975 J. L. Wilson Carbonate Facies Geol. Hist. viii. 238 The limestone..has graded beds, lamination, microbreccias and slump structure. C2. slump test n. Engineering a test of the consistency of fresh concrete in which the slump is measured following the removal of a mould of specified size and shape (usually the frustum of a cone). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > concrete > [noun] > height through which fresh concrete sinks > test of slump test1920 1920 F. L. Roman in Engin. & Contracting 3 Mar. 241/1 Cone No. 1..was far better than a cylinder for determining the consistency of concrete by means of a ‘slump’ test. 1975 Concrete Inspection Procedures (Portland Cement Assoc.) iv. 41 A slump test is made at the start of the operation each day and whenever the appearance of concrete indicates a change in consistency. Draft additions 1993 A dessert consisting of stewed fruit with a biscuit or dough topping; a fruit cobbler. U.S. (chiefly New England). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > sweet or fruit puddings white pudding1588 quaking puddinga1665 apple pudding1708 cowslip pudding1723 plum pudding1811 roly-poly pudding1821 black cap1822 amber pudding1829 bird's nest pudding1829 slump1831 Bakewell pudding1833 roly-poly1835 dog in a (or the) blanket1842 castle pudding1845 ice pudding1846 pan pie1846 dick1849 roll-up1856 canary pudding1861 roly1861 treacle pud1861 Brown Betty1864 summer pudding1875 parfait1884 schalet1884 Sally Lunn pudding1892 Tommy1895 queen of puddings1903 layer-pudding1909 clafoutis1926 shrikhand1950 chocolate fondant1971 mud-pie1975 tiramisu1982 lava cake1994 1831 H. J. Finn Amer. Comic Ann. 140 The pumpkin pies and apple slump..were smoking on the table. 1905 Dial. Notes 3 19 Slump,..a dish of dough and fruit, as ‘apple slump’. 1939 I. Wolcott Yankee Cook Bk. 365 Slump. What State-of-Mainers call cooked fruit topped with dumplings or biscuit dough. 1947 E. S. Bowles & D. S. Towle Secrets New England Cooking xi. 178 Both the grunts and the slumps were transition desserts, halfway between the boiled and baked puddings but simpler to make. 1965 National Observer (U.S.) 29 Nov. 20/4 But even the failures tasted good, so I told her to put on a brave face and call it a prized old New England recipe for blueberry ‘slump’. 1986 B. Fussell I hear Amer. Cooking iv. xvii. 313 In America, the English pudding pies made of custard and fruit..were named ‘slumps’, ‘crunches’, and ‘grunts’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022). slumpv.1 Chiefly Scottish. 1. transitive. To lump; to put, place, regard, deal with, etc., as one quantity, mass, or group. Frequently to slump together. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (transitive)] > gather in one mass or form lumps wholec1443 consolidate1511 clod1530 thicken?1578 contract1620 acervate1623 lump1624 bundlea1628 club1641 to lump together (occasionally up)1692 commassate1694 slump1822 pack1824 (a) (b)1827 W. Scott Jrnl. 14 Jan. (1941) 7 I have let my cash run ahead since I came from the Continent—I must slump the matter as I can.1828 H. Steuart Planter's Guide (1848) I. 314 He slumps the whole under one head.1890 R. W. Cochran-Patrick Evid. Mining Royalties Commiss. No. 7613 Copper, lead, tin,..are mentioned by name, and the others are slumped.1822 W. J. Napier Pract. Store-farming 147 No farmer ever gives in an offer, first, for the value of the pasture, and then, for the landlord's improvements. He may say that he slumps them all together. 1856 J. F. Ferrier Inst. Metaphysic (ed. 2) 61 The inconceivable as here laid down, is thus slumped together..with the absolutely inconceivable. 1874 J. Geikie Great Ice Age i. 4 The deposits, which were at one time slumped together,..are really the records of a long series of changes. 2. intransitive. To club together in paying. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > contribution > contribute [verb (intransitive)] contributea1610 club1655 to club together1840 slump1849 to chip in1861 1849 G. Cupples Green Hand ii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Mar. 322/2 Slump together for the other guinea, will ye! Derivatives ˈslumping n. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [noun] > composite collectiveness > placing together as a mass or quantity lumping1757 slumping1822 1822 W. J. Napier Pract. Store-farming 147 This ‘slumping’..will never serve to pay to the landlord that identical interest [etc.]. 1850 Chambers's Jrnl. 23 Mar. 191/2 The slumping of the whole loss into the arbitrary..sum of five pounds. 1873 in L. Campbell & W. Garnett Life J. C. Maxwell (1882) 439 The slumping together of multitudes of cases. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022). slumpv.2 Chiefly dialect and U.S., esp. in earlier use. 1. a. intransitive. To fall or sink in or into a bog, swamp, muddy place, etc.; to fall in water with a dull splashing sound. Also in figurative context. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sound of water > make sound of or like water [verb (intransitive)] > splash paskc1300 jaup1513 plash1650 squash1671 swattle1671 slumpa1677 splash1715 quash1739 pash1855 slush1883 sloosh1914 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > into something soft or wet slumpa1677 a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1686) III. 191 Young men..walk upon a bottomless quag, into which unawares they may slump. 1684 I. Mather Ess. Illustrious Provid. (1846) 28 Being in this swamp that was miry, I slumpt in and fell down. 1776 T. Twining in Country Clergyman of the 18th C. (1882) 31 I remember slumping on a sudden into the slough of despond, and closing my letter in the dumps. a1828 T. Bewick Mem. (1862) 116 Thinking the bog she had to pass through, might be frozen hard enough to bear her, she ‘slumped’ deep into it. 1835 New Monthly Mag. 43 159 We dreaded to meet even a single sleigh, lest in turning out, the horses should ‘slump’ beyond their depth, in the untrodden drifts. 1835 Gilchrist Bards Tyne 416 (E.D.D.) Newcassel hes fairly slump't into disgrace. 1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 52 This enables the birds to run lightly over the floating leaves of aquatic plants, by so much increase of breadth of support that they do not slump in. b. With through, beneath, etc. Also figurative. ΚΠ 1856 J. R. Lowell Lett. I. 296 No danger of her slumping through the clouds. 1871 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows (1886) 44 The man may slump through,..where the boy would have skimmed the surface. 1884 Harper's Mag. Aug. 337/1 But one awful night Kampen..simply ‘slumped’, as they say in the far west, beneath the waters and mud that ingulphed it. 2. a. Of the wind: to fall, drop. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow gently > drop or become light scantle1627 dull1633 falter1745 slump1855 1855 Trans. Philol. Soc. 36 (Norfolk words) The wind slumped. 1894 Outing 24 376/2 The breeze had been gradually dying for an hour, and now it bid fair..to slump entirely at midnight. b. To slide off heavily; to plump down; to fall or collapse clumsily or heavily. spec. in Geomorphology of soil, sediment, etc.: to fall in a slump (sense 2b). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > movement of material > [verb (intransitive)] > movement under gravity or water spew1839 slump1844 creep1889 sludge1938 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > falling > fall [verb (intransitive)] > heavily waddlec1400 souse1596 squab1755 soss1789 slump1844 1844 Knickerbocker Mag. 23 439 Tread carefully over the soft snow which ‘slumps’ at every step. 1884 J. Burroughs Pepacton 217 Its body slumps off, and rolls and spills down the hill. 1889 ‘M. Twain’ Connecticut Yankee v. 63 Clarence had slumped to his knees before I had half finished. 1905 T. C. Chamberlin & R. D. Salisbury Geol. I. iv. 220 Where a stream's banks are high..considerable masses sometimes slump from the bank. 1920 Engin. & Contracting 3 Mar. 241/1 Large voids or stone pockets tend to cause the concrete specimen to slump on one side rather than vertically. 1937 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 93 276 Sediments accumulating on a sub-aqueous slope would slide or slump if the weight increased beyond a certain amount. 1978 Friedman & Sanders Princ. Sedimentol. xii. 400/1 Strata that slumped and were deformed may be..overlain by turbidites. c. Of stocks, values, etc.: to fall heavily or suddenly. Also with †off. (Cf. slump n.2 1.) ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > deal in stocks and shares [verb (intransitive)] > state of market or prices > fall or rise (of prices) to look downwards1796 to look downward1801 to look down1808 rally1826 sag1870 give way1883 slump1888 firm1896 move1904 spurt1931 perform1933 dip1956 to pull back1966 to go in the tank1974 society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (intransitive)] > decline in price or fall > suddenly or rapidly break1870 plunge1870 tumble1886 slump1888 skid1976 1888 in J. S. Farmer Americanisms (1889) 495/2 ‘How's North-western this morning, Uncle Zeke?’ asked Dick... ‘Slumped off six points, hang it!’ scowling viciously over his paper. 1896 Daily News 9 Dec. 10/7 The market again slumped down on further indications of a heavy crop movement. 1898 Daily News 8 Mar. 3/6 Prices slumped from 2 to 5 points generally. d. transferred and figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > be in adversity [verb (intransitive)] > fall from prosperous or thriving condition > rapidly nosedive1920 slump1925 tailspin1935 1925 Sunday Times 20 Sept. 12/6 Where one's sympathy slumps and all one's optimism fails is in face of two depressing facts. 1970 Daily Tel. 16 May 12 Better pay and conditions are essential if police morale is not to go on slumping. 1977 Cork Examiner 6 June 7/1 The over~night leader..slumped to an 80 in his second round for 150. 3. To move or walk in a clumsy, heavy, or laborious manner. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > walking > walk, tread, or step [verb (intransitive)] > heavily > and slowly trudge1547 ploda1566 sloba1804 stog1818 slump1854 stodge1854 podge1866 1854 J. R. Lowell Jrnl. Italy in Wks. (1890) I. 115 He..paces the deck..much as one of those yellow hummocks goes slumping up and down his cage. a1891 J. R. Lowell Old Eng. Dramatists (1892) i. 18 In such collections as Dodsley's ‘Old Plays’, where we slump along through the loose sand. 4. transitive. a. To throw down heavily; to slam. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > close (a door, window, etc.) > violently or noisily clapc1405 to throw to1644 slap1709 slam1775 bounce1786 flap1801 smack1801 slump1836 to fling to1862 bang1878 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > lay or put down > firmly, heavily, or abruptly slump1836 smack1852 plonk1927 1836 T. C. Haliburton Clockmaker (1862) 126 She slumped down her nittin, and clawed off her spectacles. 1853 G. J. Cayley Las Alforjas I. 233 Some shivering adorer, who stands in the night air till John has slumped the tight door into the panel. b. regional. (See quots.) ΚΠ 1874 C. J. Palmer Perlustr. Great Yarmouth II. 260 (note) The suitor who lost his cause was said to be ‘slumped’. 1874 C. J. Palmer Perlustr. Great Yarmouth II. 260 ‘Slumped agin’, was shouted derisively to one who had been a second time unsuccessful. c. To cause to depreciate suddenly. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [verb (transitive)] > lower (price) > cause to decline > suddenly slump1899 1899 Church Times 13 Oct. 421/1 Suppose some ‘bear’ determines to ‘slump’ the market. Derivatives slumped adj. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > movement of material > [adjective] > movement under gravity or water landslippy1893 solifluctional1924 slumped1937 soliflucted1954 soliflual1965 1937 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 93 277 Local after-slides..added low ridges on the surface of the major slumped mass. 1965 G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. iii. 31/2 There is a good deal of glacial debris and slumped ground under the thick forest. 1976 J. E. Sanders et al. Physical Geol. vii. 244 A slumped mass usually does not travel very far nor spectacularly fast. ˈslumping adj. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > [adjective] > declining in price > causing sudden decline slumping1899 1899 Church Times 13 Oct. 421/1 The vicious operations of the slumping bear and the tossing bull. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
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