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单词 sphere
释义

spheren.

Brit. /sfɪə/, U.S. /sfɪ(ə)r/
Forms: α. Middle English sper (Middle English sperre), speere, Middle English–1500s spere, 1500s Scottish speir, speyr; Middle English spire, Middle English spyere, Scottish spir. β. Middle English– sphere (Middle English sphyre), 1500s–1600s sphear(e, 1600s spheere; 1500s–1600s sphær, 1600s sphære, sphaer(e.
Etymology: < Old French espere (13th cent.), later sphere (modern French sphère) or late Latin sphēra, earlier sphaera, < Greek σϕαῖρα ball. So Italian sfera, Spanish esfera, Portuguese esfera; Middle Dutch spere, speer (Dutch sfeer), Middle High German spære, spere (German sphäre).
I. Senses relating to globes, their characteristics, and range of influence.
1.
a. The apparent outward limit of space, conceived as a hollow globe enclosing (and at all points equidistant from) the earth; the visible vault of heaven, in which the celestial bodies appear to have their place. oblique sphere, parallel sphere, right sphere: see oblique adj. 2b, parallel n. 1b, right adj. 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [noun]
wheelc1175
spherea1300
concavity1483
the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun]
roofeOE
welkinc825
heaveneOE
heightOE
heavenOE
liftOE
loftOE
welkin1122
skies?a1289
firmamentc1290
skewa1300
spherea1300
skewsc1320
hemispherec1374
cope of heavenc1380
clouda1400
skya1425
elementc1485
axle-treea1522
scrowc1540
pole1572
horizona1577
vaulta1586
round?1593
the cope1596
pend1599
floor1600
canopy1604
cope1609
expansion1611
concameration1625
convex1627
concave1635
expansum1635
blue1647
the expanse1667
blue blanket1726
empyrean1727
carry1788
span1803
overhead1865
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [noun] > oblique sphere
oblique sphere1590
a1300 Cursor Mundi 1548 Quen sa fele yeier ar wroken oute þe mikel spere [Gött. spire] es rune aboute.
c1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 4867 Alle þe fire þat es in þe spere, And under erthe, and aboven erthe here.
c1430 J. Lydgate Life Our Lady (Harl. 629) f. 43 b As the svnne dothe in heuen shyne In mydday speere dovn to vs by-lyne.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 1186 The mery day sprang fra the oryent.. Heich in the sper the signes maid declayr.
1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid iii. viii. 13 Or [= ere] the speir his owris rollit rycht Sa far about that it wes skars mydnycht.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. x. sig. K5 He wondred much..What stately building durst so high extend Her lofty towres vnto the starry sphere.
1637 J. Milton Comus 9 Sweet echo,..Sweet Queen of Parlie, Daughter of the Sphare.
1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scintillans (ed. 2) ii. 3 If a star Should leave the Sphære.
1703 Moxon's Mech. Dyalling (ed. 4) in Moxon's Mech. Exercises (new ed.) 352 The highest Heaven with all its imagined Circle[s], is called the Sphere.
1727 J. Thomson Summer 23 The Face of Nature shines, from where Earth seems Far-stretch'd around, to meet the bending Sphere.
1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iii. 51 But I An eagle clang an eagle to the sphere.
1854 L. Tomlinson tr. D. F. J. Arago Pop. Lect. Astron. 17 They had remarked that, amidst the general movement of the sphere, one of the stars of the Lesser Bear appeared always to remain in the same position.
figurative.1608 G. Chapman Conspiracie Duke of Byron iii. i. 155 When I appear'd from battle, the whole sphere And full sustainer of the state we bear.a1711 T. Ken Psyche ii, in Wks. (1721) IV. 204 God is our circumambient Sphere.
b. A material representation of the apparent form of the heavens; a globe or other construction illustrating the place and motions of the celestial bodies. (See also armillary adj.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > representational device > [noun] > globe, sphere
spherec1400
globe1542
c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §26. 35 The excellence of the spere solide..shewyth Manifeste the diuerse assenciouns of signes in diuerse places.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxv. 115 Sum has..astrolabres of gold, sum speres of precious stanes.
?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Aaii Whan I shall teche you the spere.
1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 73 Set your Sphere before you, and first turn it so that bothe the Poles may touch the Horizont.
1674 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. (ed. 3) App. 201 As a Sphear is an Astronomical Instrument, it is a complication of material Circles only, so fitted together that they represent all the imaginary Circles and motions of the eighth Sphear, and the Circles and motions of all the Planets about the Earth.
1701 T. Tuttell Descr. Math. Instruments in J. Moxon Math. made Easie (ed. 3) 19 Sphere, made of Silver or Brass Hoops, or Rings, representing the Principal Circles of the Sphere (called a material Sphere).
1774 J. Bryant New Syst. (new ed.) I. 341 They had the use of the sphere, and were acquainted with the zodiac.
1821 Turner's Easy Introd. Arts & Sci. (ed. 18) 172 He [Atlas] was..the first who represented the world by a sphere.
1864 H. Spencer Illustr. Progress 172 Then came the sphere of Berosus,..and the quadrant of Ptolemy.
2.
a. One or other of the concentric, transparent, hollow globes imagined by the older astronomers as revolving round the earth and respectively carrying with them the several heavenly bodies (moon, sun, planets, and fixed stars).The number of these was originally supposed to be eight, subsequently increased to nine and finally to ten by the addition of the primum mobile n. and the crystalline sphere (see crystalline adj. 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun]
liftOE
heavenOE
wheelc1175
welkina1325
spherec1374
elementc1384
firmamentc1386
roundnessa1398
movablec1400
orbc1449
concavity1483
concameration1625
subcelestial1644
orbit1727
c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 1809 His lighte gost ful blysfully is went Vp to þe holwghnesse of þe seuenþe spere.
c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 59 After shewede he hym the nyne speris.
c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 65 Yn ordynance of þe heuens and of þe speres, and þe disposicioun of þe planetes.
c1450 Treat. Astrol. (Ashm. 337) 8 b In the firmament above the viij spere there is a brode cercle ful of sterris.
?a1533 J. Frith Bk. answeringe Mores Let. (1548) 62 Ye hyghest sphere.. with his swift mouying doth violently drawe the inferiour Spheares with him.
1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 10 This region do in contayne .x. spheres.
1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xxvii. sig. N3v Some will know Heauen as perfectly, as if they had been hurried about in euery Spheare.
1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §49 I grant that two bodies placed beyond the tenth Spheare..could not behold each other. View more context for this quotation
1695 Ld. Preston tr. Boethius Consol. Philos. i. (1712) 8 He saw of every wandring Star The various Motions through each Sphear.
1827 R. Pollok Course of Time II. x. 247 The spheres stood still, and every star Stood still and listened.
1841 E. W. Lane tr. Thousand & One Nights I. 20 This notion of the seven heavens appears to have been taken from the ‘seven spheres’.
b. In references to the harmonious sound supposed to be produced by the motion of these spheres; in later use esp. in the phrase the music of the spheres.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > with reference to sound produced by
spherec1381
society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [noun] > music of the spheres
planetinga1593
the music of the spheres1698
c1381 G. Chaucer Parl. Foules 61 Aftyr that the melodye herde he That comyth of thilke speris thryes thre.
c1400 Pilgr. Sowle (1859) v. i. 70 The cause of this melodye is the merueylous mouyng, and wonderfull tornyng of the spyeres.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) iii. i. 109 I had rather heare you, to solicit that, Then Musicke from the spheares . View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) v. ii. 83 His voyce was propertied As all the tuned Spheres . View more context for this quotation
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 191 Our Organs are the Musick of the Spheres to them.
1733 A. Pope Ess. Man i. 228 If Nature thunder'd in his opening ears, And stunn'd him with the music of the Spheres.
1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. i. 24 The chiming spheres, By God's own finger touched to harmony.
a1882 D. G. Rossetti Site Mulberry Tree 12, in Wks. (1886) I. 285 This deaf drudge, to whom no length of ears Sufficed to catch the music of the spheres.
c. Used as a standard of comparison to denote a great difference in rank, intelligence, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade > difference between
sphere1633
social space1925
1633 S. Marmion Fine Compan. iv. i He may be styl'd a civil gentleman, ten spheres below a fool.
1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica i. iii. 12 Although their [i.e. tutelary spirits] condition and fortunes may place them many Spheres above the multitude.
1859 G. Meredith Ordeal Richard Feverel I. xviii. 284 Ere long he meets Ralph, and discovers that..he has distanced him by a sphere.
d. A place of abode different from the present earth or world; a heaven.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > deity > heaven > [noun]
bliss971
heavenOE
paradiseOE
towera1240
seatc1275
heavenwarda1300
Abraham's bosomc1300
tabernaclea1340
wonea1350
sanctuary1382
pasturec1384
firmament1388
sky?1518
Canaan1548
welkin1559
happy land1562
sphere?1592
heavenwards1614
afterworld1615
patria1707
god-home1848
overworld1858
the invisible1868
?1592 Trag. Solyman & Perseda i. i. 29 Love. Now will I vp into the brightsome sphere, From whence I sprung, till [etc.].
1680 R. Graham Poems 2 She..from her lower Circle there Took flight into an higher Sphær.
1817 T. Moore Lalla Rookh iv. 344 If there be some happier sphere, Where fadeless truth like ours is dear.
1863 J. Thomson Sunday at Hampstead ii. iv Being lord in Mohammed's seventh sphere.
1865 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. Rationalism (1878) I. 337 A future sphere, where the injustices of life shall be rectified.
3. One or other of the concentric globes formerly supposed to be formed by the four elements, earth, water, air, and fire; †also, the globe formed by these elements collectively. Now Historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > planet > primary planet > earth > [noun] > globe of older astronomy
spherec1380
c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 64 Filosofris..seyn þat undir þe moone is a spere of sotil fier, and in þat is a spere of þe eir, and in eiþer spere of þe watir, and in þe myddil of þe world..spere of þe erþe.
c1400 tr. Secreta Secret., Gov. Lordsh. 95 Þe mone, vinder whom ys þe spere of þe elemenz, þat er fyre, Eyre, water, and erthe.
1423 Kingis Quair lxxvi Ascending vpward ay fro spere to spere, Through aire and watere and the hote fyre.
c1450 J. Lydgate Secrees 166 To chaunge..from the Erthe the Watir and the Ayr, And parte the Ellementys in ther sperys fayr.
1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory ii. xiii. sig. d3 The fyre therin wyll ascende to the proper place and spere of the element of the fyre.
1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies iii. vi. 136 As for the fire, without doubt it hath his sphere (as Aristotle and other Philosophers have held).
1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. ii. 107 By which it most evincingly appears, that water does gravitate in its own Sphære (as they phrase it).
1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. I. i. iii. 70 The principle that each element seeks its own place, led to the doctrine, that, the place of fire being the highest, there is, above the air, a sphere of fire.
4.
a. With possessive pronoun or genitive: the particular sphere (in sense 2) appropriate to, or occupied by, each of the planets (or the fixed stars).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > of particular body
circle1340
spherec1374
c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iii. 1495 Furste schal Phebus falle from his spere.
c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 656 O brighte Lucina,..ren faste aboute thy spere.
1426 J. Lydgate tr. G. de Guileville Pilgrimage Life Man 20043 The cours off sterrys alle, Mevnge in ther bryhte sperys.
1430–40 J. Lydgate tr. Bochas Fall of Princes ix. xxviii Lyke Phœbus shyning in his midday spere.
1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems W. Dunbar (1998) I. 211 I perambalit of Pernaso the montayn, Enspirit wyth Mercury fra his goldyn spere.
1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 7 The Sphere of the Moone whiche is lowest.
1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 153 Cettaine starres shot madly from their Spheares.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 188 You would lift the Moone out of her spheare . View more context for this quotation
1656 S. Holland Don Zara i. ii. 73 I can call down Luna when I list from her sphere.
1736 T. Gray Let. 8 May in Corr. T. Gray & W. Mason (1853) 4 The sun's pale sister, drawn by magic strain, Deserts precipitant her darken'd sphere.
1764 T. Reid Inq. Human Mind vi. §1 We can measure the planetary orbs, and make discoveries in the sphere of the fixed stars.
1821 Ld. Byron Cain iii. i, in Sardanapalus 420 Suns, moons, and earths, upon their loud-voiced spheres.
1849 M. Arnold Voice 4 As the kindling glances..Which the bright moon lances From her tranquil sphere.
in extended use.1781 W. Cowper Truth 400 Go—bid the winter cease to chill the year; Replace the wand'ring comet in his sphere.
b. figurative. Of deities, persons, or things.
ΚΠ
a1500 Lancelot of Laik (1870) 170 The mychty gode of loue, That sitith hie in to his spir abuf.
1509 S. Hawes Joyfull Medit. xvi Now gentyll Jupyter..Sendynge downe trouthe from thy fulgent spere.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 17 A tale..whose lightest word Would..Make thy two eyes like stars start from their spheres.
1621 J. Lane Tritons Trumpet (B.L. MS Reg. 17B. xv) f. 3 But Chaucer shee bidds com down off his spheare.
c1760 T. Smollett Ode to Blue-ey'd Ann 23 When nature from her sphere shall start.
1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. xxxvi. 272 He..greeted him 'twixt joy and fear, As being of superior sphere.
c. The orbit of a planet. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > planet > planetary movement > [noun] > orbit
augec1392
sphere1595
apsis1601
polar axis1724
1595 E. Spenser Amoretti lx, in Amoretti & Epithalamion sig. D7v Mars in three score yeares doth run his spheare.
1595 E. Spenser Amoretti lx, in Amoretti & Epithalamion sig. D7v The spheare of Cupid fourty yeares containes.
5.
a. A place, position, or station in society; an aggregate of persons of a certain rank or standing.In early use directly associated with sense 4b, and used only of elevated rank.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social class > [noun]
estatec1230
statec1300
rowa1350
qualityc1425
calling1477
range1494
line1528
stature1533
respect1601
station1603
gradationa1616
ordinancea1616
repute1615
spherea1616
distance1635
impression1639
civils1650
footing1657
regimen1660
order1667
sect1709
caste1791
status1818
position1829
social status1833
standpoint1875
a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. i. 88 He is so aboue me In his bright radience and colaterall light, Must I be comforted, not in his sphere . View more context for this quotation
1678 Young Man's Calling 66 You are ready..to..complain, that the orbe and sphære in which you are placed is low and mean.
1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 28 Any Man, who shined in such a Sphere in that Age in Europe.
1735 J. Swift Humble Addr. to Parl. in Wks. IV. 232 I should think my self obliged in Conscience to act in my Sphere according to that Vote.
1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 112 I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she just began to move in. View more context for this quotation
1820 W. Scott Monastery II. ii. 29 The young lady, who seemed to have dropped amongst them from out of another sphere of life.
1885 J. Ruskin Præterita I. vii. 210 The change, for her, was into a higher sphere of society.
b. The group of persons with whom one is directly in contact in society.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] > state of being acquainted > acquaintance > those with whom one is acquainted
couthc1000
kithc1000
knownc1350
knowledge1389
kithinga1400
acquaintancea1425
circle1646
sphere1839
1839 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. IV. xiii. 235 Each knows little about what goes on in any other sphere than his own.
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xx. 193 It was an assurance to him that his power extended beyond his own immediate sphere.
6.
a. A province or domain in which one's activities or faculties find scope or exercise, or within which they are naturally confined; range or compass of action or study.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > duties > [noun] > sphere of work, business, or activity
field1340
vineyardc1380
orb1598
spherea1616
province1616
work field1684
purview1688
scope1830
coverage1930
shtick1965
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > [noun] > area of study
field1340
spherea1616
scope1830
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > [noun] > business claiming attention > an occupation or affair > affairs > sphere of activity
fieldOE
limitationc1405
hemisphere?1504
ambitudea1525
world1580
orb1598
spherea1616
ambit1649
scene1737
orblet1841
front1917
parish1940
ballpark1963
shtick1965
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) ii. vii. 14 To be call'd into a huge Sphere, and not to be seene to moue in't. View more context for this quotation
1635 A. Stafford Femall Glory 219 Divinity not being the spheare wherein my studies move.
1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) ii. 14 Ye know the Spheres and various Tasks assign'd; By Laws Eternal, to th' Aerial Kind.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. iii. 21 A village is..too narrow a sphere for him. View more context for this quotation
1853 C. Brontë Villette I. viii. 141 That school offered for her powers too limited a sphere.
1884 R. Paton Sc. Church vii. 62 Other labourers in similar spheres had left the gloom unbroken.
b. With possessive pronouns. Cf. sense 4.
ΚΠ
1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. iv. 124 All this while the King had moved within his own Spheare, and had done nothing out of the Realme.
?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 55 They do buy their materials at cheaper rates than those out of whose sphere it is.
1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels II. 266 Not..thrusting into Business above our Capacity and proper Sphere.
1780 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) IV. iv. 68 Each personage is distinct from the rest, acts in his sphere, and cannot be confounded with any other of the dramatis personæ.
1841 Penny Cycl. XXI. 175/1 In his new sphere Seckendorf showed the same activity and good will towards the people as before.
1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. xxxiii. 495 Each of which [sc. executive and legislative powers] forms its view as to the matters falling within its sphere.
c. In phrases with in and out of, denoting suitability, or the want of it, to surroundings or environment.
ΚΠ
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iv. i. 10 The Temple, where this glorious Plate shined in its proper sphear.
1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xv. 478 He..told them, that all the time he was in France, he was out of his Sphere.
1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting II. iii. 143 He was no sooner at Rome, than he found himself in his sphere.
1832 H. Martineau For Each & All i She is in her own sphere wherever there is grace, wherever there is enjoyment.
7.
a. The whole province, domain, or range of some quality, thing, etc.
ΚΠ
1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida ii. sig. D2 Ladie, erect your gratious summetry: Shine in the spheare of sweete affection.
a1668 W. Davenant News from Plimouth i. i, in Wks. (1673) 2/2 London, the Spheare of Light and harmony.
1704 J. Swift Disc. Mech. Operat. Spirit i, in Tale of Tub 290 There are three general Ways of ejaculating the Soul, or transporting it beyond the Sphere of Matter.
1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 169. ⁋5 They see a little, and believe that there is nothing beyond their sphere of vision.
1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1783) I. 105 In this course, he came within the sphere of the trade wind.
1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. i. 7 Extending principles which belong altogether to building, into the sphere of architecture proper.
1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 8 The sphere of mind was dark and mysterious to him.
b. Esp. of action, activity, operation, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > [noun] > sphere or scope of operation
circuity1542
circuit1597
orb1598
range1622
sphere1661
circle1664
random1667
purview1688
domain1764
purvey1813
preserve1829
scope1830
demesne1851
coverage1930
space1976
1661 A. Cowley Vision Cromwell 27 The bounds of those Laws which have been left them as the sphere of their Authority.
1667 J. Dryden Let. to Sir R. Howard in Annus Mirabilis 1666 Pref. All which, by length'ning of their chain, makes the sphere of their activity the larger.
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. xii. 229 The Sphere of Action of..the greatest Part of Mankind is much narrower than the Government they live under.
1783 E. Burke in 9th Rep. Commons Sel. Comm. Bengal, Bahar, & Orissa iii. 29 The spirit..prevailed not only in Bengal, but seems more or less to have diffused itself through the whole Sphere of the Company's Influence.
1836 W. Irving Astoria II. 27 The distrust..had increased in proportion as they approached the sphere of action.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin II. xx. 39 Miss Ophelia resolved to confine her sphere of operation and instruction chiefly to her own chamber.
c. Similarly with a and plural. Also elliptical.
ΚΠ
1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. xv. 309 A Sphere of Knowledge..to our Capacities.
a1797 E. Burke Ess. Abridgm. Eng. Hist. (rev. ed.) in Wks. (1812) V. 529 He agreed to an accommodation, which..only left to himself a sphere of government as narrow as his genius.
1863 A. P. Stanley Lect. Jewish Church I. iii. 72 His history belongs henceforth to a wider sphere.
1866 Duke of Argyll Reign of Law ii. 55 They belong to wholly different spheres of thought.
1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xiii. 179 Cæsar could only wish for a long absence in some new sphere of usefulness.
d. sphere of action (also sphere of influence, sphere of interest): a region or territory (originally esp. in Africa or Asia) within which a particular nation claims, or is admitted, to have a special interest for political or economic purposes. Also elliptical and attributive.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > [noun] > sphere
realm?a1425
sphere of action1885
1885 Earl Granville in Hertslet Map of Africa by Treaty (1894) II. 596 A Memorandum of Agreement for separating and defining the spheres of action of Great Britain and Germany in those parts of Africa where the Colonial interests of the two countries might conflict.
1885 Earl Granville in Hertslet Map of Africa by Treaty (1894) II. 598 Their respective spheres of influence in the territories on the Gulf of Guinea.
1890 C. W. Dilke Probl. Greater Brit. II. v. 193 Our South African ‘sphere’.
1898 Westm. Gaz. 25 July 1/2 There is no necessary opposition between the sphere of influence policy and the ‘open-door’ policy.
1950 L. Fischer in R. Crossman God that Failed 223 It provided for a spheres-of-influence division of the areas accessible to Soviet–Nazi aggression.
1973 A. Broinowski Take One Ambassador iv. 43 The Japanese themselves are told they can't resort to force, even in what they see as their own sphere of influence.
1981 Times 21 Feb. 13/5 A programme of reform [in Poland] sufficiently limited to reassure the Russians that their sphere of influence is safe.
II. Technical uses, esp. in geometry and arithmetic.
8.
a. Geometry. A figure formed by the complete revolution of a semicircle about its diameter; a round body of which the surface is at all points equidistant from the centre.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > [noun] > sphericity or globularity > sphere
spherea1398
sphericity1625
spherical1652
the world > relative properties > number > geometry > shape or figure > [noun] > three-dimensional > sphere
spherea1398
in-sphere1886
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. cxxvii. 1368 Þe spere is a figure yschape al round, and is pere to þe solid in alle parties.
c1400 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) v. xiv. 107 Alle thre dymensions in a round body nys but the same, and yf ther be ony difference the spere is not parfyte.
1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 17 A Sphere is a sound figure, made by the tournynge of half a circle, tyll it ende where it began to be moued.
1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. xi. f. 315v A Sphere is a figure most apt to all motion, as hauing no base whereon to stay.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage i. ii. 10 Neyther is it yet absolutely round and a perfect sphere.
1698 J. Keill Exam. Theory Earth (1734) 223 A Sphere..whose Center of Gravity coincides with its Center of Magnitude.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) Parallel planes, which divide the diameter of a sphere into equal parts, divide the surface of the sphere into equal parts at the same time.
1840 D. Lardner Treat. Geom. 204 The diameter..on which the generating circle turns is called the axis of the sphere, and its extremities..are called the poles of the sphere.
1879 Cassell's Techn. Educator (new ed.) I. 394 Draw the complete plan, and project..the external form of the sphere.
b. The containing surface of such a figure or body. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > [noun] > sphericity or globularity > sphere > surface of
spherea1631
a1631 J. Donne Poems (1650) 7 Shine here to us, and thou art every where; This bed thy center is, these wals, thy spheare.
c. Mathematics. The set of all points at a specified distance from a specified point.
ΚΠ
1934 C. C. Krieger tr. W. Sierpínski Introd. Gen. Topol. vi. 77 The set K(p,r) (where p ε M, and r > 0) is called an open sphere of centre p and radius r.
1959 E. M. Patterson Topol. i. 3 Since all spheres are homeomorphic, we speak of the sphere, rather than a sphere.
1968 E. T. Copson Metric Spaces iii. 32 If we impose on the set..of all ordered pairs of real numbers the metric ρ(x,y) = max {|x1y1|, |x2y2|} the spheres are squares.
9.
a. A body of a globular or orbicular form; a globe or ball.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > [noun] > sphericity or globularity > sphere > spherical or globular object
trendlea900
appleeOE
ballc1300
roundc1330
bowl1413
rotundity?a1425
spherea1425
pomec1440
globec1450
orba1500
rotund1550
roundel1589
pompom1748
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Isa. xxix. 3 And Y schal cumpasse as a round speere, ether trendil, in thi cumpasse.
?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 227 In the hiȝhte of whom is a spere of brasse conteynenge the bones of Iulyus Cesar.
?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 67 With obelisks, sphearz, and white bearz all of stone vpon theyr curioouz basez.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vii. 355 Of Celestial Bodies first the Sun A mightie Spheare he fram'd. View more context for this quotation
1747 B. Franklin Let. 1 Sept. in Exper. & Observ. Electr. (1751) 17 Our spheres are fixed on iron axes, which pass through them.
1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. i. 44 The changing moon forsakes this shadowy sphere.
1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxviii. 237 If we place a sphere of glass in a glass trough of hot oil.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 108 Lying in dark-purple spheres of sea.
1875 C. Darwin Insectivorous Plants vi. 95 The fourth [cube] was converted into a minute sphere surrounded by transparent fluid.
figurative.1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 172 For him I reckon not in high estate Whom long descent of birth Or the sphear of fortune raises. View more context for this quotation1701 J. Norris Ess. Ideal World I. vi. 389 He..can never go out of her sphere, whose center is everywhere, and whose circumference in nowhere.1853 T. T. Lynch Lect. Self-improvem. 33 Religion..at last fills the sphere, the eternity of his being.
b. The rounded mass of such a body.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > [noun] > sphericity or globularity > sphere > spherical or globular object > rounded mass of
sphere1555
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. i. f. 3v The iudgement of auncient wryters as touchynge the bignesse of the Sphere and compasse of the Globe.
1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1687) xxxvi. 470 To colour the cheeks of our Apples, and enlarge the Sphere of our Cabbages.
1827 T. Hood Plea Midsummer Fairies i, in Plea Midsummer Fairies & Other Poems 1 With a broader sphere The Moon looks down on Ceres and her sheaves.
1830 Ld. Tennyson Mermaid in Poems 30 All things..Would lean out from the hollow sphere of the sea.
1858 W. Greener Gunnery in 1858 79 Until the flat surface is nearly equal to the diameter of the sphere of the ball.
c. The surface or material of a circular object.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > roundness > [noun] > circularity > a circle > a circular object > surface or material of
sphere?1611
?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xiv. 154 A girdle, whose rich sphere a hundred studs impress'd.
d. Crystallography. sphere of projection: an imaginary sphere surrounding a crystal, on to which a point in each face of the crystal is projected; cf. projection n. 2c.
ΚΠ
1878 H. P. Gurney Crystallogr. 32 The diameter of the sphere of projection which is at right angles to the zone plane is called the zone axis.
1895 N. Story-Maskelyne Crystallogr. ii. 27 On the sphere of projection, and the principles of its stereographic representation.
10.
a. = globe n. 4, orb n.1 3b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > regalia > [noun] > orb
spherea1387
pomec1440
ballc1475
mound1488
globe1582
orb1602
tut1674
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 235 The riȝt hond holdynge þe spere, þat is þe roundenesse and þe liknesse of þe world.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxxxiv A hande of golde holdyng a spere of the worlde.
b. An orb of the mundane system; a planet or star.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun]
candle937
lightOE
starsc1225
ballc1300
bodya1398
celestinec1430
heavenly bodya1475
luminair1477
luminary1489
streamer1513
host or hosts of heaven1535
globe1555
orb1565
sphere1598
planet1640
superstar1910
1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie iii. x. sig. H3v A hall, a hall, Roome for the Spheres, the Orbes celestiall Will daunce Kemps Iigge.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. i. 67 All kinde of Natures That labour on the bosome of this Sphere . View more context for this quotation
17.. Watts Hymn, ‘God is a Name of my Soul adores’ ii Thy Voice produc'd the Sea and Spheres.
1837 C. Babbage 9th Bridgewater Treat. iii. 57 He has traced the orbits of earth's sister spheres.
1871 J. S. Blackie Four Phases Morals i. 20 We attempt ambitiously to measure the remote movement of the spheres.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
sphere-born adj.
ΚΠ
1645 J. Milton At Solemn Musick in Poems 22 Sphear-born harmonious Sisters, Voice, and Vers.
sphere-descended adj.
ΚΠ
1747 W. Collins Odes 51 O Music, Sphere-descended Maid.
sphere-filled adj.
ΚΠ
1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 82 The holy image of the sphere-filled air.
sphere-found adj.
ΚΠ
1747 W. Collins Odes 30 The secret Builder knew to chuse, Each sphere-found Gem of richest Hues.
sphere-headed adj.
ΚΠ
1786 J. Abercrombie Arrangem. Plants 56 in Gardeners Daily Assistant Sphere headed greater [thistle].
sphere-like adj.
ΚΠ
1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest f. 23 In manner Spherelike it hath one within an other.
1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth V. 119 Last of all there should appear, Seven Eunuchs sphere-like Singing here.
1896 Appletons' Pop. Sci. Monthly Feb. 507 The water..breaks up into spherelike globules.
sphere-tuned adj.
ΚΠ
1636 T. Sanford in Ann. Dubrensia sig. G3v And how your Swaines, will leave Posteritie Sphære-tuned Sonnets.
1752 H. Moore To Mem. of Dr. Doddridge xi I seem to..catch sweet Music from thy Sphere-tun'd Tongue.
C2.
a. In the sense ‘of or pertaining to the celestial spheres’, as sphere-fire, sphere-harmony, sphere-melody, sphere-metal, sphere-music, sphere-song, sphere-tune.
ΚΠ
1609 G. Markham Famous Whore (1868) 33 Angels learnt their sphear-tunes from my voice.
1645 J. Milton On University Carrier ii, in Poems 29 So hung his destiny never to rot..Made of sphear-metal, never to decay Untill his revolution was at stay.
1820 P. B. Shelley Cloud in Prometheus Unbound 199 The sphere-fire above its soft colours wove.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. iii. vi. 129 The Sphere-music of Parlementary eloquence begins.
1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes iii. 135 The Greeks fabled of Sphere-Harmonies.
1858 E. H. Sears Athanasia xvii. 143 We..strike out bravely for the sphere-melodies.
1878 R. Browning La Saisiaz 24 I shall no more dare to..Pass off human lisp as echo of the sphere-song out of reach.
b. In the sense ‘having the form of a sphere’, as sphere-crystal.
ΚΠ
1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 63 It crystallises in the form of so-called Sphere-crystals,..consisting of crystalline elements disposed in a radiate manner.
1885 G. L. Goodale in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) II. i. i. 53 Both forms have been termed Sphæraphides and Sphere-crystals.
C3.
sphere gap n. a form of spark gap with two spherical electrodes, used esp. in devices for measuring high voltages.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > discharge of electricity > [noun] > point of discharge > gap
spark-gap1889
sphere gap1913
needle gap1916
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > [noun] > higher than usual voltage > used in measuring
sphere gap1913
1913 Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers 32 739 The sphere gap has been suggested as a standard instrument to be used in the measurement of high voltage.
1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 767/2 The measurement and recording of testing voltages requires either a voltage divider..or a sphere gap..capable of measuring the peak voltage.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

spherev.

/sfɪər/
Forms: Also 1600s sphear.
Etymology: < sphere n.
1. transitive. To enclose in or as in a sphere; to encircle, engirdle, surround. Also with about.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclose [verb (transitive)] > enclose in a receptacle or surrounding mass > in a receptacle > in or as in a sphere
emball1580
embow1605
sphere1607
ensphere?1614
orba1644
englobe1797
inorb1847
1607 G. Chapman Bussy D'Ambois i. 2 Spreading all our reaches, As if each priuate Arme would sphere the world.
?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xviii. 185 When any towne is spher'd With siege of such a foe, as kils mens mindes.
a1627 T. Middleton & W. Rowley Old Law (1656) v. 75 A place at hand we were all strangers in So spheard about with Musik.
1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh iii. 100 I resolved by prose To make a space to sphere my living verse.
1866 W. R. Alger Solitudes Nature & Man ii. 43 Mourners, sphered by their dark garb in a sacred and touching solitude.
2.
a. To make into a sphere; to fill up or ‘crown’ with liquor.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [verb (intransitive)] > supply generous amount
sphere1608
to push the boat out1920
the world > space > place > presence > fact of taking up space > take up (space or a place) [verb (transitive)] > fill > to overflowing
pilea1450
crown1595
swell1602
sphere1608
overflow1650
full (also to fill) to overflowing1797
the world > space > shape > curvature > curved three-dimensional shape or body > make into curved three-dimensional shape [verb (transitive)] > make spherical or globular
embowlc1595
orb1600
englobe1611
ensphere1640
globe1641
spherea1849
spherify1848
1608 B. Jonson Masque of Blacknesse in Characters Two Royall Masques 285 An vrne spheard with wine.
a1849 H. Coleridge Ess. & Marginalia (1851) I. 272 Who could endure to see the sweet creature take a trumpet and sphere her bias cheeks like fame?
b. figurative. To form into a rounded or perfect whole.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > completeness > make complete [verb (transitive)]
complec1315
accomplish1524
consummate1530
sphere?1615
complete1667
exact1669
?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xviii. 297 That no more my mone Might waste my blood..For want of that accomplisht vertue spher'd In my lou'd Lord.
1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir iv. sig. H4 You hitherto Haue still had goodnes spher'd within your eyes, Let not that Orbe be broken.
1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 71 Not vassals to be beat,..but living wills, and sphered Whole in ourselves and due to none.
3.
a. To place in a sphere or among the spheres; to set in the heavens.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > sphere [verb (transitive)] > place in sphere
sphere1609
concamerate1625
undersphere1652
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 90 And therefore is the glorious planet Sol, In noble eminence enthron'd and spherd, Amidst the other. View more context for this quotation
1657 W. Morice Coena quasi Κοινὴ xxii. 215 All that fire which is spheared on high and separate from commixture, is a pure element.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vii. 247 Light..from her Native East To journie through the airie gloom began, Sphear'd in a radiant Cloud. View more context for this quotation
1820 P. B. Shelley Fiordispina 26 But thou art as a planet sphered above.
1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 86 I would have reach'd you, tho' you been Sphered up with Cassiopëia.
1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam ix. 12 Sphere all your lights around, above; Sleep, gentle heavens, before the prow. View more context for this quotation
b. figurative. To set aloft or aloof; to place above the common reach.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > majesty, glory, or grandeur > exaltation or glorification > exalt or glorify [verb (transitive)]
heavec825
higheOE
brightenOE
clarifya1340
glorifya1340
enhancec1374
stellifyc1384
biga1400
exalt?a1400
raisea1400
shrinea1400
to bear up?a1425
enhighc1440
erect?a1475
assumec1503
amount1523
dignifya1530
to set up1535
extol1545
enthronize1547
augment1567
sublimate?1567
sublime1568
assumptc1571
begoda1576
royalize1589
suscitate1598
swell1601
consecrate1605
realize1611
reara1616
sphere1615
ingreata1620
superexalta1626
soara1627
ascend1628
rise1628
embroider1629
apotheose1632
grandize1640
engreaten1641
engrandizea1652
mount1651
intronificate1653
magnificent1656
superposit1661
grandify1665
heroify1677
apotheosize1695
enthrone1699
aggrandize1702
pantheonize1801
hoist1814
princify1847
queen1880
heroize1887
1615 R. Brathwait Strappado 190 The minds internall soueraignesse doth sit, As a great Princesse, much admired at, Sphered and reared in her chaire of state.
a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Richard II lxxxii, in Poems (1878) III. 157 Maiestie should be sphear'd Beyond the common Eye.
1853 E. Bulwer-Lytton My Novel II. vi. v. 112 The pale reflex and imitation of some bright mind, sphered out of reach and afar.
1861 J. C. H. Fane & Ld. Lytton Tannhäuser 14 That so august a spirit, sphered so fair, Should from the starry sessions of his peers Decline.
4. To send about in a circle; to turn round in all directions.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > cause to move in circle or curve [verb (transitive)] > move in circle round something > cause to move in circle
rounda1460
circumvolve1610
orb1641
sphere1648
circumagitate1660
circumact1667
the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > revolve or rotate [verb (transitive)]
turnOE
trillc1386
gyrec1420
rote?1533
tirl1543
to turn round1555
revolve1559
circumvert1578
circumgyre1635
circumrote1635
circumgyrate1647
circumvolve1647
veera1649
twist1769
rotate1777
sphere1820
1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. L7 We'l still sit up, Sphering about the wassail cup, To all those times, Which gave me honour for my Rhimes.
1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. i, in Lamia & Other Poems 152 Open thine eyes eterne, and sphere them round Upon all space.
5. intransitive. To centre in something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > central condition or position > mark or be the centre of [verb (transitive)] > centre in something
concentre1600
centre1603
incentre1611
revolve1815
sphere1852
1852 D. Masson in Brit. Q. Rev. Nov. 541 The very same soul..was also related with inordinate keenness and intimacy to all that this life spheres in.

Derivatives

ˈsphering n. (also attributive).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > celestial sphere > zone of celestial sphere > sphere of ancient astronomy > [noun] > being placed in
sphering1818
1818 J. Keats Endymion ii. 65 One of those Who, when this planet's sphering time doth close, Will be its high remembrancers.
1877 J. A. Symonds Renaissance in Italy vi. 323 How those mighty master spirits watched the sphering of new planets in the spiritual skies.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

> see also

also refers to : -spherecomb. form
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n.a1300v.1607
see also
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