socialismn.

Brit.

/ˈsəʊʃəlɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈsəʊʃl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: social adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < social adj. + -ism suffix, after socialist n. Compare French socialisme (1831, denoting (negatively) a doctrine which sacrifices the individual to society), German Sozialismus (from 18th cent. denoting natural law; 1839 in sense 2), Italian socialismo (1785 in sense ‘belief in the social contract’; 1849 in sense 2). Compare communism n., Owenism n.

†1. The theory of social organization under the social contract (social contract n. 2). Cf. socialist n. 1. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > specific

socialism1801

Darwinism1875

social Darwinism1877

Webbism1893

Tolstoyism1894

Paretanism1949

structuralism1951

Parsonianism1963

critical race theory1989

1801 Weekly Wanderer (Randolph, Vermont) 27 June How often has this little word [sc. -ism] In genteel arguments occurr'd, As tho' the soul of socialism Must be transmitted thro' a prism... High in the front see atheism, And next in rank stands Tom Paineism.

2. Frequently with capital initial. A theory or system of social organization based on state or collective ownership and regulation of the means of production, distribution, and exchange for the common benefit of all members of society; advocacy or practice of such a system, esp. as a political movement. Now also: any of various systems of liberal social democracy which retain a commitment to social justice and social reform, or feature some degree of state intervention in the running of the economy.The range of application of the term is broad. It is typically understood to involve the elevation of the social position and interests of the working class, esp. through redistribution of land or wealth, nationalization of industry and services, and the creation of workers' cooperatives. It is sometimes used synonymously with (esp. Soviet) Communism, although in some Marxist contexts it is used specifically to denote a transitional stage between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of Communism.African, champagne, democratic, market, state socialism, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [noun]

socialism1833

1833 J. E. Smith in Crisis 28 Dec. 142 If we have not this spirit, we are mere pretenders to unity and socialism, and will become the laughing-stock of society.

1840 Q. Rev. Dec. 180 The two great demons in morals and politics, Socialism and Chartism.

1881 R. L. Stevenson Virginibus Puerisque 89 I do not greatly pride myself on having outlived my belief in the fairy tales of Socialism.

1908 Polit. Sci. Q. 23 670 Socialism..will step into its heritage when capitalism..has created a thoroughly proletarized, class-conscious and revolutionary population.

1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Let. 16 June in Coll. Ess. (1968) IV. 502 My recent novel is not intended as an attack on Socialism..but as a show-up of the perversions to which a centralised economy is liable.

1950 Russian Rev. 9 175 The new Party line maintained that Stalin had worked out a complete theory of Soviet society during the transitional period from Socialism to Communism.

1954 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 293 171/1 He was carried away by the current wave of socialism and seemed to think that a ‘planned economy’ could settle all the ills of man in society.

1964 Sunday News & Tribune (Jefferson City, Missouri) 20 Dec. 7 a/3 Socialism can neither be appeased nor contained, because it is built on the notion that it must conquer all or die.

1977 N. Young Infantile Disorder? iv. 73 The betrayals and ‘ministerialism’ of various Left-Labour MPs..were perhaps nothing new in the history of parliamentary socialism.

1992 D. Childs Brit. since 1945 vi. 133 The Victory for Socialism group..claimed the Tories were ‘selling out’ to the EEC.

2003 Economist 18 Jan. 49/1 The opposition claims that..his ‘Bolivarian revolution’ is taking Venezuela towards a kind of military socialism.

3. A pre-capitalist state of society in which things are held or used in common.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [noun] > condition or state of

socialism1879

1879 H. George Progress & Poverty vi. i. 288 We have passed out of the socialism of the tribal state.

1954 Q. Film, Radio & Television 8 245 The inherent socialism of the tribes..is such that if there is but one ‘Saucepan Special’ in a village, all villagers can be counted as listening to the radio; there is no attempt to consider the radio a private possession.

1992 C. Fuentes Buried Mirror vi. 124 Talk about Incan socialism is interesting but perhaps irrelevant for an economy devoid of money but élitist in structure.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	socialism
释义	socialismn. Brit. /ˈsəʊʃəlɪz(ə)m/, /ˈsəʊʃl̩ɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: social adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < social adj. + -ism suffix, after socialist n. Compare French socialisme (1831, denoting (negatively) a doctrine which sacrifices the individual to society), German Sozialismus (from 18th cent. denoting natural law; 1839 in sense 2), Italian socialismo (1785 in sense ‘belief in the social contract’; 1849 in sense 2). Compare communism n., Owenism n. †1. The theory of social organization under the social contract (social contract n. 2). Cf. socialist n. 1. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > study of society > [noun] > theories or methods of analysis > specific socialism1801 Darwinism1875 social Darwinism1877 Webbism1893 Tolstoyism1894 Paretanism1949 structuralism1951 Parsonianism1963 critical race theory1989 1801 Weekly Wanderer (Randolph, Vermont) 27 June How often has this little word [sc. -ism] In genteel arguments occurr'd, As tho' the soul of socialism Must be transmitted thro' a prism... High in the front see atheism, And next in rank stands Tom Paineism. 2. Frequently with capital initial. A theory or system of social organization based on state or collective ownership and regulation of the means of production, distribution, and exchange for the common benefit of all members of society; advocacy or practice of such a system, esp. as a political movement. Now also: any of various systems of liberal social democracy which retain a commitment to social justice and social reform, or feature some degree of state intervention in the running of the economy.The range of application of the term is broad. It is typically understood to involve the elevation of the social position and interests of the working class, esp. through redistribution of land or wealth, nationalization of industry and services, and the creation of workers' cooperatives. It is sometimes used synonymously with (esp. Soviet) Communism, although in some Marxist contexts it is used specifically to denote a transitional stage between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of Communism.African, champagne, democratic, market, state socialism, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [noun] socialism1833 1833 J. E. Smith in Crisis 28 Dec. 142 If we have not this spirit, we are mere pretenders to unity and socialism, and will become the laughing-stock of society. 1840 Q. Rev. Dec. 180 The two great demons in morals and politics, Socialism and Chartism. 1881 R. L. Stevenson Virginibus Puerisque 89 I do not greatly pride myself on having outlived my belief in the fairy tales of Socialism. 1908 Polit. Sci. Q. 23 670 Socialism..will step into its heritage when capitalism..has created a thoroughly proletarized, class-conscious and revolutionary population. 1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Let. 16 June in Coll. Ess. (1968) IV. 502 My recent novel is not intended as an attack on Socialism..but as a show-up of the perversions to which a centralised economy is liable. 1950 Russian Rev. 9 175 The new Party line maintained that Stalin had worked out a complete theory of Soviet society during the transitional period from Socialism to Communism. 1954 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 293 171/1 He was carried away by the current wave of socialism and seemed to think that a ‘planned economy’ could settle all the ills of man in society. 1964 Sunday News & Tribune (Jefferson City, Missouri) 20 Dec. 7 a/3 Socialism can neither be appeased nor contained, because it is built on the notion that it must conquer all or die. 1977 N. Young Infantile Disorder? iv. 73 The betrayals and ‘ministerialism’ of various Left-Labour MPs..were perhaps nothing new in the history of parliamentary socialism. 1992 D. Childs Brit. since 1945 vi. 133 The Victory for Socialism group..claimed the Tories were ‘selling out’ to the EEC. 2003 Economist 18 Jan. 49/1 The opposition claims that..his ‘Bolivarian revolution’ is taking Venezuela towards a kind of military socialism. 3. A pre-capitalist state of society in which things are held or used in common. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [noun] > condition or state of socialism1879 1879 H. George Progress & Poverty vi. i. 288 We have passed out of the socialism of the tribal state. 1954 Q. Film, Radio & Television 8 245 The inherent socialism of the tribes..is such that if there is but one ‘Saucepan Special’ in a village, all villagers can be counted as listening to the radio; there is no attempt to consider the radio a private possession. 1992 C. Fuentes Buried Mirror vi. 124 Talk about Incan socialism is interesting but perhaps irrelevant for an economy devoid of money but élitist in structure. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1801
随便看	to keep low company to keep maigre to keep market to keep measure to keep measure a measure to keep measures to keep measures a measure to keep measures with to keep mell in shaft to keep mum to keep nit to keep nix to keep noise to keep off to keep off the grass to keep on to keep on a split yarn to keep on a tight rein to keep on at a score to keep on ice to keep on keeping on to keep on lock to keep on the edge of her seat to keep on the edge of his seat to keep on the good side of a person