specificityn.

/spɛsɪˈfɪsɪti/

Etymology: < French spécificité, or < specific adj. + -ity suffix.

a. The quality or fact of being specific in operation or effect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > qualities of medicines

acuity1543

benignity1605

lenitude1657

incompatibility1825

alkalescency1826

specificity1876

compatibility1898

orgonity1945

addictiveness1955

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [noun] > specificity

specificity1876

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [noun] > in operation or effect

specificity1876

1876 R. Bartholow Pract. Treat. Materia Med. ii. 382 It is not an action of specificity—like quinia in intermittent and remittent fevers.

1884 Trans. Victoria Inst. 37 (note) The specificity of germs is still an unsettled question.

1922 J. Y. Simpson Man & Attainm. Immortality xii. 267 The specificity of action, the directedness, the working out of what looks like purpose.

1946 Scrutiny XIV. 109 George Eliot's genius appears in the specificity with which she exhibits the accomplishments in Gwendolen of the kind of conscious advantage she resembles Isabel in enjoying.

1977 J. F. Fixx Compl. Bk. Running vii. 89 Few runners had supposed it could possibly be so hot on a mid-April day in Massachusetts, so practically nobody had trained properly. As a result, most people's times were terrible. The same specificity principle applies to terrain.

b. The narrowness of the range of substances with which an antibody or other agent acts or is effective.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > process stimulators or inhibitors > antibody > [noun] > specificity of

specificity1896

monospecificity1968

1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 888 He denies, from experiments of his own, the specificity of protective serum.

1904 G. H. F. Nuttall Blood Immunity & Blood Relationship ix. 381 Wassermann..brought the question of specificity into greater prominence.

1904 G. H. F. Nuttall Blood Immunity & Blood Relationship Index 443/1 Specificity of precipitins.

1935 N. P. Sherwood Immunol. xii. 274 Two kinds of specificity can be demonstrated by immune reactions, one that applies to species and the second to type variation within a species.

1971 Sci. Amer. July 26/1 The specificity, or narrow spectrum, of vaccines is a limitation; it means that a different vaccine is required for each virus or strain of virus.

c. Biology. The degree to which a parasite or symbiote is restricted in its range of hosts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism

commensalism1870

mutualism1874

mutuality1876

symbiosis1882

messmatism1886

individualism1897

individuation1897

parasymbiosis1897

metabiosis1899

helotism1900

symbiotism1902

specificity1924

1924 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1923 453 They [sc. parasitic nematodes] may be divided broadly into a section with more or less strict ‘specificity’ and a section with members occurring in various hosts, often of quite distantly related groups.

1955 Sci. Amer. July 77/1 It is also known that the protein coat determines the specificity of the virus, i.e., whether or not it will attack a certain bacterium.

1965 B. E. Freeman tr. A. Vandel Biospeleol. xv. 245 This is more a case of parasitic or symbiotic specificity than cavernicolous specialisation.

2. The fact of being specific in character.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > [noun]

specificality1660

specificness1682

specificity1879

1879 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 24 May 785 No one who has studied the clinical history of diphtheria can avoid grave doubts as to its specificity.

1894 Lancet 3 Nov. 1058 The doctrine of the invariable specificity of the disease.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 633 In determining the specificity of the rheumatic origin.

1928 Hartshorne & May Studies in Deceit ii. xii. 221 (heading) Specificity of attitudes.

1958 R. Williams Culture & Society iii. iii. 231 A principal virtue was always the specificity, not only of definition, but of illustration.

1981 Times 16 July 6/1 They also want to avoid ‘specificity’ because they have not yet formulated fully-fledged policies.

Draft additions 1993

d. Medicine. The extent to which a diagnostic test is specific for a particular condition, trait, etc., calculated as the proportion of tests on individuals who do not have the condition, etc., that give negative results.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specificity of test

specificity1954

1954 A. B. Kurlander et al. in Diabetes 3 216/1 Specificity may be defined as the ability of the test to classify as negative those who do not have the condition being screened for and is calculated as the percentage screening negative of those determined not to have diabetes.

1954 A. B. Kurlander et al. in Diabetes 3 218/2 The specificity ratings of blood sugar tests by the Somogyi–Nelson and Wilkerson–Heftmann methods were satisfactory—98·0 and 96·8 per cent respectively.

1955 Sci. Amer. Mar. 68/2 The three procedures represent an ascending scale of sensitivity and a descending scale of specificity.

1977 I. M. Roitt Essent. Immunol. v. 131 As with most immunological techniques as sensitivity is increased, specificity becomes progressively reduced.

1987 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. v. 442/2 This test has a sensitivity of up to 96 per cent and a specificity of 99 per cent.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

单词	specificity
释义	specificityn. /spɛsɪˈfɪsɪti/ Etymology: < French spécificité, or < specific adj. + -ity suffix. 1. a. The quality or fact of being specific in operation or effect. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > qualities of medicines acuity1543 benignity1605 lenitude1657 incompatibility1825 alkalescency1826 specificity1876 compatibility1898 orgonity1945 addictiveness1955 the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [noun] > specificity specificity1876 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [noun] > in operation or effect specificity1876 1876 R. Bartholow Pract. Treat. Materia Med. ii. 382 It is not an action of specificity—like quinia in intermittent and remittent fevers. 1884 Trans. Victoria Inst. 37 (note) The specificity of germs is still an unsettled question. 1922 J. Y. Simpson Man & Attainm. Immortality xii. 267 The specificity of action, the directedness, the working out of what looks like purpose. 1946 Scrutiny XIV. 109 George Eliot's genius appears in the specificity with which she exhibits the accomplishments in Gwendolen of the kind of conscious advantage she resembles Isabel in enjoying. 1977 J. F. Fixx Compl. Bk. Running vii. 89 Few runners had supposed it could possibly be so hot on a mid-April day in Massachusetts, so practically nobody had trained properly. As a result, most people's times were terrible. The same specificity principle applies to terrain. b. The narrowness of the range of substances with which an antibody or other agent acts or is effective. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > process stimulators or inhibitors > antibody > [noun] > specificity of specificity1896 monospecificity1968 1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 888 He denies, from experiments of his own, the specificity of protective serum. 1904 G. H. F. Nuttall Blood Immunity & Blood Relationship ix. 381 Wassermann..brought the question of specificity into greater prominence. 1904 G. H. F. Nuttall Blood Immunity & Blood Relationship Index 443/1 Specificity of precipitins. 1935 N. P. Sherwood Immunol. xii. 274 Two kinds of specificity can be demonstrated by immune reactions, one that applies to species and the second to type variation within a species. 1971 Sci. Amer. July 26/1 The specificity, or narrow spectrum, of vaccines is a limitation; it means that a different vaccine is required for each virus or strain of virus. c. Biology. The degree to which a parasite or symbiote is restricted in its range of hosts. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > symbiosis or mutualism commensalism1870 mutualism1874 mutuality1876 symbiosis1882 messmatism1886 individualism1897 individuation1897 parasymbiosis1897 metabiosis1899 helotism1900 symbiotism1902 specificity1924 1924 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1923 453 They [sc. parasitic nematodes] may be divided broadly into a section with more or less strict ‘specificity’ and a section with members occurring in various hosts, often of quite distantly related groups. 1955 Sci. Amer. July 77/1 It is also known that the protein coat determines the specificity of the virus, i.e., whether or not it will attack a certain bacterium. 1965 B. E. Freeman tr. A. Vandel Biospeleol. xv. 245 This is more a case of parasitic or symbiotic specificity than cavernicolous specialisation. 2. The fact of being specific in character. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > [noun] specificality1660 specificness1682 specificity1879 1879 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 24 May 785 No one who has studied the clinical history of diphtheria can avoid grave doubts as to its specificity. 1894 Lancet 3 Nov. 1058 The doctrine of the invariable specificity of the disease. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 633 In determining the specificity of the rheumatic origin. 1928 Hartshorne & May Studies in Deceit ii. xii. 221 (heading) Specificity of attitudes. 1958 R. Williams Culture & Society iii. iii. 231 A principal virtue was always the specificity, not only of definition, but of illustration. 1981 Times 16 July 6/1 They also want to avoid ‘specificity’ because they have not yet formulated fully-fledged policies. Draft additions 1993 d. Medicine. The extent to which a diagnostic test is specific for a particular condition, trait, etc., calculated as the proportion of tests on individuals who do not have the condition, etc., that give negative results. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specificity of test specificity1954 1954 A. B. Kurlander et al. in Diabetes 3 216/1 Specificity may be defined as the ability of the test to classify as negative those who do not have the condition being screened for and is calculated as the percentage screening negative of those determined not to have diabetes. 1954 A. B. Kurlander et al. in Diabetes 3 218/2 The specificity ratings of blood sugar tests by the Somogyi–Nelson and Wilkerson–Heftmann methods were satisfactory—98·0 and 96·8 per cent respectively. 1955 Sci. Amer. Mar. 68/2 The three procedures represent an ascending scale of sensitivity and a descending scale of specificity. 1977 I. M. Roitt Essent. Immunol. v. 131 As with most immunological techniques as sensitivity is increased, specificity becomes progressively reduced. 1987 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. (ed. 2) I. v. 442/2 This test has a sensitivity of up to 96 per cent and a specificity of 99 per cent. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.1876
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