spikenardn.

Brit.

/ˈspʌɪknɑːd/, U.S.

/ˈspaɪkˌnɑrd/

Forms: α. Middle English– spikenard (Middle English spekenard, spyknard), Middle English–1500s spikenarde, spyk(e)narde (Middle English spykenard), 1500s spignard, spiknarde, 1600s spick-, 1600s–1700s spiknard. β. Middle English spikanard. γ. 1500s spekenardy, 1600s spyke nardy.

Etymology: < late or medieval Latin spīca nardī (see spike n.¹ and nard n.), rendering Greek νάρδου στάχυς (also ναρδόσταχυς); perhaps partly after Old French spicanarde (feminine), spica-, spice-, spiquenard (masculine), = Italian spiganardi, -nardo, Spanish espicanardi, -nardo. Compare also Middle Dutch spikenaerde, -naert (Dutch spijknardus), Middle Low German spikenardi -nard(us), Middle High German spîcanarde (German spikenarde, with many older variants), Middle Swedish spikinardus, etc.

1. An aromatic substance (employed in ancient times in the preparation of a costly ointment or oil) obtained from an Eastern plant, now identified as the Nardostachys Jatamansi of Northern India.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > plants and extracts used for

roseeOE

nardusOE

nardOE

lavendera1300

spikenardc1350

piste?1440

orris root1598

bainilla1678

amberseed1728

vanilla1728

ambrette1745

vanell1790

tonka bean1796

scent bean1822

muguet1830

lemon-grass1837

vanillea1845

sweet pea1890

snuff-bean1898

oak moss1921

tea olive1952

α.

c1350 Leben Jesu (1873) 63 Þat oygnement was of spikenard þat mani may do bote.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John xii. 3 Therfore Marie took a pound of oynement spikenard [c1384 Royal oynement precious spekenard], or trewe narde.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) vii. 26 Sum distilles gariofles, spikenarde, and oþer spiceries.

1465 in Manners & Househ. Expenses Eng. (1841) 305 Item, for a unce of spykenarde, viij. d.

1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xxxix Take of cupresse nuttes, spicanarde, psida, balaustium, acorne cuppes, of eche an ounce.

1616 B. Jonson Cynthias Revels (rev. ed.) v. iv, in Wks. I. 246 The decoction of turmericke, sesama, nard, spikenard.

1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ iii. xxii. 401 Indian-leaf; its virtues are the same with Mace and Spicknard.

1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 50 Chuse the true Spiknard from the Levant.

1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. Introd. 11 A highly scented grass, the essential oil of which is supposed by some to have been the spikenard of the ancients.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xxxii. 51 She bathes the Saviour's feet With costly spikenard and with tears.

1872 D. Oliver Lessons Elem. Bot. (new ed.) ii. 192 Spikenard is the root of Nardostachys jatamansi, a North Indian plant. It has been highly valued as a perfume from early antiquity.

β. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark xiv. 3 A womman..hauynge a box of precious oynement spikanard.γ. 1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xxxviii^v Dyp wooll in the oyle of masticke or of speke nardy, and laye it vnto the place.

2. The plant yielding this substance; now spec. the North Indian Nardostachys Jatamansi, a plant of the Valerian order.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > non-British medicinal plants > [noun] > spikenard

nardOE

nardusOE

spike?1529

spikenard1548

sumbul1791

1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. E.vj Nardus is named in greeke Nardos, in englishe Spyknarde.

1671 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Spikenard, (Nardus Indica,) an Odoriferous Plant, the Oil whereof is much used in Medicine.

1714 Steele's Poet. Misc., Solomon's Song 242 Spikenard and Cinnamon, that loves the Vale.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 197 Valerian Jatamansi, or true Spikenard of the ancients, is valued in India..as a remedy in hysteria and epilepsy.

1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Spikenard, the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a dwarf herbaceous plant,..a native of the Himalayas.

1897 G. O. Morgan Ecl. Virgil iv. 15 Ivy that every~where roves with the spikenard's growth interwoven.

figurative.1692 W. Marshall Gospel Myst. Sanctif. xiii. 298 Thus your Spikenards will yield their Smell, as godly sorrow..peace,..joy.

†a. Lavender. Obsolete. (Cf. spike n.¹ 3.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > fragrant plants or plants used in perfumery > [noun] > trees or shrubs > lavender plants

lavendera1300

stechados1526

spike1541

stœchas1548

spick1558

French lavender1562

spikenard1563

cassidony1578

cast-me-down1597

stickadove1597

aspic1604

spike-lavender1607

1563 T. Hill Arte Gardening (1593) 94 Lauender is an hearbe sweet in smelling;..[and] for that it giueth no lesse sauor than the Spike, is of the same named Spikenard.

1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 622 Spikenard, (See Lauender).

1736 N. Bailey Dict. Domesticum (at cited word) Spikenard or Lavender Spike.

b. Valerian. rare. (Cf. spike n.¹ 4.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > [noun] > valerian

valerianc1386

setwalla1400

spike celtic1540

capon's-tail1548

phu1562

poor man's remedy1657

spikenard1688

countryman's treacle1745–7

tobacco-root1845

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 89 Spicknard, or Valerian, hath leaves like the Primrose, growing in bunches, out of which comes a stalk set with jagged leaves.

1864 J. Gilbert & G. C. Churchill Excurs. Dolomite Mts. 325 The Speik (Valeriana celtica) is a very small plant... You will be familiar with it as spikenard.

c. North American. (See quots.)

ΚΠ

1829 A. H. Lincoln Familiar Lect. Bot. App. 274 Aralia..racemosa (spikenard).

1864 A. H. R. Grisebach Flora Brit. W. Indian Islands 787/2 Spikenard, Hyptis suaveolens.

4. ploughman's spikenard n. the wild plant Inula Conyza (formerly assigned to the genera Baccharis and Conyza).

ΚΠ

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 648 This plant Baccharis..in English..may be called the Cinamom roote, or Plowmans Spiknarde.

1671 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Plowmans Spiknard, a sort of plant called in Latin Baccharis.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Baccharis,..commonly called plowman's spikenard, a sweet scented shrubby plant.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Flea Bane The common great conyza, called Plowman's spikenard.

1777 E. Jacob Plantæ Favershamienses 11 Conyza squarrosa, Plowman's Spikenard.

1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 115 Thy horehound tufts I love them well, And ploughman's spikenard's spicy smell.

1901 Pall Mall Mag. Sept. 105/1 Fragrant ploughman's spikenard now rises.

5. oil of spikenard n. (see quots.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically

ewrosec1350

stacte1382

oil of rosesa1398

rose watera1398

sandalc1400

musk?a1425

damask water?1520

malabathrum1543

orris1545

civet1553

ambracan1555

rose cake1559

lavender-water1563

oil of spikenard1565

zibet1594

orange-flower water1595

orris powder?1600

spike-oil1611

angel water1634

cypress-powder1634

angelica1653

jasmine1670

jessamy1671

rosat1674

frangipane1676

marechale1676

orangery1676

tuberose1682

jasmine-water1750

otto1759

rose geranium1773

millefleurs1775

new-mown hay1789

attar1798

eau-de-Cologne1802

Cologne1814

dedes1817

eau de Portugal1825

verbena1837

rondeletia1838

bay-rum1840

Florida water1840

citronelle1841

patchouli1843

citronella1849

gardenia1851

sandalwood oil1851

Ess Bouquet1855

marmala water1857

mignonette1858

spikenard oil1861

sandalwood1865

serpolet1866

ylang-ylang1876

flower-water1886

lily1890

lilac1895

stephanotis1895

tea rose1897

chypre1898

Peau d'Espagne1898

violette de Parme1904

poppy1905

Parma violet1907

wallflower1907

1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Vnguentum nardinum, oyle of spikenarde.

1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Spijck-olie, oyle of Spike, or of Spike-nard.

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique (at cited word) The Oil of Spikenard is a Sovereign Remedy for Sheep..incommoded with Obstructions.

1847 J. F. Royle Man. Materia Med. 621 A Volatile Oil [is secreted] by Andropogon Calamus aromaticus,..and several other species [of grasses]. This oil, often called Oil of Spikenard, is extremely grateful for its fragrance [etc.].

1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. iii. 699 The oil known in India as Roshé or Rosé Oil, and in London as Turkish Essence of Geranium..is also sometimes termed oil of spikenard.

Compounds

C1. attributive, as spikenard garden, spikenard oil.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically

ewrosec1350

stacte1382

oil of rosesa1398

rose watera1398

sandalc1400

musk?a1425

damask water?1520

malabathrum1543

orris1545

civet1553

ambracan1555

rose cake1559

lavender-water1563

oil of spikenard1565

zibet1594

orange-flower water1595

orris powder?1600

spike-oil1611

angel water1634

cypress-powder1634

angelica1653

jasmine1670

jessamy1671

rosat1674

frangipane1676

marechale1676

orangery1676

tuberose1682

jasmine-water1750

otto1759

rose geranium1773

millefleurs1775

new-mown hay1789

attar1798

eau-de-Cologne1802

Cologne1814

dedes1817

eau de Portugal1825

verbena1837

rondeletia1838

bay-rum1840

Florida water1840

citronelle1841

patchouli1843

citronella1849

gardenia1851

sandalwood oil1851

Ess Bouquet1855

marmala water1857

mignonette1858

spikenard oil1861

sandalwood1865

serpolet1866

ylang-ylang1876

flower-water1886

lily1890

lilac1895

stephanotis1895

tea rose1897

chypre1898

Peau d'Espagne1898

violette de Parme1904

poppy1905

Parma violet1907

wallflower1907

1806 T. Maurice Fall of Mogul ii. iv Mild, as soft whispers of the vernal breeze That sweeps the spikenard gardens of the South.

1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. iii. 699 The precious Spikenard Oil of Scripture is supposed by some to have been derived from A[ndropogon] Iwarancusa.

C2. With various specific adjectives.

American spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1083/2 American Spikenard, Aralia racemosa.

bastard spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 317/2 Spikenard, Bastard French, Nardus.

Celtic spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1693 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. (ed. 2) 189 Spica celtica, or Nardus celtica, celtic Spikenard.

1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 169 Celtick Spikenard.—This is reckon'd of kin to our Lavender, both by Family..and Virtues.

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 328 Celtic Spikenard, Valeriana.

Cretan spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Cretan spikenard, Valeriana Phu.

false spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. 328 False Spikenard, Lavandula.

1856 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. (1860) 467 Smilacina racemosa. False Spikenard.

1857 A. Gray First Lessons Bot. (1866) 81 A compound raceme, as in the Goat's-beard and the False Spikenard.

French spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 921 Nardus Narbonensis. French Spikenard.

Indian spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 921 Nardus Indica. Indian Spikenard.

1693 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. (ed. 2) 146 Nardus Indica, Spica Indica, Indian Spikenard, great quantities of it grow in Java.

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 327 Indian or True Spikenard.

mountain spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 919 Nardus Celtica. Mountaine Spikenard.

1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 919 Creeping mountaine Spikenard.

small spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1829 J. Togno & E. Durand tr. H. Milne-Edwards & P. Vavasseur Man. Materia Medica vi. 227 Small Spikenard. False Sarsaparilla Root. Aralia nudicaulis.

Syrian spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Nard Syriaque, Syrian Spikenard, Indian Spikenard.

West Indian spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1083/2 West Indian Spikenard, Hyptis suaveolens.

wild spikenard n.

ΚΠ

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Nard rustique, Wild Spikenard, Valerian.

1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. (Herbs) Assarabacke or wilde Spiknard, hasel-wortel.

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 328 Wild Spikenard, Asarum.

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1083/2 Wild Spikenard, Aralia nudicaulis.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	spikenard
释义	spikenardn. Brit. /ˈspʌɪknɑːd/, U.S. /ˈspaɪkˌnɑrd/ Forms: α. Middle English– spikenard (Middle English spekenard, spyknard), Middle English–1500s spikenarde, spyk(e)narde (Middle English spykenard), 1500s spignard, spiknarde, 1600s spick-, 1600s–1700s spiknard. β. Middle English spikanard. γ. 1500s spekenardy, 1600s spyke nardy. Etymology: < late or medieval Latin spīca nardī (see spike n.¹ and nard n.), rendering Greek νάρδου στάχυς (also ναρδόσταχυς); perhaps partly after Old French spicanarde (feminine), spica-, spice-, spiquenard (masculine), = Italian spiganardi, -nardo, Spanish espicanardi, -nardo. Compare also Middle Dutch spikenaerde, -naert (Dutch spijknardus), Middle Low German spikenardi -nard(us), Middle High German spîcanarde (German spikenarde, with many older variants), Middle Swedish spikinardus, etc. 1. An aromatic substance (employed in ancient times in the preparation of a costly ointment or oil) obtained from an Eastern plant, now identified as the Nardostachys Jatamansi of Northern India. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > plants and extracts used for roseeOE nardusOE nardOE lavendera1300 spikenardc1350 piste?1440 orris root1598 bainilla1678 amberseed1728 vanilla1728 ambrette1745 vanell1790 tonka bean1796 scent bean1822 muguet1830 lemon-grass1837 vanillea1845 sweet pea1890 snuff-bean1898 oak moss1921 tea olive1952 α. c1350 Leben Jesu (1873) 63 Þat oygnement was of spikenard þat mani may do bote. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John xii. 3 Therfore Marie took a pound of oynement spikenard [c1384 Royal oynement precious spekenard], or trewe narde. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) vii. 26 Sum distilles gariofles, spikenarde, and oþer spiceries. 1465 in Manners & Househ. Expenses Eng. (1841) 305 Item, for a unce of spykenarde, viij. d. 1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xxxix Take of cupresse nuttes, spicanarde, psida, balaustium, acorne cuppes, of eche an ounce. 1616 B. Jonson Cynthias Revels (rev. ed.) v. iv, in Wks. I. 246 The decoction of turmericke, sesama, nard, spikenard. 1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ iii. xxii. 401 Indian-leaf; its virtues are the same with Mace and Spicknard. 1712 J. Browne tr. P. Pomet et al. Compl. Hist. Druggs I. 50 Chuse the true Spiknard from the Levant. 1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India I. Introd. 11 A highly scented grass, the essential oil of which is supposed by some to have been the spikenard of the ancients. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xxxii. 51 She bathes the Saviour's feet With costly spikenard and with tears. View more context for this quotation 1872 D. Oliver Lessons Elem. Bot. (new ed.) ii. 192 Spikenard is the root of Nardostachys jatamansi, a North Indian plant. It has been highly valued as a perfume from early antiquity. β. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark xiv. 3 A womman..hauynge a box of precious oynement spikanard.γ. 1540 R. Jonas tr. E. Roesslin Byrth of Mankynde i. f. xxxviii^v Dyp wooll in the oyle of masticke or of speke nardy, and laye it vnto the place. 2. The plant yielding this substance; now spec. the North Indian Nardostachys Jatamansi, a plant of the Valerian order. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > non-British medicinal plants > [noun] > spikenard nardOE nardusOE spike?1529 spikenard1548 sumbul1791 1548 W. Turner Names of Herbes sig. E.vj Nardus is named in greeke Nardos, in englishe Spyknarde. 1671 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Spikenard, (Nardus Indica,) an Odoriferous Plant, the Oil whereof is much used in Medicine. 1714 Steele's Poet. Misc., Solomon's Song 242 Spikenard and Cinnamon, that loves the Vale. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 197 Valerian Jatamansi, or true Spikenard of the ancients, is valued in India..as a remedy in hysteria and epilepsy. 1858 P. L. Simmonds Dict. Trade Products Spikenard, the Nardostachys Jatamansi, a dwarf herbaceous plant,..a native of the Himalayas. 1897 G. O. Morgan Ecl. Virgil iv. 15 Ivy that every~where roves with the spikenard's growth interwoven. figurative.1692 W. Marshall Gospel Myst. Sanctif. xiii. 298 Thus your Spikenards will yield their Smell, as godly sorrow..peace,..joy. 3. †a. Lavender. Obsolete. (Cf. spike n.¹ 3.) ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > fragrant plants or plants used in perfumery > [noun] > trees or shrubs > lavender plants lavendera1300 stechados1526 spike1541 stœchas1548 spick1558 French lavender1562 spikenard1563 cassidony1578 cast-me-down1597 stickadove1597 aspic1604 spike-lavender1607 1563 T. Hill Arte Gardening (1593) 94 Lauender is an hearbe sweet in smelling;..[and] for that it giueth no lesse sauor than the Spike, is of the same named Spikenard. 1597 W. Langham Garden of Health 622 Spikenard, (See Lauender). 1736 N. Bailey Dict. Domesticum (at cited word) Spikenard or Lavender Spike. b. Valerian. rare. (Cf. spike n.¹ 4.) ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular medicinal plants or parts > [noun] > valerian valerianc1386 setwalla1400 spike celtic1540 capon's-tail1548 phu1562 poor man's remedy1657 spikenard1688 countryman's treacle1745–7 tobacco-root1845 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 89 Spicknard, or Valerian, hath leaves like the Primrose, growing in bunches, out of which comes a stalk set with jagged leaves. 1864 J. Gilbert & G. C. Churchill Excurs. Dolomite Mts. 325 The Speik (Valeriana celtica) is a very small plant... You will be familiar with it as spikenard. c. North American. (See quots.) ΚΠ 1829 A. H. Lincoln Familiar Lect. Bot. App. 274 Aralia..racemosa (spikenard). 1864 A. H. R. Grisebach Flora Brit. W. Indian Islands 787/2 Spikenard, Hyptis suaveolens. 4. ploughman's spikenard n. the wild plant Inula Conyza (formerly assigned to the genera Baccharis and Conyza). ΚΠ 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 648 This plant Baccharis..in English..may be called the Cinamom roote, or Plowmans Spiknarde. 1671 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Plowmans Spiknard, a sort of plant called in Latin Baccharis. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Baccharis,..commonly called plowman's spikenard, a sweet scented shrubby plant. 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Flea Bane The common great conyza, called Plowman's spikenard. 1777 E. Jacob Plantæ Favershamienses 11 Conyza squarrosa, Plowman's Spikenard. 1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 115 Thy horehound tufts I love them well, And ploughman's spikenard's spicy smell. 1901 Pall Mall Mag. Sept. 105/1 Fragrant ploughman's spikenard now rises. 5. oil of spikenard n. (see quots.). ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically ewrosec1350 stacte1382 oil of rosesa1398 rose watera1398 sandalc1400 musk?a1425 damask water?1520 malabathrum1543 orris1545 civet1553 ambracan1555 rose cake1559 lavender-water1563 oil of spikenard1565 zibet1594 orange-flower water1595 orris powder?1600 spike-oil1611 angel water1634 cypress-powder1634 angelica1653 jasmine1670 jessamy1671 rosat1674 frangipane1676 marechale1676 orangery1676 tuberose1682 jasmine-water1750 otto1759 rose geranium1773 millefleurs1775 new-mown hay1789 attar1798 eau-de-Cologne1802 Cologne1814 dedes1817 eau de Portugal1825 verbena1837 rondeletia1838 bay-rum1840 Florida water1840 citronelle1841 patchouli1843 citronella1849 gardenia1851 sandalwood oil1851 Ess Bouquet1855 marmala water1857 mignonette1858 spikenard oil1861 sandalwood1865 serpolet1866 ylang-ylang1876 flower-water1886 lily1890 lilac1895 stephanotis1895 tea rose1897 chypre1898 Peau d'Espagne1898 violette de Parme1904 poppy1905 Parma violet1907 wallflower1907 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Vnguentum nardinum, oyle of spikenarde. 1648 H. Hexham Groot Woorden-boeck Spijck-olie, oyle of Spike, or of Spike-nard. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique (at cited word) The Oil of Spikenard is a Sovereign Remedy for Sheep..incommoded with Obstructions. 1847 J. F. Royle Man. Materia Med. 621 A Volatile Oil [is secreted] by Andropogon Calamus aromaticus,..and several other species [of grasses]. This oil, often called Oil of Spikenard, is extremely grateful for its fragrance [etc.]. 1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. iii. 699 The oil known in India as Roshé or Rosé Oil, and in London as Turkish Essence of Geranium..is also sometimes termed oil of spikenard. Compounds C1. attributive, as spikenard garden, spikenard oil. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > specifically ewrosec1350 stacte1382 oil of rosesa1398 rose watera1398 sandalc1400 musk?a1425 damask water?1520 malabathrum1543 orris1545 civet1553 ambracan1555 rose cake1559 lavender-water1563 oil of spikenard1565 zibet1594 orange-flower water1595 orris powder?1600 spike-oil1611 angel water1634 cypress-powder1634 angelica1653 jasmine1670 jessamy1671 rosat1674 frangipane1676 marechale1676 orangery1676 tuberose1682 jasmine-water1750 otto1759 rose geranium1773 millefleurs1775 new-mown hay1789 attar1798 eau-de-Cologne1802 Cologne1814 dedes1817 eau de Portugal1825 verbena1837 rondeletia1838 bay-rum1840 Florida water1840 citronelle1841 patchouli1843 citronella1849 gardenia1851 sandalwood oil1851 Ess Bouquet1855 marmala water1857 mignonette1858 spikenard oil1861 sandalwood1865 serpolet1866 ylang-ylang1876 flower-water1886 lily1890 lilac1895 stephanotis1895 tea rose1897 chypre1898 Peau d'Espagne1898 violette de Parme1904 poppy1905 Parma violet1907 wallflower1907 1806 T. Maurice Fall of Mogul ii. iv Mild, as soft whispers of the vernal breeze That sweeps the spikenard gardens of the South. 1861 R. Bentley Man. Bot. ii. iii. 699 The precious Spikenard Oil of Scripture is supposed by some to have been derived from A[ndropogon] Iwarancusa. C2. With various specific adjectives. American spikenard n. ΚΠ 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1083/2 American Spikenard, Aralia racemosa. bastard spikenard n. ΚΠ 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 317/2 Spikenard, Bastard French, Nardus. Celtic spikenard n. ΚΠ 1693 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. (ed. 2) 189 Spica celtica, or Nardus celtica, celtic Spikenard. 1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 169 Celtick Spikenard.—This is reckon'd of kin to our Lavender, both by Family..and Virtues. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 328 Celtic Spikenard, Valeriana. Cretan spikenard n. ΚΠ 1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Cretan spikenard, Valeriana Phu. false spikenard n. ΚΠ 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. 328 False Spikenard, Lavandula. 1856 A. Gray Man. Bot. Northern U.S. (1860) 467 Smilacina racemosa. False Spikenard. 1857 A. Gray First Lessons Bot. (1866) 81 A compound raceme, as in the Goat's-beard and the False Spikenard. French spikenard n. ΚΠ 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 921 Nardus Narbonensis. French Spikenard. Indian spikenard n. ΚΠ 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 921 Nardus Indica. Indian Spikenard. 1693 tr. S. Blankaart Physical Dict. (ed. 2) 146 Nardus Indica, Spica Indica, Indian Spikenard, great quantities of it grow in Java. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 327 Indian or True Spikenard. mountain spikenard n. ΚΠ 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 919 Nardus Celtica. Mountaine Spikenard. 1597 J. Gerard Herball ii. 919 Creeping mountaine Spikenard. small spikenard n. ΚΠ 1829 J. Togno & E. Durand tr. H. Milne-Edwards & P. Vavasseur Man. Materia Medica vi. 227 Small Spikenard. False Sarsaparilla Root. Aralia nudicaulis. Syrian spikenard n. ΚΠ 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Nard Syriaque, Syrian Spikenard, Indian Spikenard. West Indian spikenard n. ΚΠ 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1083/2 West Indian Spikenard, Hyptis suaveolens. wild spikenard n. ΚΠ 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Nard rustique, Wild Spikenard, Valerian. 1647 H. Hexham Copious Eng. & Netherduytch Dict. (Herbs) Assarabacke or wilde Spiknard, hasel-wortel. 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. 328 Wild Spikenard, Asarum. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1083/2 Wild Spikenard, Aralia nudicaulis. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1914; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1350
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