solitaryn.

/ˈsɒlɪtəri/

Forms: Also Middle English solitari(e, solytarye.

Etymology: Substantive use of the adjective.

a. One who retires into, or lives in, solitude from religious motives; a hermit or recluse.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > monasticism > anchorite > [noun]

anchorOE

eremitec1200

recluse?c1225

hermitc1275

solitary1435

anchoritea1450

inclusec1460

anchorist1581

cremitt1624

mandrite1844

saint1888

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [noun] > person

solitary1435

solivagant1621

singleton1937

single1964

R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 32 The holy solitari forsoith,..an excellent, goldy seet in heuyns he sall take emangis ordyrs of Aungels.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 92 I went vnto a man þat hight Pachonius, þat dwelte in wyldernes a solitarie.

1651 tr. F. de Quintana Hist. Don Fenise 140 He told him..the course of her life untill the time she had retired her selfe into that solitude, at which the solitary much wondred.

1699 J. Evelyn Acetaria 169 Those Ancient, and truly pious Solitaries, who..were driven from their Countries and Repose, by the Incursions of barbarous Nations.

1737 R. Challoner Catholick Christian Instructed xviii. 178 From these Beginnings the Desarts of Egypt and of Thebais soon were peopled with innumerable Solitaries.

1813 J. C. Eustace Tour through Italy II. i. 2 An hermitage, that seems from its situation to be the cell of one of the holy solitaries of times of old.

1864 C. Kingsley Roman & Teuton ix. 239 The solitaries of the Thebaid found that they became selfish wild beasts, or went mad, if they remained alone.

1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1877) II. App. 599 Wythmann at last, after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, died a solitary.

b. One who lives by himself in seclusion or retirement; one who avoids, or is deprived of, the society of others.

ΘΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > [noun] > person

anchorite?1614

solitarian1655

retirer1678

solitaire1716

recluse1751

solitarya1763

hermit1799

troglodyte1854

umbratile1888

cop-out1969

a1763 W. Shenstone Vision in Ess. (1868) 118 The first meditation of a solitary, is the behaviour of men in active life.

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion vi. 298 I noted that the Solitary's cheek Confessed the power of nature.

1816 W. Scott Black Dwarf xvii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. I. 315 The door opened, and the Solitary stood before her.

a1854 H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets (1857) vi. 224 His [Milton's] life..as a student, as a statesman, and as a solitary.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 24 Mar. 4/1 Hardy pioneers, solitaries who had lived on far-off creeks.

†2. A solitude, lonely place. Obsolete.

ΘΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > secluded place or place of seclusion > [noun] > unfrequented place

wastenessa1500

solitude1576

solitary1594

wilderness1842

1594 G. Peele Battell of Alcazar ii. iii I will go hunt these cursed solitaries.

†3. = solitaire n. 5a. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > unspecified and miscellaneous birds > [noun] > miscellaneous

night-raveneOE

cold-finch1676

crane1678

diver1694

solitary1708

wheat-bird1747

yellow-bill1775

Chinese thrush1781

whidah thrush1781

tomtit1789

solitaire1797

year-bird1798

softbill1830

swift-shrike1841

scissor bird1843

seed finch1862

sea-flyer1869

stalker1872

seven sisters1873

dicky bird1879

baboon bird1883

1708 tr. F. Leguat in P. Oliver Voy. to Rodriguez & Cape of Good Hope (1891) I. 64 We left the Dates for the Turtles and other Birds, particularly the Solitaries.

1708 tr. F. Leguat in P. Oliver Voy. to Rodriguez & Cape of Good Hope (1891) I. 77–80.

4. = solitaire n. 3. Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > patience or solitaire > [noun]

solitaire1746

solitary1798

patience1822

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > other board games > [noun] > solitaire

solitaire1746

solitary1798

1798 M. Edgeworth & R. L. Edgeworth Pract. Educ. I. i. 20 At the solitary-board they must..fix their attention solely upon the figure and the pegs before them.

1807 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life II. xvi. 94 For want of better employment, playing at Solitary.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

solitaryadj.

/ˈsɒlɪtəri/

Forms: Also Middle English–1500s solytarie, Middle English–1500s solytary(e; Middle English–1600s solitarie, Middle English solitarye; 1500s soletary.

Etymology: < Latin sōlitārius, < sōlus alone; hence also Italian solitario , Spanish solitario , Portuguese solitario , French solitaire (see solitaire adj.).

a. Quite alone or unaccompanied; destitute or deprived of the society of others.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [adjective]

onlyOE

alonec1175

solitarya1340

lone1377

ledelessc1400

fellowless?c1425

savage1535

neighbourless1550

private1599

discompanied1601

unattended1603

disaccompanied1605

lonelya1616

marrowless?1635

companionless1644

unneighboured1657

unaccompanied1709

unescorted1774

uncompanioned1822

comradeless1891

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter ci. 8 I am made as sparow solitary in þe hous.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Esther xiv. 3 My Lord, that art king alone, help me solitarie.

?a1400 Morte Arth. 1576 I salle disseuere that sorte,..And sett theme fulle solytarie.

c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 3060 So ful I am of discomfort,..Fro day to day most ful of moone, Solytarye and allone.

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. xxvi. sig. i.v Whan she was solytary, and no man there present.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. viii. f. 134 What one of these solytarie wanderers dyd.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 244 I am oft times sole, but seldome solitary.

1770 O. Goldsmith Deserted Village 129 All but yon widow'd solitary thing [is fled].

1800 W. Wordsworth in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads II. 154 He travels on, a solitary Man, His age has no companion.

1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lii. 465 He did not know how solitary he was until little Rawdon was gone.

1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xiv. 229 He foresaw himself wandering away solitary in pursuit of some unknown fortune.

absolute.1560 Bible (Geneva) Psalms lxviii. 6 God maketh the solitarie to dwell in families.1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table ix When the solitary, whose hearts are shrivelling, are not set in families!

b. Keeping apart or aloof from society; avoiding the company of others; living alone.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [adjective] > preferring to be alone

solitary1393

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xviii. 7 Þer were suche eremites Solitarie by hem-self and in here selles lyueden.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 507 Solitarie he was, and euere alloone.

c1420 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 923 Contemplatyf peple that desyre to be Solytary seruauntes vnto God alone.

c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 477 I saw Saynt Theon sparrid in a cell, solitarie, as it was sayd, xxx^ti yere.

1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 384 There are some so solytary that woulde never be visited.

1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C3 Some thinke to be counted rare Politicians and Statesmen, by beeing solitarie.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. i. i. v. 16 We call any man Melancholy, that is dull,..ill-disposed, solitary.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vii. 461 Those rare and solitarie, these in flocks Pasturing at once.

1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 948 The solitary saint Walks forth to meditate at even tide.

1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. xiv. 286 The solitary man is as speechless as the lower animals.

in extended use.1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Solitariness,..a solitary Humour.

c. Standing alone or by itself; not accompanied or paralleled in any way.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adjective]

onlepyeOE

aefauldeOE

onlyOE

soleinc1369

solea1398

halea1400

seul1477

anerlyc1485

alonelya1513

allenarlya1525

singulara1555

fellowlessa1586

unfellowed1597

unique1601

lone1602

unical1605

single1633

solitarya1634

exclusive1790

one-off1934

one-of-a-kind1954

a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 263 All three are solitarie. The Guide is but one; the Traveller, one; the Way, one.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 139 Who..with solitarie hand..Unaided could have finisht thee.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 75. ⁋1 The result, not of solitary conjecture, but of practice and experience.

1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. i. 8 In disputation, the argument cumulative..is admitted to be at least as pressing as the argument solitary.

1850 W. R. Williams Relig. Progress (1854) ii. 40 Unbelief does not dwell alone, a solitary and sterile sin.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iv. 55 Any the least and solitariest fact in our natural history.

d. With a, one, etc.: single; sole.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adjective] > one and no more

singular1377

soleina1400

single1538

solitary1748

1748 T. Gray Ode in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems II. 266 Poor moralist! and what art thou? A solitary fly!

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xxvii. 199 He gives but seven solitary lines to the only subject, which can deserve his attention.

1802 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) III. 160 I believe it is a solitary instance.

1831 J. Dalton Gentleman in Black i Not a sous have I in the world besides that solitary five franc piece.

1890 Hardwicke's Sci.-gossip 26 49 With one solitary exception the nebular hypothesis explains all.

e. solitary wave n. a travelling, non-dissipative wave which is neither preceded nor followed by another such disturbance.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > wave > types of wave

long wave1792

internal wave1804

stationary wave1833

solitary wave1838

standing wave1845

travelling wave1845

pressure wave1871

ripple1871

surface wave1887

sine wave1893

Rayleigh wave1903

shock wave1907

spherical wave1907

Love wave1924

bow shock1938

Rossby wave1951

soliton1965

1837 J. S. Russell in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. (1840) XIV. 61 This accumulated mass..appeared to roll forward alone along the surface of the quiescent fluid, a large, solitary, progressive wave.]

1838 Russell & Robison in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1837 418 This wave had been called the great solitary wave of the fluid.

1876 London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 1 262 The very different behaviour of solitary waves according as they are positive or negative... In the former case, the wave has a remarkable permanence, being propagated to great distances without much loss.

1899 Ld. Kelvin in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 47 480 On the Application of Force within a Limited Space, required to produce Spherical Solitary Waves, or Trains of Periodic Waves, of both Species, Equivoluminal and Irrotational, in an Elastic Solid. Note, By ‘equivoluminal’ I mean every part of the solid keeping its volume unchanged during the motion.

1952 Russell & Macmillan Waves & Tides i. ii. 44 The velocity of solitary waves of small height is: √[g(depth of water + wave height)].

1976 Nature 8 Apr. 510/2 Figure 2a and b shows typical streamline patterns for waves corresponding to solitary waves of elevation (E solitons) and of depression (D solitons).

2. Of places: marked by solitude; remote, unfrequented, secluded, lonely.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > secluded place or place of seclusion > [adjective] > unfrequented

solitaryc1374

solein1390

insolentc1420

dern1488

uncoutha1542

unvisited1548

unhaunted1568

wasteful1573

unfrequented1594

untraded1596

sole1598

frequentlessa1607

unfrequenting1609

unrepaired to1615

unfrequent1618

lonely1645

lonesome1647

infrequented1675

lone1712

lonelyish1900

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) i. pr. iii. 10 Whi art þou comen in to þis solitarie place of myn exil.

c1393 G. Chaucer Scogan 46 I am..Forgete in solitarie wildirnes.

1447 O. Bokenham Lyvys Seyntys (1835) 36 That neythyr I, ner Seynt Felycyte In solytarye place lengere lefth be.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xxv. 72 She sawe my mother..in a soletary place.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Richard III f. xlvj He sodaynly turned into a solitarye wood nexte adioynynge.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 269 On the North side wherof standeth solitarie a very faire chappell.

1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar in Wks. (1730) I. 81 We retir'd into a wood, and in this wood found out a most solitary cave.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 87 They keep chiefly in the most solitary and inaccessible places.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 534 They sent an embassy to a solitary retreat on the shores of Lake Leman.

1873 W. Black Princess of Thule i. 12 He drove down the hill to the solitary little inn.

3. Characterized by the absence of all companionship or society:

a. Of actions.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [adjective] > characterized by solitude

solitary1382

solein?c1450

loneful1565

solitudinary1647

lonish1653

solitudinous1803

1382 J. Wyclif Psalms (heading) The boc begynneth of ympnes and solitarie spechis of the profete Dauyd, of Cryst.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 121 I was upon point of going abroad to steale a solitary walk.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 632 Satan..toward the Gates of Hell Explores his solitary flight.

1714 C. Wheatley Illustr. Bk. Common Prayer (ed. 2) vi. §29 To prevent the Solitary Masses which had been introduc'd by the Church of Rome.

1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers i. viii. 244 Some operations of our minds, from their very nature, are solitary.

1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod iv. ii. 281 The solitary game is so denominated because it is played by one person only.

1845 R. Ford Hand-bk. Travellers in Spain I. i. 48 A long solitary ride is hardly to be recommended.

1897 R. S. S. Baden-Powell Matabele Campaign iv. 118 The value of solitary scouting does not seem to be sufficiently realised among us nowadays.

b. Of life or conditions.

ΚΠ

c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 38 Foloweris of holy faderis whech lyued in solitarie lif.

1493 Chastysing Goddes Chyldern (de Worde) xvi. sig. Di^v/2 Vneth there were ony that mighte abyde in solitarye liuynge.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 126 In the wych..they schold more profyt..then our monkys have downe in grete processe of tyme, in theyr solytary lyfe.

a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. ii. 15 In respect that it is solitary, I like it verie well: but in respect that it is priuate, it is a very vild life.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 393 Him fair Lavinia..Shall breed in Groves, to lead a solitary Life.

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. v. 89 Nothing which we at present see, would lead us to the Thought of a solitary unactive State hereafter.

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xi. 98 Seated in solitary pomp.

1817 Sir F. Burdett in Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 1858 It was much worse to stand in hourly danger of solitary confinement at the caprice or malice of a Minister of State.

1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) II. v. iv. 485 The ideas which are generally attached to the term ‘Solitary confinement’.

in combination.1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales (ed. 2) II. xiii. 298 All jails have solitary-punishment cells.

c. elliptical. = Solitary confinement.

ΚΠ

1854 C. Dickens Hard Times i. v. 29 A. B.,..committed for eighteen months' solitary.

1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle v. 62 There was nothing the Boche liked so much as an excuse for sending a poor devil to ‘solitary’.

1924 W. M. Raine Troubled Waters xxvi. 262 ‘He's been in solitary for a week,’ explained the warden.

1963 M. Duggan in C. K. Stead N.Z. Short Stories (1966) 2nd Ser. 101 Bread and water and solitary and take that writ on his eyeballs.

1978 T. Allbeury Lantern Network xi. 164 I visited prisoners in solitary every other day.

4. Botany. Of parts or of plants: growing singly or separately; not forming clusters or masses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > solitary or growing singly

solitary1796

the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [adjective] > sparse or occurring singly

sparsed1697

sparse1753

loose1776

lax1796

scattered1796

solitary1796

one-one1832

(a)

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 232 Seeds solitary, compressed.

1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 737 Flowers solitary, terminating.

1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 420 Bearing..flowers in a peculiar spike, which is either solitary or double.

1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 30 They [sc. the bracts] are solitary, or in pairs, or multiplicate.

1880 C. E. Bessey Bot. 428 Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves—e.g., Vinca, Solitary Axillary.

1880 C. E. Bessey Bot. 429 Solitary Terminal.

in combination.1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 910/1 Solitary-flowered axillary peduncles.(b)1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 159 The mushrooms are found solitary or in small patches.1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 45 Plants of this kind are called solitary, while those which grow in immense masses are said to be social.

5. Of ascidians: Simple; not compound.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > division Molluscoidea > [adjective] > of or belonging to Tunicata > of or relating to Ascidia > compound > not

solitary1843

1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 353/2 This metamorphosis was observed..both in a solitary and compound Ascidian.

6. Anatomy. Single, separate; not multiple.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > physical arrangement or condition > [adjective] > symmetrical or paired > not paired

azygous1681

solitary1899

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 796 The ‘solitary bundle’ or ascending vago-glosso-pharyngeal root.

1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 124 Ten solitary abscesses of the liver.

Compounds

Zoology. In names of various insects, birds, etc., which live alone or in pairs only.

solitary bee n.

ΚΠ

1830 Insect Transformations 50 A small solitary bee, (Chelostoma florisomne?) not so large as the domestic fly.

1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 599 The Solitary Bees have never more than the two ordinary kinds of individuals, males and females.

1881 Cassell's Nat. Hist. V. 367 The Solitary Bees..form the remainder of the family.

solitary cuckoo n.

ΚΠ

1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 84 Solitary Cuckow.

solitary dodo n.

ΚΠ

1785 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds III. i. 3 Solitary Dodo..is a large bird.

1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VIII. 446 All those monstrous birds called..Dodo, Solitary Dodo, and Nazarene Dodo.

solitary flycatcher n.

ΚΠ

1810 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. II. 143 Solitary Flycatcher, Muscicapa solitaria.

1831 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. I. 147 The Solitary Fly-catcher, or Vireo, Vireo solitarius.

solitary greenlet n.

ΚΠ

1884 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds (ed. 2) 333 Vireo solitarius,..Solitary Greenlet.

solitary parrot n.

ΚΠ

1787 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl. I. 65 Solitary Parrot. Size of a Starling.

solitary sandpiper n.

ΚΠ

1813 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. VII. 53 Solitary Sandpiper, Tringa solitaria.

1839 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. V. 583 Solitary Sandpiper, Totanus Chloropygius.

solitary snipe n.

ΚΠ

1843 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Birds II. 597 Scolopax major, Solitary Snipe.

1887 Newton in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 202/2 The Double or Solitary Snipe of English sportsmen,..a larger species.

solitary sparrow n.

ΚΠ

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique vii. lxii. 892 The solitarie sparrow is by nature giuen to be melancholike.

1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. ii. ii. i. xviii. 191 The solitary Sparrow..is of the bigness of a Blackbird.

1743 G. Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds I. 18 The Solitary Sparrow. For Bigness, Shape of Body, and Proportion of Parts, it is like the Black-Bird.

solitary tattler n.

ΚΠ

1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 259 Solitary Tattler,..a shy, quiet inhabitant of wet woods.

1884 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds (ed. 2) 639 Rhyacophilus solitarius, Solitary Tattler.

solitary thrush n.

ΚΠ

1781 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 52 Solitary Thrush..frequents mountains and rocky places.

1813 G. Montagu Suppl. Ornithol. Dict. Thrush— Solitary, turdus solitarius. [Cf. Rennie's ed. (1831) 56–58.]

1876–82 Newton Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds II. 242 (note) The real ‘Solitary Thrush’, Monticola cyanus.

solitary vireo n.

ΚΠ

1831 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. I. 147 The Solitary.. Vireo, Vireo solitarius.

1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 121 Blue-headed, or Solitary Vireo.

solitary wasp n.

ΚΠ

1830 Insect Transformations 54 Their most formidable enemy is a solitary wasp (Cerceris ornata).

1896 R. Lydekker Royal Nat. Hist. VI. 40 Of the typical solitary wasps (Masaridæ)..but little is known.

solitary worm n.

ΚΠ

1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Solitary-Worm, a Worm in the Intestines, or..in the Pylorus.

Derivatives

† ˈsolitary v. Obsolete to seclude.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > seclude [verb (transitive)]

reclusea1400

sequesterc1430

withdrawa1450

sequestrate1513

solitary1581

reclude1598

seclude1629

bury1711

recess1795

backwater1885

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 9 To reape the fruits of those labours, it behoueth him to solitarie himselfe from sinne.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	solitary
释义	solitaryn. /ˈsɒlɪtəri/ Forms: Also Middle English solitari(e, solytarye. Etymology: Substantive use of the adjective. 1. a. One who retires into, or lives in, solitude from religious motives; a hermit or recluse. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > monasticism > anchorite > [noun] anchorOE eremitec1200 recluse?c1225 hermitc1275 solitary1435 anchoritea1450 inclusec1460 anchorist1581 cremitt1624 mandrite1844 saint1888 society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [noun] > person solitary1435 solivagant1621 singleton1937 single1964 R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 32 The holy solitari forsoith,..an excellent, goldy seet in heuyns he sall take emangis ordyrs of Aungels. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 92 I went vnto a man þat hight Pachonius, þat dwelte in wyldernes a solitarie. 1651 tr. F. de Quintana Hist. Don Fenise 140 He told him..the course of her life untill the time she had retired her selfe into that solitude, at which the solitary much wondred. 1699 J. Evelyn Acetaria 169 Those Ancient, and truly pious Solitaries, who..were driven from their Countries and Repose, by the Incursions of barbarous Nations. 1737 R. Challoner Catholick Christian Instructed xviii. 178 From these Beginnings the Desarts of Egypt and of Thebais soon were peopled with innumerable Solitaries. 1813 J. C. Eustace Tour through Italy II. i. 2 An hermitage, that seems from its situation to be the cell of one of the holy solitaries of times of old. 1864 C. Kingsley Roman & Teuton ix. 239 The solitaries of the Thebaid found that they became selfish wild beasts, or went mad, if they remained alone. 1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1877) II. App. 599 Wythmann at last, after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, died a solitary. b. One who lives by himself in seclusion or retirement; one who avoids, or is deprived of, the society of others. ΘΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > [noun] > person anchorite?1614 solitarian1655 retirer1678 solitaire1716 recluse1751 solitarya1763 hermit1799 troglodyte1854 umbratile1888 cop-out1969 a1763 W. Shenstone Vision in Ess. (1868) 118 The first meditation of a solitary, is the behaviour of men in active life. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion vi. 298 I noted that the Solitary's cheek Confessed the power of nature. View more context for this quotation 1816 W. Scott Black Dwarf xvii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. I. 315 The door opened, and the Solitary stood before her. a1854 H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets (1857) vi. 224 His [Milton's] life..as a student, as a statesman, and as a solitary. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 24 Mar. 4/1 Hardy pioneers, solitaries who had lived on far-off creeks. †2. A solitude, lonely place. Obsolete. ΘΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > secluded place or place of seclusion > [noun] > unfrequented place wastenessa1500 solitude1576 solitary1594 wilderness1842 1594 G. Peele Battell of Alcazar ii. iii I will go hunt these cursed solitaries. †3. = solitaire n. 5a. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > unspecified and miscellaneous birds > [noun] > miscellaneous night-raveneOE cold-finch1676 crane1678 diver1694 solitary1708 wheat-bird1747 yellow-bill1775 Chinese thrush1781 whidah thrush1781 tomtit1789 solitaire1797 year-bird1798 softbill1830 swift-shrike1841 scissor bird1843 seed finch1862 sea-flyer1869 stalker1872 seven sisters1873 dicky bird1879 baboon bird1883 1708 tr. F. Leguat in P. Oliver Voy. to Rodriguez & Cape of Good Hope (1891) I. 64 We left the Dates for the Turtles and other Birds, particularly the Solitaries. 1708 tr. F. Leguat in P. Oliver Voy. to Rodriguez & Cape of Good Hope (1891) I. 77–80. 4. = solitaire n. 3. Also attributive. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > patience or solitaire > [noun] solitaire1746 solitary1798 patience1822 society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > other board games > [noun] > solitaire solitaire1746 solitary1798 1798 M. Edgeworth & R. L. Edgeworth Pract. Educ. I. i. 20 At the solitary-board they must..fix their attention solely upon the figure and the pegs before them. 1807 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life II. xvi. 94 For want of better employment, playing at Solitary. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online September 2021). solitaryadj. /ˈsɒlɪtəri/ Forms: Also Middle English–1500s solytarie, Middle English–1500s solytary(e; Middle English–1600s solitarie, Middle English solitarye; 1500s soletary. Etymology: < Latin sōlitārius, < sōlus alone; hence also Italian solitario , Spanish solitario , Portuguese solitario , French solitaire (see solitaire adj.). 1. a. Quite alone or unaccompanied; destitute or deprived of the society of others. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [adjective] onlyOE alonec1175 solitarya1340 lone1377 ledelessc1400 fellowless?c1425 savage1535 neighbourless1550 private1599 discompanied1601 unattended1603 disaccompanied1605 lonelya1616 marrowless?1635 companionless1644 unneighboured1657 unaccompanied1709 unescorted1774 uncompanioned1822 comradeless1891 a1340 R. Rolle Psalter ci. 8 I am made as sparow solitary in þe hous. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Esther xiv. 3 My Lord, that art king alone, help me solitarie. ?a1400 Morte Arth. 1576 I salle disseuere that sorte,..And sett theme fulle solytarie. c1407 J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte 3060 So ful I am of discomfort,..Fro day to day most ful of moone, Solytarye and allone. a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. xxvi. sig. i.v Whan she was solytary, and no man there present. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. viii. f. 134 What one of these solytarie wanderers dyd. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 244 I am oft times sole, but seldome solitary. 1770 O. Goldsmith Deserted Village 129 All but yon widow'd solitary thing [is fled]. 1800 W. Wordsworth in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads II. 154 He travels on, a solitary Man, His age has no companion. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lii. 465 He did not know how solitary he was until little Rawdon was gone. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xiv. 229 He foresaw himself wandering away solitary in pursuit of some unknown fortune. absolute.1560 Bible (Geneva) Psalms lxviii. 6 God maketh the solitarie to dwell in families.1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table ix When the solitary, whose hearts are shrivelling, are not set in families! b. Keeping apart or aloof from society; avoiding the company of others; living alone. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [adjective] > preferring to be alone solitary1393 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xviii. 7 Þer were suche eremites Solitarie by hem-self and in here selles lyueden. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 507 Solitarie he was, and euere alloone. c1420 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 923 Contemplatyf peple that desyre to be Solytary seruauntes vnto God alone. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1905) II. 477 I saw Saynt Theon sparrid in a cell, solitarie, as it was sayd, xxx^ti yere. 1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes 384 There are some so solytary that woulde never be visited. 1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C3 Some thinke to be counted rare Politicians and Statesmen, by beeing solitarie. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. i. i. v. 16 We call any man Melancholy, that is dull,..ill-disposed, solitary. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vii. 461 Those rare and solitarie, these in flocks Pasturing at once. View more context for this quotation 1785 W. Cowper Task vi. 948 The solitary saint Walks forth to meditate at even tide. 1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. xiv. 286 The solitary man is as speechless as the lower animals. in extended use.1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Solitariness,..a solitary Humour. c. Standing alone or by itself; not accompanied or paralleled in any way. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adjective] onlepyeOE aefauldeOE onlyOE soleinc1369 solea1398 halea1400 seul1477 anerlyc1485 alonelya1513 allenarlya1525 singulara1555 fellowlessa1586 unfellowed1597 unique1601 lone1602 unical1605 single1633 solitarya1634 exclusive1790 one-off1934 one-of-a-kind1954 a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 263 All three are solitarie. The Guide is but one; the Traveller, one; the Way, one. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 139 Who..with solitarie hand..Unaided could have finisht thee. View more context for this quotation 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 75. ⁋1 The result, not of solitary conjecture, but of practice and experience. 1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. i. 8 In disputation, the argument cumulative..is admitted to be at least as pressing as the argument solitary. 1850 W. R. Williams Relig. Progress (1854) ii. 40 Unbelief does not dwell alone, a solitary and sterile sin. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iv. 55 Any the least and solitariest fact in our natural history. d. With a, one, etc.: single; sole. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > only one > [adjective] > one and no more singular1377 soleina1400 single1538 solitary1748 1748 T. Gray Ode in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems II. 266 Poor moralist! and what art thou? A solitary fly! 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xxvii. 199 He gives but seven solitary lines to the only subject, which can deserve his attention. 1802 G. Morris in J. Sparks Life G. Morris (1832) III. 160 I believe it is a solitary instance. 1831 J. Dalton Gentleman in Black i Not a sous have I in the world besides that solitary five franc piece. 1890 Hardwicke's Sci.-gossip 26 49 With one solitary exception the nebular hypothesis explains all. e. solitary wave n. a travelling, non-dissipative wave which is neither preceded nor followed by another such disturbance. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > types of motion > [noun] > wave > types of wave long wave1792 internal wave1804 stationary wave1833 solitary wave1838 standing wave1845 travelling wave1845 pressure wave1871 ripple1871 surface wave1887 sine wave1893 Rayleigh wave1903 shock wave1907 spherical wave1907 Love wave1924 bow shock1938 Rossby wave1951 soliton1965 1837 J. S. Russell in Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. (1840) XIV. 61 This accumulated mass..appeared to roll forward alone along the surface of the quiescent fluid, a large, solitary, progressive wave.] 1838 Russell & Robison in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1837 418 This wave had been called the great solitary wave of the fluid. 1876 London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 1 262 The very different behaviour of solitary waves according as they are positive or negative... In the former case, the wave has a remarkable permanence, being propagated to great distances without much loss. 1899 Ld. Kelvin in London, Edinb. & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 47 480 On the Application of Force within a Limited Space, required to produce Spherical Solitary Waves, or Trains of Periodic Waves, of both Species, Equivoluminal and Irrotational, in an Elastic Solid. Note, By ‘equivoluminal’ I mean every part of the solid keeping its volume unchanged during the motion. 1952 Russell & Macmillan Waves & Tides i. ii. 44 The velocity of solitary waves of small height is: √[g(depth of water + wave height)]. 1976 Nature 8 Apr. 510/2 Figure 2a and b shows typical streamline patterns for waves corresponding to solitary waves of elevation (E solitons) and of depression (D solitons). 2. Of places: marked by solitude; remote, unfrequented, secluded, lonely. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > secluded place or place of seclusion > [adjective] > unfrequented solitaryc1374 solein1390 insolentc1420 dern1488 uncoutha1542 unvisited1548 unhaunted1568 wasteful1573 unfrequented1594 untraded1596 sole1598 frequentlessa1607 unfrequenting1609 unrepaired to1615 unfrequent1618 lonely1645 lonesome1647 infrequented1675 lone1712 lonelyish1900 c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (1868) i. pr. iii. 10 Whi art þou comen in to þis solitarie place of myn exil. c1393 G. Chaucer Scogan 46 I am..Forgete in solitarie wildirnes. 1447 O. Bokenham Lyvys Seyntys (1835) 36 That neythyr I, ner Seynt Felycyte In solytarye place lengere lefth be. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) xxv. 72 She sawe my mother..in a soletary place. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Richard III f. xlvj He sodaynly turned into a solitarye wood nexte adioynynge. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 269 On the North side wherof standeth solitarie a very faire chappell. 1687 T. Brown Saints in Uproar in Wks. (1730) I. 81 We retir'd into a wood, and in this wood found out a most solitary cave. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth III. 87 They keep chiefly in the most solitary and inaccessible places. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 534 They sent an embassy to a solitary retreat on the shores of Lake Leman. 1873 W. Black Princess of Thule i. 12 He drove down the hill to the solitary little inn. 3. Characterized by the absence of all companionship or society: a. Of actions. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [adjective] > characterized by solitude solitary1382 solein?c1450 loneful1565 solitudinary1647 lonish1653 solitudinous1803 1382 J. Wyclif Psalms (heading) The boc begynneth of ympnes and solitarie spechis of the profete Dauyd, of Cryst. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 121 I was upon point of going abroad to steale a solitary walk. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 632 Satan..toward the Gates of Hell Explores his solitary flight. View more context for this quotation 1714 C. Wheatley Illustr. Bk. Common Prayer (ed. 2) vi. §29 To prevent the Solitary Masses which had been introduc'd by the Church of Rome. 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers i. viii. 244 Some operations of our minds, from their very nature, are solitary. 1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod iv. ii. 281 The solitary game is so denominated because it is played by one person only. 1845 R. Ford Hand-bk. Travellers in Spain I. i. 48 A long solitary ride is hardly to be recommended. 1897 R. S. S. Baden-Powell Matabele Campaign iv. 118 The value of solitary scouting does not seem to be sufficiently realised among us nowadays. b. Of life or conditions. ΚΠ c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 38 Foloweris of holy faderis whech lyued in solitarie lif. 1493 Chastysing Goddes Chyldern (de Worde) xvi. sig. Di^v/2 Vneth there were ony that mighte abyde in solitarye liuynge. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 126 In the wych..they schold more profyt..then our monkys have downe in grete processe of tyme, in theyr solytary lyfe. a1616 W. Shakespeare As you like It (1623) iii. ii. 15 In respect that it is solitary, I like it verie well: but in respect that it is priuate, it is a very vild life. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 393 Him fair Lavinia..Shall breed in Groves, to lead a solitary Life. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. v. 89 Nothing which we at present see, would lead us to the Thought of a solitary unactive State hereafter. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in Iliad & Odyssey I. xi. 98 Seated in solitary pomp. 1817 Sir F. Burdett in Parl. Deb. 1st Ser. 1858 It was much worse to stand in hourly danger of solitary confinement at the caprice or malice of a Minister of State. 1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) II. v. iv. 485 The ideas which are generally attached to the term ‘Solitary confinement’. in combination.1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales (ed. 2) II. xiii. 298 All jails have solitary-punishment cells. c. elliptical. = Solitary confinement. ΚΠ 1854 C. Dickens Hard Times i. v. 29 A. B.,..committed for eighteen months' solitary. 1916 J. Buchan Greenmantle v. 62 There was nothing the Boche liked so much as an excuse for sending a poor devil to ‘solitary’. 1924 W. M. Raine Troubled Waters xxvi. 262 ‘He's been in solitary for a week,’ explained the warden. 1963 M. Duggan in C. K. Stead N.Z. Short Stories (1966) 2nd Ser. 101 Bread and water and solitary and take that writ on his eyeballs. 1978 T. Allbeury Lantern Network xi. 164 I visited prisoners in solitary every other day. 4. Botany. Of parts or of plants: growing singly or separately; not forming clusters or masses. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > solitary or growing singly solitary1796 the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [adjective] > sparse or occurring singly sparsed1697 sparse1753 loose1776 lax1796 scattered1796 solitary1796 one-one1832 (a) 1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 232 Seeds solitary, compressed. 1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 737 Flowers solitary, terminating. 1807 J. E. Smith Introd. Physiol. & Systematical Bot. 420 Bearing..flowers in a peculiar spike, which is either solitary or double. 1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 30 They [sc. the bracts] are solitary, or in pairs, or multiplicate. 1880 C. E. Bessey Bot. 428 Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves—e.g., Vinca, Solitary Axillary. 1880 C. E. Bessey Bot. 429 Solitary Terminal. in combination.1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 910/1 Solitary-flowered axillary peduncles.(b)1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 159 The mushrooms are found solitary or in small patches.1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 45 Plants of this kind are called solitary, while those which grow in immense masses are said to be social. 5. Of ascidians: Simple; not compound. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > division Molluscoidea > [adjective] > of or belonging to Tunicata > of or relating to Ascidia > compound > not solitary1843 1843 Penny Cycl. XXV. 353/2 This metamorphosis was observed..both in a solitary and compound Ascidian. 6. Anatomy. Single, separate; not multiple. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > physical arrangement or condition > [adjective] > symmetrical or paired > not paired azygous1681 solitary1899 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VI. 796 The ‘solitary bundle’ or ascending vago-glosso-pharyngeal root. 1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 124 Ten solitary abscesses of the liver. Compounds Zoology. In names of various insects, birds, etc., which live alone or in pairs only. solitary bee n. ΚΠ 1830 Insect Transformations 50 A small solitary bee, (Chelostoma florisomne?) not so large as the domestic fly. 1840 E. Blyth et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom 599 The Solitary Bees have never more than the two ordinary kinds of individuals, males and females. 1881 Cassell's Nat. Hist. V. 367 The Solitary Bees..form the remainder of the family. solitary cuckoo n. ΚΠ 1815 J. F. Stephens Shaw's Gen. Zool. IX. i. 84 Solitary Cuckow. solitary dodo n. ΚΠ 1785 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds III. i. 3 Solitary Dodo..is a large bird. 1829 E. Griffith et al. Cuvier's Animal Kingdom VIII. 446 All those monstrous birds called..Dodo, Solitary Dodo, and Nazarene Dodo. solitary flycatcher n. ΚΠ 1810 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. II. 143 Solitary Flycatcher, Muscicapa solitaria. 1831 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. I. 147 The Solitary Fly-catcher, or Vireo, Vireo solitarius. solitary greenlet n. ΚΠ 1884 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds (ed. 2) 333 Vireo solitarius,..Solitary Greenlet. solitary parrot n. ΚΠ 1787 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds Suppl. I. 65 Solitary Parrot. Size of a Starling. solitary sandpiper n. ΚΠ 1813 A. Wilson Amer. Ornithol. VII. 53 Solitary Sandpiper, Tringa solitaria. 1839 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. V. 583 Solitary Sandpiper, Totanus Chloropygius. solitary snipe n. ΚΠ 1843 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Birds II. 597 Scolopax major, Solitary Snipe. 1887 Newton in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 202/2 The Double or Solitary Snipe of English sportsmen,..a larger species. solitary sparrow n. ΚΠ 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique vii. lxii. 892 The solitarie sparrow is by nature giuen to be melancholike. 1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. ii. ii. i. xviii. 191 The solitary Sparrow..is of the bigness of a Blackbird. 1743 G. Edwards Nat. Hist. Birds I. 18 The Solitary Sparrow. For Bigness, Shape of Body, and Proportion of Parts, it is like the Black-Bird. solitary tattler n. ΚΠ 1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 259 Solitary Tattler,..a shy, quiet inhabitant of wet woods. 1884 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds (ed. 2) 639 Rhyacophilus solitarius, Solitary Tattler. solitary thrush n. ΚΠ 1781 J. Latham Gen. Synopsis Birds I. i. 52 Solitary Thrush..frequents mountains and rocky places. 1813 G. Montagu Suppl. Ornithol. Dict. Thrush— Solitary, turdus solitarius. [Cf. Rennie's ed. (1831) 56–58.] 1876–82 Newton Yarrell's Hist. Brit. Birds II. 242 (note) The real ‘Solitary Thrush’, Monticola cyanus. solitary vireo n. ΚΠ 1831 J. J. Audubon Ornithol. Biogr. I. 147 The Solitary.. Vireo, Vireo solitarius. 1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 121 Blue-headed, or Solitary Vireo. solitary wasp n. ΚΠ 1830 Insect Transformations 54 Their most formidable enemy is a solitary wasp (Cerceris ornata). 1896 R. Lydekker Royal Nat. Hist. VI. 40 Of the typical solitary wasps (Masaridæ)..but little is known. solitary worm n. ΚΠ 1730 N. Bailey et al. Dictionarium Britannicum Solitary-Worm, a Worm in the Intestines, or..in the Pylorus. Derivatives † ˈsolitary v. Obsolete to seclude. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > retirement or seclusion > seclude [verb (transitive)] reclusea1400 sequesterc1430 withdrawa1450 sequestrate1513 solitary1581 reclude1598 seclude1629 bury1711 recess1795 backwater1885 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 9 To reape the fruits of those labours, it behoueth him to solitarie himselfe from sinne. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1435adj.a1340
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