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单词 sprue
释义

spruen.1

Brit. /spruː/, U.S. /spru/
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: sparrowgrass n.
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps a variant of sparrowgrass n.
Asparagus with very thin, tender stalks. Also more fully sprue grass. Cf. sparrowgrass n.
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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > stalk vegetables > [noun] > asparagus > inferior
sprue1730
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > stalk vegetables > asparagus > types of
sprue1730
Bath asparagus1791
thorny asparagus1832
1730 C. Carter Compl. Pract. Cook 30 First take Spinach and Sorrel, Parsly, Lettice, and Onions; boil all these down in fair Water very well with some Sprue, that is, small Asparagus.
1822 H. Phillips Hist. Cultivated Veg. (ed. 2) I. 32 The small sprue-grass forms a part of most of our spring pottages.
1846 A. Soyer Gastron. Regenerator 41 Throw in the sprue and let it boil very fast until tender.
1895 Times 3 Apr. 3/4 Sprue, 9d. to 1s.; asparagus, 1s. 6d. to 3s. per bundle.
1917 C. H. Senn Meals without Meat (ed. 2) 35 Prepare a bundle of green asparagus or large sprue, cut the tender part into 2-inch lengths, and cook them in slightly salted water.
1994 Country Life 2 June 84/1 The variety [of asparagus] was what we would regard more as sprue grass.
2016 Sunday Tel. (Nexis) 10 Apr. (Living section) Asparagus is sold graded as sprue (fine), jumbo sized, select and extra select.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

spruen.2

Brit. /spruː/, U.S. /spru/
Forms: 1800s sprew, 1800s sproo (Scottish), 1800s– sprue.
Origin: A borrowing from Dutch. Etymon: Dutch spruw.
Etymology: < Dutch spruw, (regional: western) sprou, sprouw, sproe (Middle Dutch sprouwe ), cognate with West Frisian spra (also spriuw , sprou , etc.), East Frisian sprö , Middle Low German sprüwe , probably < the same Germanic base as Old Dutch sprowen (Middle Dutch sproeyen , Dutch sproeien ) to spray, to sprinkle (see sprew n.1).
Medicine.
1. Chiefly U.S. A disease characterized by small ulcers or white spots and patches in the mouth or throat; spec. oral candidiasis (thrush). Occasionally also: the white spots or patches characteristic of this. Obsolete.The identity of the disease recorded as a cause of death in the earliest quotations is somewhat unclear, but candidiasis, which typically occurs as an opportunistic infection, may have masked the presence of less recognizable underlying diseases.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of mouth > [noun] > thrush
aphtha?a1425
thrush1665
sprue1802
milk thrush1844
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > parasitic disorders > [noun] > mycosis > aphtha
aphtha?a1425
thrush1665
sprue1802
milk thrush1844
1802 Gaz. U.S. (Philadelphia) 17 Aug. Two of these died of dropsy, one of hives..one of sprue, six of consumption, [etc.].
1818 Amer. Monthly Mag. & Crit. Rev. Nov. 80/2 The New-York Bills of Mortality for September, give the following account of deaths from different diseases: Abscess, 1; Apoplexy, 3;..Sprue, 10; Still-born, 12; [etc.]
1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. Sproo, an aphtheous appearance in the mouths of very young children.
1859 N.Y. Jrnl. Med. 6 63 When I had visited him about a week, sprue began to appear in his mouth.
1882 tr. E. Henoch Lect. Dis. Children 38 All the symptoms which have been ascribed to sprue belong to the primary disease in whose train it occurs.
1916 E. L. Coolidge Home Care Sick Children iv. 98 Thrush or sprue is a disease known to nearly all mothers; it is caused by a little parasite and is most often due to lack of cleanliness in care of the baby's mouth.
2. Originally: a disease of uncertain aetiology occurring mainly in people resident in the tropics, characterized by inflammation and atrophy of the lining of the small intestine, with malabsorption of nutrients, fatty diarrhoea, weight loss, and symptoms of vitamin B deficiency (more fully †Indian sprue, tropical sprue). In later use also: coeliac disease, the chronic condition resulting from hypersensitivity to gluten, which produces similar symptoms and changes in the small intestine (more fully coeliac sprue, non-tropical sprue).
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of throat > [noun] > other throat disorders
roup1579
noma1676
yark1806
sprue1880
smoker's throat1888
traction diverticulum1897
1880 P. Manson in Med. Rep. (China: Imperial Maritime Customs) No. 19. 33 The disease I allude to is known in India and well known in Java, and in the latter country goes by the name of ‘sprue’.
1885 Med. Rec. 29 Aug. 234/2 Indian sprue is an endemic disease occurring in the East and West Indies and other hot countries.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 790 In the debilitated condition of sprue patients.
1929 Lancet 25 May 1089/2 The recognition and correct interpretation of non-tropical sprue forms the connection between Gee-Herter's disease and tropical sprue.
1999 N. E. Lane Osteoporosis Bk. (2001) viii. 117 Diseases or conditions that impair fat absorption, like celiac sprue (poor absorption of nutrients from the stomach and intestines).., may reduce the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
2014 D. H. Dockrell et al. in B. R. Walker et al. Davidson's Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 22) xiii. 311/1 Tropical sprue is a malabsorption syndrome.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

spruen.3

Brit. /spruː/, U.S. /spru/
Etymology: Origin unknown.
1.
a. Scottish. Waste material produced during the casting of metals, as at the moulding channels (see sense 1b) or along the seams of a mould. Obsolete. rare.Possibly a misunderstanding of sense 1b.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
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1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Sprue,..in Scotland, that which is thrown off in casting metals; scoria.
b. A piece of excess metal, plastic, etc., attached to a casting, having solidified in the mould channel.
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the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > models or casts > plastic or metal attached to
sprue1834
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > synthetic resins and plastics > [noun] > plastic > excess plastic on moulding
sprue1834
flash1910
spew1933
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > metal in specific state or form > [noun] > cast metal > piece of metal on casting
jet1832
sprue1834
runner1843
sullage-piece1852
flash1910
1834 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Aug. 125 They are to be cast of an alloy,..in moulds of iron or brass, requiring only the removal of the sprue from the cast segments.
1911 G. H. Wilson Man. Dental Prosthetics ix. 353 The investment is broken and brushed away from the casting... The sprues are snipped away and the edges filed.
2012 J. T. Black & R. A. Kohser DeGarmo's Materials & Processes in Manufacturing (ed. 11) xiii. 329 This can be done with special trimming dies that also serve to remove the sprues and runners.
c. The (typically rectangular) framework holding the individual parts of a plastic modelling kit.Such frameworks are formed during manufacture by allowing plastic to harden in a network of moulding channels that feeds multiple moulds.
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1966 Airfix Mag. June 308/2 (caption) Stretching a sprue over a candle flame in the manner described in this article.
1971 W. R. Matthews Plastic Scale Model Aircraft 72 Some practice is needed to master the technique and initially the failure rate is high—the plastic sprue just pulls in two.
2012 Independent (Nexis) 17 Sept. 32 They were the individual parts of a model aircraft still in their sprues.
2.
a. A channel through which molten metal, plastic, etc., flows into a mould cavity.
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the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > models or casts > impression material > channel in
sprue1833
society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > casting equipment > mould > hole for pouring in metal
gate1678
sprue1833
ingate1858
tedge1858
funnel1875
horn gate1909
society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > casting equipment > mould > hole for pouring in metal > object used to form
sprue1833
1833 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 24 186 (footnote) Among numerous specimens of [American] aboriginal relics in my possession..I have bullet moulds made of soapstone, with a regular sprue.
1884 W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron 201 The smaller passages, often two or three in number, leading from the skimming gate to the mould are called sprues or sprue gates.
1943 H. R. Simonds & C. Ellis Handbk. Plastics xv. 593 In a single-cavity mold, the sprue usually leads directly to the cavity, and there is no runner.
2008 F. Czerwinski Magnesium Injection Molding v. 216 The screw is accelerated forward, injecting the alloy through the sprue and gates into the mold cavity.
b. Chiefly Dentistry. An implement used in the construction of a mould to form such a channel; = sprue former n. at Compounds.
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the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > models or casts > impression material > channel in > tube for producing
sprue1875
sprue former1877
1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2292/2 Sprue,..a piece of metal or wood used by a molder in making the ingate through the sand.
1959 Jrnl. Prosthetic Dentistry 9 457 The wax crown pattern is properly adjusted on the stone die, and wax sprues are attached to it.
2011 W. D. Hatrick et al. Dental Materials (ed. 2) xviii. 255/1 The molten metal is forced through the empty channel formed by the sprue.

Compounds

sprue former n. chiefly Dentistry an implement used to form a sprue in a mould (sense 2a).
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the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > models or casts > impression material > channel in > tube for producing
sprue1875
sprue former1877
1877 W. B. Closson U.S. Patent 192,112 1/2 The deposit should be removed or filed from the edges of the plate and the outer ends of the sprue formers.
2016 Jrnl. Prosthetic Dentistry 116 911/1 A plastic sprue former was attached to the completed wax coping before investing and wax elimination.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

spruev.

Brit. /spruː/, U.S. /spru/
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: sprue n.3
Etymology: < sprue n.3
transitive (usually in passive). To equip (a pattern for a mould) with sprues (sprue n.3 2a).
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the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > practise dentistry [verb (transitive)] > furnish model or cast with sprue
sprue1896
1896 Iron Molders' Jrnl. Sept. 373/1 The work should be ‘sprued’ hot.
1949 Brit. Dental Jrnl. 86 114/1 The wax pattern is thoroughly cleansed... It is sprued, the reservoir added and mounted on a rubber crucible former.
2012 R. W. Nash in G. Freedman Contemp. Esthetic Dentistry xvi. 437/2 It is waxed up to the full contour and then sprued.

Derivatives

ˈsprueing n.
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the world > health and disease > healing > dentistry > [noun] > models or casts > plastic or metal attached to > act of furnishing with
sprueing1896
1896 Iron Molders' Jrnl. Feb. 65/1 There are many other features I would like to dwell upon, such as the different methods employed, both in ramming and sprueing.
1930 S. S. Jaffe in I. G. Nichols Prosthetic Dentistry xxx. 537 This method of ‘sprueing’ is only suitable for a centrifugal casting machine.
2013 Jrnl. Prosthetic Dentistry 110 398/3 The sprueing, investing, and firing processes were performed according to the manufacturers' instructions.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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