sophismn.

Brit.

/ˈsɒfɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈsɑˌfɪzəm/,

/ˈsoʊˌfɪzəm/

Forms: α. Middle English soffym(e, Middle English sofyme; Middle English sophim(e, Middle English–1500s sophym(e, Middle English sophymme. β. Middle English–1500s sopheme (1500s sophem, Middle English soffem), Middle English–1500s sopham, 1600s sophom(e. γ. 1500s–1600s sophisme (1500s sophysme), 1500s– sophism.

Etymology: < Old French soff-, sophime, sof-, sophisme (modern French sophisme), or < Latin sophisma (Spanish sofisma, Italian sofisma, soff-, sofismo), < Greek σόϕισμα a clever device, trick, argument, etc., < σοϕίζεσθαι to devise, < σοϕός wise, clever.

a. A specious but fallacious argument, either used deliberately in order to deceive or mislead, or employed as a means of displaying ingenuity in reasoning.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > misleading argument, sophistry > [noun] > instance of

sophismc1350

fallacea1393

fallation1483

sophisticationa1492

fallax1530

fallacy1532

shift1545

elench1570

collusion1581

goose-trap1610

voidance1621

salvea1628

sophistry1673

wriggle1675

Jesuitism1749

special pleader1867

α.

c1350 Commem. Dead 218 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 149 All þir resons þat þou here sese War my sophims and sotiltese.

c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. II. 288 Crist and his apostlis weren not moved bi þese sophymes.

c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. III. 227 Þis a foul soffyme, a foul and a sotil disceit.

c1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine ii. 817 Late be youre sophym! your termes arn but sour!

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. iv. 119 The conclusions and the sophyms of logyque.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xi. 42 Seven sophyms full hard and fallacyous.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 173 Sophisme, a sophyme.

β. c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 547 Ne couthe man by twenty thousand part Contrefete the sophemes of his art.c1400 Rom. Rose 7471 For men may finde alway sopheme The consequence to enveneme.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 1509 Wallace, he herd the sophammis euire-deill.1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 216/2 Setting wilkin alone with Simkin disputyng theyr sophem themself. a1570 [see sense 1b]. a1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhemists New Test. (1618) 578 The Apostle had taken the measure of these words from their brawling and bawling Sophomes.1642 Bp. J. Taylor Of Sacred Order Episcopacy (1647) 378 Those few pigmy objections..are but like Sophoms to prove that two and two are not foure.γ. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 541/1 To tourne their earnest godly sentence into friuolouse cauillacions, & sophismes.1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 286 They stand in contention with their sophismes and captious conclusions.1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 57 A captious Sophisme, made to intrap the ignorant.1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 157 How easie to impose Sophismes on one that knoweth no kind of Logick, or form of Reasoning!1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. iii. 199 Here is in this objection a poor sophisme which they cal ‘no-cause for a cause’.1753 S. Johnson Adventurer No. 85. ⁋17 To fix the thoughts by writing..is the best method of enabling the mind to detect its own sophisms.1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers ii. x. 281 Others thought that the argument from revelation was a mere sophism.1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 568 But no sophism is too gross to delude minds distempered by party spirit.1875 H. J. S. Maine Lect. Early Hist. Inst. xiii. 399 The proposition that men are by nature equal he expressly denounced as an anarchical sophism.

†b. spec. An argument of this kind serving as a University exercise. Also attributive. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical disputation or dialectics > [noun] > sophistry

sophistrya1400

sophism1566

sophistic1862

society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > university exercise

sophism1566

1566 in T. Fowler Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (1893) 112 Item, he harde no sophisme.

a1570 R. Morice in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) III. xxviii. 233 [Latimer] came into the Sopham School, among the Youth, there gathered together of Daily Custom to keep their Sophams and Disputations.

1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 475 Euery boy in Cambridge, that hath but once kept sophisme, would hisse at him for this assertion.

c. Without article: Sophistry.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > misleading argument, sophistry > [noun]

sophistry1340

chop-logic1533

Jesuitism1613

chopping of logic1668

casuistry1712

sophism1768

special pleading1813

subtilism1825

Jesuitry1832

verbalism1847

logic-chopping1904

1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued I. i. 77 Stripping it of all that sophism and equivocation wherewith it has been artfully overclouded.

1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. ii. iii. 106 To defend their dogmas..by every art of sophism or appeal to passion.

1869 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 July 10 Until excess of philosophy, sophism, and theorizing turned every Frenchman into an argumentative lunatic.

†2. A device; a scheme. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > intention > planning > [noun] > a plan

redeeOE

devicec1290

casta1300

went1303

ordinancec1385

intentc1386

imaginationa1393

drifta1535

draught1535

forecast1535

platform1547

ground-plat?a1560

table1560

convoy1565

design1565

plat1574

ground-plota1586

plot1587

reach1587

theory1593

game1595

projectment1611

projecting1616

navation1628

approach1633

plan1635

systema1648

sophism1657

manage1667

brouillon1678

speculationa1684

sketch1697

to take measures1698

method1704

scheme1704

lines1760

outline1760

measure1767

restorative1821

ground plan1834

strategy1834

programme1837

ticket1842

project1849

outline plan1850

layout1867

draft1879

dart1882

lurk1916

schema1939

lick1955

1657 G. Thornley tr. Longus Daphnis & Chloe 113 Daphnis, who was of a more projecting wit then she, devised this Sophism to see her.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	sophism
释义	sophismn. Brit. /ˈsɒfɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈsɑˌfɪzəm/, /ˈsoʊˌfɪzəm/ Forms: α. Middle English soffym(e, Middle English sofyme; Middle English sophim(e, Middle English–1500s sophym(e, Middle English sophymme. β. Middle English–1500s sopheme (1500s sophem, Middle English soffem), Middle English–1500s sopham, 1600s sophom(e. γ. 1500s–1600s sophisme (1500s sophysme), 1500s– sophism. Etymology: < Old French soff-, sophime, sof-, sophisme (modern French sophisme), or < Latin sophisma (Spanish sofisma, Italian sofisma, soff-, sofismo), < Greek σόϕισμα a clever device, trick, argument, etc., < σοϕίζεσθαι to devise, < σοϕός wise, clever. 1. a. A specious but fallacious argument, either used deliberately in order to deceive or mislead, or employed as a means of displaying ingenuity in reasoning. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > misleading argument, sophistry > [noun] > instance of sophismc1350 fallacea1393 fallation1483 sophisticationa1492 fallax1530 fallacy1532 shift1545 elench1570 collusion1581 goose-trap1610 voidance1621 salvea1628 sophistry1673 wriggle1675 Jesuitism1749 special pleader1867 α. c1350 Commem. Dead 218 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 149 All þir resons þat þou here sese War my sophims and sotiltese. c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. II. 288 Crist and his apostlis weren not moved bi þese sophymes. c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. III. 227 Þis a foul soffyme, a foul and a sotil disceit. c1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine ii. 817 Late be youre sophym! your termes arn but sour! 1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. iv. 119 The conclusions and the sophyms of logyque. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xi. 42 Seven sophyms full hard and fallacyous. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 173 Sophisme, a sophyme. β. c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 547 Ne couthe man by twenty thousand part Contrefete the sophemes of his art.c1400 Rom. Rose 7471 For men may finde alway sopheme The consequence to enveneme.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 1509 Wallace, he herd the sophammis euire-deill.1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 216/2 Setting wilkin alone with Simkin disputyng theyr sophem themself. a1570 [see sense 1b]. a1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhemists New Test. (1618) 578 The Apostle had taken the measure of these words from their brawling and bawling Sophomes.1642 Bp. J. Taylor Of Sacred Order Episcopacy (1647) 378 Those few pigmy objections..are but like Sophoms to prove that two and two are not foure.γ. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 541/1 To tourne their earnest godly sentence into friuolouse cauillacions, & sophismes.1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 286 They stand in contention with their sophismes and captious conclusions.1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 57 A captious Sophisme, made to intrap the ignorant.1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 157 How easie to impose Sophismes on one that knoweth no kind of Logick, or form of Reasoning!1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. iii. 199 Here is in this objection a poor sophisme which they cal ‘no-cause for a cause’.1753 S. Johnson Adventurer No. 85. ⁋17 To fix the thoughts by writing..is the best method of enabling the mind to detect its own sophisms.1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers ii. x. 281 Others thought that the argument from revelation was a mere sophism.1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 568 But no sophism is too gross to delude minds distempered by party spirit.1875 H. J. S. Maine Lect. Early Hist. Inst. xiii. 399 The proposition that men are by nature equal he expressly denounced as an anarchical sophism. †b. spec. An argument of this kind serving as a University exercise. Also attributive. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical disputation or dialectics > [noun] > sophistry sophistrya1400 sophism1566 sophistic1862 society > education > learning > study > subject or object of study > [noun] > university exercise sophism1566 1566 in T. Fowler Hist. Corpus Christi Coll. (1893) 112 Item, he harde no sophisme. a1570 R. Morice in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) III. xxviii. 233 [Latimer] came into the Sopham School, among the Youth, there gathered together of Daily Custom to keep their Sophams and Disputations. 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 475 Euery boy in Cambridge, that hath but once kept sophisme, would hisse at him for this assertion. c. Without article: Sophistry. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > misleading argument, sophistry > [noun] sophistry1340 chop-logic1533 Jesuitism1613 chopping of logic1668 casuistry1712 sophism1768 special pleading1813 subtilism1825 Jesuitry1832 verbalism1847 logic-chopping1904 1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued I. i. 77 Stripping it of all that sophism and equivocation wherewith it has been artfully overclouded. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. ii. iii. 106 To defend their dogmas..by every art of sophism or appeal to passion. 1869 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 July 10 Until excess of philosophy, sophism, and theorizing turned every Frenchman into an argumentative lunatic. †2. A device; a scheme. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > planning > [noun] > a plan redeeOE devicec1290 casta1300 went1303 ordinancec1385 intentc1386 imaginationa1393 drifta1535 draught1535 forecast1535 platform1547 ground-plat?a1560 table1560 convoy1565 design1565 plat1574 ground-plota1586 plot1587 reach1587 theory1593 game1595 projectment1611 projecting1616 navation1628 approach1633 view1634 plan1635 systema1648 sophism1657 manage1667 brouillon1678 speculationa1684 sketch1697 to take measures1698 method1704 scheme1704 lines1760 outline1760 measure1767 restorative1821 ground plan1834 strategy1834 programme1837 ticket1842 project1849 outline plan1850 layout1867 draft1879 dart1882 lurk1916 schema1939 lick1955 1657 G. Thornley tr. Longus Daphnis & Chloe 113 Daphnis, who was of a more projecting wit then she, devised this Sophism to see her. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1350
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