c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 2857 Alle maner soun And gle Of minestrals vp and doun Bifor þe folk so fre.

?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) ii. l. 862 in Shorter Poems (1967) 58 Tarpsychore the fyft with humyll Soun Makis on psaltreis modolatioun.

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates James I. ix In liberall artes, in instrumentale sowne.

1944 F. Leib tr. E. Lifshitz in Jrnl. Physics (Moscow) VIII. 111/1 We look for the velocity v_s..in the ‘first’ and ‘second’ sound waves.

1957 tr. L. D. Landau in Soviet Physics: JETP 5 102/1 It is shown..that in a Fermi liquid at absolute zero other waves can be propagated; these differ in nature from ordinary sound, and we shall call them waves of ‘zero sound’.

1959 K. R. Atkins in Physical Rev. 113 962 This article discusses the possible existence of two hitherto undetected types of wave propagation in liquid helium II. Third sound is a surface wave of long wavelength on a liquid helium film... Fourth sound may exist in narrow two-sided channels.

1959 K. R. Atkins in Physical Rev. 113 962 To discuss wave propagation in liquid helium II, it is necessary to write down two separate hydrodynamical equations, one for the superfluid component and the other for the normal component. In first sound the two components move in the same direction in phase, and there is a first-order oscillation of the density but only a second-order oscillation of the temperature. In second sound the two components move in opposite directions out of phase, and the temperature oscillation is then first-order while the density oscillation is only second-order.

1969 W. E. Keller Helium-3 & Helium-4 vi. 203 (caption) Attenuation and propagation velocity of sound in liquid He³ showing the characteristics associated with the transition from first sound to zero sound for two frequencies.

1974 D. J. Bergman in K. D. Timmerhaus et al. Low Temperature Physics—LT 13 I. 507 Following our experience with third sound, we may expect that in fourth sound, too, when the channels that hold the helium are sufficiently small so that the normal fluid motion is completely locked out, the only important source of attenuation will be conduction of heat into the walls of the helium channels.

1974 Nature 15 Mar. 194/3 The report..that they have observed the propagation of fourth sound in the two newly discovered phases of liquid ³He amounts to the first unequivocal evidence that both of these new phases are superfluids.

1976 Physics Bull. Aug. 351/2 ‘Zero sound’..corresponds to oscillations in shape of the Fermi surface.

1981 Nature 2 Apr. 359/2 Second sound is an unusual type of propagating wave mode, which can occur in superfluids, involving fluctuations in the local temperature and entropy of a medium rather than in the local density and pressure as found in a conventional sound wave.

1960 Woman 23 Jan. 35/3 The pretty little town of Buxton, one of the first in England to stage a ‘sound and light’ production for summer visitors.

1966 J. Philips Wings of Madness (1967) i. i. 9 The Sound and Light program put on..every night..kept tourists in town.

1979 United States 1980–1 (Penguin Travel Guides) 548 On weekend evenings, a multimedia sound-and-light show using laser beams.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 1031 Þar..es..Sune of santes þat þar singes.

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Hypermnestra. 2615 Ful is the place of soun of menstralsye.

14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 578 Diaphosia,..soun of voys.

a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Abbot of Tungland in Poems (1998) I. 57 Vnto no mes pressit the prelat, For sound of sacring bell nor skellat.

1685 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 415 After sound of Trumpets, & silence made.

1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening Pref. p. iii Things, which..they ought rather to publish at sound of Trumpet.

1823 W. Scott Quentin Durward III. iv. 89 With sound of bugles, broaching of barrels, and all the freedom of a sylvan meal.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Godiva in Poems (new ed.) II. 113 She sent a herald forth, And bad him cry, with sound of trumpet, all The hard condition.

1617 J. Minsheu Ἡγεμὼν είς τὰς γλῶσσας: Ductor in Linguas at Cockney One borne within the sound of Bow-bell.

1712 A. Pope Rape of Locke ii, in Misc. Poems 366 Sooner shall Grass in Hide-park Circus grow, And Wits take Lodgings in the Sound of Bow.

1852 M. Arnold Future 16 Whether he first sees light Where the river..winds through the plain: Whether in sound of the swallowing sea.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 23303 Þan sal þai here þe sunes O nedders bath and of draguns.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 1874 Ich here amenstrel, to say, Of tristrem he haþ asoun.

c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 51 With a clere sowne of plate and of coyngnage.

1474 W. Caxton tr. Game & Playe of Chesse (1883) iii. vii. 141 He herde the sownes of musique right melodious.

a1500 Lancelot of Laik (1870) 772 The trumpetis..blawen furth ther sownis.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 3 Oft in the Winds is heard a plaintive Sound Of melancholy Ghosts.

1832 W. Irving Alhambra I. 68 A murmuring sound of water now and then rises from the valley.

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 283 Popular tales..are the lingering sounds of world-old myths.

1654 J. Playford Breefe Introd. Skill Musick 8 Making them halfe a tone or sound, lower then they were before.

1955 Amer. Speech 30 304 Kenton's music is round sounds.

1961 F. J. Rigney & L. D. Smith Real Bohemia p. xvii Sounds, music, mainly jazz.

1968 Daily Mirror 27 Aug. 7/5 Together cats don't buy records, they buy sounds, and they never blow their cool.

1963 Guardian 8 Oct. 9/1 The Liverpool Sound..put expressions like ‘it's the gear’ into the mouths of debs... How long has it been since a native expression ousted a transatlantic jargon import like gear did to crazy and judy to chick?

1967 Radio Times 21 Dec. 55/4 The Greek Sound... Tonight's programme is about the new genre, which in the last eight years has given a new impetus and vitality to Greek popular music.

1970 Guardian 15 June 9/5 Steel Bands and the Reggae Sound beloved of skinheads.

1974 Listener 13 June 767/1 In 1927, there was an inimitable Ellington sound, and so there was at the end.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) vii. 27 Þe letters and þaire sounes and þaire names.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 3 E in frenche hath never suche a sownde as we use to gyve hym in these wordes [etc.].

c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) i. ii. §5 Quhat was the right roman sound of them [the vowels] is hard to judge.

1779 Mirror No. 64 My ears were now familiarized with the sounds of Duke, Marquis, Earl.

1825 W. Scott Talisman xii, in Tales Crusaders IV. 248 The very sound of the name of a royal maiden.

1892 R. L. Stevenson Across Plains i. 11 None can care for literature in itself who do not take a special pleasure in the sound of names.

1553 T. Wilson Arte Rhetorique (1580) 116 Woordes that fill the mouthe and haue a sound with them, set forthe a matter verie well.

a1613 E. Brerewood Enq. Langs. & Relig. (1614) xiii. 108 The last letter of the first word cut of in the Greeke pronunciation for sounds sake.

1780 Mirror No. 110 Blackfriars-wynd can never vie with Drury-lane in point of sound.

1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 516 If sentiment were sacrific'd to sound, And truth cut short to make a period round.

a1631 J. Donne Βιαθανατος (1647) iii. ii. §8 A private man in a just warre, may not onely kill, contrary to the sound of this Commandement, but hee may kill his Father, contrary to another.

a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1659) i. 61 I have heard a Proverb to this sound [etc.].

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1673 (1955) IV. 20 He bid me god buy, adding..I will never see this Place, this Citty or Court againe, or words of this sound.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 110 As for being deliver'd, the Word had no Sound, as I may say, to me.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) v. v. 26 A Tale Told by an Ideot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing. View more context for this quotation

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding i. iii. 23 Let us consider this Proposition as to its meaning, (for it is the sence, and not sound, that is and must be the Principle..).

1775 S. Johnson Taxation no Tyranny 33 That a free man is governed by himself..is a position of mighty sound; but every man that utters it..feels it to be false.

1806 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 15 55 The reason..might in sound be plausible enough, but it certainly was of no benefit.

1859 E. C. Gaskell Let. 21 Mar. (1966) 543 I like the ‘sound’ of him extremely, and I hope he will like me when we come to know each other.

1965 R. Sheckley Game of X (1966) xxii. 155 ‘You take care of the piloting, and we will handle the navigating.’ Somehow I didn't like the sound of that.

1413 26 Pol. Poems xii. 86 Of noblay þey han lore þe sown.

1436 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 164 They have also ransonned toune by toune, That into the regnes of bost have ronne here soune.

1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (ii.) f. 31 When the sowne of the gospell shalbe blowne a brode into euery lande.

1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. E2^v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Such odde kinde of reportes,..the least wherof would make you storme to the gall, if a man should but ouerslip himselfe in giuing any manner of sounde of you.

1782 W. Cowper Hope in Poems 164 God gives the word, the preachers..spread the glorious sound.

1808 W. Scott Marmion vi. vii. 326 Fame of my fate made various sound.

1817 P. B. Shelley Laon & Cythna ii. xiii. 38 Until the mighty sound Of your career shall scatter in its gust The thrones of the oppressor.

1899 W. Raymond No Soul above Money ii. i. 180 He had a-heard a sound that there wasn't enough stock on the farm.

a1940 F. S. Fitzgerald Last Tycoon (1941) iii. 30 Call sound, and if he's been heard from, call him.

1969 M. Steinbeck On Stage 165 The voice track on a film is called the sound track. The engineer in charge and the whole unit is referred to simply as ‘sound’. The director may call out before a take, ‘Is sound ready?’

1972 Listener 21 Dec. 852/1 Sequence of calls before a shot.Production Assistant: ‘Quiet. Going for a take. Standing by.’ Director: ‘Right.’ Sound: ‘Sound running.’

1949 Times 17 Feb. 5/3 The first hundred thousand mark is about to be reached in..television licences..compared with the 11 m. for sound.

1955 Times 29 June 11/2 So far not even B.B.C. television has found the way to transfer the aura of the 9 p.m. sound news to television.

1967 ‘M. Hunter’ Cambridgeshire Disaster iv. 28 If necessary he would give up television, ask for a transfer to Sound, anything to get more time at home.

1972 P. Black Biggest Aspidistra iii. iii. 171 The most obvious effect of the Coronation for television was the demand for sets... Though the BBC still regarded sound as the senior service..the sound audience never again exceeded television's.

1843 Civil Engineer & Architect's Jrnl. 6 146/2 Improvements in breakwaters, beacons, and sound-alarms.

1936 H. Mulder Cognition & Volition in Lang. 46 The life of the language as regards its sound-aspect.

1954 A. H. Gardiner Theory of Proper Names (ed. 2) 73 Even logicians..overlooked the importance of the sound-aspect.

1924 A. Mawer & F. M. Stenton Introd. Surv. Eng. Place-names ix. 174 Its chief weakness is the remoteness of the sound-association between the original compound name and the suggested simple derivative.

1866 G. Stephens Old-Northern Runic Monuments I. i. p. xxxvii The law of sound-change in certain given dialects or languages at certain given periods.

1912 L. Bloomfield in Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 11 623 S[heffield] confuses the factors—sound-change and analogy—that constitute change in language.

1939 Trans. Philol. Soc. 126 By the assumption that ‘Breaking’, ‘Palatal Diphthongization’, and ‘Back-Mutation’ were developments which can be dated within limits, a system of ‘sound-changes’ has been built up, which in some cases may be purely fictitious, in others only part of a long-drawn-out process.

1962 W. Nowottny Lang. Poets Use i. 5 Calling in alliteration's aid and that of a sound-change.

a1889 G. M. Hopkins Jrnls. & Papers (1959) 273 We may now say of rhythm i.e. verse that it is the recasting of speech into sound-words, sound-clauses and sound-sentences.

1890 G. B. Shaw in Star 9 May 2/5 Marlowe's line was not ‘mighty’..but it was tuneful, exquisitely emphasised, and sometimes gorgeous in its sound color.

1962 Listener 9 Aug. 225/1 Schönberg's ‘melody of sound-colours’ (Klangfarbenmelodie).

1924 A. Mawer & F. M. Stenton Introd. Surv. Eng. Place-names v. 100 An unfamiliar English sound or sound-combination was altered to suit the Norman pronunciation.

1965 Language 41 93 First a child learns a sound-combination and then he attaches meaning to it!

1931 G. Stern Meaning & Change of Meaning 31 If the sound-complex is to be apprehended as meaning something..a mental content must accrue to it.

1900 E. Björkman Scand. Loan-words in Middle Eng. I. 30 There are some tests of form which are not based on differences of sound-development between Scandinavian and English.

1965 Eng. Stud. 46 141 Surnames, like Johe Le Roper..reflect the spoken dialect, but do not necessarily prove indigenous sound-developments.

1884 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 19 598 The imperfect sound-distinctions of Saxon Germans.

1884 Cent. Mag. 27 819 The highest art in the sound-element of poetry.

1931 G. O. Russell Speech & Voice iv. 21 (heading) Sound-energy not air motion.

1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 239 They readily remove sound energy from the air at their resonant frequency, and this is then mopped up within the absorber.

1962 P. Strevens Papers in Lang. (1965) xii. 146 When sound events are recorded, the technical standard of recording is important.

1939 Word Study Mar. 2/1 Linguistics..deals with the use of a limited number of definable events—the significant sound-features of a language—occurring in certain definable sequences.

1964 W. R. Lee in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 292 Sounds and sound-features which belong to neither language.

1938 I. Goldberg Wonder of Words iv. 55 Sound-gesture, such as Paget draws upon in this etymology, is precisely what it is called.

1956 J. Lotz in L. White Frontiers of Knowl. xiv. 219 Marginal sound-gestures like the bilabial trill used when shivering: Brrr!

1928 O. Jespersen in Proc. Brit. Acad. XIV. 352 There are no other words than switch and stretch beginning and ending with exactly these sound-groups.

1964 J. Vachek in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 199 If followed by a vowel, the same sound-group was preserved unimpaired.

1933 O. Jespersen Essent. Eng. Gram. vi. 62 The sound-history of French also serves to explain some striking peculiarities concerning the use of the letter g in English spelling.

1964 Eng. Stud. 45 422 A detailed knowledge of sound-history..and sound-substitutions.

1943 tr. M. Buber in H. Read Educ. through Art ix. 279 Sound-image after sound-image..emerges from vibrating throat..into the surrounding air.

1951 A. H. Gardiner Theory of Speech & Lang. (ed. 2) 70 It is only the sound-image connected with the words which can be reproduced in a physical copy.

1973 S. Heath in Screen Spring 108 A langue is defined by Saussure as a system of signs, a sign being the union of signifiant (‘sound-image’) and signifié (‘concept’).

1982 Listener 16 Dec. 26/3 There's something wrong with the way a taped sound-image remains fixed in eternity.

1934 Discovery Dec. 346/1 Noise is a subjective phenomenon and cannot be directly measured. The stimulus causing this impression of sound is a sound-intensity which can be defined and measured objectively.

1952 Mind 61 215 It is impossible to imagine a sound-intensity divorced from any definite sound-pitch.

1969 Gloss. Acoustical Terms (B.S.I.) 16 Sound intensity,..the sound energy flux through unit area.

1918 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 39 89 A Dakota Indian..would not understand a Neapolitan, even though he would sooner understand the gestures than the sound-language.

1937 R. A. Wilson Birth of Lang. 160 The twenty-six already differentiated elements of sound-language.

1931 S. K. Wolf in L. Cowan Recording Sound for Motion Pictures xx. 301 It is necessary to have some means of varying sound levels in theatres.

1974 Physics Bull. June 227/1 Leeds City Council, decided to use its licensing laws to limit sound levels in ballrooms, discotheques and similar places of entertainment.

a1892 W. Whitman Daybks. & Notebks. (1978) III. 671 One of the first desiderata..is a set of..sound-marks attached to letters..each mark belonging to that specific sound.

1953 H. Read True Voice of Feeling I. viii. 144 The caesura is..the breaking of the rhythm into sense words of different length from the sound marks.

1978 Sci. Amer. Jan. 29/3 We cannot shut our earlids; awake, we are always open to..the old soundmarks we remember and cherish.

1881 Cassell's Nat. Hist. V. 298 The existence of sound-organs,..implies a corresponding development of the sense of hearing.

1937 Discovery Nov. 330/2 A second control engineer, for regulating the sound output to its relevant transmitter.

1947 J. G. Crowther & R. Whiddington Sci. at War 175 It was found that the sound-output was mainly due to propellers.

1925 Language 1 41 One must ascertain if the sound is a typical form or one of the points in its sound pattern, or is merely a variant of such a form.

1977 P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching Eng. xii. 154 Accent features are manifested in sound-patterns of various kinds.

1903 A. W. Patterson Schumann xvi. 186 The whole forms a kind of sound-picture representing the various personages in the dance.

1903 A. W. Patterson Schumann xvii. 203 What if the tone poet..knew infinitely better than his..advisers what was or was not fitting in the great sound-poem to which his genius gave birth?

1971 Guardian 18 Feb. 10/6 Artaud wrote sound poems.

1947 J. G. Crowther & R. Whiddington Sci. at War iii. 155 A transmitter producing about 50 watts of sound-power in water was adequate.

1950 D. Jones Phoneme 12 An alphabetic system of phonetic transcription consists of letters representing sound-qualities.

1977 Broadcast 28 Nov. 14/2 The singles we get are so badly pressed that we get complaints from listeners about the sound quality.

1914 L. Bloomfield in Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 45 69 The various parts of this sound-sequence..have been heard and uttered by the speaker (or the hearer).

1962 F. Behre Contrib. Eng. Syntax 134 The sound-sequence..must correlate with certain extra-lingual elements to be inferred from the context.

1888 E. Clodd Story of Creation xi. 215 Tribes whose stock of sound-signs is so limited that they cannot understand each other in the dark.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. x. 307 The necessity of employing sound-signals in dense fogs.

1959 D. Cooke Lang. Music v. 234 Music..has now become pure sound-structure, an intellectual and aesthetic delight.

1936 Sci. & Society 1 38 Certain sound-symbols are universally attached to the same referent by all members of the community.

1975 Lang. for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xxvi. 521 The learning of sound-symbol correspondences should take place in the context of whole word recognition and reading for meaning.

1879 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1877–9 544 I am fully conscious that mine is a very inadequate study of an exceptionally difficult sound-system.

1884 H. Sweet in Trans. Philol. Soc. 19 599 The richness of our sound-system.

1897 Mod. Lang. Notes XII. 244 Least understood..is the historical development of the sound-systems of modern dialects.

1949 J. R. Firth in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1948 132 More detailed notice of ‘h’ and the glottal stop in a variety of languages will reveal the scientific convenience of regarding them as belonging to the prosodic systems of certain languages rather than to the sound systems.

1977 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1976 21 177 No information about how they work in the sound system of a language is gained.

1941 G. L. Trager & B. Bloch in Language XVII. 223 Sound-types as members of a phonemic class are called allophones.

1964 J. C. Catford in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 29 The laryngologists have no tradition of systematic..description of phonologically pertinent sound-types.

1934 J. J. Hogan Outl. Eng. Philol. 24 A syllable, thus, is a sound-unit.

1920 T. S. Eliot Sacred Wood 133 It is an arrangement and choice of words which has a sound-value and at the same time a coherent comprehensible meaning.

1964 W. R. Lee in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 288 There is a tendency to give them [sc. letters] the sound-values they possess in the learner's mother tongue.

1846 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 21 i. 65 I proceed now to explain..the circumstances of the great sea wave and of the aërial sound wave, attending most great earthquakes.

1867 J. Tyndall Sound i. 19 The sound-waves, travelling through a homogeneous atmosphere, reached the ear undiminished by reflection.

1961 Times 19 June 9/6 Its sound-world is the old sound-world—parts of it exult in the manner of Richard Strauss.

1976 Gramophone Aug. 319/3 Decca and DG engineers help their artists to create a much more limpid and crystalline soundworld.

1932 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 3) i. 2 The student of spoken English..must learn the proper usage in the matter of the ‘sound-attributes’ (length, stress, and voice-pitch).

1945–9 Acta Linguistica V. 88 The phonemes of a given language are realized in concrete sounds and sound-attributes.

1884 H. R. Haweis My Musical Life I. 225 The sound-bar is a strip of pine wood running obliquely under the left foot of the bridge [of the violin].

1939 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 43 818 It is noteworthy that the curve, which at first is flat, rises gradually for a while, without the enormous increases which other experimenters have found between M.n. 0·6 and 0·8, and which have made them speak of a concrete ‘sound barrier’.

1952 Times 8 Sept. 5/2 Their moment of triumph after breaking once more through the sound barrier.

a1955 in T. H. Pear Eng. Social Differences (1955) iii. 112 Is there a Sound Barrier against your Son?

1955 Times 7 July 8/3 The bang that shook London early on Tuesday morning was caused..by a Gloster Javelin breaking the sound barrier.

1963 Listener 14 Mar. 457/1 The African rhythmic element is not part of the Asian musical heritage, and there are totally different tonal systems which constitute a kind of ‘sound-barrier’ which jazz has had to crash.

1973 A. Price October Men xvi. 231 When the General whispered, people moved..when he growled, they broke the sound barrier.

1976 Lancs. Evening Post 7 Dec. 1/4 When we went through the sound barrier I only felt a very slight judder.

1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 407/1 Sound-body, sound-box.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 462/1 The Sound Bow, the inner part of the Bell, from the lower ring to the top.

1857 in J. Timbs Year-bk. of Facts 109 A bell of the usual proportions, in which the thickness of the upper or thin part is one-third of the sound-bow or thickest part.

1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 407/1 Sound-body, sound-box.

1906 E. W. Scripture Res. Exper. Phonetics 16 Experiments made on gramophone sound boxes indicate the necessity of changing the prevalent view of such vibrating diaphragms.

1946 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 57 928 The velocity of propagation of sound decreases, due to the temperature decrease, from the surface to 4000 feet and then increases, due to pressure increase, from there to bottom. This type of velocity pattern is known as a sound channel.

1972 M. G. Gross Oceanogr. vii. 200 This sound channel is a typical feature of the open ocean at depths of around 1000 meters at midlatitudes to near the surface in polar regions.

1947 Sun (Baltimore) 5 Aug. 6 (advt.) You travel all the way by the same luxurious Panagra DC-6..air-conditioned and sound-conditioned for your comfort!

1972 Fortune Jan. 8 e/2 Sound conditioning assures privacy in these garden apartments.

1909 Moving Picture World 10 July 56/1 (advt.) Yerkes & Co... Manufacturers of high grade sound effects for moving pictures.

1911 D. S. Hulfish Cycl. Motion-pict. Work II. 191 The orchestra comprises pianist and drummer, and a ‘sound effect’ man.

1928 Exhibitor's Herald & Moving Picture World 28 Apr. 21/2 The experts of Victor..will..arrange for the synchronized orchestration and sound effects for this picture, in which airplane battles will have an important part.

1942 E. Partridge Usage & Abusage 298/1 Passing over such obviousness as bang, crash, hiss..we see that imitation is most effective when the echoism and sound-effects extend over a succession of words.

1951 W. Empson Struct. Complex Words 412 Rebuke is prim, apparently from the sound-effect.

1958 Listener 25 Dec. 1091/3 The studio managers who twiddle the knobs and the sound-effects engineers.

1966 Listener 24 Feb. 284/1 A meteorite passed across the sky and produced a brilliant light, together with sound effects.

1972 P. Black Biggest Aspidistra i. iv. 36 Producers deplored the attention their ingenuities received, but the public was and is fascinated by sound effects.

1837 Pitman (title) Stenographic sound-hand.

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 832/2 Sound-house, a marine alarm station from which audible alarms or signals are given in foggy weather.

1933 Archit. Rev. 73 101 Its thirty-five stories of air-conditioned, sound-insulated..offices.

1970 C. Duerden Noise Abatement vii. 115 Construct a special sound insulated chamber.

1932 B.B.C. Year-bk. 1933 365 (caption) Eel grass for sound-insulation sandwiched in walls of pumice concrete.

1969 Gloss. Acoustical Terms (B.S.I.) 49 Sound insulation, means taken to reduce the transmission of sound.

1874 H. Bendall tr. A. Schleicher Compar. Gram. 12 Vowel sound-laws (i.e. influence of vowels and consonants on vowels) were not existent in the original Indo-European language.

1911 L. Bloomfield in Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. 10 629 Synonymous words might be collected to prove almost any desired sound-law.

1974 R. Quirk Linguist & Eng. Lang. i. 3 There are good historical reasons..for our firmly associating it [sc. ‘language’] with..‘sound-laws’.

1871 B. H. Kennedy Public School Lat. Gram. 4 Soundlore treats of the sounds and relations of Letters and Syllables.

1928 Sci. Abstr. A. 31 39 Discusses the differences between physical and physiological intensity of sound and describes a form of sound meter for technical use.

1974 Physics Bull. Oct. 481/2 Dawe Instruments..has introduced the type 1400H sound~meter which uses a ceramic microphone... Sound levels as low as 24 dB can be measured.

1934 Rep. Departmental Comm. Statutory Definition & Classification of Firearms & Ammunition 44 in Parl. Papers 1934–5 (Cmd. 4758) VIII. 871 There is procurable an appliance known as a silencer or sound moderator which can be fitted to almost all types of firearms for the purpose of reducing the noise of the explosion of the cartridge.

1953 W. G. B. Allen Pistols, Rifles & Machine Guns xiii. 172 Silencers are not permitted by law on privately owned weapons, but a ‘sound moderator’ may be used providing the appropriate endorsement is made on the..Certificate... The only sound moderators on sale are for .22 in. weapons.

1976 Shooting Times & Country Mag. 16 Dec. 47/1 (advt.) Erma Emi semi-automatic carbine,..sound moderator, 'scope.

1916 Sci. Abstr. B. 19 514 (heading) Sound pressure.

1930 Jrnl. Sci. Instruments 7 113 The response at a particular frequency is measured by the e.m.f. developed by the microphone per unit sound pressure per unit area.

1976 Acustica XXXV. 255/1 The transfer function is subtracted from the harmonic analysis of sound pressure to produce the source spectrum.

1969 ‘R. Petrie’ Despatch of Dove i. iv. 64 Have you ever seen a soundprint of your own voice?

1884 Internat. Health Exhib. Official Catal. 46/1 Movable Sound-proof Partitions for dwelling-houses, schools, &c.

1894 Daily News 2 May 3/3 Each of the class rooms..is made as far as possible sound proof.

1932 Times Educ. Suppl. 20 Aug. 321/4 The divisions between class-rooms are soundproofed with eelgrass quilting.

1956 N. Mailer Man who studied Yoga in New Short Novels II. iv. 19 Scream my little one. It will do you no good. The walls are soundproofed.

1978 C. Tomlinson Shaft 39 The sighs that in a giant building rise up trapped between its sound~proofed surfaces.

1884 Internat. Health Exhib. Official Catal. 83/2 Models showing application of ‘Silicate Cotton’ for fireproofing and soundproofing.

1978 J. B. Hilton Some run Crooked ii. 17 They've learned to be radio mechanics, asdic operators, sound-rangers and flash-spotters.

1919 Sci. Amer. 17 May 509/1 Both parties to the late conflict excited their ingenuity..to improve methods of sound-ranging, on land and in the air and at sea.

1934 T. E. Lawrence Let. 19 Mar. (1938) 793 Research..to develop the art of sound-ranging, and anti-aircraft gunnery.

1973 J. Quick Dict. Weapons 407/3 Sound ranging, a method of locating the source of a sound, such as that of a gun report or a projectile burst, by calculations based on the intervals between the reception of the sound at various previously oriented microphone stations.

1968 Time 4 Oct. 6 In this collection, he proved his mastery of the subtle colors, treacherous rhythms, and delicate contrapuntal lines that fashioned Debussy's impressionistic soundscapes.

1973 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 22 Sept. 5/5 The world soundscape project..counted horn blasts at intersections around the world.

1977 Times Lit. Suppl. 11 Feb. 144/3 A small number of jazz musicians have..gravitated towards the soundscapes of Varèse and Stockhausen.

1977 Guardian Weekly 18 Sept. 18/1 The ‘soundscape’, Schafer's word to describe our sonic environment, the day-to-day background of our auditory experience.

1911 L. Armitage Introd. Study Old High German ii. iii. 57 OHG is distinguished from all other W. Gmc. languages by a series of Sound-changes affecting its consonant system, which are usually grouped together under the name of the Second or HG. Sound-Shift.

1922 O. Jespersen Lang. ii. 43 The first book in the 1822 volume [of Grimm's Grammatik] contains..his exposition of the ‘sound shift’ (lautverschiebung), which it has been customary in England since Max Müller to term ‘Grimm's Law’.

1965 C. F. Hockett Sound Change 192 What then of the neat discrete ‘speech sounds’ of the comparativists? Even more, what of their ‘sound shifts’?

1880 A. H. Sayce Introd. Sci. of Lang. I. iv. 324 Practically the sound shiftings [in the Semitic dialects] are confined to the sibilants.

1886 T. Le M. Douse Introd. Goth. Ulfilas 67 This relationship is designated by German scholars Lautverschiebung, or sound-shifting.

1908 J. Wright & E. M. Wright Old Eng. Gram. 100 The first sound-shifting, popularly called Grimm's Law, refers to the changes which the Indo-Germanic explosives underwent in the period of the Germanic primitive community.

1945 R. K. Potter in Science 9 Nov. 470/2 The beat of the heart may be recorded slowly and converted to the sound spectrogram form by high speed reproduction.

1974 Sci. Amer. Mar. 86/3 The sound spectrograms of Infant A's cries looked exactly like what we have come to regard as being typical of a normal infant.

1945 Science 9 Nov. 465/1 The patterns..were made by an instrument that we have called the sound spectrograph.

1977 Time 21 Mar. 64/3 The most striking evidence came from a sound spectrograph, a machine that reduces speech to electronic ‘pictures’ called spectrograms or voiceprints.

1947 R. K. Potter et al. Visible Speech i. 4 A sound spectrographic record of the words ‘Visible Speech’ is shown in Fig. 3.

1976 Word 27 57 Sound-spectrographic and cineradiographic analysis of neonatal cry and crysound.

1948 Language 24 4 That we have reached a crucial point in the development of phonemics is clear from the first published results of sound spectrography.

1962 Amer. Speech 37 67 Surgical study..using synchronized cineradiography and sound spectrography.

1953 K. Jackson Lang. & Hist. in Early Brit. ii. 558 A possible case of pre-lenition b sound-substituted by AS. ƀ.

1898 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. XXIX. 38 It is not always easy to say where sound-substitution ceases and natural speech begins.

1926 L. Bloomfield in Language 2 164 Whoever speaks a foreign language or dialect may in it substitute resemblant features of his native speech... Linguistic substitution of phonemes is sound-substitution.

1959 A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. 200 In early loan-words this would arise by the operation of native sound-changes, but in later ones sound-substitution might produce similar results.

1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics 14 The onomatopoeic and ‘sound-symbolic’ part of language is of great significance.

1977 Word 28 318 A new polar response pair with no relevance to the sound to be considered for membership in one of the sound-symbolic semantic clusters in a phonetic-symbolism experiment.

1901 H. Oertel Lect. Study Lang. 328 It would..embrace the attempts at word-painting and sound-symbolism.

1922 O. Jespersen Lang. 396 The idea that there is a natural correspondence between sound and sense, and that words acquire their contents and value through a certain sound symbolism, has at all times been a favourite one with linguistic dilettanti.

1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. (new ed.) ii. ii. 111 Thus a man's club by the side of a men's club; a woman's college by the side of a women's college. This seems to be to some extent a matter of ‘sound-symbolism’: the singular forms are preferred because they have a more ‘manly’ sound.

1977 G. W. Hewes in D. M. Rumbaugh Lang. Learning by Chimpanzee i. 48 Sound-symbolism may be explicable on the basis of mouth-gesture.

1932 R. Kipling Limits & Renewals 81 The door was shut; and it's sound-tight for reasons connected with the last nights of the condemned.