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单词 spiritualist
释义

spiritualistn.adj.

Brit. /ˈspɪrᵻtʃᵿlɪst/, /ˈspɪrᵻtʃl̩ɪst/, U.S. /ˈspɪrᵻtʃ(əw)ələst/
Forms: also with capital initial.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: spiritual adj., -ist suffix.
Etymology: < spiritual adj. + -ist suffix. Compare post-classical Latin spiritualista (1608 or earlier in sense A. 1b, also with specific reference to a Franciscan monastic order; 1668 in Hobbes in sense A. 2).In sense A. 3 after spiritualism n. 2.
A. n.
1.
a. A person who is concerned with spiritual (as opposed to worldly or material) matters or pursuits; one who studies or seeks for spiritual meaning, or who emphasizes spiritual or mystical ideas and beliefs (in early use sometimes with depreciatory force). Cf. spiritualism n. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > [noun] > person
spirituala1525
spiritualist1613
1613 R. N. Christians Manna i. v. 31 Such rapt Spiritualists will at other times vaunt of their hidden reuelations from God.
1649 H. Lawrence Some Considerations Use Holy Script. 37 Certaine demands, which these pretended spiritualists will be sure to make to me.
1764 T. Hartley Paradise Restored ii. 91 The true spiritualist will walk hand in hand with his weakest brother through the lowest forms and rudiments of religion.
1799 C. Butler Acct. Life & Writings A. Butler xii. 96 Approved of by St. Francis of Sales and other spiritualists.
1845 G. Oliver Coll. Biogr. Soc. Jesus 50 As a Spiritualist also, he must have been pre-eminent, judging from many of his letters now before me.
1971 Catholic Hist. Rev. 57 532 Coornhert, the Catholic spiritualist, argued for liberty of conscience by denying that doctrinal conformity was the characteristic that most distinguished the true Christian.
2011 Philos. East & West 61 303 The founder of AM was a charismatic spiritualist and visionary, Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar.
b. In plural (chiefly with capital initial). (A name for) any of various Christian groups placing particular emphasis on spirituality or mysticism; (sometimes spec.) a Franciscan monastic order of the 13th and early 14th centuries which advocated a stricter observance of the rule of poverty and simplicity of dress; = spiritual n. 2c. Chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious order > Franciscan > [noun] > Spiritualist
spiritualists1652
spiritual1767
1652 T. Hall Font Guarded 74 A Bastard brood of Muntzerians..Apostolists, Adiaphorists, Spiritualists, Enthusiasts, Catharists, Separatists, Hemerobaptists, Se-baptists, Libertines, &c.
1707 Acct. Life & Wks. Author in tr. Thomas à Kempis Christian Pattern p. xxix He [sc. Ubertinus] liv'd in the beginning of the XIVth. Century, and was the chief of those that were call'd Spiritualists.
1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 225 Those Montanists were call'd also Cataphrygians, Spiritualists, Apostolicks, [etc.].
1882 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. I. 832/1 The Spiritualists, as the severer party [of Franciscans] was called, were cruelly persecuted.
1930 Studies: Irish Q. Rev. 19 317 His [sc. Luther's] denunciation of papal tyranny and persecution does not prevent him from proscribing and persecuting the Sacramentarians, the Spiritualists, the Anabaptists.
2011 J. J. Coughlin Canon Law 3 The spiritualists advocated a radical form of poverty that permitted little provision for the institutional structures of community life.
2. A person who supports the clergy or the church as opposed to the secular or temporal authorities. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical authority > [noun] > supporter of
spiritualist1651
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xxxix. 248* That Governor must be one; or else there must needs follow Faction, and Civil war in the Common-wealth, between the Church and State; between Spiritualists, and Temporalists.
3. A person who believes in the existence or primacy of a spiritual or non-material world distinct from matter; an advocate of spiritualism as a philosophical doctrine. Cf. spiritualism n. 2.In quot. 1704: a person who believes in the existence of the human soul as a distinct entity, separable from the body.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > [noun] > belief in > person
spiritualist1796
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > absolute idealism > [noun] > spiritualism (as opposed to materialism) > adherent of
spiritualist1836
spiritist1883
1704 W. Coward Grand Ess. 120 Nor do my Adversaries the Spiritualists, believe Angelic or Diabolical Spirits think after the manner or Men.]
1796 F. A. Nitsch Gen. View Kant's Princ. conc. Man 153 The Spiritualists having discovered immaterial objects convert the mind into a spirit, and so on.
1836 I. Taylor Physical Theory of Another Life i. 15 The spiritualist will retain the advantage he has gained over his opponent [the materialist].
1876 P. G. Tait Lect. Recent Adv. in Physical Sci. (ed. 2) i. 25 Whether it show itself in the comparatively harmless folly of the spiritualist or in the pernicious nonsense of the materialist.
1966 Mnemosyne 19 188 B rejects the identification of the soul with aether..: this identification cannot possibly be due to Aristotle who was a spiritualist.
2004 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 65 481 The unbridgeable philosophical gap between spiritualists and materialists.
4. A person who believes that incorporeal spirits (esp. those of the dead) can make themselves known to or communicate with the living; a believer in or practitioner of spiritualism or spiritism. Also: spec. a medium; a psychic. Cf. spiritualism n. 5, spiritism n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > spiritualism > [noun] > spiritualist or medium
ghost seer1799
sensitive1846
medium1851
spirit medium1851
spiritualist1851
spiritist1854
manifestationist1865
trance-medium1878
spookist1902
trumpet medium1912
witch of Endor1919
metapsychist1922
1851 Boston Investigator 5 Mar. The failures of the spiritualists who make it their ‘business’ to speculate in hobgoblins.
1881 Medium & Daybreak 14 Oct. 651/2 As a clairvoyant medium, she simply desires to give sittings to genuine Spiritualists.
1921 Daily Mail 9 Mar. 4/2 A neighbour said that at Mrs. Young's request she went with her to a spiritualist.
1988 Folklore 99 40 In diaries and autobiographies as well as interviews of practicing spiritualists, story after story of Chief So-and-So or Princess Such-and-Such appears.
2006 A. McCall Smith Right Attitude to Rain x. 103 She is a spiritualist. She talks about ‘the other side’.
B. adj.
1. Of, relating to, or characterized by philosophical or theological spiritualism; = spiritualistic adj. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > [adjective] > spiritualist
spiritualist1837
spiritualistic1842
1837 J. S. Mill in London & Westm. Rev. 27 No. 2. 17 Many sterling thoughts are..disguised in phraseology borrowed from the spiritualist school of German poets and metaphysicians.
1899 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 18 Feb. 436/2 Suppose all the spiritualist theories, nay more, all the Christian theories, to be demonstrated.
1967 S. Appelbaum & C. C. Strowbridge tr. J. Marías Hist. Philos. 257 His spiritualist philosophy was shaped by his religious convictions.
2006 I. Hunter in E. B. Coleman & K. White Negotiating the Sacred x. 114 In keeping with his spiritualist theology, he argued that..the true church was invisible, known by no outward doctrinal or liturgical signs.
2. Of or relating to the belief that spirits of the dead can communicate with the living; of or relating to spiritualism as a system of belief (see spiritualism n. 5).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the occult > spiritualism > [adjective]
spiritual1850
spiritualist1850
spiritualistic1852
spiritist1860
spiritistic1866
metapsychic1905
metapsychical1905
1850 Reynolds's Misc. 15 June 325/2 My natural tendencies are spiritualist ones.
1890 Washington Post 16 Feb. 16/7 The spirit of the..clergyman and lecturer did not appear in person, but was represented by a spiritualist medium.
1948 R. Ellmann Yeats (1987) p. xix My own attitude toward automatic writing, and indeed toward spiritualist phenomena in general, seemed too sceptical to Mrs Yeats.
1984 L. Mullings Therapy, Ideol., & Social Change iv. 132 The elder of the spiritualist church attained his position through achieved prestige.
2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Dec. 20/1 The spiritualist faith had peaked during the First World War; after it, table-tapping seances came to be seen as a Victorian hangover and a suitable subject for derision.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.adj.1613
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