stiffenv.

/ˈstɪf(ə)n/

Etymology: < stiff adj. + -en suffix⁵.

To make or become stiff or stiffer.

a. transitive. To make stiff or rigid, e.g. by means of starch (†also absol.), or by the addition of a lining or a support.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [verb (transitive)] > make stiff or rigid

stivea1375

stiff1486

stent1488

stiffen1622

rigidify1842

stark1862

rigidize1936

1622 in Chron. Perth etc. (Maitland Club) 87 Margaret Melling apprehended for stiffning ruffs and overlays on a Sunday.

1624 J. Taylor Praise Cleane Linnen in Wks. (1630) ii. 169/1 She wrings, she folds, she pleits, she smoothes, she starches, She stiffens, poakes, and sets and dryes againe.

1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last ii. 65 The sands of the Indus and adamant of Golconda may yet stiffen the housings of the charger.

1885 Mag. Art Sept. 459/1 A circular plate of thin wrought bronze, stiffened round the edge by a beading.

1892 Proc. Royal Soc. 52 347 The strips have a great tendency to warp, and..may be stiffened by sheet brass let into a slot on the under side.

b. Nautical. To increase the initial stability of a ship; to render less liable to heel. See stiff adj. 7.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > build a ship [verb (transitive)] > give stability to

stiffen1707

stabilize1861

1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 22 Those strong unexpected Turneroes..most certainly overset him, if he be not ready stiffen'd with Peru Ballast.

1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 272/1 Sixty tons of cargo will stiffen the most cranky vessel.

a. To render stiff in consistency; to thicken, coagulate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > give consistency to [verb (transitive)] > make stiff or hard in consistency or set

stiffen1627

clang1631

set1736

1627 T. May tr. Lucan Pharsalia (new ed.) iii. E 6 b Dy'd is the Ocean, And the waues stiffen'd with congealed blood.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 58a Allow one part of Mortar to three of Rubbish..; and when it is laid, the way to stiffen it, is to pound it heartily with the Rammer.

a1774 O. Goldsmith Surv. Exper. Philos. (1776) I. 348 The polar oceans being almost continually stiffened into ice.

1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 252 The plastic condition of the language..not as yet stiffened by conventional rules.

b. intransitive. To become stiff in consistency; to harden. Also figurative with constr. into: To assume a more definite or permanent form or character.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > be thick enough to retain form [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff in consistency

stiffen1697

the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > be stable [verb (intransitive)] > become stable

stable1399

stiffen1856

stabilize1961

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 28 The tender Soil then stiffning by degrees, Shut from the bounded Earth, the bounding Seas.

1818 A. T. Thomson London Dispensatory (ed. 2) iii. 732 Stir until the mixture stiffens in cooling.

1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. II. 35 These things which in their proper nature are but illustrations, stiffen into essential fact.

1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 410 The ‘landsitting men’ of Salisbury easily stiffened into the tenants-in-chief of the Great Charter.

1883 Fortn. Rev. Feb. 242 But gradually the favour will stiffen into a right.

a. transitive. To make more steadfast, unyielding, or obstinate; Military to increase the fighting value of a force by the admixture of soldiers of better quality.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > make obstinate or stubborn [verb (transitive)]

obstinatea1450

stiffen?a1500

obfirm1570

obfirmate1616

stubborn1820

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase in strength or force

afforce1425

forcec1430

reforcec1450

fortify1470

reinforcec1485

stiffen?a1500

strengthen1548

toughen1582

invigorate1646

hardena1677

recruit1678

emphasize1800

bastion1822

beef1941

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)] > make steadfast

strongOE

strengthc1200

stablea1300

resolvea1398

sadc1400

nourish?a1425

settle1435

pitha1500

stiffen?a1500

steel1581

toughen1582

ballastc1600

efforta1661

fix1671

balance1685

to fix the mercury1704

instrengthen1855

to put stuffing into1977

society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > reinforce > with better troops

stiffen1883

?a1500 Chester Pl., Emiss. Holy Ghost (Shaks. Soc.) II. 130 Nowe will I sende..My ghoste to glade them graciously,..That the[y] maie stiffned be theirby.

1656 R. Sanderson 20 Serm. 39 He thus stiff'neth mine enemies still against me.

a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1686) III. 189 So doth the man become incorrigible, who is setled and stiffened in vice.

1715 M. Davies Εἰκων Μικρο-βιβλικὴ 221 His Confessor and Emissary, to plod about, for to stiffen others in the old Romish Superstitions.

1883 Broad Arrow xxxi. 609 Foreign levies have been ‘stiffened’ before now by volunteers from other countries.

1898 Daily News 22 Feb. 5/2 The Home Secretary wants stiffening, and the House of Commons ought to stiffen him.

b. intransitive. To become hard or unyielding in temper.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > be or become obstinate or stubborn [verb (intransitive)] > be or become inflexible

harden1577

stiffen1732

1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. Pref. p. vi The Bishops stiffened in their behaviour,..and became too severe against their Dissenting brethren.

1914 Daily News 12 Jan. 8 Military opinion has..stiffened in the last three weeks.

a. transitive. To make rigid; to take away the natural suppleness or mobility of (the limbs, joints, muscles, etc.). Also figurative; slang to make a corpse of, kill; Horse Racing, to prevent a horse from doing its best to win.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > affect with muscular disorder [verb (transitive)] > affect with stiffness

forclutcha1300

stiffen?1611

cramp1639

becramp1655

the world > life > death > killing > kill [verb (transitive)]

swevec725

quelmeOE

slayc893

quelleOE

of-falleOE

ofslayeOE

aquellc950

ayeteeOE

spillc950

beliveOE

to bring (also do) of (one's) life-dayOE

fordoa1000

forfarea1000

asweveOE

drepeOE

forleseOE

martyrOE

to do (also i-do, draw) of lifeOE

bringc1175

off-quellc1175

quenchc1175

forswelta1225

adeadc1225

to bring of daysc1225

to do to deathc1225

to draw (a person) to deathc1225

murder?c1225

aslayc1275

forferec1275

to lay to ground, to earth (Sc. at eird)c1275

martyrc1300

strangle1303

destroya1325

misdoa1325

killc1330

tailc1330

to take the life of (also fro)c1330

enda1340

to kill to (into, unto) death1362

brittena1375

deadc1374

to ding to deathc1380

mortifya1382

perisha1387

to dight to death1393

colea1400

fella1400

kill out (away, down, up)a1400

to slay up or downa1400

swelta1400

voida1400

deliverc1400

starvec1425

jugylc1440

morta1450

to bring to, on, or upon (one's) bierc1480

to put offc1485

to-slaya1500

to make away with1502

to put (a person or thing) to silencec1503

rida1513

to put downa1525

to hang out of the way1528

dispatch?1529

strikea1535

occidea1538

to firk to death, (out) of lifec1540

to fling to deathc1540

extinct1548

to make out of the way1551

to fet offa1556

to cut offc1565

to make away?1566

occise1575

spoil1578

senda1586

to put away1588

exanimate1593

unmortalize1593

speed1594

unlive1594

execute1597

dislive1598

extinguish1598

to lay along1599

to make hence1605

conclude1606

kill off1607

disanimate1609

feeze1609

to smite, stab in, under the fifth rib1611

to kill dead1615

transporta1616

spatch1616

to take off1619

mactate1623

to make meat of1632

to turn up1642

inanimate1647

pop1649

enecate1657

cadaverate1658

expedite1678

to make dog's meat of1679

to make mincemeat of1709

sluice1749

finisha1753

royna1770

still1778

do1780

deaden1807

deathifyc1810

to lay out1829

cool1833

to use up1833

puckeroo1840

to rub out1840

cadaverize1841

to put under the sod1847

suicide1852

outkill1860

to fix1875

to put under1879

corpse1884

stiffen1888

tip1891

to do away with1899

to take out1900

stretch1902

red-light1906

huff1919

to knock rotten1919

skittle1919

liquidate1924

clip1927

to set over1931

creasea1935

ice1941

lose1942

to put to sleep1942

zap1942

to take down1967

wax1968

trash1973

ace1975

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > ride horse in race [verb (transitive)] > actions of rider

bore1677

jostle1723

pinch1740

pull1781

rope1854

screw1855

corner1861

ride1863

ready1887

poach1891

nurse1893

to ask (a horse) the question1894

stiffen1900

shoo1908

rate1946

stop1954

niggle1963

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads iv. 172 The haire stood vp on end On Agamemnon,..And stifned with the like dismay, was Menelaus to.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iii. i. 7 Stiffen the sinewes, commune [sic] vp the blood.

1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 177. ⁋3 I began to find my mind contracted and stiffened by solitude.

1798 S. T. Coleridge Recantation 46 His legs were stiffen'd with dismay.

1883 Manch. Examiner 30 Nov. 5/3 Considerations so powerful as these tend to stiffen the backs of the Chinese.

1888 Daily News 23 Nov. 7/2 Mr. Burgess threatened to blow my brains out and to ‘stiffen’ me.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 19 Dec. 12/1 Many popular country race~courses have been given up almost entirely to card-sharpers, because the public know that the horses are stiffened.

b. intransitive. Of persons: To become stiff or rigid; also, to die. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > posture > upright or erect posture > be in upright or erect position [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff

stiffen1714

poker1807

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > have disorder affecting muscles [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff

stiffen1714

the world > life > death > [verb (intransitive)]

forsweltc888

sweltc888

adeadeOE

deadc950

wendeOE

i-wite971

starveOE

witea1000

forfereOE

forthfareOE

forworthc1000

to go (also depart , pass, i-wite, chare) out of this worldOE

queleOE

fallOE

to take (also nim, underfo) (the) deathOE

to shed (one's own) blood?a1100

diec1135

endc1175

farec1175

to give up the ghostc1175

letc1200

aswelta1250

leavea1250

to-sweltc1275

to-worthc1275

to yield (up) the ghost (soul, breath, life, spirit)c1290

finea1300

spilla1300

part?1316

to leese one's life-daysa1325

to nim the way of deathc1325

to tine, leave, lose the sweatc1330

flit1340

trance1340

determinec1374

disperisha1382

to go the way of all the eartha1382

to be gathered to one's fathers1382

miscarryc1387

shut1390

goa1393

to die upa1400

expirea1400

fleea1400

to pass awaya1400

to seek out of lifea1400–50

to sye hethena1400

tinea1400

trespass14..

espirec1430

to end one's days?a1439

decease1439

to go away?a1450

ungoc1450

unlivec1450

to change one's lifea1470

vade1495

depart1501

to pay one's debt to (also the debt of) naturea1513

to decease this world1515

to go over?1520

jet1530

vade1530

to go westa1532

to pick over the perch1532

galpa1535

to die the death1535

to depart to God1548

to go home1561

mort1568

inlaikc1575

shuffle1576

finish1578

to hop (also tip, pitch over, drop off, etc.) the perch1587

relent1587

unbreathe1589

transpass1592

to lose one's breath1596

to make a die (of it)1611

to go offa1616

fail1623

to go out1635

to peak over the percha1641

exita1652

drop1654

to knock offa1657

to kick upa1658

to pay nature her due1657

ghost1666

to march off1693

to die off1697

pike1697

to drop off1699

tip (over) the perch1699

to pass (also go, be called, etc.) to one's reward1703

sink1718

vent1718

to launch into eternity1719

to join the majority1721

demise1727

to pack off1735

to slip one's cable1751

turf1763

to move off1764

to pop off the hooks1764

to hop off1797

to pass on1805

to go to glory1814

sough1816

to hand in one's accounts1817

to slip one's breatha1819

croak1819

to slip one's wind1819

stiffen1820

weed1824

buy1825

to drop short1826

to fall (a) prey (also victim, sacrifice) to1839

to get one's (also the) call1839

to drop (etc.) off the hooks1840

to unreeve one's lifeline1840

to step out1844

to cash, pass or send in one's checks1845

to hand in one's checks1845

to go off the handle1848

to go under1848

succumb1849

to turn one's toes up1851

to peg out1852

walk1858

snuff1864

to go or be up the flume1865

to pass outc1867

to cash in one's chips1870

to go (also pass over) to the majority1883

to cash in1884

to cop it1884

snuff1885

to belly up1886

perch1886

to kick the bucket1889

off1890

to knock over1892

to pass over1897

to stop one1901

to pass in1904

to hand in one's marble1911

the silver cord is loosed1911

pip1913

to cross over1915

conk1917

to check out1921

to kick off1921

to pack up1925

to step off1926

to take the ferry1928

peg1931

to meet one's Maker1933

to kiss off1935

to crease it1959

zonk1968

cark1977

to cark it1979

to take a dirt nap1981

1714 E. Young Force of Relig. ii. 130 Fix'd in benumbing care, They stiffen into statues of despair.

1820 J. H. Reynolds Fancy (1906) 24 I wish'd you'd stiffen—that I might enclose Your royal limbs, and measure to the toes.

1859 C. Dickens Haunted House: Mortals in House in All Year Round Extra Christmas No.,13 Dec. 4/2 She [sc. a cataleptic] would stiffen,..on the most irrelevant occasions.

1912 J. L. Myres Dawn of Hist. x. 221 An indigenous culture which had passed its prime and was already stiffening.

a. transitive. To make (a person) formal, cold, or constrained in manner; to make (an artistic composition) pedantic, laboured, or overloaded.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [verb (transitive)] > produce laboriously

stiffen1763

over-labour1797

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > treat discourteously [verb (transitive)] > treat with lack of affability > make reserved or formal in manner

starch1601

to ice over1741

stiffen1763

1763 W. Shenstone Let. to S. Davenport in Wks. (1777) III. 347 True taste will never stiffen or over-charge any performance: it will rather be employed to smoothe, simplify, and give that ease on which grace depends.

1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 125 I pity Kings..Whom Education stiffens into state.

1863 W. E. Gladstone Let. 7 Oct. in J. Morley Life Gladstone (1903) II. v. vi. 103 The people are, one and all, very easy to get on with, and Windsor, I suppose, stiffens them a little.

b. intransitive. To become formal, cold, or constrained.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > be discourteous [verb (intransitive)] > not be affable

to make oneself strange1390

to make (it) strangec1405

to make (it) strange1598

to wait one's distance1600

to wait one's distance1642

starch1698

prim1721

to cast snowballs1725

to put on the stranger1809

to show the cold shoulder1816

stiffen1864

to play hard to get1929

1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in Enoch Arden, etc. 65 Sir Aylmer Aylmer slowly stiffening spoke.

a. intransitive. Of prices, rates of interest, the market, etc.: To become stiffer (see stiff adj. 10, 19).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > steadiness in price > become steady [verb (intransitive)]

stiffen1855

1855 Poultry Chron. 3 407 Barley stiffens in value.

1883 Manch. Examiner 8 Dec. 4/1 There was a good demand both for discounts and advances and the rates stiffened up very sensibly.

b. transitive. To render (prices, etc.) stiffer.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > steadiness in price > make steady [verb (transitive)]

stiffen1883

1883 Daily News 1 Sept. 2/4 The efflux of gold..which would stiffen the short loan market.

1898 Daily News 20 June 9/5 Prices both of coal and iron have been stiffened.

7. intransitive. Of wind: To increase in strength or violence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow strongly > increase

rise?1520

fresh1599

to come up1647

freshen1669

ascend1715

to get up1834

to blow up1840

stiffen1844

to breeze up1867

to pipe up1901

1844 T. Hood Captain's Cow 111 A breeze again began to rise, That stiffen'd to a gale.

8. Of an ascent: To become more steep or difficult.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > direct one's course [verb (intransitive)] > of an ascent

stiffen1877

1877 Fraser's Mag. 16 152 The ascent stiffened.

Derivatives

ˈstiffened adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adjective] > stiff or rigid > stiffened

stiffed1565

stiffened1602

rigidified1847

rigidized1886

upstiffed1922

1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. iii. sig. B2 The iuyce of life Creepes slowly through my stifned arteries.

1896 S. J. Duncan His Honor & a Lady iii. 41 To lave his stiffened powers of artistic enjoyment in the beauties of the Parthenon.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1916; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	stiffen
释义	stiffenv. /ˈstɪf(ə)n/ Etymology: < stiff adj. + -en suffix⁵. To make or become stiff or stiffer. 1. a. transitive. To make stiff or rigid, e.g. by means of starch (†also absol.), or by the addition of a lining or a support. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [verb (transitive)] > make stiff or rigid stivea1375 stiff1486 stent1488 stiffen1622 rigidify1842 stark1862 rigidize1936 1622 in Chron. Perth etc. (Maitland Club) 87 Margaret Melling apprehended for stiffning ruffs and overlays on a Sunday. 1624 J. Taylor Praise Cleane Linnen in Wks. (1630) ii. 169/1 She wrings, she folds, she pleits, she smoothes, she starches, She stiffens, poakes, and sets and dryes againe. 1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last ii. 65 The sands of the Indus and adamant of Golconda may yet stiffen the housings of the charger. 1885 Mag. Art Sept. 459/1 A circular plate of thin wrought bronze, stiffened round the edge by a beading. 1892 Proc. Royal Soc. 52 347 The strips have a great tendency to warp, and..may be stiffened by sheet brass let into a slot on the under side. b. Nautical. To increase the initial stability of a ship; to render less liable to heel. See stiff adj. 7. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > build a ship [verb (transitive)] > give stability to stiffen1707 stabilize1861 1707 E. Ward Wooden World Dissected 22 Those strong unexpected Turneroes..most certainly overset him, if he be not ready stiffen'd with Peru Ballast. 1861 H. Mayhew London Labour (new ed.) III. 272/1 Sixty tons of cargo will stiffen the most cranky vessel. 2. a. To render stiff in consistency; to thicken, coagulate. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > give consistency to [verb (transitive)] > make stiff or hard in consistency or set stiffen1627 clang1631 set1736 1627 T. May tr. Lucan Pharsalia (new ed.) iii. E 6 b Dy'd is the Ocean, And the waues stiffen'd with congealed blood. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 58a Allow one part of Mortar to three of Rubbish..; and when it is laid, the way to stiffen it, is to pound it heartily with the Rammer. a1774 O. Goldsmith Surv. Exper. Philos. (1776) I. 348 The polar oceans being almost continually stiffened into ice. 1869 H. F. Tozer Res. Highlands of Turkey II. 252 The plastic condition of the language..not as yet stiffened by conventional rules. b. intransitive. To become stiff in consistency; to harden. Also figurative with constr. into: To assume a more definite or permanent form or character. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being thick enough to retain form > be thick enough to retain form [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff in consistency stiffen1697 the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > be stable [verb (intransitive)] > become stable stable1399 stiffen1856 stabilize1961 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Pastorals vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 28 The tender Soil then stiffning by degrees, Shut from the bounded Earth, the bounding Seas. 1818 A. T. Thomson London Dispensatory (ed. 2) iii. 732 Stir until the mixture stiffens in cooling. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. II. 35 These things which in their proper nature are but illustrations, stiffen into essential fact. 1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 410 The ‘landsitting men’ of Salisbury easily stiffened into the tenants-in-chief of the Great Charter. 1883 Fortn. Rev. Feb. 242 But gradually the favour will stiffen into a right. 3. a. transitive. To make more steadfast, unyielding, or obstinate; Military to increase the fighting value of a force by the admixture of soldiers of better quality. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > make obstinate or stubborn [verb (transitive)] obstinatea1450 stiffen?a1500 obfirm1570 obfirmate1616 stubborn1820 the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase in strength or force afforce1425 forcec1430 reforcec1450 fortify1470 reinforcec1485 stiffen?a1500 strengthen1548 toughen1582 invigorate1646 hardena1677 recruit1678 emphasize1800 bastion1822 beef1941 the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)] > make steadfast strongOE strengthc1200 stablea1300 resolvea1398 sadc1400 nourish?a1425 settle1435 pitha1500 stiffen?a1500 steel1581 toughen1582 ballastc1600 efforta1661 fix1671 balance1685 to fix the mercury1704 instrengthen1855 to put stuffing into1977 society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (transitive)] > reinforce > with better troops stiffen1883 ?a1500 Chester Pl., Emiss. Holy Ghost (Shaks. Soc.) II. 130 Nowe will I sende..My ghoste to glade them graciously,..That the[y] maie stiffned be theirby. 1656 R. Sanderson 20 Serm. 39 He thus stiff'neth mine enemies still against me. a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1686) III. 189 So doth the man become incorrigible, who is setled and stiffened in vice. 1715 M. Davies Εἰκων Μικρο-βιβλικὴ 221 His Confessor and Emissary, to plod about, for to stiffen others in the old Romish Superstitions. 1883 Broad Arrow xxxi. 609 Foreign levies have been ‘stiffened’ before now by volunteers from other countries. 1898 Daily News 22 Feb. 5/2 The Home Secretary wants stiffening, and the House of Commons ought to stiffen him. b. intransitive. To become hard or unyielding in temper. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > be or become obstinate or stubborn [verb (intransitive)] > be or become inflexible harden1577 stiffen1732 1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. Pref. p. vi The Bishops stiffened in their behaviour,..and became too severe against their Dissenting brethren. 1914 Daily News 12 Jan. 8 Military opinion has..stiffened in the last three weeks. 4. a. transitive. To make rigid; to take away the natural suppleness or mobility of (the limbs, joints, muscles, etc.). Also figurative; slang to make a corpse of, kill; Horse Racing, to prevent a horse from doing its best to win. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > affect with muscular disorder [verb (transitive)] > affect with stiffness forclutcha1300 stiffen?1611 cramp1639 becramp1655 the world > life > death > killing > kill [verb (transitive)] swevec725 quelmeOE slayc893 quelleOE of-falleOE ofslayeOE aquellc950 ayeteeOE spillc950 beliveOE to bring (also do) of (one's) life-dayOE fordoa1000 forfarea1000 asweveOE drepeOE forleseOE martyrOE to do (also i-do, draw) of lifeOE bringc1175 off-quellc1175 quenchc1175 forswelta1225 adeadc1225 to bring of daysc1225 to do to deathc1225 to draw (a person) to deathc1225 murder?c1225 aslayc1275 forferec1275 to lay to ground, to earth (Sc. at eird)c1275 martyrc1300 strangle1303 destroya1325 misdoa1325 killc1330 tailc1330 to take the life of (also fro)c1330 enda1340 to kill to (into, unto) death1362 brittena1375 deadc1374 to ding to deathc1380 mortifya1382 perisha1387 to dight to death1393 colea1400 fella1400 kill out (away, down, up)a1400 to slay up or downa1400 swelta1400 voida1400 deliverc1400 starvec1425 jugylc1440 morta1450 to bring to, on, or upon (one's) bierc1480 to put offc1485 to-slaya1500 to make away with1502 to put (a person or thing) to silencec1503 rida1513 to put downa1525 to hang out of the way1528 dispatch?1529 strikea1535 occidea1538 to firk to death, (out) of lifec1540 to fling to deathc1540 extinct1548 to make out of the way1551 to fet offa1556 to cut offc1565 to make away?1566 occise1575 spoil1578 senda1586 to put away1588 exanimate1593 unmortalize1593 speed1594 unlive1594 execute1597 dislive1598 extinguish1598 to lay along1599 to make hence1605 conclude1606 kill off1607 disanimate1609 feeze1609 to smite, stab in, under the fifth rib1611 to kill dead1615 transporta1616 spatch1616 to take off1619 mactate1623 to make meat of1632 to turn up1642 inanimate1647 pop1649 enecate1657 cadaverate1658 expedite1678 to make dog's meat of1679 to make mincemeat of1709 sluice1749 finisha1753 royna1770 still1778 do1780 deaden1807 deathifyc1810 to lay out1829 cool1833 to use up1833 puckeroo1840 to rub out1840 cadaverize1841 to put under the sod1847 suicide1852 outkill1860 to fix1875 to put under1879 corpse1884 stiffen1888 tip1891 to do away with1899 to take out1900 stretch1902 red-light1906 huff1919 to knock rotten1919 skittle1919 liquidate1924 clip1927 to set over1931 creasea1935 ice1941 lose1942 to put to sleep1942 zap1942 hit1955 to take down1967 wax1968 trash1973 ace1975 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > horse racing > ride horse in race [verb (transitive)] > actions of rider bore1677 jostle1723 pinch1740 pull1781 rope1854 screw1855 corner1861 ride1863 ready1887 poach1891 nurse1893 to ask (a horse) the question1894 stiffen1900 shoo1908 rate1946 stop1954 niggle1963 ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads iv. 172 The haire stood vp on end On Agamemnon,..And stifned with the like dismay, was Menelaus to. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) iii. i. 7 Stiffen the sinewes, commune [sic] vp the blood. View more context for this quotation 1750 S. Johnson Rambler No. 177. ⁋3 I began to find my mind contracted and stiffened by solitude. 1798 S. T. Coleridge Recantation 46 His legs were stiffen'd with dismay. 1883 Manch. Examiner 30 Nov. 5/3 Considerations so powerful as these tend to stiffen the backs of the Chinese. 1888 Daily News 23 Nov. 7/2 Mr. Burgess threatened to blow my brains out and to ‘stiffen’ me. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 19 Dec. 12/1 Many popular country race~courses have been given up almost entirely to card-sharpers, because the public know that the horses are stiffened. b. intransitive. Of persons: To become stiff or rigid; also, to die. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > posture > upright or erect posture > be in upright or erect position [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff stiffen1714 poker1807 the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > have disorder affecting muscles [verb (intransitive)] > become stiff stiffen1714 the world > life > death > [verb (intransitive)] forsweltc888 sweltc888 adeadeOE deadc950 wendeOE i-wite971 starveOE witea1000 forfereOE forthfareOE forworthc1000 to go (also depart , pass, i-wite, chare) out of this worldOE queleOE fallOE to take (also nim, underfo) (the) deathOE to shed (one's own) blood?a1100 diec1135 endc1175 farec1175 to give up the ghostc1175 letc1200 aswelta1250 leavea1250 to-sweltc1275 to-worthc1275 to yield (up) the ghost (soul, breath, life, spirit)c1290 finea1300 spilla1300 part?1316 to leese one's life-daysa1325 to nim the way of deathc1325 to tine, leave, lose the sweatc1330 flit1340 trance1340 determinec1374 disperisha1382 to go the way of all the eartha1382 to be gathered to one's fathers1382 miscarryc1387 shut1390 goa1393 to die upa1400 expirea1400 fleea1400 to pass awaya1400 to seek out of lifea1400–50 to sye hethena1400 tinea1400 trespass14.. espirec1430 to end one's days?a1439 decease1439 to go away?a1450 ungoc1450 unlivec1450 to change one's lifea1470 vade1495 depart1501 to pay one's debt to (also the debt of) naturea1513 to decease this world1515 to go over?1520 jet1530 vade1530 to go westa1532 to pick over the perch1532 galpa1535 to die the death1535 to depart to God1548 to go home1561 mort1568 inlaikc1575 shuffle1576 finish1578 to hop (also tip, pitch over, drop off, etc.) the perch1587 relent1587 unbreathe1589 transpass1592 to lose one's breath1596 to make a die (of it)1611 to go offa1616 fail1623 to go out1635 to peak over the percha1641 exita1652 drop1654 to knock offa1657 to kick upa1658 to pay nature her due1657 ghost1666 to march off1693 to die off1697 pike1697 to drop off1699 tip (over) the perch1699 to pass (also go, be called, etc.) to one's reward1703 sink1718 vent1718 to launch into eternity1719 to join the majority1721 demise1727 to pack off1735 to slip one's cable1751 turf1763 to move off1764 to pop off the hooks1764 to hop off1797 to pass on1805 to go to glory1814 sough1816 to hand in one's accounts1817 to slip one's breatha1819 croak1819 to slip one's wind1819 stiffen1820 weed1824 buy1825 to drop short1826 to fall (a) prey (also victim, sacrifice) to1839 to get one's (also the) call1839 to drop (etc.) off the hooks1840 to unreeve one's lifeline1840 to step out1844 to cash, pass or send in one's checks1845 to hand in one's checks1845 to go off the handle1848 to go under1848 succumb1849 to turn one's toes up1851 to peg out1852 walk1858 snuff1864 to go or be up the flume1865 to pass outc1867 to cash in one's chips1870 to go (also pass over) to the majority1883 to cash in1884 to cop it1884 snuff1885 to belly up1886 perch1886 to kick the bucket1889 off1890 to knock over1892 to pass over1897 to stop one1901 to pass in1904 to hand in one's marble1911 the silver cord is loosed1911 pip1913 to cross over1915 conk1917 to check out1921 to kick off1921 to pack up1925 to step off1926 to take the ferry1928 peg1931 to meet one's Maker1933 to kiss off1935 to crease it1959 zonk1968 cark1977 to cark it1979 to take a dirt nap1981 1714 E. Young Force of Relig. ii. 130 Fix'd in benumbing care, They stiffen into statues of despair. 1820 J. H. Reynolds Fancy (1906) 24 I wish'd you'd stiffen—that I might enclose Your royal limbs, and measure to the toes. 1859 C. Dickens Haunted House: Mortals in House in All Year Round Extra Christmas No.,13 Dec. 4/2 She [sc. a cataleptic] would stiffen,..on the most irrelevant occasions. 1912 J. L. Myres Dawn of Hist. x. 221 An indigenous culture which had passed its prime and was already stiffening. 5. a. transitive. To make (a person) formal, cold, or constrained in manner; to make (an artistic composition) pedantic, laboured, or overloaded. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [verb (transitive)] > produce laboriously stiffen1763 over-labour1797 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > treat discourteously [verb (transitive)] > treat with lack of affability > make reserved or formal in manner starch1601 to ice over1741 stiffen1763 1763 W. Shenstone Let. to S. Davenport in Wks. (1777) III. 347 True taste will never stiffen or over-charge any performance: it will rather be employed to smoothe, simplify, and give that ease on which grace depends. 1781 W. Cowper Table Talk 125 I pity Kings..Whom Education stiffens into state. 1863 W. E. Gladstone Let. 7 Oct. in J. Morley Life Gladstone (1903) II. v. vi. 103 The people are, one and all, very easy to get on with, and Windsor, I suppose, stiffens them a little. b. intransitive. To become formal, cold, or constrained. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > discourtesy > be discourteous [verb (intransitive)] > not be affable to make oneself strange1390 to make (it) strangec1405 to make (it) strange1598 to wait one's distance1600 to wait one's distance1642 starch1698 prim1721 to cast snowballs1725 to put on the stranger1809 to show the cold shoulder1816 stiffen1864 to play hard to get1929 1864 Ld. Tennyson Aylmer's Field in Enoch Arden, etc. 65 Sir Aylmer Aylmer slowly stiffening spoke. 6. a. intransitive. Of prices, rates of interest, the market, etc.: To become stiffer (see stiff adj. 10, 19). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > steadiness in price > become steady [verb (intransitive)] stiffen1855 1855 Poultry Chron. 3 407 Barley stiffens in value. 1883 Manch. Examiner 8 Dec. 4/1 There was a good demand both for discounts and advances and the rates stiffened up very sensibly. b. transitive. To render (prices, etc.) stiffer. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > price > fluctuation in price > steadiness in price > make steady [verb (transitive)] stiffen1883 1883 Daily News 1 Sept. 2/4 The efflux of gold..which would stiffen the short loan market. 1898 Daily News 20 June 9/5 Prices both of coal and iron have been stiffened. 7. intransitive. Of wind: To increase in strength or violence. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > blow (of the wind) [verb (intransitive)] > blow strongly > increase rise?1520 fresh1599 to come up1647 freshen1669 ascend1715 to get up1834 to blow up1840 stiffen1844 to breeze up1867 to pipe up1901 1844 T. Hood Captain's Cow 111 A breeze again began to rise, That stiffen'd to a gale. 8. Of an ascent: To become more steep or difficult. ΘΚΠ society > travel > aspects of travel > travel in specific course or direction > direct one's course [verb (intransitive)] > of an ascent stiffen1877 1877 Fraser's Mag. 16 152 The ascent stiffened. Derivatives ˈstiffened adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adjective] > stiff or rigid > stiffened stiffed1565 stiffened1602 rigidified1847 rigidized1886 upstiffed1922 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge i. iii. sig. B2 The iuyce of life Creepes slowly through my stifned arteries. 1896 S. J. Duncan His Honor & a Lady iii. 41 To lave his stiffened powers of artistic enjoyment in the beauties of the Parthenon. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1916; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < v.?a1500
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