bleakn.

Brit.

/bliːk/, U.S.

/blik/

Forms: Middle English bleke, 1600s bleake, 1600s– bleak.

Etymology: The 15th cent. bleke points to an unrecorded Old English *blǽce weak feminine = Old Norse bleikja , Old High German bleicha < Germanic *blaikjôn- < *blaiko- white, shining: see bleak adj. But the only known Old English name is blǽge , blay n., which is not directly connected with bleak; and it is possible that bleke was from Old Norse, although bleyke, blayke would then have been the expected form.

A small river-fish, called also the Blay ( Leuciscus alburnus); and scientifically the genus to which it belongs; also an allied sea-fish.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > superorder Ostariophysi or order Cypriniformes > [noun] > suborder Cyprinoidei > family Cyprinidae (minnows and carps) > genus Leuciscus > leuciscus alburnus (bleak)

blayc1000

bleak1496

bleise1598

river swallow1601

sea-chameleon1661

tailor1676

ablet1775

alburn1912

1496 Treat. Fysshynge wyth Angle in Bk. St. Albans (rev. ed.) sig. iij The bleke is but a feble fysshe, yet he is holsom.

1597 N. Breton Wit's Trenchmour (1876) 7 Little fishes, as Bleakes, Roches.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 205 There is also a Bleak, a fish that is ever in motion.

1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xviii. 148 Bleaks of the Sea, or Sea-bleaks..are as..wholesome as any Carp.

1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xix. 176 Bleyes or Bleaks are soft flesht, but never fat.

1787 T. Best Conc. Treat. Angling 59 The bleak, on account of its eagerness to catch flies, is called by some, the river swallow.

1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 604 ‘Bleak’ are numerous in Europe and Western Asia, fifteen species being known, the common Bleak is found north of the Alps only.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

bleakadj.

Brit.

/bliːk/, U.S.

/blik/

Forms: 1500s ( bleke in bleke-ly) bleeke, 1500s–1600s bleake, 1600s– bleak.

Etymology: A form (not found before the 16th cent.) parallel to the synonymous bleche (bleach ), bleyke (blayke ), blake , bloke , in earlier, and partly in contemporary use. Its exact relation to these normal forms is not easily determined. Bleke , bleak may have been the northern form of bleche , bleach adj.; compare bleak v. = bleach v.¹; but there is no evidence of its having originated in the north. It is also possible that it was a 16th cent. spelling of bleyke , blayke , < Old Norse, or even of the northern dialect blake ; or that it is a blend of bleach and bleyke or blake . Compare blake adj., bleach adj., bleyke adj.

†1. Pale, pallid, wan; deficient in colour, esp. deficient in the ruddy bloom of health, or the full green of vegetation; of a sickly hue: also used like pale to modify other colours (see 1b). dialect in later use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > paleness > [adjective]

blatec1000

whiteOE

greena1275

blakec1275

bleykea1300

wana1300

palec1330

bleach1340

pale and wan (wan and pale)c1374

colourlessc1380

deadlyc1385

deadc1386

bloodlessc1450

earthlyc1460

ruddylessc1460

wan visaged?a1513

wanny1555

as pale or white as a clout1557

bleak1566

mealy1566

pale-faced1570

ghastly1574

white-faced1577

bleakish1581

pallid1590

whiggish1590

tallow-faced1592

maid-pale1597

lily1600

whey-colour1602

lew1611

roseless1611

Hippocratical1615

cadaverousa1661

Hippocratic1681

smock-faced1684

white-looked1690

livid1728

as white (or pale) as a sheet1752

squalid1753

deathly1791

etiolated1791

light-skinned1802

suety1803

shilpit1813

blanched1828

tallowy1830

suet-faced1834

pasty1836

tallowish1838

whey-faced1847

pasty-faced1848

aghast1850

waxen1853

complexionless1863

light-skin1877

lily-cheeked1877

lardy1879

wan-faced1881

exsanguinous1889

wheatish1950

the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > relating to tone > light or pale

whiteeOE

palec1350

lighta1398

whitey1556

bleak1566

wan1567

whitish1577

pasty1607

mirage1927

the world > matter > colour > state or mode of having colour > absence of colour > [adjective] > pale

blackeOE

blokec1200

blakec1275

fadec1290

bleykea1300

palisha1398

wanned1494

ashy?1541

wearish-coloured1548

wanny1555

wheyish1560

bleak1566

paly1568

ghastly1574

blankish1580

sick1599

palled1601

ashied1613

lurid1656

lunar1742

wax-like1748

ashen1808

unbrightened1827

waxy1835

peely-wally1895

waxen-hued1916

1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. xlvi. f. 278 [She] began to recolour her bleake and pale face, with a vermelion teint and Roseal rudde.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xlviii. 69 The floures be..more pale or bleaker.

1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 48 This Iris hath his flower of a bleake white colour.

1625 J. Hart Anat. Urines i. iv. 43 She was of a whitish bleake colour, and of a cachecticall disposition.

1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 134 Calamities Turned your ruddie into pale and bleak.

1840 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia Bleek is still used in Norfolk to signify pale and sickly.

b.1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. lxxix. 117 Small pale or bleake yellow floures.1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxvi. 277 Sometimes a bleeke or faynt yellow.1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole xc. 388 Of a faire bleake blew Colour, and in others pure white.1665–76 J. Rea Flora 78 The flowers are of a bleak ash colour.

a. Bare of vegetation; exposed: now often with some mixture of sense 3, windswept.

ΘΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > wild or uncultivated land > [adjective] > barren or desert

barren1377

desert1393

bleaka1552

blunt1553

foodless1581

bleach1598

landless1606

desertuous1632

bald1642

bleaky1687

parsimonious1713

Saharan1849

deserty1891

Saharic1892

Saharian1897

desertic1936

scalded1936

a1552 [implied in: J. Leland Itinerary (1711) V. 82 Standing veri blekely and object to al Wynddes. (at bleakly adv. 2)].

1574 R. Scot Perfite Platf. of Hoppe Garden (1578) 3 Many..lay their Gardens very open and bleake to the South.

1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xii. 12 Our lodgings standing bleake vpon the sea.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 112 The bleak Meotian Strand.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 80. ⁋5 Bleak hills and leafless woods.

1794 W. Blake Holy Thursday in Songs of Experience in Compl. Poetry & Prose (1982) 19 Their fields are bleak & bare.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 44 On a bleak height in full view.

b. In transferred use. rare.

ΚΠ

1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 9 Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions tread.

a1861 E. B. Browning Mus. Instruments iii, in Last Poems (1862) 55 With his hard bleak steel.

3. Cold, chilly; usually of wind or weather.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adjective]

coldc950

bremea1300

chillc1540

shill1598

bleaka1616

airsome1863

parky1886

nippy1898

snappy1928

utchy1957

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adjective]

chealdc1000

coldc1290

acoldc1330

key-cold1529

winterly1547

coldrycke1552

bleaka1616

algid1623

gelid1659

unwarm1694

achill1858

cold as charity1864

parky1886

chillsome1927

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 40 To make his bleake windes kisse my parched lips.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 72 Scarce a Shed..to shelter him or me From the bleak air.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc ii. 267 The cold wintry wind Blew bleak.

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion i. 44 In bleak December, I retraced this way.

1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 6 Jan. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) i. 5 The wind was very bleak.

4. figurative. Cheerless, dreary.

ΘΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] > gloomy or depressing

darkOE

unmerryOE

deathlyc1225

dolefulc1275

elengec1275

dreicha1300

coolc1350

cloudyc1374

sada1375

colda1400

deadlya1400

joylessc1400

unjoyful?c1400

disconsolatea1413

mournfula1425

funeralc1425

uncheerfulc1449

dolent1489

dolesome1533

heavy-hearted1555

glum1558

ungladsome1558

black1562

pleasureless1567

dern1570

plaintive?1570

glummish1573

cheerless1575

comfortless1576

wintry1579

glummy1580

funebral1581

discouraging1584

dernful?1591

murk1596

recomfortless1596

sullen1597

amating1600

lugubrious1601

dusky1602

sable1603

funebrial1604

damping1607

mortifying1611

tearful?1611

uncouth1611

dulsome1613

luctual1613

dismal1617

winterous1617

unked1620

mopish1621

godforsaken?1623

uncheerly1627

funebrious1630

lugubrous1632

drearisome1633

unheartsome1637

feral1641

drear1645

darksome1649

sadding1649

saddening1650

disheartening1654

funebrous1654

luctiferous1656

mestifical1656

tristifical1656

sooty1657

dreary1667

tenebrose1677

clouded1682

tragicala1700

funereal1707

gloomy1710

sepulchrala1711

dumpishc1717

bleaka1719

depressive1727

lugubre1727

muzzy1728

dispiriting1733

uncheery1760

unconsolatory1760

unjolly1764

Decemberly1765

sombre1768

uncouthie1768

depressing1772

unmirthful1782

sombrous1789

disanimating1791

Decemberish1793

grey1794

uncheering1796

ungenial1796

uncomforting1798

disencouraginga1806

stern1812

chilling1815

uncheered1817

dejecting1818

mopey1821

desponding1828

wisht1829

leadening1835

unsportful1837

demoralizing1840

Novemberish1840

frigid1844

morne1844

tragic1848

wet-blanketty1848

morgue1850

ungladdeneda1851

adusk1856

smileless1858

soul-sick1858

Novemberya1864

saturnine1863

down1873

lacklustre1883

Heaven-abandoneda1907

downbeat1952

doomy1967

a1719 J. Addison in Wks. (c1888) III. 502 Bleak and barren prospects.

1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. xiv. 249 His course..lying barely beyond the bleak edge of poverty.

1846 J. Keble Lyra Innocentium 205 Firmest in the bleakest hour.

5. quasi-adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adverb]

bleak1590

chilly1759

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adverb]

coldlya1240

bleak1590

frostily1616

chilly1759

chillinglyc1784

bleakly1795

icily1815

frigidly1844

chillilya1849

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ii. sig. B7^v Where Boreas doth blow full bitter bleake.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† bleakv.

Brit.

/bliːk/, U.S.

/blik/

Forms: Middle English blek-yn, bleke, 1500s– bleak.

Etymology: Strictly we have here 2 or even 3 formations. In sense 1, bleak is the normal northern form of bleach v.¹; in sense 3 it is treated as formed by conversion < bleak adj.; sense 4 is a variant of bleach v.², Middle English blecche to blacken.

Obsolete.

I. To make pale.

1. To make white or pale by exposure to light; = bleach v.¹ 1, 2.

ΘΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > white or whiteness > whitening > make white [verb (transitive)] > bleach > by exposure

bleak1398

bleach1582

grass1650

sour1756

croft1875

photobleach1948

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum xvii. cxvii Þe þred is sode, bleyȝt [1495 blekyd, 1535 bleked] and boukid.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 39 Bleyk cloþe or qwysters [v.r. blechen clothe, blekyn], candido.

1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate 283 As white waxe is made of yellow wax, by the bleaking it in the aire.

2. intransitive. To grow pale; to pale; = bleach v.¹ 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > paleness > [verb (intransitive)] > become or turn pale

blakea1225

fallowa1250

blokec1275

bloknec1315

bleykec1327

blikena1400

falla1450

to paint pale (also white)a1529

blemish1530

appale1534

to turn (one's) colour1548

wan1582

bleak1605

whiten1775

blench1813

etiolate1882

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 378 The bedlam Bacchanalian frowes, Who..Bleaking and blushing, panting, shreeking, swounding.

1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 1272 Blushing and bleaking, betwixt shame and fear.

II. To make cool or chill.

3. transitive. To chill or ? make livid with cold.

ΘΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > give sensation of cold to

shiverc1200

bleak1606

nither1813

bechill1951

1606 T. Heywood 2nd Pt. If you know not Me sig. E2 Tis better to be bleak't by winters breath, Then to be stifled vp with Summers heat.

III. To make dark.

4. To blacken, darken; = bleach v.²

ΘΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > making or becoming black > make black [verb (transitive)]

blackc1350

blecka1382

blacken?a1425

bletch1570

bepitch1574

blatch1587

becollier1599

sable1610

bleach1611

bleak1611

sableize1611

denigrate1623

nigrify1656

ebonize1880

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Haler,..to bleak, or make swart, a thing, by displaying it in a hot Sunne.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

n.1496

adj.a1552

v.1398

单词	bleak
释义	bleakn. Brit. /bliːk/, U.S. /blik/ Forms: Middle English bleke, 1600s bleake, 1600s– bleak. Etymology: The 15th cent. bleke points to an unrecorded Old English blǽce weak feminine = Old Norse bleikja* , Old High German bleicha < Germanic blaikjôn- < blaiko- white, shining: see bleak adj. But the only known Old English name is blǽge , blay n., which is not directly connected with bleak; and it is possible that bleke was from Old Norse, although bleyke, blayke would then have been the expected form. A small river-fish, called also the Blay ( Leuciscus alburnus); and scientifically the genus to which it belongs; also an allied sea-fish. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > superorder Ostariophysi or order Cypriniformes > [noun] > suborder Cyprinoidei > family Cyprinidae (minnows and carps) > genus Leuciscus > leuciscus alburnus (bleak) blayc1000 bleak1496 bleise1598 river swallow1601 sea-chameleon1661 tailor1676 ablet1775 alburn1912 1496 Treat. Fysshynge wyth Angle in Bk. St. Albans (rev. ed.) sig. iij The bleke is but a feble fysshe, yet he is holsom. 1597 N. Breton Wit's Trenchmour (1876) 7 Little fishes, as Bleakes, Roches. 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler 205 There is also a Bleak, a fish that is ever in motion. View more context for this quotation 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xviii. 148 Bleaks of the Sea, or Sea-bleaks..are as..wholesome as any Carp. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xix. 176 Bleyes or Bleaks are soft flesht, but never fat. 1787 T. Best Conc. Treat. Angling 59 The bleak, on account of its eagerness to catch flies, is called by some, the river swallow. 1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 604 ‘Bleak’ are numerous in Europe and Western Asia, fifteen species being known, the common Bleak is found north of the Alps only. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online March 2022). bleakadj. Brit. /bliːk/, U.S. /blik/ Forms: 1500s ( bleke in bleke-ly) bleeke, 1500s–1600s bleake, 1600s– bleak. Etymology: A form (not found before the 16th cent.) parallel to the synonymous bleche (bleach ), bleyke (blayke ), blake , bloke , in earlier, and partly in contemporary use. Its exact relation to these normal forms is not easily determined. Bleke , bleak may have been the northern form of bleche , bleach adj.; compare bleak v. = bleach v.¹; but there is no evidence of its having originated in the north. It is also possible that it was a 16th cent. spelling of bleyke , blayke , < Old Norse, or even of the northern dialect blake ; or that it is a blend of bleach and bleyke or blake . Compare blake adj., bleach adj., bleyke adj. †1. Pale, pallid, wan; deficient in colour, esp. deficient in the ruddy bloom of health, or the full green of vegetation; of a sickly hue: also used like pale to modify other colours (see 1b). dialect in later use. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > paleness > [adjective] blatec1000 whiteOE greena1275 blakec1275 bleykea1300 wana1300 palec1330 bleach1340 pale and wan (wan and pale)c1374 colourlessc1380 deadlyc1385 deadc1386 bloodlessc1450 earthlyc1460 ruddylessc1460 wan visaged?a1513 wanny1555 as pale or white as a clout1557 bleak1566 mealy1566 pale-faced1570 ghastly1574 white-faced1577 bleakish1581 pallid1590 whiggish1590 tallow-faced1592 maid-pale1597 lily1600 whey-colour1602 lew1611 roseless1611 Hippocratical1615 cadaverousa1661 Hippocratic1681 smock-faced1684 white-looked1690 livid1728 as white (or pale) as a sheet1752 squalid1753 deathly1791 etiolated1791 light-skinned1802 suety1803 shilpit1813 blanched1828 tallowy1830 suet-faced1834 pasty1836 tallowish1838 whey-faced1847 pasty-faced1848 aghast1850 waxen1853 complexionless1863 light-skin1877 lily-cheeked1877 lardy1879 wan-faced1881 exsanguinous1889 wheatish1950 the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > relating to tone > light or pale whiteeOE palec1350 lighta1398 whitey1556 bleak1566 wan1567 whitish1577 pasty1607 mirage1927 the world > matter > colour > state or mode of having colour > absence of colour > [adjective] > pale blackeOE blokec1200 blakec1275 fadec1290 bleykea1300 palisha1398 wanned1494 ashy?1541 wearish-coloured1548 wanny1555 wheyish1560 bleak1566 paly1568 ghastly1574 blankish1580 sick1599 palled1601 ashied1613 lurid1656 lunar1742 wax-like1748 ashen1808 unbrightened1827 waxy1835 peely-wally1895 waxen-hued1916 1566 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure I. xlvi. f. 278 [She] began to recolour her bleake and pale face, with a vermelion teint and Roseal rudde. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. xlviii. 69 The floures be..more pale or bleaker. 1597 J. Gerard Herball i. 48 This Iris hath his flower of a bleake white colour. 1625 J. Hart Anat. Urines i. iv. 43 She was of a whitish bleake colour, and of a cachecticall disposition. 1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 134 Calamities Turned your ruddie into pale and bleak. 1840 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia Bleek is still used in Norfolk to signify pale and sickly. b.1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. lxxix. 117 Small pale or bleake yellow floures.1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. xxvi. 277 Sometimes a bleeke or faynt yellow.1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole xc. 388 Of a faire bleake blew Colour, and in others pure white.1665–76 J. Rea Flora 78 The flowers are of a bleak ash colour. 2. a. Bare of vegetation; exposed: now often with some mixture of sense 3, windswept. ΘΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > wild or uncultivated land > [adjective] > barren or desert barren1377 desert1393 bleaka1552 blunt1553 foodless1581 bleach1598 landless1606 desertuous1632 bald1642 bleaky1687 parsimonious1713 Saharan1849 deserty1891 Saharic1892 Saharian1897 desertic1936 scalded1936 a1552 [implied in: J. Leland Itinerary (1711) V. 82 Standing veri blekely and object to al Wynddes. (at bleakly adv. 2)]. 1574 R. Scot Perfite Platf. of Hoppe Garden (1578) 3 Many..lay their Gardens very open and bleake to the South. 1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xii. 12 Our lodgings standing bleake vpon the sea. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 112 The bleak Meotian Strand. View more context for this quotation 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 80. ⁋5 Bleak hills and leafless woods. 1794 W. Blake Holy Thursday in Songs of Experience in Compl. Poetry & Prose (1982) 19 Their fields are bleak & bare. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller I. 44 On a bleak height in full view. b. In transferred use. rare. ΚΠ 1764 O. Goldsmith Traveller 9 Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions tread. a1861 E. B. Browning Mus. Instruments iii, in Last Poems (1862) 55 With his hard bleak steel. 3. Cold, chilly; usually of wind or weather. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adjective] coldc950 bremea1300 chillc1540 shill1598 bleaka1616 airsome1863 parky1886 nippy1898 snappy1928 utchy1957 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adjective] chealdc1000 coldc1290 acoldc1330 key-cold1529 winterly1547 coldrycke1552 bleaka1616 algid1623 gelid1659 unwarm1694 achill1858 cold as charity1864 parky1886 chillsome1927 a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 40 To make his bleake windes kisse my parched lips. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 72 Scarce a Shed..to shelter him or me From the bleak air. View more context for this quotation 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc ii. 267 The cold wintry wind Blew bleak. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion i. 44 In bleak December, I retraced this way. View more context for this quotation 1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 6 Jan. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) i. 5 The wind was very bleak. 4. figurative. Cheerless, dreary. ΘΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] > gloomy or depressing darkOE unmerryOE deathlyc1225 dolefulc1275 elengec1275 dreicha1300 coolc1350 cloudyc1374 sada1375 colda1400 deadlya1400 joylessc1400 unjoyful?c1400 disconsolatea1413 mournfula1425 funeralc1425 uncheerfulc1449 dolent1489 dolesome1533 heavy-hearted1555 glum1558 ungladsome1558 black1562 pleasureless1567 dern1570 plaintive?1570 glummish1573 cheerless1575 comfortless1576 wintry1579 glummy1580 funebral1581 discouraging1584 dernful?1591 murk1596 recomfortless1596 sullen1597 amating1600 lugubrious1601 dusky1602 sable1603 funebrial1604 damping1607 mortifying1611 tearful?1611 uncouth1611 dulsome1613 luctual1613 dismal1617 winterous1617 unked1620 mopish1621 godforsaken?1623 uncheerly1627 funebrious1630 lugubrous1632 drearisome1633 unheartsome1637 feral1641 drear1645 darksome1649 sadding1649 saddening1650 disheartening1654 funebrous1654 luctiferous1656 mestifical1656 tristifical1656 sooty1657 dreary1667 tenebrose1677 clouded1682 tragicala1700 funereal1707 gloomy1710 sepulchrala1711 dumpishc1717 bleaka1719 depressive1727 lugubre1727 muzzy1728 dispiriting1733 uncheery1760 unconsolatory1760 unjolly1764 Decemberly1765 sombre1768 uncouthie1768 depressing1772 unmirthful1782 sombrous1789 disanimating1791 Decemberish1793 grey1794 uncheering1796 ungenial1796 uncomforting1798 disencouraginga1806 stern1812 chilling1815 uncheered1817 dejecting1818 mopey1821 desponding1828 wisht1829 leadening1835 unsportful1837 demoralizing1840 Novemberish1840 frigid1844 morne1844 tragic1848 wet-blanketty1848 morgue1850 ungladdeneda1851 adusk1856 smileless1858 soul-sick1858 Novemberya1864 saturnine1863 down1873 lacklustre1883 Heaven-abandoneda1907 downbeat1952 doomy1967 a1719 J. Addison in Wks. (c1888) III. 502 Bleak and barren prospects. 1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. xiv. 249 His course..lying barely beyond the bleak edge of poverty. 1846 J. Keble Lyra Innocentium 205 Firmest in the bleakest hour. 5. quasi-adv. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cold weather > [adverb] bleak1590 chilly1759 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adverb] coldlya1240 bleak1590 frostily1616 chilly1759 chillinglyc1784 bleakly1795 icily1815 frigidly1844 chillilya1849 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ii. sig. B7^v Where Boreas doth blow full bitter bleake. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † bleakv. Brit. /bliːk/, U.S. /blik/ Forms: Middle English blek-yn, bleke, 1500s– bleak. Etymology: Strictly we have here 2 or even 3 formations. In sense 1, bleak is the normal northern form of bleach v.¹; in sense 3 it is treated as formed by conversion < bleak adj.; sense 4 is a variant of bleach v.², Middle English blecche to blacken. Obsolete. I. To make pale. 1. To make white or pale by exposure to light; = bleach v.¹ 1, 2. ΘΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > white or whiteness > whitening > make white [verb (transitive)] > bleach > by exposure bleak1398 bleach1582 grass1650 sour1756 croft1875 photobleach1948 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum xvii. cxvii Þe þred is sode, bleyȝt [1495 blekyd, 1535 bleked] and boukid. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 39 Bleyk cloþe or qwysters [v.r. blechen clothe, blekyn], candido. 1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate 283 As white waxe is made of yellow wax, by the bleaking it in the aire. 2. intransitive. To grow pale; to pale; = bleach v.¹ 3. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > skin > complexion > paleness > [verb (intransitive)] > become or turn pale blakea1225 fallowa1250 blokec1275 bloknec1315 bleykec1327 blikena1400 falla1450 to paint pale (also white)a1529 blemish1530 appale1534 to turn (one's) colour1548 wan1582 bleak1605 whiten1775 blench1813 etiolate1882 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. i. 378 The bedlam Bacchanalian frowes, Who..Bleaking and blushing, panting, shreeking, swounding. 1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 1272 Blushing and bleaking, betwixt shame and fear. II. To make cool or chill. 3. transitive. To chill or ? make livid with cold. ΘΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > make cold [verb (transitive)] > give sensation of cold to shiverc1200 bleak1606 nither1813 bechill1951 1606 T. Heywood 2nd Pt. If you know not Me sig. E2 Tis better to be bleak't by winters breath, Then to be stifled vp with Summers heat. III. To make dark. 4. To blacken, darken; = bleach v.² ΘΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > making or becoming black > make black [verb (transitive)] blackc1350 blecka1382 blacken?a1425 bletch1570 bepitch1574 blatch1587 becollier1599 sable1610 bleach1611 bleak1611 sableize1611 denigrate1623 nigrify1656 ebonize1880 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Haler,..to bleak, or make swart, a thing, by displaying it in a hot Sunne. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1496adj.a1552v.1398
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